07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

Design of Structural
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand

Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Lige, Belgium
Steel Joints
Introduction
Integration of joints into
structural design process
Moment resistant joints
Simple joints
Design tools
Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014
EN 1993 Part 1.8

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Basis of design
Chapter 3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Chapter 4 Welded connections
Chapter 5 Analysis, classification and modelling
Chapter 6 Structural joints connecting H or I sections
Chapter 7 Hollow section joints
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
Background information
Design guidelines
2 Basis of design Partial safety coefficients

3 Connections made mechanical fasteners

4 Welded connections
Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Actual joint response

Actual joint response

M
M Rd
S j,ini
cd
Influence on the structural response

Displacements
Internal forces
Failure mode and failure load
Four successive steps for structural integration

M ? M
? ?

Characterization Classification

Modelling Idealization
Characterization
Search for a unified approach whatever the material
M
?
?
?

Various configurations (1)

Continuity
Beam-to-beam
Column bases

Joints in portal frames

Connections and joints in
composite construction
Various cross-section shapes (1)

Hot-rolled and
cold-formed
Various cross-section shapes (2)

Built-up profiles
Various connection elements
Splices
End plates
Cleats
Economy

Reduced fabrication, transportation and erection costs

Specific design criteria

Robustness
Joints as key elements
Characterization (1)
Search for a unified approach
M
?
?
?

Characterization (2)
Eurocode 3 Part 1-8
Beam-to-beam joints, splices, beam-to-column joints and column
bases:
welded connections
bolted connections (anchors for column bases)
Background: COMPONENT METHOD

Characterization (3) - component method

column web column web column web
Three steps in shear in compression in tension
First step
Identification of the
active components
F F F
Second step: F3,Rd
F2,Rd
F1,Rd
Response of the
E k1 E k2 E k3
components

M M j ,Rd min Fi ,Rd z
Third step: Mj,Rd E z2
Assembly of the S j ,ini
1
components Sj,ini
k
cd i
Characterization (4) - component method

EC3 Part 1-8 provides therefore:
a library of components
rules for the evaluation of the properties of the components
(stiffness, resistance, deformation capacity)
rules for the evaluation of the possible component interactions
assembly rules for components
Applicable for simple joint and moment resistant joint

Characterization (4) Hollow section joints

Different approach for lattice girder joints
For many types of joint configurations:
Joints considered as a whole
Check of relevant failure modes
Scope of application to be checked

M ? M
? ?


Classification (1) Mj
Rigid
Rigid
Stiffness
Semi-rigid
Semi-rigid
Sj,ini
Pinned
Pinned

Classification
Boundaries for boundaries
stiffness
Initialinitial
Joint joint stiffness
stiffness
Classification (2) Mj
Full resistance
Full-strength
Resistance
Mj,Rd
Partial-strength
Partial resistance
Pinned
Pinned

Boundaries for
Classification strength
boundaries
Joint
Jointresistance
strength
Classification (3)
Ductility
Mj
Brittle
Semi-ductile
Ductile


M ? M
? ?


Modelling
JOINT BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINTS BEAM COLUMN
MODELLING MAJOR AXIS BENDING SPLICES BASES
SIMPLE
SEMI-
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS

M ? M
? ?


Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Example
Single sided beam-to-column joint configuration, bolted end-plate connection
w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 V
u=10 M 0 1,0
+ + 3 M 1 1,0
120 240 M
IPE220
+ + 10
60 HEB140
140 5
Material: S 235
To be evaluated:
Design moment resistance , initial stiffness
General data
Equivalent T-stub in tension
Ft
Column
Ft /4 Ft /4
hwc hc 2t fc 2rc 140 2 12 2 12 92mm
Ft /4 m e
Avc Ac 2bc t fc twc 2rc
4295,6 2 140 12 7 2 12 12 1307,6mm
Ft 2/4 l eff
w t fc 80 7
m 0,8 rc 0,812 26,9mm
2 2
bc w 140 80
e 30mm
2 2
t 2fc f yc 122 235

m pl , fc 0, 25 0, 25 8460 Nmm / mm
M0 1,0
General data
Beam w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
+ + 3
120 240 z
IPE220
+ + 10
60
5
Lever arm 140
t fb 9, 2
z hb u p 220 10 60 165, 4 mm
2 2
W pl , yb f yb 285.406 235106
M c ,Rd (classe 1 section) 67,07 kNm
M0 1,0
General data
End plate mp2
w twb 80 5,9 mp
mp 0,8 2aw 0,8 2 3 33,66mm
2 2
mp 2 p u t fb 0,8 2a f 60 10 9,2 0,8 2 5 35,14mm
bp w 140 80
ep 30mm
2 2
t 2p f yp 152 235
m pl , p 0, 25 0, 25 13.218 Nmm / mm
M0 1,0
General data
End plate
Alpha factor for effective lengths
mp 33,66
1 0,53
mp ep 33,66 30
mp2 35,14
2 0,55
mp ep 33,66 30
5,5
General data
Bolts
0,9 fub As 0,9 800 157 103

Ft ,Rd 90, 43kN
Mb 1, 25
0,6 fub As 0,6 800 157 103

Fv ,Rd (shear plane in thread) 60,3kN
Mb 1.25
1
Lb t fc t p 0,5 hbolt hnut 12 15 10 14,8 2 4 47, 4mm
2
Component No 1 Column web in shear
Resistance
0,9 Avc f y ,cw 0,9 1307,6 235 103
Vwc ,Rd 159,7 kN
F 3 M 0 3 1,0
Vwp Transformation parameter
M Assumption : 1

z Vwc ,Rd 159,7
FRd ,1 159,7 kN
Vwp 1
F
Stiffness coefficient
0,38 Avc 0,381307,6
k1 3,004mm
h 1165, 4
Component No 2 Column web in compression

Resistance
beff ,c ,wc min t fb 2a f 2 2t p 5 t fc s ; t fb a f 2 t p u 5 t fc s
min 9, 2 2 5 2 2 15 5 12 12 ; 9, 2 5 2 15 10 5 12 12 161, 27 mm
Reduction factors to account for compression stresses and instability
Assumption : kwc min 1,0; 1,7 com ,Ed / f y ,wc 1,0
beff ,c ,wc d c f y ,wc 161, 27 92 235

p 0,932 0,932 0,543 0,673 1,0
Et 2
wc 210000 7 7
1 1
1 0,713
11,3 beff ,c ,wc twc / Avc 11,3 161, 27 7 1307,6
2 2
FRd ,2 kwc beff ,c ,wc twc f y ,wc / M 1 1 0,713 1161,27 7 23510 3 1,0 189,1kN
Component No 2 Column web in compression
0,7 beff ,c ,wc twc 0,7 161, 27 7 F

k2 8,589mm
hwc 92
Fi ki E i
Component No 3 Column web in tension

Resistance
beff ,t ,wc min 2 m ;4m 1, 25e min 2 26,9;4 26,9 1, 25 30 145,10 mm
1 1
1 0,749
11,3 beff ,t ,wc twc / Avc 11,3 145,1 7 1307,6
2 2
FRd ,3 beff ,t ,wc twc f y ,wc / M 0 0,749 145,1 7 235103 1,0 178,7 kN
0,7 beff ,t ,wc twc 0,7 145,1 7

k3 7,728mm
hwc 92
Component No 4 Column flange in bending

Component No 5 End plate in bending
Equivalent T-stub in tension
Ft
Ft /4 Ft /4
Ft /4 m e
Ft /4 l eff
T-stub Effective length

Distinction between circular and non-circular yield line patterns
Circular patterns Non-circular patterns


Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Group 1+2 Group 2+3 Group 1+2+3


Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 3
FRd ,3 min ( FRd ,3,indiv ; FRd ,3, group )

Bolt rows considered

In this example: only bolt row 1 is considered for tension forces
w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
V
+ + Row 1
3
120 240 M
IPE220 Row 2
+ + 10
60 HEB140
140 5
Resistance
leff ,t , fc beff ,t ,wc 145,1mm (see column web in tension)
n min e ;1, 25m ; bp w / 2 min 30;1, 25 26,9;30 30mm

Mode 1 - Complete yielding of the flange
4leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 4 145,1 8460

Ffc ,Rd ,t1 103 182,5kN
m 26,9
Mode 2 - Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

2 leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 2 Bt ,Rd n 2 145,1 8460 2 90, 4 103 30
Ffc ,Rd ,t 2 103 138,5kN
mn 26,9 30
Mode 3 - Bolt failure

Ffc ,Rd ,t 3 2 Bt ,Rd 2 90, 43 180,9kN

Resistance
FRd ,4 min Ffc ,Rd ,t1 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 2 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 3 138,5kN
0,9 leff , fc ,t t 3fc 0,9 145,1123

k4 11,59mm
m3 26,93

Resistance
leff ,t , p min 2 m p ; m p min 2 33,66; 5,5 33,66 185 mm
n p min e p ;1, 25m p ; e min 30;1, 25 33,66;30 30mm
4leff ,t , p m pl , p 4 18513.218
Mode 1: Fep ,Rd ,1 103 291kN
mp 33,66
2 leff , p ,t m pl , p 2 Bt ,Rd n p 2 18513.218 2 90, 43 103 30

Mode 2: Fep ,Rd ,2 103 162,1kN
mp np 33,66 30
FRd ,5 min Fep ,Rd ,1 ; Fep ,Rd ,2 ; Fep ,Rd ,3 162,1kN

0,9 leff ,t , p t 3p 0,9 185,0 153

k5 14,73mm
m3p 33,663
Component No 7 Beam flange and web in compression
Resistance
FRd ,7 M c ,Rd / hb t fb
67,07
318, 2kN
210,8103
k7
Component No 8 Beam web in tension
Resistance
beff ,t ,wb leff ,t , p 185mm
FRd ,8 beff ,t ,wb twb f yb / M 0 185 5,9 235 103 1,0 256,5kN
k8
Component No 10 Bolts in tension
Resistance
FRd ,10 2 Bt ,Rd 2 90, 43 180,9kN Mode 3 in T-stubs for components:

column flange in bending
end plate in bending
As 157
k10 1,6 1,6 5,30mm
Lb 47, 4
Design moment resistance
Relevant component
M j,Rd
FRd min FRd ,i 138,5kN (Column flange in bending)
Design plastic moment resistance
M j ,Rd FRd z 138,5 165,4 103 22,91kNm
Design elastic moment resistance

2
M j ,el ,Rd M j ,Rd 15, 27 kNm
3
Stiffness

Initial stiffness
S j,ini
210000 165, 42 106
S j ,ini E h / 1 ki
2
6234 kNm / rad
1 1 1 1 1 1
i

3,004 8,589 7,728 11,59 14,73 5,30
Secant stiffness
S j S j ,ini / 2 3117 kNm / rad

Design moment-rotation characteristic
M
M j,Rd
Sj,ini
2/3Mj,Rd
Sj Secant stiffness
Ersatzsteifigkeit:
S j = S j,ini /

Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Nominally pinned joints
Braced frame
Nominally pinned joints
V0 M=0
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
Background information
Design guidelines
Classification and modelling of joints

Nominally pinned joints :
Mj
Rigid Sj,ini <<
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned

Limits for classification of joints by stiffness
Initial stiffness of the joint

Semi-rigid joints :
Mj
Rigid Sj,ini
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned

Limits for classification of joints by stiffness
Initial stiffness of the joint

As an alternative to a semi-continuous modelling (semi-rigid joints), is it safe to
model the joints as nominally pinned whilst they are actually semi-rigid?
Semi-rigid Sj,ini > 0,5EIb/Lb
Partial strength Mj,Rd > 0,25 Mfull-strength
Nominally pinned Sj,ini = 0

?? Nominally pinned Mj,Rd = 0

Yes, under the reservation the joint has:
a sufficient rotation capacity

= capacity to rotate
M
a sufficient ductility MRd Yielding criterion
= capacity to follow the actual
Actual loading
loading path in a ductile way
path
Supposed
loading path
V
VRd
Supplementary design requirement

Sufficient resistance to catenary effects so as to provide required structural
robustness
Example: Partial depth end-plate

Components
Bolts in shear
End-plate in bearing
End-plate in shear (gross section)
End-plate in shear (net section)
End-plate in shear block
End-plate in bending
Beam web in shear
Welds in shear
Column flange in bearing
Partial depth end-plate

Strength requirement
Use of component method for the assessment of VRd
Assessment of the strength of all the constitutive

components of the joint
+
Assembly of these components

Rotation capacity requirement
Bending moment
Bolts in tension
Bending Contact between

moment supported beam and
supporting element
Compression force
avail Rotation

Rotation capacity
requirement
avail
hp
db hb
hp db
tp
he avail
he
tp

Ductility requirement
Prevent premature fracture of the bolts
Prevent premature fracture of the welds
under unavoidable bending moment in the joint


Ductility requirements
Prevent premature collapse of the bolts
d f yp
2,8 for the end-plate
tp fub
d f ycf
2,8 for the supporting column
tp fub
d and fub : diameter and tensile strength of bolts
Yielding of end-plate prior to tensile fracture of bolts

Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Practical design tools

Tables of standardized joints
Dedicated software
Worked Example Configuration

Beam IPE 500
Column HEA 340
End plate connection
Design assumption
Rigid joint
Frame analysis
MEd = 220 kNm
CoP software used for this example: http://cop.fw-ing.com

Design resistance: MRd = 196 kNm < 220 kNm

Classification: Semi-rigid
Failure mode: Column web in compression
Failure mode:
End plate in bending
Failure mode:
Column web panel in shear
Failure mode:
Failure mode:
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand

Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Lige, Belgium

07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

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07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

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Design of Structural

Dr. Klaus Weynand

Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

EN 1993 Part 1.8

Design of simple joints

2 Basis of design Partial safety coefficients

3 Connections made mechanical fasteners

Actual joint response

Actual joint response

Influence on the structural response

Four successive steps for structural integration

Various configurations (1)

Various configurations (2)

Various configurations (3)

Various cross-section shapes (1)

Various cross-section shapes (2)

Various connection elements

Specific design criteria

Background: COMPONENT METHOD

Characterization (3) - component method

Characterization (4) - component method

Applicable for simple joint and moment resistant joint

Characterization (4) Hollow section joints

Four successive steps for structural integration

Four successive steps for structural integration

Four successive steps for structural integration

t 2fc f yc 122 235

mp 2 p u t fb 0,8 2a f 60 10 9,2 0,8 2 5 35,14mm

Alpha factor for effective lengths

0,9 fub As 0,9 800 157 103

0,6 fub As 0,6 800 157 103

Component No 1 Column web in shear

Component No 2 Column web in compression

Reduction factors to account for compression stresses and instability

Assumption : kwc min 1,0; 1,7 com ,Ed / f y ,wc 1,0

beff ,c ,wc d c f y ,wc 161, 27 92 235

Component No 2 Column web in compression

0,7 beff ,c ,wc twc 0,7 161, 27 7 F

Component No 3 Column web in tension

beff ,t ,wc min 2 m ;4m 1, 25e min 2 26,9;4 26,9 1, 25 30 145,10 mm

0,7 beff ,t ,wc twc 0,7 145,1 7

Component No 4 Column flange in bending

Equivalent T-stub in tension

T-stub Effective length

Circular patterns Non-circular patterns

T-stub Effective length

Group 1+2 Group 2+3 Group 1+2+3

T-stub Effective length

FRd ,3 min ( FRd ,3,indiv ; FRd ,3, group )

Bolt rows considered

Component No 4 Column flange in bending

leff ,t , fc beff ,t ,wc 145,1mm (see column web in tension)

n min e ;1, 25m ; bp w / 2 min 30;1, 25 26,9;30 30mm

Component No 4 Column flange in bending

Mode 1 - Complete yielding of the flange

4leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 4 145,1 8460

Mode 2 - Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

Mode 3 - Bolt failure

Component No 4 Column flange in bending

0,9 leff , fc ,t t 3fc 0,9 145,1123

Component No 5 End plate in bending

leff ,t , p min 2 m p ; m p min 2 33,66; 5,5 33,66 185 mm

n p min e p ;1, 25m p ; e min 30;1, 25 33,66;30 30mm

2 leff , p ,t m pl , p 2 Bt ,Rd n p 2 18513.218 2 90, 43 103 30