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Author: Supervisor:
Aravind Muthiah Dr. Simo Pehkonen
Solution:
Energy balance:
dE + PE +
X
= Q + W + KE ni Hi
dt
Now,
W =0 (now work done)
Q =0 (assuming Adiabatic process with no heat loss)
KE =0 (Stationary cylinder)
PE =0
No inlet gas i.e. no inlet enthalpy
dE
= nexit Hexit
dt
Where,
nexit = dn
dt
= C0 a0 f () P P
T
ext
E = nU
d(nU ) dn
= Hexit
dt dt
But U = CV T and H = CP T
d(nCv T ) dn
= CP T
dt dt
n dT T dn dn
Cv + = CP T
dt dt dt
dT dn CP dn
n +T = T
dt dt CV dt
1
dn dT
( 1)T =n (1)
dt dt
Upon integrating this we get,
nf inal Tf inal
( 1)ln = ln
ninitial Tinitial
PV
Using n = RT
where V is constant we get,
!
Pf inal Tinitial Tf inal
( 1)ln = ln
Pinitial Tf inal Tinitial
1
Tf inal Pf inal
= (2)
Tinitial Pinitial
Thus the system shows that the gas behaves like it is undergoing reversible adiabatic expansion.
Now substituting n = dn
dt
= C0 a0 f () P
T
back in ( 1) gives
P dT
( 1)T C0 a0 f () =n
T dt
PV
Substituting n = RT
;
P P V dT
( 1)T C0 a0 f () =
T RT dt
C0 a0 f ()R P
dt = dT (3)
V P T ( 1)
Substituting for T from (2)
1
1
C0 a0 f ()R P PT
dt = ! 1 d i
V P i
P Ti1
P ( 1) Pi
P 1
= 1 d P
P ( 1)P
1
P ( 1)P
1
= 1 dP
P ( 1)P
1 1
( 1)P 1 +1
= dP
P ( 1)
( 1) 1
= dP = dP
P ( 1) P
1
= dP
(P Pext )
2
t P2
C0 a0 f ()R
Z Z
1
dt = dP
0 V P1 (P Pext )
P2
C0 a0 f ()Rt 1
= ln(P Pext ) (4)
V P1
t = 84seconds
T2 = 104.6K
Now for the equation relating T to t, substituting 2 in 4;
1 !T2
C0 a0 f ()Rt 1 T
= ln P1 Pext
V T1
T1
1
1 P1 TT1 Pext
= ln
T 1
P1 T11
Pext
1 P1 Pext
= ln
1
T
P1 T1 Pext
3
This is the equation relating P to t.
200 1.013
0.04656t = ln
P 1.013
Temperature
Pressure
320
300
200
280
260
240 150
220
Temperature (K)
Pressure (bar)
200
180 100
160
140
120 50
100
80
0
60
40
0 50 100 150 200
Time (s)
Problem 2
Two Hilsch vortex tubes are advertised for sale on E-bay. Both claim to take a stream of nitrogen
at 2.4 bar and 298 K split the stream into two equimolar streams at 1.2 bar, but at different tem-
peratures. Seller ntropee claims his machine will produce streams at 455 K and 141 K. Another
seller, karknow is offering a version that produces streams at 475 K and 121 K. Should I bid on
either of these devices? If so, which one and why? Assume for simplicity that nitrogen is an ideal
gas with a constant pressure heat capacity of 29.3 J/(mol K).
Solution:
dU = T dS P dV
4
dU P dV Cv dT P dV
dS = + = +
T T T T
RT
(Cp R) dT PdP (Cp R) dT dT P RT dP
= + = +R
T T T T TP2
Cp dT R dP
=
T P
S = Cp ln(T2 /T1 ) Rln(P2 /P1 )
Now for the 2 streams a and b the total entropy would be
S = Sa + Sb
Ta Pa Tb Pb
= Cp ln Rln + Cp ln Rln
Tin Pin Tin Pin
Ta Tb Pa Pb
= Cp ln 2
Rln 2
Tin Pin
Now fluid properties at inlet: Tin = 298K, Pin = 2.4 bar
ntropees machine
Ta = 455 K, Tb = 141 K, Cp = 29.3J/(mol K)
455 141 1.2 1.2
S = Cp ln Rln
2982 2.42
= 1.99 > 0
karknows machine
Ta = 475 K, Tb = 121 K, Cp = 29.3J/(mol K)
475 121 1.2 1.2
S = Cp ln Rln
2982 2.42
= 1.22 < 0
In the 2nd machine the total change in entropy, S < 0. This is in violation of the 2nd law where
Stotal >= 0. Thus the machine should be bought from NTROPEE.
Problem 3
An elastic hard sphere gas obeys the equation of state
RT
P =
V b
where b = 20 cm3 /mol is the second virial coefficient. Compute U, S, H, q, and w, for
compression of this gas from a volume of 600 cm3 /mol to 300 cm3 /mol isothermally at 300 K.
5
Solution:
Internal Energy change
! !
U U
dU = dT + dV
T V
V T
!
S
= CV dT + T P dV
V T
!
P
= CV dT + T P dV
T V
RT
P= V b
and for isothermal process dT = 0. Now upon integrating
Z 600 " #
R RT
U = 0 + T dV
300 V b V b
=0
U = 0
Enthalpy change
dH = T dS + V dP
Upon solving and obtaining equation from notes,
!
Z P2
V
H = V T dP
P1 T
P
" #
P2 Z P2
RT R
Z
= +b T dP = b dP
P1 P P P1
" #
1 1
= b(P2 P1 ) = bRT
V2 b V1 b
= 92.15J/mol
H = 92.15J/mol
Work done
V2 V2
RT
Z Z
W = P dV = dV
V1 V1 V b
V2 b
= RT ln = 1816.4J
V1 b
W = 1816.4 J i.e Work is done on the system
6
Heat transferred
Now U = Q + W but U = 0,
Q = W = 1816.4 J
Entropy change
V2
dQ P dV
Z Z
Ssystem = =
T V1 T
V2
R V2 b
Z
= dV = Rln
V1 V b V1 b
= 6.05J/mol
Ssystem = 6.05 J/mol
Problem 4
Tester and Modell - 4.5
Solution:
The maximum work that can be extracted from the energy cylinders described in the problem is
actually the amount of shaft work Ws done in compressing the air from Ambient conditions to the
required Conditions in the cylinder. For frictionless adiabatic compression, this is called reversible
work and is given by Eq. 4.66(Pg 95)
Z P2
Ws
= V dP
n P1
So here Initial conditions are that in the cylinder; P1 , T1 , V1
Final conditions are those of the atmosphere; P2 , T2
V1
Also, n represents the decrease in amount of gas in the tank and is given by n = RT1
P1
Now, since the process is adiabatic P V = P1 V1
Z P2
Ws = n V dP
P1
1 1
P2 P2
P1 V1
P1 V1
Z Z
= n dP = n 1 dP
P1 P P1 P
1
!P2
1
1 P
= nP1 V1
1 1
P1
1
nP1 V1
1 1 1 1
= P2 P1
1 1
7
Now = CCP = 29/20.7 = 1.4
V
V1
Also n is given by n = RT 1
P .
Now subsituting all of it back in the previous equation,
1
V1
P P11.4 V1
1 1
RT1 1 1.4 1 1.4
Ws = 1 P2 P1
1 1.4
R
But P = P2 P1
1
V1 (P2 P1 )P11.4 V1 1
1 1.4 1
1 1.4
Ws = 1 P2 P1
RT1 (1 1.4 )
V 2 (P2 P1 )P10.714
= 1 P20.286 P10.286
0.286RT1
0.42(105 P1 )P10.714
26.915 P10.286
Ws =
T1
This is the equation required by the customer when out shopping for energy cylinders.
Now for P1 = 8x105 Pa and T = 300K;
WS = 252.85MJ
= 0.00127$/MJ