Solution of Properties of matter

1. (a) Pressure is a scalar quantity because it is always compressive and normal to the surface.

2. (b) The expression P = F/A is true only when F is constant over the entire area.


But is general, P= F/A
  

3. (c) 4. (c) Since Pabs = Pg + patm, or dpabs/dh = dpg/dh + 0

(i) In the given expression pressure may be gauge or absolute
(ii) The density may be constant or variable.

5. (c) 6. (d) Starting at the open end of the tube, moving downward a distance (h1 + h3) in
liquid.  and 0. And finally moving upward by h3 in liquid 0, we get
p0 + g (h1 + h3) 0gh3 = pA

7. (b) Starting from the open end we move horizontally straight to left column and then move vertically
upward. 0 gh1 = A

8. (c) Buoyant force is exerted by fluids not by liquids only. It is equal to weight of the fluid displaced by a
solid body.

9. (d) (i) A body can float even when the centre of gravity G lies above or below or even may coincide with
the centre of buoyancy. (ii) The basic necessary condition is that G and B must lie along the
same vertical line.
FB
FB
10. (a) (i) For stable equilibrium of completely bodies the centre of gravity G must lie below
the centre of buoyancy B. Because if the body is slightly Titled then a restoring
B
torque is obtained which restores its equilibrium.
(ii) When G lies above B we get unstable equilibrium. G G
(iii) When G coincide with B, we get neutral equilibrium.

11. (b) According to Pascals law, points A, B and C lie on the same horizontal plane and the W W
container is non-accelerated. PA = PB = PC

12. (c) Pressure at B will be more than that at A because a pseudo force is acting on this liquid towards the
point B with respect to the container, i.e. , pB > pA.

13. (b) The shape of the free surface is normal to the effective gravity

14. (b) Applying Pascals modified law along the path D  C  B, we get, pD + aL pgH = pB
Since pD = pB, therefore, a = g H/L

15. (a) (i) Only the choice (a) gives the definition of streamlines.
(ii) The choice (b) and (c) gives the properties of streamlines.

16. (b) The correct definition of continuity equation in the steady flow condition is Av = constant i.e.., the
rate of flow of mass (dm/dt) is constant.
17. (b) Note that the term ideal fluid flow means that the flow is ideal not that the fluid is ideal. A real fluid
may flow ideally if its density does not changes during the flow and its angular momentum at a point
remains conserved.

18. (c) According to continuity equation, velocity at the throat (narrow portion) is more. Therefore, in
accordance to Bernoullis equation pressure at the throat becomes less. Thus, the liquid in the
monometer will rise in the arm attached to the throat.

19. (a) Since pressure at the throat portion is less as compared to the other portion, therefore, the rise of
liquid in the tube is also less.

20. (a,b,d) (i) According to Pascals law pD = pB, because B and D lie on the same horizontal plane. A l
(ii) Let be the side of the square, then the vertical distance between A and C is
. D B
Or pB = pD = pA = pC pA/2 = pA + pC/2, (iii) Similarly, pB = pD = pA + rg
., C l

Since g = pC pA/
or pB = pD = pA + pC pA/2 = pA + pC/2

21. (a,c.d) It is always normal because pressure is always normal to the surface.
(i) It acts in the downward direction below the centroid C of the pot. Above the centroid, it
C
acts in the upward direction. (ii) Due to symmetry in the horizontal plane, the net
horizontal force on the pot is zero. Thus, the resultant force acts in the downward direction.

22. (a,b,c) The pressure at the base of the dam is gH. The force per unit length of the dam is equal to the
area of the pressure diagram. F/ = (gH) H = gH2, or F = gH2
(i) The point of application of the resultant force passes through the centroid of H
the pressure diagram, i.e.., at H/3 from the base or 2/3 H from the top.

23. (a,b,c) (i) Obviously, the vessel C contains the maximum volume of liquid and the vessel A gH

maximum at that in vessel A is minimum. (ii) Pressure at the base depends only on the height of
the liquid above the base. (iii) Force F = (pressure) X (area)
F
Since base area of all the vessels are equal, therefore, forces are also equal.
FH
24. (b,d) (i) The horizontal force on the inclined wall corresponds to force on the vertical
projection of the inclined wall, i.e.., FH = gH2b
l
(ii) The vertical component of force on the inclined wall is equal to the weight of
liquid lying above he inclined wall, i.e.., Fv = gb (H cot ) H, = gbH2 cot

25. (a,b) According to Pascals law, pressures at all the points on a horizontal plane in an non acceleration
fluid are equal. Or pA = pB = rgh1, and pC = pD = rg (h1 + h2)

26. (b,c) (i) The contribution of atmospheric pressure is not included in the determination of the force
exerted by liquid because it is exerted from all sides on the container and its effect is zero.
Therefore, the choice (a) is wrong and the choice (b) is correct.
(ii) Force at the base of the container is equal to the sum of weight of the liquid (W) plus the
buoyant force exerted by the body on the liquid, i.e.., F = W + FB
Since FB = WB (WB = weight of the body), or F = W + WB

27. (b) The mass of the body is equal to the mass of the liquid displaced
or m = rA (h), or m = PA (h)
28. (a,b,c) (i) The equation of the free surface is y = 2/2g + y0

y
H/3
(b) (c)
(a)
H/3 H/2
Y0 H/3
=
r

(ii) When the free surface touches the brim of the cylinder, the lowest point of the paraboloid is at
a height H/3 above the base, as shown in figure.
(ii) When the lowest point of the free surface touches the base of the cylinder, the height of water
in the tank must be H/2. It means that the water must spill out.

29. (c) The L shaped tube measures the dynamic pressure pd. The dynamic pressure includes the
contribution of velocity in addition of the static pressure ps. i.e. pd = ps + v2

30. (d) The difference in height of liquid in the two tubes measures the velocity head. i.e v2/2g = h2 h1