A fluid is a substance that takes the shape of its container.

the two types of fluids are liquids and

gases. gases are compressible, liquids are incompressible, which means that the total volume
can not be changed.

The force exerted by a fluid at rest acting on any rigid surface is always perpendicular to the
surface. For if there were to be a non-perpendicular component, then the fluid would no longer
be at rest, but would respond to the reaction force supplied by the surface and motion would
result.
fluids cannot apply or sustain any force parallel to its surface
the weight of the fluid pressing on the surface is like a normal force, which is always
perpendicular

Pressure is defined as force per unit area. standard unit for pressure is the pascal, or newton
per square meter P = F/A

This principle can be seen in this diagram

remember: work = F*d. Work in = work out.
the force acting on Area1 (A1) will push it down a distance d1. the volume must remain
constant, so it gets pushed up the other end of area A2 and up a distance d2.
V1= V2 A1*d1= A2*d2 W= F*d =>> W= F/A*A*d = P*V P1*V1= P2*V2
the volumes are the same, so the pressure in = pressure out
This demonstration tells us that whenever you have an external pressure applied to a fluid, that
pressure is distributed evenly throughout the fluid, which was proved through conservation of
energy (or work)

This is called pascals principle.

The pressure a fluid exerts on an object in the fluid is applied in all directions. That is because
the particles that make up the fluid can move in any direction. These particles exert forces as
they bump into objects in the fluid.
The particles that make up a fluid are in constant, rapid motion. They bump into one another.
They bump into the walls of any container that holds them. They bump into objects in the fluid.

Pressure can also be defined as a measure of energy per unit volume:

P = (F*d)/(A*d) = Work/Volume
density: rho= mass/ volume, and this is where the notion of energy density comes in
fluids also have energy just as solids do.
from this, we can derive the equations for potential and kinetic fluid energy.
for kinetic: P = 1/2 mv^2/ Vol = 1/2 rho*v^2
potential: P = mgh/ Vol = rho*gh

these equations can also be derived through examining the pressure of a fluid at some depth
At some depth, we place a sheet of foil subject to a net force of zero
A good example would be to use this tube drawing with cross sectional area A

the force from the fluid will be F= m(liquid)*g recall density: rho = mass/vol
so F = rho * V* g ===>> F= rho*h*A*g P= F/A = rho*h*A*g/ A so P = rho*h*g, which
gets us our potential energy equation

What's the Difference Between Gauge and Absolute Pressure

gauge- pressure that is measured with respect to the atmosphere. A gauge is often used to
measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding atmosphere.

absolute- is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure (or from 0) a perfect vacuum

the three are related by the equation pressure(abs)= P(gauge)+P(atm)

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7lb/in^2, which is also 14.7 pressure absolute and 0
pressure gauge.

references
http://moodle.durangoschools.org/pluginfile.php/22761/mod_resource/content/2/mh%20fluids.pd
f
http://udel.edu/~inamdar/EGTE215/Pressure.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/press.html#pre

We define the buoyant force as the upward force exerted by a fluid on any immersed object.
Now assume that you have a spherical object which is floating on top of a fluid, say water (Draw
the diagram).
Archimedes principle states that the magnitude of the buoyant force always equals the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object. So for this object, the displaced fluid has a weight which is
equal to that of the ball.
In other words, the buoyant force only depends on how much fluid is displaced.
Draw air ball. Draw wood ball. Draw steel ball.
Here we have three submerged objects, each with different densities, but same volumes. By
Archimedes principle, the buoyant force on each one of these objects is the same. Therefore the
motion of an object submerged in a fluid is only determined by the densities of the object and the
fluid.
The second application of Archimedes principle is for floating objects.
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Now we transition into fluid dynamics, or fluids in motion. With fluids in motion, we have two
main types of flow, laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow simply describes a flood which
follows a smooth path.
We always assume an ideal fluid flow, with 4 assumptions
(1) Laminar flow is a steady flow where the velocity of the fluid at each point remains constant.
(2) Fluid is non-viscous (internal friction is neglected)
(3) Fluid is incompressible (density of the fluid is constant)
(4) Flow is irrotational (no angular momentum about any point)
From these four assumptions, we get the equation of continuity for fluids, the product of the area
and the fluid speed at all points along the pipe is constant for an incompressible fluid. What this
means is that the volume which passes through any segment of a pipe is the same for a given
amount of time. In 1 second, the volume of water which passes through here is the same as the
volume of water which passes through here.
If you have a garden hose, and you put your finger on the hose, then the speed of the water
coming out will increase.
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Bernoullis principle is analogous to the conservation of mechanical energy, except for fluids. It
comes directly from the derivation of the equation for continuity of fluids. With higher velocity,
lower pressure.