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HWJT-09C Microcomputer
Excitation Equipment
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Document name: Operation manual for HWJT-09C micro-computer excitation equipment
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Contents
1 MODIFICATION RECORDS......................................................................................... 1
2 INSTRUCTIONS OF THE VERSION........................................................................... 2
CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................3
PART I OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................. 6
PART II FUNCTION SPECIFICATION AND APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT.....10
Part I Overview
1. The excitation regulator AVR can be equipped with two independent auto
channels, which do not share the voltage transformer, current transformer and
stabilized voltage power supply. The double channels adopt the parallel operation or
master/slave operation.
2. The excitation regulator has the on-line parameter setting function. The
background man-machine interface can display the actual value (per-unit value) of the
output quantity of the parameters and function units of the regulator.
3. The time constant of the voltage measuring unit of the excitation regulator is
less than 25ms.
4. The phase shifter of the excitation regulator applies cosine phase shift.
5. The working power supply applies two independent power sources, one
derived from DC power supply system for the plant and the other from AC power
supply system, which varies with the excitation mode.
6. AVR is per se equipped with the perfect software and hardware diagnosis
system, and can automatically cease the operation of the faulty channel when
detecting any fault therein.
7. The excitation regulator is equipped with the perfect restriction and protection
functions.
8. The excitation regulator is equipped with PSS additional control unit, and PSS
adopts double input signals involving electrical power and frequency. PSS has the
functions such as automatic input, manual input, output amplitude limiting
(5%~10%) and automatic quit for fault. The output noise of PSS is 2%~5% less
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
than output amplitude limit.
9. The excitation regulator has the PT balance protection function, namely, it
prevents faulty force excitation when the circuit of one voltage transformer is
subjected to voltage loss.
10. HWJT-09C regulator also has the following functions:
1) Self diagnosis function and examining and adjusting software and
interfaces for various functions;
2) Connecting serial port with computer monitoring system of power plant,
receiving control and regulation commands, and providing state and value of
quantity of excitation system;
3) Event sequence recording function.
4) Intelligent detection and operation function:
Power detection: the system has the power detection function, which
is mainly used to detect and real-time display the temperature of primary power
parts of the system; when the temperature is higher than the set value, the cooling
fan is automatically started, and the alarm signal is sent out;
Over current detection: the system real-time detects and display the
current of power elements; when over current occurs, the outlet switch of the
circuit is automatically tripped, with faulty point cut off and alarm signal sent out;
Pulse detection: the system real-time detects the pulse output state of
the regulator; when the pulse is lost, the alarm signal is sent out;
Monitoring of working power supply of the regulator: under normal
operation, the regulator is supplied with power by AC and DC power source for
the power plant; when the power source disappears (or its input or output exceeds
the limit), the alarm signal is immediately sent out;
The system real-time detects the temperature of the excitation
transformer; when the temperature is higher than one set value, the cooling fan is
automatically started, and the alarm signal is sent out.
11. Manual excitation control mode can meet the excitation equipment test and
generating set test. Both channels can be manually or automatically switched without
1. DC excitation system:
The excitation system is composed of control part, power part and DC output part.
The regulation & control part is constituted of double-sheath (or single sheath)
HWJT-09C micro-computer excitation regulator and switching control link of input and
output of various signals.
The power part is mainly made up of three-phase bridge thyristor, and the self
shunt static excitation system consists of micro-computer excitation regulator box,
thyristor power part and de-excitation part. The function units can also form the
cabinets independently (the parallel quantity of the power cabinets are increased
depending on the excitation current).For the three-generator excitation system and
double-generator AC excitation system, the control part and power part can be
separately located within one cabinet, to form one standard excitation control cabinet.
Through the isolation switching, the module is at most able to switch the signals
of one set of excitation PT, one set of instrument PT, one set of system (bus bar) PT,
one set of generator stator CT and one set of generator general excitation current CT,
and outputs the standard AC voltage signals through conversion.
Excitation PT and instrument PT: (100V or 105V) three-phase positive
sequence /Y12 input;
Synchronous UT: (100V or 105V) three-phase positive
sequence /Y11 input;
System PT: 100 V or 105 Vsingle phase input
Stator IF and rotor IL: (5A or 1A) three-phase positive sequence
Y/Y0-12 input.
Simulation signal conversion circuit:
The module mainly acquires the excitation PT voltage, instrument PT voltage,
system PT voltage, synchronous voltage, rotor voltage, stator current, rotor excitation
current (LEM), rotor AC current, excitation current (LEM) of the regulator and
Main characteristics:
The current advanced 32-digit control type DSP is adopted;
Internal multiple frequency technology, external frequency 25MHz and
operating speed 125MHz;
Multi-layer (6-layer) board design, high reliability, fine stability and good EMC
performance;
The design of HWJT-9C AVR software system complies with the following
principle:
1. The scientific software structural design is adopted, to improve the operating
speed and reliability of the system;
2. The software modules possess strong independence, high efficiency and high
reliability;
3. The program of each module is brief and efficient, facilitating the detection of
the program;
4. Each module ensures its tightness and clarity of flowing direction;
5. Each variable and sign has its strict scope of utilization, thus improving the
anti-interference capacity of the data;
6. The module may be regarded as one process of input, treatment and output,
namely, IPO (Input Process Output) form of module. For the modules connected in
sequence, the output of the former module should be the input of the next module as
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
much as possible, to avoid the extra switching, such as the connection of working
procedures in the streamline, thus improving efficiency and reliability.
7. Standardized data processing converts all external input data into per-unit
value for computation, which improves the standardization of both data and program,
avoids the complication of working data due to different parameters of the excitation
system and prevents unnecessary overflow of large data and low precision of small
data.
Sub-program modules: given adjustment, protection and judgment of switch
quantity, acquisition, power calculation, restriction and protection, PID, PSS, selection
of adjustment mode (P, PI, PD and PID), selection of positive and negative difference
adjustment and magnitude of difference adjustment rate, manual tracing auto, auto
tracing manual, double-set control unit communication and upper machine
communication. Flow chart of primary program principle is as follows:
HWJT-9C application program includes two parts, i.e. primary program and
control & regulation program.
Flow and function of primary program
1. System initialization
As the regulator begins to operate, the system initialization program conducts
setting of the mode and initialization state of the computer board and interface board,
including initialization of interruption and initialization of serial port and parallel port;
when the initialization is completed, the adjustment gets ready. Once the initial
excitation conditions are met, the regulator will immediately enter into the regulation
and control state.
2. Judgment of start-up conditions and setting before start-up
As the start-up conditions vary with the power plants, the program will, based on
the start-up conditions of the power plants, first judge whether the initial excitation
occurs or not.
The setting before start-up is to set given value for voltage, and reset some fault
restriction signs.
3. Start-up interruption
When the start-up conditions are met, the micro-computer excitation regulator
Tw3S Tw4S + 1 T6 S
N
+
f 1 + Tw3S 1+ Tw4S
M
(1 T7 S ) -
+
Ks3
1+T1S 1+T3S
Ks1
1+T2S 1+T4S PSS out
The function module is put into operation when the generator power exceeds
certain value, and automatically withdraw from its operation when the generator
power is lower than such value, to avoid over voltage in the generator under the
impact of PSS when the system rejects the load; in case the function module is put
into operation manually, it will automatically withdraw from its operation when being
subjected to fault or failure.
The output amplitude limit of the PSS is 5%10%, and the output noise is less
than 2%5% of the output amplitude limit
The frequency characteristics of PSS have relatively stable phase compensation
L
UREF'
C
B
A
0 fn f
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
F
Calculation formula: U G ' UF G U 0
F0
Where: UG is UG restriction value calculated
UFG is the given value of V/f restriction
F is the current generator frequency, Hz
F0 is the given value of the generator frequency, 50
U0 is the rated per-unit value of the voltage at the generator side,
1
Low frequency protection
The low frequency protection is put into operation when the generator is not
connected to the network, and automatically withdraws from its operation when the
generator is connected to the network. The restriction function is without restriction
switch. When the frequency is less than the given value of low frequency protection,
the excitation regulator proceeds with the inversion de-excitation, and resets all given
values.
Forced restriction judgment
The force excitation restriction is the excitation restriction measure adopted for
avoiding over current of generator rotor excitation winding. In terms of the heat
generation of the rotor excitation winding, when the force excitation occurs, the
maximum excitation current of the generator is restricted.
The force excitation restriction is controlled by PI current closed loop. After the
force excitation restriction is started, the force excitation output control angle acts;
when the excitation current exceeds the set value, AVR control is transformed from
the voltage closed loop adjustment to PI current closed loop control, thus restricting
the rotor current within the scope of the given value.
Over excitation restriction judgment
When the generator excitation current (voltage) exceeds the rated value (1.1
times), the excitation current will undergo the inverse time limit and delay restriction.
After the inverse time limit and delay restriction acts, AVR is controlled by the PI
current closed loop, to achieve steady, smooth transition of the excitation equipment
to steady operation at restriction value.
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
In accordance with the principle that the heat generation of the generator rotor is
in direct proportion to the current square, the over excitation delay time is calculated in
the square of the specific value of the excitation current or voltage to rated value.
When the over excitation acts, the regulator will make two actions.
1. PID output result may be more than restriction value, and at this point, PI
current closed loop outputs the restriction value as the result. If the output result of
PID is less than restriction value, the PID result is directly output.
2. When IL l.1 times rated excitation current, and the over excitation acts, the
program will automatically reduces UG, until IL1.1 times rated excitation current.
Under-excitation restriction judgment
The PQ action curve of under-excitation restriction is determined upon the static,
stable restriction of different active power of the generator and heat generation
conditions at the generator end. When the generator runs with phase advance and
outputs certain active power P, for the purpose of maintaining static, stable operation,
the excitation current shall be prevented from being reduced below the value required
by the stable operation. Namely, the phase advance reactive Qc output by the
generator shall be restricted within the curve.
Based on the actual active power, the maximum allowable phase advance
reactive power corresponding to PQ characteristics curve is calculated. If the actual
phase advance reactive power is less than the allowable phase advance reactive
power, the under-excitation restriction sign shall be given within the shortest time
(0.06s delayed). In this way, the under-excitation control program is driven, to restrict
the phase advance reactive power to the allowable value.
The increased given value for the under-excitation restriction action shall not
make the output of the auto PID exceed the under-excitation restriction value.
Under-excitation restriction: when the generator is connected to the power
network, the reactive power corresponding to the current active power in the
under-excitation restriction PQ curve is taken as the object value; when the current
reactive power is the feedback quantity, the Pi is calculated; when the output is more
than the automatic PID output, it shall serve as the actual excitation control output.
The HMI completes such work as data display, parameter modification and
adjustment. The primary functions of the interface are described as follows:
Double channels display analog quantity and switch quantity of these two
channels.
Analog quantity
action 60HZ
restriction
12 CKZIL No-load rated IL 4000 60001000
13 CGYGD No-load over-voltage 13000 150009000
protection
14 CKZJY Step size 1000 2000100
15 CTCFX Difference adjustment 1 1 or 0 Positiv
direction e or
negati
ve
16 CTCXS Difference adjustment 0 15000
coefficient
17 CZDGD Auto UG set value 10000 120004000
18 CRQKG Auto flexible start-up 0 1 or 0 1 input
switch
19 CRQQD Initial given value of auto 3000 95002000
flexible start-up
20 CRQZD Object given value of 10000 120008000
auto flexible start-up
21 CRQBC Holding time of auto 140 60010
flexible start-up
22 CRQSD Increasing time of auto 140 60010
flexible start-up
23 CZDKP Auto Kp 12 608
24 CQJF De-integral 1 1 or 0 1 input
setting excitatio
setting excitatio
signal
49 Standby
50 CPSTW1 Recovery time constant 4000 15000100 Ms
Tw1
51 CPSTW2 Recovery time constant 4000 15000100
Tw2
52 CPSTW3 Recovery time constant 4000 15000100
Tw3
53 CPSTW4 Recovery time constant 0 150000
Tw4
54 CPSKS1 PSS enhancement 100 50000100
55 CPSKS2 Compensation coefficient of 100 5000100
electrical power integral
Switch quantity
The switch quantity is displayed with the graph of the indicator lamp. The displayed
switch quantity is as follows:
The following table shows the meaning and scope of the parameters:
Parameter Parameter
Parameter meaning Parameter meaning
name name
Under
Under-excitation restriction
excitation De-excitation De-excitation state
signal
restriction
Network
No-load No-load minimum output Network voltage tracing
voltage
restriction restriction input signal
tracing
No-load
excitation
Over
Excitation current exceeding 1.1
excitation PSS input PSS input signal
times rated value restriction
restriction
Force Constant
Excitation current exceeding Constant reactive power
excitation reactive
force excitation times restriction input signal
restriction power
Low
Over low excitation current Constant Constant power factor
excitation
restriction power factor input signal
restriction
Frequency
Generator frequency
measurement
measurement disappearing
disappearing
disappearing disappearing
For the above state quantity representing For the above related state quantity
abnormality and fault, flash indicates yes, and no indicating operating state of the regulator,
The safety grade is utilized to set the access jurisdiction of different users, which
can greatly increase the safety of the system. Only possession of high grade code
enables access to high safety grade windows, which greatly increases the safety of
the system.
The system has totally 3 safety grades, i.e. high (grade 2), ordinary (grade 1) and
low (grade 0). The user with high safety grade has access to the windows of higher
safety grade; the user with low safety grade has no such access to the windows of
higher safety grade.
By clicking the safety grade button in the menu to enter the safety grade window,
the code can be modified, to realize the switching among these three said safety
grades: click the safety grade to enter the switching window of safety grade, key into
Any body has access to them. The grade involves no system operation, and it is
the safety grade under normal operation.
The safety grade of control parameters and test command window is ordinary
(grade 1). The adjustment personnel and power station workers have access to the
windows of such grade, which enables them to modify parameters and issuance
control commands, and generally exerts no deadly effect upon the system.
The safety grade of the measurement correction window is high (grade 2). Only
the adjustment personnel have access to the window, while other personnel are not
allowed to enter such window to modify the parameters. The said grade is the
exclusive grade, which is utilized to adjust and correct the excitation system by the
specialists.
The setting of initial code is as follows: grade-1 code is 8489, and grade-2 code is
****.
Control parameters:
The control parameter menu is described as follows:
By clicking the control parameters in the menu, the control parameter window can
be entered (notes: at this point, the safety grade shall be grade 1 or higher, otherwise
the access will be refused.)The control parameters displayed are all internal
parameters of the regulator. By clicking the previous page and next page on the
parameter page, the function of page turning can be realized. The specific definitions
and related attributes of the parameters are shown in the parameter list.
By clicking the parameter value, it can be modified. The specified method is as
follows: by clicking the parameter value screen, the parameter input keyboard will
appear. Input the parameter value, and then click ENTER.
Test command
The test command menu is descried as follows:
There are mainly two test commands, i.e. step up and step down. By clicking the
test command in the menu, the test command window is entered. In the menu, the
user is allowed to select to send commands to either channel at random, or to two
channels at the same time. By clicking the relevant command, one confirmation
window will appear. Click Confirm to confirm command sending, and click Cancel
to cancel command sending.
Measurement correction
The measurement correction of the excitation PT, instrument PT, system PT,
stator current PT and excitation current of HWJT-09C excitation regulator is
performed with the software. Their respective measured values can be corrected by
modifying their respective correction factors.
The measurement correction factors are modified in the same way as the
parameter values: by clicking the measurement correction button in the menu,
the measurement correction window is entered (notes: the safety grade of the
measurement correction is grade 2, so only the adjustment personnel with
second safety grade have access to the window); By clicking the factor value,
one value input keyboard will appear, then input modification value and click
ENTER.
Figure 2
KP1~KP6 in the above figure constitute the thyristor rectifier bridge circuit.
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
The three-phase AC power supply is input through QS switch, and the magnitude
of DC output voltage varies with the onstate of the adjustment thyristor of auto
excitation regulator.
The rectifier element is poor in bearing over current and over voltage. For the
purpose of safe operation of the element and equipment, some protective
measurement shall be taken.
As shown in Figure 2, YMA~YMC and YMR are mainly used to absorb the
over voltage at AC and DC side. R1C1~R6C6 form the over voltage
absorption circuit in the element.
a When the switch at the AC or DC side is off, the equipment will give local
indication and send the signal to the central control room and related control
system, to help the force elimination circuit of the excitation regulator act.
b When the fuse is melted, the equipment will give local indication and send
the "melted" signal to the central control room and excitation regulator.
c When the fan is subjected to abnormality, the equipment will send the
abnormal condition of the fan to the central control room.
When the force air cooling is adopted, the equipment applies one or two sets
of low noise axial flow fan, and the power supply utilized is the AC power supply
from the rectifier equipment through voltage adjustment and isolation and power
supply for the power plant (totally two power sources). The fan in service
generally applies the rectifier power supply. When such power supply suffers any
fault, it will be automatically switched to the power supply for the power plant, to
ensure power supply for the fan.
The power unit is mainly composed of two parts, i.e. rectifier equipment and
power switch. The former converts the AC excitation power supply into DC power
supply, while the latter is controlled by the regulator. The magnitude of the
excitation current can be controlled by adjusting the closing time of the power
switch. In other words, the excitation input power of the generator can be
controlled by adjusting the onstate time of the power tube. The schematic
diagram is shown in Figure 3
Figure 3
The DC voltage after rectification is Ue, and onstate time of IGBT is Ton.
When the IGBT is switched on, Ue is added to both ends of the rotor. Closing time
of the IGBT is Toff. When the IGBT is switched off, the rotor voltage is equal to the
voltage drop of the continuous current diode D7, which is equal to zero when
being ignored. The excitation voltage waveform of the excitation winding is shown
in Figure 4.
Figure 4
The figure shows that the average value of the excitation voltage is:
Ton Ton
U LL U e Ue D D
Ton Toff Ton Toff is duty ratio.
IGBT drive
Large power IGBT switch excitation equipment applies the exclusive drive
module for control, whose schematic diagram is shown in Figure 5 as follows:
Figure 5
Over current protection
VCC and VEE are power sources, and the opto-coupler isolates the control
circuit and IGBT. Dz is the stabilized voltage tube, which provides the reverse bias
when IGBT is switched off. When there is the onstate control signal, the
opto-coupler OP1 is switched on, which switches on the output triode T1 through
the magnifier A and switches off T2. VCC is output to the grid electrode G of IGBT
through T1, to provide IGBT grid electrode with positive bias and switch on IGBT.
When there is no onstate control signal, OP1 is not switched on, and the
magnifier A switches off T1 while switches on T2. The voltage in the stabilized
tube Dz subjects IGBT grid electrode voltage to reverse bias through T2, to
ensure reliable closing of IGBT. When IGBT is subjected to over current, the over
current protection acts, and the magnifier A is closed, to subject the IGBT grid
electrode voltage to reverse bias for protection.
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
Comparison between self shunt switch excitation and thyristor exciation
of IGBT
In the thyristor excitation, six sets of drive circuits and pulse transformers
shall be provided; however, IGBT just needs to provide one drive signal. In
addition, as IGBT is the voltage control element, it can, with small drive power,
easily utilize the opto-coupler to realize high voltage isolation.
In the thyristor excitation system, the output voltage is directly correlated with
the control angle of the thyristor. Furthermore, as the AC synchronous signal
input is subjected to serious distorsion, for the purpose of obtaining accurate
synchronous zero passage trigger signal, the AC synchronous signal shall
undergo more complex treatment. In the IGBT excitation system, the output is
related to the onstate duty ratio D of IGBT, and the relative time relation between
the duty ratio D and AC power supply exerts no great effect upon the equipment
output, so no complex synchronous circuit requires to be designed.
In the thyristor excitation, the relation between input & output and control
angle is as follows: ULL=1.35UINCOS. For the purpose of improving the
linearity and stability of the system, the generation of the thyristor trigger pulse
requires cosine compensation, thus adding to the complexity of system control. In
the IGBT switch excitation, the relation between input & output and control angle
is as follows: ULL=1.35UIND. Therefore, the system is possessed of fine
linearity and stability, thus reducing the control complexity.
d The switch excitation may greatly reduce the capacity of the excitation
transformer, thus decreasing cost.
In the thyristor excitation, the continuous current of the rotor winding goes
system
The de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection equipment includes
several kinds, i.e. the non-linear de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection
equipment made up of zinc oxide voltage dependent resistor components, linear
de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection equipment composed of the linear
resistor and contact-free de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection system
realized by the electrical elements.
protection equipment
Non-linear de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection equipment
The wiring diagram of the de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection
equipment is shown in Figure 6. FMK is the main contact of the de-excitation
switch. The non inductive resistor (R) and voltage dependent resistor (YMR) form
the voltage dependent resistor components, which are directly connected to both
ends of the rotor. The other group of components at the excitation power supply
side serves to protect the power supply.
Under normal operation, as the rotor voltage is relatively low, and the current
Once the over voltage occurs, the voltage dependent resistor may
immediately operate within the large current area, and the over voltage is
restricted and absorbed. The voltage dependent resistor is in parallel connected
to both ends of the rotor, and the zinc oxide resistor chip has no any time delay
response, without matching problem in respect of the voltage-second
characteristics, thus being extremely reliable in protecting the rotor.
FMK
R R
YMR YMR F
L
YMR Q
FMK
u
100m s f
The figure shows that only several seconds are required from switch
disconnection to complete voltage establishment, and total time for completing
de-excitation is about 400ms.
The external characteristics of any two voltage resistors may be not identical.
In this case, two voltage dependent resistors directly connected in parallel may
absorb different energy under large current. Figure 8 shows that the current
through #1 and #2 resistors is quite different under the same voltage.
#1
#2
I
I1 I2
When several ten and even hundred voltage dependent resistors are
combined, the problem in respect of even energy is of great significance. At
present, the external characteristics of each voltage dependent resistor can be
acquired through various perfect detection methods, and then input into the
computer. Some groups of voltage dependent resistor components with basically
consistent external characteristics and especially in the large current area, with
slightly different external characteristics, are selected among a large number of
valves. The de-excitation and over voltage protection equipment formed in this
#1
#2
IR
I
I1 I2 I1 I2
FMK
YMR F
V L
Q
Rm
FMK
Figure 10 Wiring diagram of HMC-01 double break linear de-excitation and over
voltage protection
With development of electric & electronic technologies, a lot of large power, high
voltage withstand new electric & electronic elements, which have been applied to the
main circuit of the excitation. Wuhan Hongshan Electrical Science & Technology Co.,
Ltd, after developing the fresh excitation adjustment equipment based on GTR and
IGBT, now applies the new electric and electronic elements IGBT and IGCT to the
filed of generator de-excitation and rotor over voltage protection, whose composition
is similar to the jumper method widely utilized at early times. Figure 11 and Figure 12
are the schematic diagrams of the new de-excitation equipment.
YMR F
V L
Q
Rm
Figure 11 Wiring diagram of HMC-02 linear de-excitation and over voltage protection
Wuhan Hongshan Electrical Science & Technology Co., Ltd Page 73
Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
Generator
YMR YMR F
V L
Q
Rm
Generator
equipment
Related technical requirements of Technical Specifications for Self Shunt
Static Excitation System of Large Turbine Generator in respect of
de-excitation equipment and rotor over voltage protection:
1) The generator de-excitation shall apply two methods, i.e. inversion and
switch excitation. The de-excitation equipment shall be simple and reliable.
When the de-excitation occurs under force excitation, the over voltage of the
generator shall not exceed 4~6 times rated excitation voltage.
2) When the operating voltage is 80% of the rated value, the de-excitation
switch shall be reliably closed; when the operating voltage is 30%~65% of
the rated value, it shall be reliably opened.
3) The de-excitation resistor shall generally apply the linear resistor, which can
be 2~3 times the hot state value of the magnetic field resistor.
4) The generator rotor over voltage protection equipment shall be simple and
2) The de-excitation equipment adopting the zinc oxide non-linear resistor shall
meet the following requirements:
f The service life of the non-linear resistor elements shall not be less than
10 years, which is generally not restricted by the de-excitation times.
g The minimum setting-off capacity shall not be more than 60% of the
rated excitation current;
h The maximum setting-off capacity shall not be less than 300% of the
rated excitation current.
Based on the related technical requirements above, the calculation method of the
non-linear de-excitation is as follows:
Total energy of the rotor when the generator runs without load: J0(1/2)LI02
Even energy coefficient is chosen as 0.9, and the total energy capacity is:
JN=JNR/0.9
J=JN/0.8=1.94TdoRLI02
The linear de-excitation resistance is generally 4~5 times the hot state resistance
of the generator rotor winding, and its rated current is 0.15~2 times of the rated
excitation current of the generator. Therefore:
RM=()RL(75)
IR=(0.150.2)ILe
resistor
The zinc oxide voltage dependent resistance has excellent linearity, whose
characteristics can be described with the following formula:
U=KI
Z
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Operation Manual for HWJT-09C Micro-computer Excitation Regulator
Figure 14 Wiring diagram of voltage dependent voltage and protected voltage
High energy voltage dependent resistor is a kind of zinc oxide resistors, which is
mainly characterized by large energy capacity and quick response speed. The
nominal energy capacity of signal resistor is 20KJ, its breakover voltage U10mA is
generally 450~600V, and its response delay is approx. 100s. Another indicator for
measuring the voltage dependent resistor is residual voltage ratio
KC=U100mA/U10mA. For the high energy voltage dependent resistor, KC is less
than 1.5.
China has been involved in the production of the high energy voltage dependent
resistor for nearly 20 years, and recently introduced several production lines, thus
greatly enhancing the production capacity and valve quality. The parameters of the
valve are relatively stable and consistent. In this way, the equipment quality is reliably
ensured.
(optional)
In the operation instructions for the control system described in this part,
HWJT-09C micro-computer excitation control equipment completes electricity
collection like the generator and excitation input and output and output of control
switch quantity, and through the conversion and software control computation,
outputs state signals and control signals of power cabinet. For the switch type
excitation equipment, the regulator outputs the PWM square wave with variable duty
ratio; for the thyristor excitation equipment, the regulator outputs the thyristor trigger
angle. The control part of the excitation regulation & control system is generally
composed of the signal cabinet, which is referred to as control cabinet, and whose
output is utilized to control power output.
In accordance with the drawing provided together with the equipment, first check
whether the wiring, terminal wiring and power wiring are correct or not, and whether
the electrical and mechanical performance of the installed power elements (electric
capacity of conductor, insulation, temperature, corrosion prevention, mechanical
strength, etc.) are qualified or not. At the same time, the said drawing is reviewed. It is
ensured that the delivered equipment and its drawing attached are complete and
consistent, and the ex-factory report is correctly prepared.
Users preparations
1. All wires and cables are laid and connected to the excitation cabinet, and then
checked in accordance with the wiring diagram. The voltage transformer, current
transformer and protective circuit are included;
2. AC and DC power sources are connected to the control equipment, and then
the switch is closed;
3. If the generator test and some primary tests are required, the temporary power
source for the excitation transformer is prepared, and then the switch is closed;
4. Other devices, like monitoring & protection equipment, sub-station/cable,
speed regulator, original motor, generator and auxiliary equipment, shall be prepared
before the excitation adjustment;
5. Safety shield is prepared.
Installation inspection
1. Basic conditions
1) AC input of the rectifier equipment shall be removed;
2) DC output of the rectifier equipment shall be removed;
3) All other connections with the power plant shall be completed;
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4) All input power switches shall be cut off;
5) All power switches of internal equipment shall be cut off;
6) All inserters and formworks shall be removed from the framework.
2. Mechanical inspection
Check whether all devices are damaged during transportation and installation. If
any defect is detected, the record shall be made, and the after-sales service
department is in time informed thereof for treatment. Following this, the next work can
be proceeded with.
3. Cable inspection
It shall be ensured that all cables are correctly connected, and consistent with the
relevant installation drawing.
Note: the twisted-pair cables shall be utilized in strict accordance with the drawing;
the power and signal cables shall be isolated and shielded, and the shield layer shall
be correctly used. Special attention shall be paid to the phase sequence of PT, CT,
synchronous power supply and trigger pulse.
1) Check whether the twisted-pair cables are utilized or not;
2) Check whether the power and signal cables are isolated or not;
3) Check whether the shield layer is correctly treated and grounded or not;
4) Check whether the phase sequence of PT, CT, synchronous power and trigger
pulse is correct or not.
4. Grounding inspection
The grounding is of crucial significance. The cabinet shall be provided with the
grounding terminal, and the following places shall be supplied with convenient
grounding points.
The equipment cabinet rack is grounded.
The equipment is grounded with zero potential.
Digital shieldshielding point connected with the digital signal cable
Analog shieldshielding point connected with the analog signal cable
Note: during test these terminals can be temporarily connected, but at last they
shall be separately grounded as above.
For the thyristor excitation system, the oscilloscope is utilized to observe the
output pulse waveform of the regulator. The pulse height varies with the thyristor,
which is generally 1.5~7V, the pulse width is 1ms (50Hz) or 0.1ms (500Hz), the
double pulse interval is 60, and the trigger angle is consistent with the display.
For the IGBT excitation system, adjust the positive and reverse group pulse to be
smaller duty ratio output state (if the analog PT voltage suffers greater fluctuation, the
manual channel can be operated), apply the resistance load to the power DC output
side (if necessary, connected load in series of resistance and inductance is applied),
close the output switch, and observe whether the load waveform is consistent with the
control waveform. The on-off over voltage peak shall be less than 120% (inductive
load is less than 150%).
For the thyristor excitation system, adjust the control pulse of the regulator to be
smaller output state (if the analog PT voltage suffers greater fluctuation, the manual
channel can be operated), apply the resistance load to the power DC output side (if
necessary, connected load in series of resistance and inductance is applied), close
the output switch, and observe whether the load waveform is normal or not, and
whether 6 wave fronts are distributed evenly. In addition, check whether the
magnetism enhancing waveform or magnetism reducing waveform varies evenly or
not, without jump.
First, learn about the related problems in respect of the matching generating
set of the equipment, such as the excitation mode, operating mode, power
magnitude and standby excitation or not. Then, check whether the main circuit
wiring of the excitation equipment is in consistence with the drawing or not. The
consistence" means that the wiring is in any respect consistent with the drawing.
With respect to AC excitation mode, carefully check selection position and phase
connection of synchronous point, to achieve accurate, reliable synchronous
signal.
After the main circuit wiring is checked, clearly understand the connection
relationship among various parts: input source, output terminal, intermediate
transferring location, primary circuit voltage, primary circuit current and heat
generation. The handling of possible abnormality like over voltage, over current
and over heat shall be taken into account.
Correct main circuit wiring and power supply circuit wiring is the fundamental
condition of the operation of the excitation regulator, and at the same time, is
related to the personal and equipment safety, so it shall be serious treated.
1. DC excitation system:
The excitation power supply comes from the output of the DC exciter. The
power input power supply can be simulated through the DC 220 system for power
plant, and based on the actual situation of the working power supply, the power
circuit undergoes special adjustment. If the actual voltage is lower than 220V, the
power elements undergo test in the 220V system. The voltage withstand grade of
the power parts can meet the requirements, but the current shall be prevented
from exceeding restriction value.
Under the parallel operation of double control units, the synchronous signal of
these two units shall be tested, to ensure safe parallel operation of double
systems.
2. Three-generator excitation mode
Under such excitation mode, the excitation power is supplied by the excitation
transformer at the generator side. Part of the power of the excitation equipment is
output to the exciter for excitation, to control the output of the exciter.
As the excitation power is derived from the end of the generator, the
excitation equipment shall be equipped with the initial excitation equipment.
When the equipment undergoes initial excitation, the regulator may operate under
lower voltage for some period of time; when it endures the static test, it shall be
confirmed whether the synchronous circuit can provide accurate synchronous
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pulse when the regulator works under extremely low voltage of the excitation
power.
As the frequency of the excitation power is not medium frequency any longer,
some inconvenience may be brought to the static adjustment. Under such
excitation mode, the output current of the excitation equipment is not great, but
the setting of the PID parameters of the regulator may be more complex that self
shun excitation.
4. Self shunt excitation mode
The self shunt excitation is the current popular excitation mode, which is
characterized by no rotating motor, simple structure and better control
characteristics.
The foregoing can be comprehensively consulted about the static adjustment
of the control part of the regulator. Key points for adjustment of the power part:
a As the power part sustains high voltage and large current, high
requirements are imposed on its insulation. Considering restriction in terms of
conditions, the voltage withstand test may not be completed in the ex-factory test;
when the site static test is carried out, the comprehensive AC voltage withstand
test shall be first considered. The key items are three input side and DC output
side to ground of each unit. In such voltage withstand test, the gate electrode,
cathode, anode or grid electrode of IGBT, source electrode and drain electrode
shall be short connected, to protect safety of elements; the resistance capacity
absorption network and meters in connection with the test circuit shall withdraw
from their operation. The withstand voltage of the test is related to the rated
excitation voltage of the generator (the rated excitation voltage is 5~10 times
rated excitation voltage, and not lower than 1,500V).Such test is destructive, so
more tests are not preferable.
b The meters of the power cabinet shall give correct indication, and the
insulation of the meters and wiring shall be inspected.
c If the power cabinet undergoes the forced cooling through the fan, the
direction of the cooling air and air pressure relay shall be inspected before the
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equipment closed loop operates.
d The wiring and insulation of the de-excitation circuit shall be carefully
inspected, and the dusts and foreign substances near the de-excitation switch
and de-excitation resistor shall be cleared off. The de-excitation switch of the zinc
oxide non-linear de-excitation shall not be opened under low voltage and small
current, to avoid contact burning due to failure to establish voltage. For
double-break de-excitation switch, the on-off consistence between double breaks;
for three-break de-excitation switch, in addition to the on-off consistence between
double breaks, the off-on time matching situation of the third normally closed
break. It shall be ensured that normal closing is performed by closing, normal
opening and disconnection; and normal closing is carried out by disconnection,
normal opening and closing.
e The initial excitation circuit provides the initial excitation current. During the
static test, the initial excitation command shall be simulated, to make the initial
excitation contactor act, and whether the excitation voltage amplitude is suitable
or not, and whether the initial excitation time is normal or not shall be checked.
The initial excitation time is generally set to be 3~6 seconds.
For the excitation equipment put into operation in the new plant, the test items
shall be more than reformation items in old plant, and more comprehensive
requirements are imposed on the excitation equipment. The detailed test scheme
shall be prepared in advance.
Regardless of the excitation mode, closed attention shall be given to the
following key points:
The preparations for the test, in addition to necessary tools and equipment,
shall at least include:
a No remaining problem upon completion of the static test;
b Prepared comprehensive dynamic test scheme.
c Full accident forecast and emergency measures for each test item.
d Related personnel for test and their understanding of test summary.
2. Fundamental principle of test
The dynamic test has higher requirements upon test time, and such test shall
be arranged in order.
Inspection before test
a Check whether the fasteners of all key positions (e.g. socket, transformer
wiring, cable, bus bar, etc.) are loosed or not;
b Re-check the fuse and switch of the synchronous circuit and power circuit
from excitation power to exciter.
c Check whether CT circuits are subjected to open circuit or not.
d Check pre-set parameters of the regulator.
In the case of self shunt excitation system, one initial excitation step-up
operation shall be simulated prior to commencement of the test: stop operation of
the regulator, push initial excitation button, and measure amplitude of three-phase
voltage of excitation sub-side and synchronous circuit. At the same time, record
the measured value of excitation PT, and estimate the voltage amplitude at the
excitation sub-side (namely, voltage of excitation power) is normal or not.
Regardless of excitation mode, in the first step-up the generator terminal voltage
shall not be boosted to the no-load rated value one time; the generator shall
maintain operation under low operating condition, and at the same time, check
whether the circuits are in normal operation. Attention: at this point, the power
supply circuit of the fan of the power cabinet shall be switched to the power
supply for the power plant.
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Basic test items:
Set the given setting value of the micro-computer excitation regulator at 15%,
close DC output switch (for the self excitation system, the given setting value is
set at 10%~30%, initial excitation), observe whether the generator voltage is
normal or not, increase given value, and pay attention to relevant changed in the
generator terminal voltage. Increase or decrease the given value to adjust the
generator terminal voltage, observe the full-process voltage stability and
temperature of power circuit. PID parameters shall be properly adjusted based on
the demands. Voltage adjustment range is 10%~120%, of which the upper limit is
restricted by the excitation transformer and generator withstand voltage.
10% or 5% step (no load): the step test can show the control characteristics of
the excitation equipment, and then one group of suitable PID parameters are
selected for the subsequent tests. Such test shall be first completed by one
regulator, and then another regulator is utilized to verify the set parameters in the
test.
In the first step, the generator terminal voltage shall not exceed 90% of the
rated value. After the test effect is determined, the rated value commences its
step. The overshoot, adjustment time and adjustment times of the step shall be
observed and recorded, and based on this, whether the PID parameter are
optimum or not is judged.
generator terminal voltage suffers overshoot during test, the differential and magnification
factor can be increased; if the voltage involves too many swinging times, the differential
100% zero-initial voltage boosting (no load): the set parameters in the step
test are utilized for such test; if the test effect is not ideal, the PID parameters can
be properly adjusted. At last, the results of these two tests are generalized, and
one group of PID working parameters are chosen.
Note: some power plants may be not accustomed to boosting voltage to the rated
value in start-up one time, so the specific practice depends on the user. Under such
circumstance, the index of zero-initial voltage boosting is not as important as that in step
test.
For the self shunt excitation system, the process of initial excitation voltage
establishment shall be involved before all tests. In fact, one zero-initial voltage
boosting of the generator has been completed. Before knowing the optimum PID
parameters, we can set the start-up setting value to be 20%~30% of the rated
value, and the default PID parameters are applied to boost the voltage to the
setting value.
Manual-auto switching (no load): HWJT-08 series regulator has one auto
channel and one manual channel, and the adjustment objects of them are
different; the former aims at the constant generator terminal voltage, while the
latter at the constant excitation current. Prior to switching test, it shall be
confirmed that the current working channel is in normal condition. In the case of
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abnormality, the current regulator shall be rapidly cut off.
The manual channel is the primary operation mode, so its parameters are all
set to be relatively conservative.
Note: the manual and auto channels of the regulator trace the output of the other,
and such tracing process takes some time. Therefore, the adjustment of the tracing
Frequency characteristics test (no load): such test can be conducted together
with the lower frequency protection test. First, the setting value of the low
frequency protection is reduced to the lower value of the frequency
characteristics test. The generator frequency is changed within the test range,
and the corresponding generator terminal voltage is recorded at this point. When
the frequency characteristics test is finished, the voltage frequency is maintained
at 50HZ; the setting value of the lower frequency protection is changed to the
pre-set value, and the generator frequency is reduced to make lower frequency
protection act. The generator frequency, when the lower frequency protection acts,
is recorded and compared with the pre-set value.
The action of the lower frequency protection may de-excite the regulator, and
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the generator voltage is rapidly reduced to zero. For IGBT excitation system, the
positive group output is decreased to zero; if the excitation equipment is provided
with reverse group circuit, the reverse group output is set to be maximum. For the
thyristor excitation system, the thyrsistor trigger pulse is adjusted to the inversion
angle (generally 1300).With respect to the hydropower generating unit with
frequent start-up and shut-down, it tends to operate under low frequency. The low
frequency operation may damage the inductive load of the transformer, which is
designed for this purpose.
The thermal power generating unit is rarely subjected to low frequency, and
even the low frequency protection test may be not required. However, the low
frequency protection shall be still put into operation. Generally speaking, if the
frequency of the generator terminal voltage is more accurately measured, then
the low protection will suffer no fault without any test.
Low frequency restriction test (network connection): prior to the test, the
stator current measurement coefficient of the generator shall be carefully set, to
make the active and reactive measured value to be basically consistent with the
standard value. The desired phase advance limits are confirmed, which are
generally represented by two points: phase advance depth of rated active power
and maximum phase advance depth of zero active power. Both of them are
respectively set, and the phase advance operation is respectively made
corresponding to these two points, to verify the low excitation restriction function
of the regulator. If the excitation equipment is composed of two regulators, the
operation mode of single regulators is respectively adopted to complete the test.
If the test time permits, the parallel operation mode of two regulators can be
adopted for such test.
As over depth of the generator phase advance may result in instability of the
generating unit, one regulator can withdraw from its operation for standby during
such test, and its given voltage is set to be slightly higher than the no-load rated
value. Once any accident occurs, the regulator can be put into operation, and
another one is cut off.
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switching mode. As a matter of fact, the regulator also has the auto switching
function for fault. However, under normal condition, such function is difficult to be
simulated.
Load rejection test (network connection): for the hydraulic power plant, the
load rejection is an important test. Such test is generally conducted three times,
i.e. 50%, 75% and 100% of rated load. During the test, as the generator rejects all
loads abruptly, the disappearance of the stator current and increase of rotating
speed will rapidly boost the generator terminal voltage; at this point, the excitation
regulator shall quickly adjust the voltage to the normal value (as the difference
adjustment is different, the stabilized voltage may be slightly higher or lower than
the value before load rejection). At this point, the overshoot of the generator
terminal voltage shall not be more than 15%, adjustment times not less than 3
and adjustment time less than 5s (for the hydraulic power AC excitation system,
owing to such factors as time constant of generating set and over speed of water
turbine, the index may be slightly inferior).
When the load rejection or 10% step test is conducted, the pointer type
analog instrument is generally utilized to observe the generator terminal voltage.
Close attention shall be given to the mechanical damping and mechanical inertia
of the analog instrument, to avoid wrong test conclusions.
The operation test of the excitation equipment under different excitation modes is
slightly different. If the generator is of separate excitation mode, the regulator may
provide minimum output; otherwise, the regulator can only start to enhance the
excitation current from certain start point (10%30%Ue). The start point is the given
voltage when the regulator makes initial excitation. The start point may not be over
low: its minimum amplitude shall make the regulator synchronous and power
elements operate normally.
After the dynamic test is concluded, the generating unit is put into trial operation.
During the trial operation, close attention shall be paid to the temperature increase of
the power part of the regulator and transformers. If the excitation equipment is the self
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shunt excitation system, the current sharing at AC and DC sides of the power
cabinets shall be carefully inspected. The current sharing at DC side is expressed
with the current sharing coefficient, which shall be more than 0.85. The current
sharing at the AC side means the balance of three-phase current at the AC input side
of the power cabinet. The AC current sharing of each rectifier cabinet reflects the
magnitude of the on-state voltage drop of its rectification elements and consistence of
its laid cables. The magnitude of the current of each phase of the excitation
transformer can be known by integrating the AC current sharing of each rectifier
cabinet. If the current of each phase is subject to wide difference, the excitation
transformer may suffer abnormal noise and vibration.
After the operation test is finished, the test results shall be immediately
summarized. In case the equipment is subject to some alteration during the test, the
details and cause of such alteration shall be in time recorded, and written into the
document for record by the power plant and the company.
Finally, one test report shall be formulated, which shall cover the introduction to
the production functions, static test equipment, method, steps and data and operation
instructions of the equipment.
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As the operation of the excitation system varies with the power plant, some basic
items in respect of the operation are only introduced herein, and the specific
operation shall be carried out in reference to the drawing and related procedures.
Safety regulation
Safety rules
When the operator works within the excitation system, the warning shall be given.
Otherwise, the contact with the live parts may result in severe personnel injuries. For
this reason, the design shall take into consideration all live parts of over 50V within the
equipment for protection. Without receiving some training and taking necessary
precautions, the maintenance personnel shall not enter the cabinet for operation.
Icon
Meaning
Danger
Be careful! It carries electricity!
sub-side and generator rotor magnetic filed winding (radiator and copper busbar) carry
extremely high voltage, and the contact with them may bring about the danger of electric
shock. Therefore, the safety shield shall be erected to avoid accidental electric shock. To
measure the electrical elements of the equipment in service, such safety protection
equipment shall keep some distance from the live object. It shall be specially noted that
the maintenance personnel shall receive the relevant training. It is of crucial significance.
As the excitation transformer sub-side and generator rotor magnetic filed winding
are subject to high voltage, the extremely large short-circuit current may be caused
within the excitation cabinet.
It shall be specially pointed out that the discharging resistor of the de-excitation
switch and magnetic field circuit is directly connected to the generator rotor winding,
there is enormous danger of the electric shock. For this reason, the cabinet shall be
supplied with the protection equipment to protection personnel safety.
If such protection equipment is removed, the maintenance personnel shall be
kept distant from the danger of high voltage and large current. The cabinet door shall
be provided with the warning sign, to warn the maintenance personnel of voltage
(over 50V) within the control cabinet. What is most important, it is used to warn the
people that the voltage within the rectifier cabinet may be more than 1,000V, and the
current may be extremely large. During the operation, when the door of the control
cabinet is opened, such warning is a kind of protection.
The maintenance work can be conducted only when the voltage is cut off, and the
protective measures are taken. Otherwise the following precautions shall be observed:
the maintenance personnel shall not get close to the work area at will, and the safety
area shall be marked high voltage! Danger! with yellow signs.
Owing to control mistake or the reason of other persons, the off switch may be
closed again. To avoid such case, the relevant protective measures shall be taken
(e.g. the switch with the key is applied, to avoid re-closure of such switch by mistake).
Consequences arising from negligence
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Any unconformity with the safety regulations may bring about severe damage to
the equipment.
Warning: if the system carries electricity, and the cabinet is not supplied with the
protective equipment, the danger of electric shock may be caused to the operators
and any other person close to the live equipment.
If the required maintenance is not completed in whole or in part, the enormous
economic loss may be resulted in. In particular, if the rectifier cabinet is subject to any
remaining dirt or dust, the danger of high voltage flashover may be brought about.
Requirements upon operators
The operators shall be well acquainted with the safety regulations, influence of
the excitation system upon the system variables (such as generator voltage and
reactive power), their working sites and buttons, operation indication and warning
signals of the excitation system before the equipment cabinet, and the consequences
of the local commands and meaning of the remote warning signals.
The operators shall be familiar with safety regulations and installation operation,
and receive the training in respect of repair and maintenance; they shall be
acquainted with the control principles and related operations, and the warning in
connection with the excitation system issued by both the excitation equipment (local
control) and the control room (remote control, see the operation guide). The operators
shall have abundant experiences in both the power supply of the excitation equipment
and such accidents as emergency shut-down, and have the capability of shutting
down the system under emergency. In addition, they shall get familiar with the
measures against accidents on the work site, and participate in the training related to
first aid and fire prevention.
Description of emergencies
Fire:
The workers shall know the location of the fire extinguisher and emergency exit,
and have the capacity of using the fire extinguisher. The fire extinguisher is separated
into halon extinguisher, CO2 and foam.
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CO2 extinguisher is especially designed for fire extinguishing of the electrical
equipment, which has no direct harm to the personnel.
The foam extinguisher is exclusively used for fire extinguishing of non-electrical
equipment. It can not be used for fire fighting of electrical equipment. It has direct
harm to the personnel.
When the system gets fire, the excitation shall be cut off locally or in the control
room; if necessary, the emergency shut-down equipment shall be applied (see
operation guide).Following this, all power sources of the system shall be disconnected.
When the live cabinet gets fire, the CO2 fire extinguisher is only needed instead of
foam or water extinguisher!
Electric shock
1. First cut off the excitation power supply locally, and then disconnect all power
sources of the equipment.
2. Rescue injurers from the danger, and let them lay on the ground. By reference to
the procedures in respect of the electric injury cure, carry out the bridle-wise cure
practice, and call for help.
Basic regulations
1.1 The personnel other than the manufacturers persons are not allowed to plug
or pull the connectors carrying electricity!
1.2 Before the excitation system is put into operation, the control power switch
shall be first operated, followed by the generator signal (analog quantity and switch
quantity) and AC (DC) power input switch. In the case of no any abnormality, the
regulator is well adjusted (the setting depends on different test and operation
requirements) and stabilized, before the power output switch is applied. The
de-excitation switch, if any, can be first applied.
1.3 The exiting sequence of the excitation system is contrary to 2, namely, first
disconnect power output switch, then power input switch, followed by generator signal
input switch and power supply switch.
Note: during the test, when the equipment withdraws from its operation, only the
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power output switch needs to be switched; but for the parallel system involving two control
units, the output control pulse of the regulator shall be disconnected.
The generator input signal and regulator control power can share the same switch.
1.4 For double or more power units that are connected in parallel, when one unit
withdraws from its operation, the other working units shall be in normal output and
free from fast fusing, fan shut-down and power switch loosening, and the protective
measures for the personnel shall be taken.
1.5 For parallel operation of double or more power units, when one non-working
unit is put into operation, its links shall be normal and free from short circuit, fast
fusing, fan shut-down and power switch loosening. The protective measures for the
personnel shall be taken.
After the generator is put into operation, push the de-excitation button;
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after the generator terminal voltage is reduced to minimum, disconnect the
de-excitation switch
If necessary, disconnect the switch at AC side of the power cabinet
If the power is totally disconnected with the excitation equipment, only the
power fuse before the cabinet needs to be disconnected.
If the regulator is in the off-state when the generating unit has just completed
big repair or small repair, the following steps can be consulted about the start-up
operation:
1) Recover the wiring affected during the repair of the excitation equipment,
confirm that the power fuses are at the off positions, and then supply DC
operation power to the regulator.
2) Close de-excitation switch.
3) Measure the voltage along the power fuses, and close the fuses after no
error is confirmed.
4) Through the power indicator lamp on the regulator panel, confirm that the
regulator power is in normal condition.
5) Apply the AC switch of the power part and then DC switch, and confirm that
the indications of switch positions are right.
After the above steps are finished, the generating unit can be started, and the
voltage boosted.
If the generating unit is always in the standby state, the operator shall, before
starting the generating unit, check the aforesaid Items 2 and 4; at the same time,
confirm that the initial excitation circuit is in normal condition.
If the generating unit is in operation, the operator shall check Item 4 on a
periodical basis. In addition, close attention shall be paid to the temperature
increase of the power circuit, and check whether the indication of the output
current of the power branch is close to the normal position.
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The voltage establishment of the generator shall meet the following
conditions:
1) Close de-excitation switch.
2) Open generator outlet breaker (the generator is in the no-load state).
3) Close the switches at both AC and DC sides of the power cabinet.
4) Fast voltage boosting: when the regulator receives the start-up command,
or the start-up button is pushed, the process of fast voltage boosting is
commenced. The generator terminal voltage may be boosted to the former given
voltage pre-set by the regulator.
2. Shut-down operation
When the break lamp is on, it indicates that the excitation PT or instrument PT is
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subjected to break fault, while the regulator can operate as usual. Once PT is
recovered from the fault, the break signal will be automatically reset.
When the over excitation lamp is on, it indicates that the over excitation
restriction acts, and the regulator will restrict its output. The excitation current is
restricted to the setting value, and after about 20s time delay (which is related to the
current after restriction; the over excitation will be reset only when the generator rotor
undergoes favorable heat dispersion), the over excitation restriction is reset, and the
regulator operates as usual.
When the low excitation lamp is on, it indicates that the low excitation
restriction acts, and the regulator will restrict further reduction of its output. The
excitation current is automatically increased, the low excitation state is released, low
excitation lamp is off, and the regulator operates as usual.
When the low frequency lamp is on, it indicates that the measured PT voltage
frequency of the regulator is lower than the setting value. When the low frequency
protection acts, the regulator resets the given voltage, namely, the output becomes
zero.
When the de-excitation lamp is on, it indicates that the regulator resets the given
voltage and current, to reduce the generator terminal voltage and excitation current to
zero.
The results of low frequency and de-excitation are the same. In each case, the
output of the excitation equipment is made zero. In addition, both are locked and
become invalid after the generator is connected to the network.
The foregoing relates to the protection functions inside the excitation regulator.
These protection action signals serve as the abnormality signals during the operation
of the excitation equipment, which do not mean that the regulator suffers any fault or
damage.
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side is abruptly tripped, and the indicator lamp on the cabinet door indicates the off
state.
When the power cabinet is subjected over current, the switch at the cabinet outlet
is tripped; otherwise the switch may be tripped by mistake or mis-operated.
Handling method: same as Item 1) in respect of current abnormality.
6) Fault of regulator power
Phenomenon: the external input of the regulator is normal, while the indication of
the power inserters disappears.
Such phenomenon indicates that the internal power supply of the regulator is
subjected to the fault. The operation of the excitation equipment is executed by
another regulator.
Handling method: push the pulse cutting switch of the faulty regulator, to
cease its operation. Such fault is handled when the regulator is stopped later.
7) Reactive swinging of generator
Phenomenon: the reactive power of the generator continuously suffers
oscillation.
Handling method: through the LCD of the excitation monitoring unit, observe the
duty ratio of the regulator or the trigger angle output of the thyristor is subjected to
great fluctuation. One faulty or abnormal (in the case of no fault or abnormality, the
regulator with greater HG fluctuation is selected) regulator is selected, and its pulse
cutting switch is pushed to cease its operation. If the fault is not removed, the pulse
cutting switch of the regulator is released and put into operation again. Then another
regulator is cut off (the active swinging of the generator may also result in its reactive
change. The regulator may control such reactive change, to prevent it from becoming
swinging. However, the rotor voltage may be subjected to greater change than usual,
which is obviously a normal phenomenon. The unusual reactive swinging may be
caused by the system fluctuation or the load change of the adjacent generating set;
the measurement of the regulator or abnormality of the power circuit may also result in
the fluctuation in the generator terminal voltage or reactive load, but such possibility is
faint).
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8) The generator fails to establish voltage
Phenomenon: in the case of normal start-up, the rotating speed of the
generating set has reached the rated value, while the generator is without reactive
terminal voltage.
Handling method: first check whether there is the initial excitation failure signal
or not. If there is such signal, it proves that the conditions of the initial excitation
operation have been met, and the priority of inspection shall be given to the following
items:
1. Whether the initial excitation power is put into operation or not?
2. Whether the de-excitation button is at the off position or not?
3. Whether the AC and DC switches of the power cabinet are closed or not?
4. Whether the given voltage of the regulator is successfully set or not?
If there is no initial excitation failure signal, it can be judged that the conditions
of the initial excitation are not met, and the priority of inspection shall be given to the
following items:
1. Whether the de-excitation switch is closed or not?
2. Whether the auto initial excitation set plate is applied or not?
3. Whether the auto start-up command is given or not?
After the cause for failure to establish voltage is removed, the initial excitation and
voltage boosting can be performed manually, while the generating set maintains its
rated rotating speed.
The integration of various abnormal cases shows that after the power part of the
excitation equipment suffers abnormality, the load shall be in time reduced to ensure
continued safe operation of the generator and excitation equipment, and the
equipment shall be preferably stopped for handling. After the control part suffers
abnormality, the regulator may try to make use of the protection functions to achieve
continuous operation of the generator; if the abnormality continues developing, it can
be regarded as the excitation fault, and the equipment shall be stopped for repair.
If you have any question in respect of the excitation equipment, please contact
with the manufacturer for technical support on telephone or technical services on site.
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Before the equipment is put into operation, the control power switch shall be
operated first. After it is confirmed that the regulator is in normal condition, the
de-excitation switch is applied, followed by the AC switch of the power circuit.
Before the excitation control equipment withdraws from its operation, the power
output switch shall be first disconnected, followed by the power input switch and then
excitation power switch.
2) They are not allowed to conduct step operation after the generator establishes
voltage with no load;
3) When the equipment operates normally, they are not allowed to conduct
manual or auto switching operation ("manual button of the regulator and manual
switch of control cabinet);
4) They are not allowed to remove the output pulse of the regulator at liberty
(pulse cutting switch of the regulator);
5) They are not allowed to cut off the power supply of the control box when the
regulator is in normal operation;
4) They are not allowed to apply or remove the output pulse of the regulator at
liberty (pulse cutting switch of the regulator);
5) They are not allowed to cut off the power supply switch of the control box when
the regulator is in normal operation;
2. The de-excitation switch shall be periodically inspected, and the anti-rust oil on
the working polar plane of the magnet shall be cleared off. The rotational axes and
friction parts shall be filled with lubricant on a periodical basis, to ensure use safety
and reliability.
3. The knife switches shall also be cleaned, to avoid inflexible operation due to
accumulated dirt; if the drive mechanism is found to be inflexible, it shall be
immediately maintained or replaced, to ensure absolute safety. The user shall
periodically check whether the fasteners are loosened or not, and the grounding part
is in good condition or not.
4. The dusts and foreign substances on the equipment shall be cleared away,
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especially on the power elements, cables and bus bars, to eliminate hidden danger of
accidents such as short circuit, reduced insulation and unfavorable heat dissipation
caused thereby.
5. The regulator is connected to the power supply, to check whether the switches
and indicator lamps are in good condition or not.
If more careful inspection is required, refer to the related items within the manual.
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1. Specify the excitation mode of the system. The common excitation modes
include the self shun excitation system, three-generator excitation system and DC
excitation system, and the provision of the schematic diagram of the original excitation
system is preferable. At the same time, the user shall confirm the power control of the
excitation system adopts the thyristor or IGBT.
2. Specify the excitation capacity required by the excitation adjustment. Generally,
the rated excitation voltage and current of the control object, no-load excitation
voltage and current and force excitation multiple required by the excitation system
shall be provided. For the above-mentioned parameters, in addition to the nameplate
parameters, the actual operation parameters shall be provided together.
3. Specify the input & output requirements of the system. Generally, CT
transformation ratio for excitation, capacity of excitation PT and instrument PT, wiring
group type and output voltage and requirements of output photon plate, remote
control and instrument shall be provided.
4. Main wiring mode of the generator system shall be provided.
5. The orientation and voltage grade of the AC/DC excitation control power (for
adjuster) shall be provided.
6. The requirements of installation mode and location and size of the excitation
equipment and cabinet color, as well as operating environment, shall be provided.
Please fill in the following data and requirements, to facilitate our company
in providing you with the products of most reasonable design and optimum
performance.
1. Excitation mode: (Self shun excitation mode or
three-generator excitation mode)
2. Adjuster model: HWJT-09C
3. Related parameters of generator
Items Generator AC/DC exciter Pilot exciter
Capacity (KVA)
Power factor / /
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Terminal voltage (V)
PT change / /
CT change / /
Frequency (HZ)
Synchronous reactance Xd / /
Transient reactance Xd / /
Super-transient reactance Xd / /
Tdo
Notes:
a. Main wiring mode of the generator refers to network connection wiring
mode, namely, expansion unit wiring; the exciter and pilot exciter refer to Y or
mode.
b. For the self shunt excitation system, the force excitation multiple
corresponding to the voltage shall be indicated. For example, the reduction of
voltage to 80% required by the large generating set intends to meet double force
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excitation.
c. Different adjustment rate refers to the maximum value.
4. Type of excitation transformer: (Oil immersed type, common dry type
or epoxy resin placing dry type), in the case of large epoxy resin placing dry type excitation
transfer, whether the temperature controller and shielded enclosure are required or not shall be
specified.
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