Stoichiometry

Moles and masses

Chemical formulae
The mole concept:
Atoms always combine in a fixed ration
They combine in the ratio that will give The mass of an atom of carbon-12 is
them full outer shells of electrons. taken as 12. So, the Ar of magnesium is
You can tell what the ratio is, from the 24.
chemical formula A magnesium atom has twice this mass.
So, the Ar of magnesium is 24.
Example water carbon It follows that 24 grams of magnesium
dioxide
contains the same number of atoms as
Formula H20 CO2
12 grams of carbon does.
Ration in two atoms of two atoms of
which atoms hydrogen oxygen 24g of magnesium is call a mole of magnesium
combine combine combine atoms. A mole of a substance is the amount
with one with one that contains as many elementary units as the
atom of atom of number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12.
oxygen carbon
In fact, we know how many atoms this is. It is
6.02x1023/ So 24g of magnesium contain
Relative atoms mass Ar
6.02x1023 magnesium atoms. 6.02x1023 is called
An atom is so small we cant measure its mass the Avogadro constant.
in grams. Instead, the carbon-12 atom is taken
Substance Ar or Mr So, 1 and
as the standard, and assigned a mass of 12 units
mole is contains:
Other atoms are compared to it: helium, 4 4 grams 6.02x1023
C-12 Mg H He helium
The mass of This This atoms
the C-12 magnesium hydrogen oxygen, 32 32 grams 6.02x1023
atoms is atom was atom was O2 oxygen
taken as 12. found to found to molecules
That fits with have twice have 1/12
a mass of 1 the mass of a the mass of a Sample Calculations
for each carbon-12 carbon-12
proton and atoms. So, its atom. So, its mass of a given number of moles (g) =
neutrons. mass is 24 mass is 1 mass of 1 mole x number of moles
1: mass of 6 moles of He? 4 x 6 =24g
2: mass of 0.5 moles of O2? 32 x 0.5 =16g
Relative molecular mass Mr
number of moles in a given mass =
()
The mass of a mole is called its relative
1
molecular mass. You work it out by adding up
1: How many moles of helium atoms are in
the Ar values. So, the Mr for water, H20 is: 12g of helium? 12 4 = 3 moles
1 + 1 + 16 = 18 2: How many moles of oxygen molecules are
in 80g of oxygen? 80 32 = 2.5 moles
Finding the empirical and molecular formulae Finding Masses from chemical equations

The empirical formula shows the simplest ratio Ratio of particles in 2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(l)
in which the atoms in a compound are equation
combined. For example, the empirical formula Scaling up to moles 2 moles 1 mole 2 moles
gives the mole ratio 1 mole .5 moles 1 moles
of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
Or change moles to 4g 32g 36g
The molecular formula shows the actual masses, using Ar 2g 16g 18g
and Mr 1g 8g 9g
number of atoms that combine to form a
Example:
molecule. The molecular formula of hydrogen
peroxide is H2O2. In the complete combustion of methane (CH4),
what mass of oxygen combines with 64g of
Example
methane, and how much carbon dioxide is
Elements that carbon hydrogen produced?
combine
Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) +
Masses that 80g 20g
2H2O(l)
combine
Mole 1 2 1 2
Relative 12 1
ratio
atomic masses
80 20 Moles of Mr of CH4 =16 so 64g of CH4 =
Moles of
= 6.67 = 20 know (6416) moles = 4 moles
atoms that 12 1
substance
combine
Using the 4 moles of CH4 so 8 moles of O2
Ratio in which 6.67 : 20, or 1:3 in its
mole and 4 moles of CO2
atoms simplest form
ratio
combine
Change Mr of O2 = 32; (8 x 32) = 256g Mr
So, the empirical formula of
moles to of CO2 = 44; (4 x 44) = 176g
the compound is CH3
masses
So... 256g of oxygen combines with
Find the molecular formula from the empirical 64g of methane and produces
formula 176g of carbon dioxide.

The actual formula mass of a compound Mr, can

be found using a machine called a mass
spectrometer. From the formula mass and
empirical formula, you can work out the
molecular formula.

Example:
30
= =2
15
So, multiply each atom in the empirical formula
CH3 by 2.

The molecular formula is C2H6

 Using the 0.005 moles of Mg so 0.005
mole ratio moles of H2
Calculations about solutions Volume at volume = no. of mol x 24 dm3
Concentration: the amount of solute in 1 dm3 rtp so, volume of H2 = (0.005 x 24) =
of solution. 0.12dm3 or 120cm3
So... 120cm3 of hydrogen is released
3 3
Units used: g/dm or mole/dm

Remember: 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1000cm3 Calculating % yield and % purity

A solution containing 1 mole of a solute in 1
dm3 of solution is often called a molar solution % yield
or a 1M solution. A 2M solution contains 2 The yield is the amount of product obtained
moles in 1 dm3 of solution, and so on. from a chemical reaction.
Example: We can calculate the amount of product
from the equation (the calculated mass)
What volume of 0.5 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid But the actual mass we get is less for
reacts with 0.12g of magnesium? example because some reactant remains
Equation Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + unreacted, or some product is lost in the
H2(g) separation process.
Mole ratio 1 2
Moles of Mg: 0.12 24 = 0.005 moles % = 100%

known
substance Example: In an experiment, 100g of aluminium
Using the 0.005 moles of Mg so (0.005 x 2) is burnt in oxygen, giving aluminium oxide. 150g
mole ratio = 0.01 moles of HCl of aluminium oxide is obtained. What is the %
Volume volume = mol concentration so yield for the experiment?
volume of HCl solution = (0.01
0.5) = 0.02dm3 or 20cm3 Equation 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) -> 2Al2O3(s)
Mole ratio 4 3 2
So... 20cm3 of 0.5 mol/dm3 Calculated mass The calculated mass of
hydrochloric acid reacts with aluminum oxide, from
0.12g of magnesium. 100g of Al, is 188.9g.
Calculation volumes of gases Actual mass 150g of aluminum oxide
% yield (150 188.9) x 100 =
1 mole of a gas has a volume of 24dm3 at room 79.4%
temperature and pressure. So, 24 dm3 is called So... the % yield for the
the molar gas volume. experiment was 79.4%

Example:
Equation Triangles
Equation Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCL2+ H2(g)

Mole ratio 1 1
Moles of Ar of Mg = 24 so (0.12 24) =
known 0.005 moles of Mg
substance