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AUTO DC
0 0 00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
V
A L
4
IC S
T R L E
MIN MAX RANGE HOLD
E C I P
REL Hz
L D N C
Peak Min Max
C E N R I
S I A P
---
mV
B A I C
---
O N
V mA
A
T R
V A
E C
OFF
EL
A mA A COM V-
400mA MAX
FUSED
LOAD LOAD
POS NEG
SOURCE SOURCE
OPPOSITIONS TO FLOW
(I) (Q)
+ High High
Vd P
- Low Low
RESISTOR ORIFICE
STORAGE DEVICES
Oil
P
Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input
CAPACITOR ACCUMULATOR
DIRECTIONAL CONTROLS
(I) (Q)
+ Anode
?
Cathode
-
DIODE CHECK VALVE
(I)
+
Anode
SOURCE
Band
Cathode
-
FORWARD BIASED
-
Polarity
SOURCE
Reversed
+
(I)
REVERSE BIASED
L
HY
CA
I
DR
TR
AU
EC
LI
L
C
E
MEASUREMENTS
BASIC
ELECTRONIC
THEORY
Current--
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
CONVENTIONAL
and
ELECTRON
THE
METRIC SYSTEM
OF
MEASURE
Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
giga G = 1,000,000,000
mega M = 1,000,000
kilo k = 1,000
hecto h = 100
deca da = 10
(unit) 1
deci d = 0.1
centi c = 0.01
milli m = 0.001
micro = 0.000001
nano n = 0.000000001
OHM'S LAW
I R
? mA
I = ____
A
E
I R E = 24 V
I= E
R
8 24 16
A
R1 R2 R3
12V 12V
SERIES CIRCUITS
R1 R2 R3
RULES
12V 12V
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
R1 R2 R3
RULES
POS NEG POS NEG
Voltage drop across each resistor is the same
Current flow through each resistor is
12V 12V
different if the resistor values are different
The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit
R1 R2 R3
3 6 2
A
V1 V2 V3
A1 A2 A3
12V 12V
SERIES-PARALLEL
R1
R3
12V
POS NEG R2
R1
12V R2
R3
SERIES-PARALLEL
POS NEG
R1
R3
Re
12V R2
R1 x R2 Re + R3 = Rt
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
R1 + R2
Re R3
12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt
POS NEG
Step 2
R3 = 2
12V R2 = 3
2+2=4
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
6 x 3 18
= = 2
6+3 9
Re= 2 R3 = 2
12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt = 4
POS NEG
Step 2
SIGNALS
COMPONENTS
CIRCUITS
BASIC
ELECTRONIC
SIGNALS
DC SIGNALS
SINE WAVES
ANALOG SIGNALS
7V
6V 6V
7V
0 - 12V
Time Time
(A) (B)
DC
+ Varying Positive Positive Pulse
Signals
+ 12V
6V
0 0
Time Time
(C) (D)
One Hertz
SINE
WAVES 0
Time
+
PEAK VOLTAGE RMS VOLTAGE
.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SINE
WAVES 0
.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Time
-
ANALOG SIGNALS
+
DC volts
0
Pressure ( kPa)
DIGITAL SIGNALS
High
TWO DISTINCT
AMPLITUDE
LEVELS
Low
PULSE WIDTH MODULATED
"DUTY CYCLE"
TIME ON vs TIME OFF
+ ON
0
OFF ONE PERIOD
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Amplifiers Oscillators
Power Supplies
Converters
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
PASSIVE TYPE
AND
ACTIVE TYPE
Typical Diode
I Anode
Cathode
DIODES
Transistor Symbols
e c e c
TRANSISTORS emitter
base collector