Engineering English

ENGLISH FOR ENGINERING
WRITTEN BY
A. SHOFIAN SYAHRULLAH
Drs. EKO BUDIYANTO
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

UNIT 1
READING COMPREHENSION
Space Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2
The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts left Earth in 1977 on a five-year mission. Their mission was to
reach Jupiter and Saturn and send information back to earth about them. Jupiter and Saturn are
the largest planets in the solar system. In 1981, they finished their mission. But, they kept going.
Scientists decided to plan a longer trip for them: they would travel even further until they
reached Uranus and Neptune.
Voyagers 1 and 2 are very efficient. They were built with no moving parts. They use the
breakdown, or the decay, of the space element plutonium to create fuel. They can each get the
equivalent of 30,000 miles per gallon of gasoline! They were made to be able to work in
radioactive environments. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are very
radioactive places.
So far, Voyagers 1 and 2 have sent information back to Earth from farther away than any other
spacecraft. Scientists have learned about the atmospheres, interiors, and rings of the gas giant
stars. They have also learned about the moon of these stars. Scientists think that they will keep
getting information from Voyagers 1 and 2 until about 2020. At that time, the power on the
Voyagers 1 and 2 will not be strong enough to send information back to Earth.
(source :www.englishforeveryone.org.)
A. Comprehension Questions
1. What are Voyagers 1 and 2?

2. Why did the scientist decide to plan a longer trip for them?
3. What do the spacecrafts use for fuel?
4. What happened in 1981?
5. How did the spacecraft revolve around the Earth?
B. Choose the correct answer
1. A mission is a
a. job or occupation. c. plan or goal.
b. trip or outing. d. moon.
2. Another way to say efficient is
a. productive without wasting much. c. very informative.
b. radioactive and dangerous. d. extremely large.
3. What is the best synonym for decay?

a. Fuel c. breakdown.
b. Rings d. environment.
4. What does equivalent mean?

a. Something that is of different value c. something of value.
b. Something that has little or no value d. something of similar value
5. Environments are
a. parts. c. giants.
b. ideas. d. places.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
NOUN (Kata benda)
Kata benda adalah kata untuk penamaan suatu benda yang bisa berupa barang, orang. Dalam
bahasa Inggris, kata benda dibagi menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung atau
dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Countable Nouns, dan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung atau
dalam bhs inggris disebut Uncountable Nouns.
Countable Nouns
Kata benda yang bisa dihitung mempunyai bentuk tunggal ( singular) dan bentuk jamak (plural).
Bentuk tunggal ditandai dengan kata sandang a, an. A untuk kata benda yang huruf depannya
huruf mati atau pengucapannya huruf mati/konsonan, sedangkan an untuk huruf hidup atau
pengucapannya hidup /vocal. contoh:
book/buku a book/sebuah buku
earaser/penghapus an earaser/sebuah penghapus
house/rumah a house/sebuah rumah.
hour/jam an hour/satu jam
Bentuk jamak/plural ditandai dengan penambahan huruf s;-es; atau ies. Penambahan bentuk
jamak dengan huruf es, apabila kata bendanya berakhiran dengan huruf-huruf x; s; ch; sh; dan o
yang sebelum huruf o tersebut didahului dengan huruf mati. contoh:
Box----boxes
Bus----buses
Watch----watches
Penambahan bentuk jamak dengan huruf ies apabila kata bendanya berakhiran huruf y sebelum
y huruf mati/konsonan. kemudian huruf y tadi dirubah menjadi i kemudian baru ditambah es,
sehingga menjadi ies. Contoh:
City----cities
Baby--babies
Penambahan huruf s untuk bentuk jamak bilamana kata benda yang akan kita rubah bentuk
menjadi jamak tidak termasuk di kedua aturan tersebut di atas.contoh:
a boy---boys
an egg--- eggs
a pen--- pens
Ada beberapa kata benda yang berbentuk jamak yang tidak mengikuti aturan tersebut di atas.
contoh:
Man----men
Woman----women
Mouse----mice
Tooth----teeth
Ada pula beberapa kata benda yang selalu berbentuk jamak dan tidak mempunyai bentuk
tunggal, kalaupun ditunggalkan, akan salah, baik arti maupun tata bahasanya. contohnya sebagai
berikut:
garments, clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, pajamas
peralatan yang mempunyai dua bagian: scissors, shears, scales, spectacles, shoes,
binoculars
Ada beberapa benda yang mempunyai bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal sama. Contoh:
Deer, bison, fish, wood, salmon, species, series, wages, space craft.
Bentuknya jamak akan tetapi bentuk tunggal.
Mathematics, economics, technics, politics, dll.
Uncountable Nouns
Kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung biasanya bentuk/wujud dari pada benda cair seperti water,
milk, coffee, tea dll dan dalam bentuk kristal seperti sugar, sand, rice, dll. beberapa kata benda
bentuk tunggal berupa benda abstrak, seperti beauty, advice, death, fear, dll. Beberapa kata
benda bisa dianggap uncountable sekaligus countable tergantung penggunaannya, sebagai
contoh: hair dan paper
His hair is black, but whenever he finds a grey hair, he pulls it out.
She wants to write some notes, so she needs some paper.
She wants something to read, so she is going to buy papers.
Pronouns
Pronouns adalah kata ganti, yaitu kata yang mengganti benda, orang, beberapa benda, dan
beberapa orang. Ada bebeapa bentuk pronouns, yaitu kata ganti sebagai subjek; kt. ganti sebagai
objek, possessive adj., possessive pronoun, reflexive pronouns,
Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive reflexive

pronoun pronoun adjective pronoun pronouns
I me my mine myself
He him his his himself
She her her hers herself
It it its - itself
We us our ours ourselves
They them their theirs themselves
You you your yours yourself/yourselves
Contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat.
Subjective pronouns
1. He goes to school every day.

2. It was he in the park last night.
3. He is better than she is at running.
4. He runs faster than she (does).
5. She is not as big as he (is).
Objective pronouns
1. I love you.
2. He studies French with her.
3. He likes you more than her.
Possessive pronouns
1. This pen is yours.
2. Mary is a friend of mine
3. His motorcycle is cheaper than hers.
Reflexive pronouns
1. Mary cut herself when she was cooking this morning.
2. I did myself for the homework.
3. He can do it by himself
4. He himself did it last night.
Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns adalah kata ganti yang merujuk pada seseorang atau suatu benda yang tidak
tentu
Somebody someone something

Everybody everyone everything
Anybody anyone anything
Nobody no one nothing
Some dan every digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif.
1. Someone will help you

2. Something in the cupboard smells odd
3. Somebody has stolen the money
4. Everybody can do it
5. Everyone needs money
6. Everything is all right
Any dan no digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.
1. I didnt find anything in the room yesterday.

2. Nobody likes it.
3. No one goes there on Sundays.
4. Did anyone come here last week?
5. Did you meet anybody in the room yesterday?
6. Did you find anything important in the room?
ARTICLE
Article adalah kata sandang yang dipakai di depan kata benda untuk menunjukkan kata benda itu
sendiri. Ada beberapa artikel/kata sandang itu, yaitu kata sandang yang tidak tentu/indefinite
article; kata sandang yang sudah tentu/definite article.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE : A, AN
a/an disebut kata sandang tak tentu karena a/an dipakai di depan kata benda yang tidak tentu.
Penggunaannya sebagai berikut:
1. Kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung
Dipakai di depan kata benda tunggal yang berarti satu atau sebuah.
1. I have a pen (saya mempunyai sebuah bulpen)
2. I like an apple ( aku suka sebuah apel )
2. General statement
Dipakai di depan kata benda yang memiliki arti secara umum.

A house has a door ( sebuah rumah memiliki sebuah pintu ).
3. First mentioned
Untuk memperkenalkan sebuah kata benda yang belum pernah disebut sebelumnya.
She bought a new house (dia beli rumah baru)
4. Does not know which
Dipakai kalau orang lain tidak tahu siapa atau apa yang kita maksudkan.
I met a man on a street ( saya bertemu seorang pria di sebuah jalan ).
Artinya, kita tidak tahu pria yang mana dan di jalan apa.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE
Kata sandang the dapat digunakan di depan kata benda yang sudah tertentu, sehingga the
disebut definte article. Berikut penggunaannya:
1. Mentioned before
Digunakan di depan kata benda yang telah disebut sebelumnya:

I have a car. The car is red.
2. Referred to
Kata the dipakai di depan kata benda yang sudah dipahami maksudnya dari kalimat sebelum
atau sesudahnya.
The house I saw was big. (rumah yg saya lihat itu besar)
Kata house yang dimaksudkan sudah tertentu yang sudah pernah dilihat sebelumnya.
3. The only one
Digunakan di depan kata benda yang telah diketahui secara umum dan hanya ada satu di alam
raya ini.
The earth always revolves around the sun. ( bumi selalu mengitari matahari ).
4. Geographical place/yang berhubungan dengan geografis..
Digunakan di depan nama negara atau negara bagian yg mencantumkan kata. of, tipe
pemerintahan.
the United States of America
the Philippines
the republic of Indonesia.
5. Groups of people
Digunakan di depan kata.sifat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda untuk menunjukkan kelompok
tertentu. the juga dipakai di depan kata yang ada hubungannya dengan kebangsaan. contoh:
the have. ( kelompok. orang-orang kaya )
the black. ( kelompok.orang-orang hitam )
the Japanesse. ( kelompok.orang-orang Jepang )
hes collecting money for the blind.
6. Time
Digunakan di depan kata keterangan waktu: morning, afternoon, dan evening.

in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening.
7. Musical instrument.
Digunakan di depan nama alat musik. Contoh: she plays the guitar. (dia bermain gitar )
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Chose the correct answer
1. I have a brother . name is Jack.

a. her. c. our.
b. his. d. your.
2. X: Tell me, isnt thatold car over there?.
Y: Oh no. It was ..yesterday, but I sold it to a friend of..
a. your mine mine. c. our mine me.
b. my yours me. d. your yours me.
3. David cut when he was shaving yesterday morning.

a. his c. himself.
b. he d. itself
4. I didnt know about computers until I started this job.

a. something c. everyone.
b. anyone d. anything.
5. Mr. Harry wanted to talk to someone, but had gone home.

a. he c. you.
b. we d. they
6. John is coming here tomorrow to visit father.

a. her c. his.
b. him d. he.
7. There are a lot of .. at school.

a. child c. children
b. some ones d. student
8. Three.came here last month to meet her.

a. woman c. mans
b. child d. women
9. The plural of potato is

a. poetatos c. potato
b. potatoes d. poetatos
10. Politics my fathers interest now.

a. is c. was
b. are d. were
11. . is usually contracted during old ages.

a. measle c. rickets
b. measles d. ricket
12. Im going to buy

a. a cheese c. some cheeses
b. some cheese d. an cheese
13 ..Earth always revolves around the sun.
a. a c. the
b. an d. some
14. Have you finished with . novel I lent you last month?
a. a c the
b. an d. no article
15. After .. lunch, well`have a walk to the city hall.

a. a c. the
b. an d no article
16. It is . sunny day. Look, ....... sun is shining brightly in .. sky.

a. a the the c. the a the
b. a a the d. the the the
17. After.breakfast, we went to school by.

a. no article the. c. the the.
b. a the. d. a a.
18. .oranges are good for you.

a. a. c. the.
b. an. d. no article.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Find the word or phrases which need to be written or corrected
1. The books in my room is very important.

A B C D
2. They children usually watches cartoons on TV every week.

A B C D
3. Nanda has a boyfriend but her does not like him.

A B C D
4. Nadia insisted to see his lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

A B C D
5. There some serious problem that we are going to discuss in the meeting.
A B C D
6. The boy always read the new novels in the library every day.
A B C D
7. Mathematics are not my favourite lesson at school.
A B C D
8. Several baskets of fruits were sent to the hotel.
A B C D
9. A manager needs the good staff to make a department operate smoothly.

A B C D
10. A president of America is elected every four years.

A B C D
11. According to John and him, this is a best course youll ever take.
A B C D
12. The more you eat a fatter you will get.

A B C D
UNIT 2
Chemical Elements
Elements make up everything in the world. Elements are the basic substances that we cannot
divide into simpler substances. We group elements by the things they have in common what
they look like, how they react with other substances, if they conduct electricity, etc. We group
elements into nine official groups. The element, Hydrogen is in a group by itself. It is different
from all the other elements.
Hydrogen is a basic substance. 90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen
atoms are the lightest atoms. Hydrogen got its name from the scientist Lavoisier. Lavoisier
noticed that hydrogen atoms are always present in water. The word root Hydro means water.
Therefore, it was intuitive to represent hydrogen with the letter H.
The second group is the alkaline-earth metals. You can find these elements in the earths crust.
They react with water. This group of elements contains elements such as Calcium. Calcium is a
basic substance found in substances like milk and chalk. It is a member of the second group of
elements. Some other members of the second group are beryllium and magnesium.
The third group is the alkali metals. These elements react very strongly with water. They might
even explode if they touch water. This group of elements contains elements such as Sodium.
Sodium is an element found in table salt. Scientists represent sodium with the letters Na. Some
other members of the third group are lithium and potassium.
The fourth group of elements includes metals. It is the largest group of elements. It includes iron,
silver, gold, nickel, platinum and titanium. Elements in this group conduct electricity. They are
hard and shiny. Members of this group are called the transition metals.
The fifth group of elements is the actinides. The elements in this group are radioactive metals.
Most of the members of this group are synthetic elements. They are non-natural elements. They
are made in special labs. Some members of this group are uranium and plutonium.
The sixth group of elements is the lanthanides. Some people call this group the rareearth
elements. Some people call them the innertransition elements. These metals are silver or
silverywhite. They conduct electricity very well. They tarnish when they come into contact with
air.
The seventh group consists of the nonmetals. Carbon is a member of this group. Every living
thing depends on carbon. Oxygen is also a member of this group. We take in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide (which is a combination of carbon and oxygen) when we breathe.
The eighth group consists of the inert gases. They are called inert gases because they do not
react easily with other substances. Most of these gases are present in lighting. When a current of
electricity goes through neon, it glows red. Some other members of this group are argon and
xenon. This group is sometimes called Group Zero or Group 0.
The ninth group consists of the poor metals. These metals are different from the metals in the
fourth group because these metals are soft. These metals melt easily. They also mix well with
other metals to form alloys. Both lead and aluminum are poor metals.
The last group consists of the semimetals. The members of this group are like metals in some
ways. They are also like nonmetals in some ways. Some semimetals are arsenic and bismuth.
Depending on which other substances touch them, they can be conductors of electricity or they
can insulate, or rotect, substances from electricity. Some scientists call the semimetals double
metals because of their structure.
(source:????????)
A. Comprehension Questions
1. What did Lavoisier notice about hydrogen?

2. Where can calcium be found?
3. What do the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups have in common?
4. Why are uranium and plutonium grouped together?
5. Why are lead and aluminum grouped together?
B. Choose the best answer
1. The best synonym for intuitive is

a. non-natural. c. simple.
b. inclined. d. passionate.
2. Something synthetic is
a. non-natural. c. artificial.
b. manmade. d. all of the above are correct.
3. When you exhale, you

a. breathe out. c. consist of.
b. take out. d. both a and b are correct.
4. Inert means
a. nonreactive c. reactive
b. radioactive d. shiny
5. An alloy is
a. a combination of carbon and oxygen c. a chemical laboratory.
b. a mixture of metals. d. a soft metal.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
ADJECTIVES
Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk memberi sifat pada kata benda. Ada 7
jenis kata sifat :
1. Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)

2. Descriptive adjective (kata sifat deskriptif)
3. Possessive adjective (kata sifat untukkepemilikan)
4. Quantitative adjective (kata sifat kuantitatif)
5. Numeral adjective (kata sifat numeral)
6. Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat demonstratif)
7. Distributive adjective (kata sifat distributif)
1.Proper adjective
Kata sifat yang melukiskan suatu benda dengan suatu kata benda nama diri tertentu. Proper
adjective harus dimulai dengan huruf besar.
Contoh: An Indonesian pilgrim. Peziarah Indonesia
Pembentukan kata sifat dari kata benda nama diri:
(a) Dengan menambahkan -n
Kata benda Kata sifat

Austria Austrian (yang berhubungan dgn Austria)
Sumatra Sumatran (yang berhubungan dgn Sumatra)
Africa African (yang berhubungan dgn Afrika)
(b) Dengan menambahkan -an

Europe European (mengenai Eropa)
Troy Troyan (mengenai Troya)
(c) Dengan menambahkan -ian

Mongol Mongolian (mengenai Mongolia)
Paris Parisian (mengenai Paris)
(d) Dengan menghilangkan -e atau -y dan menambahkan -ian

Aristotle Aristotlian (mengenai Aristotle)
Italy Italian (mengenai Itali)
(e) Dengan menghilangkan -s dan menambahkan -tian

Mars Martian (mengenai Planet Mars)
(f) Dengan menambahkan -i

Iraq Iraqi (mengenai Irak)
2. Descriptive Adjective
Kata sifat yang melukiskan sifat dan keadaan seseorang, hewan atau benda.
a brave girl. Seorang gadis yang berani

a beautiful woman. Seorang wanita yang cantik
a sick dog. Seekor anjing yang sakit
3. Possessive adjective
Kata sifat ini digunakan di depan kata benda atau di depan gerund.
.
My pen is on the desk.
I saw her standing there
4. Quantitative Adjective
Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how much) sesuatu benda yang dimaksudkan.
Kata-kata sifat utama yang termasuk kategori ini meliputi:
much (= a large quantity of) banyak

little (= a small quantity of) sedikit
no (= not any) tak ada sesuatu apapun
some (= a certain quantity of) sejumlah tertentu
any ( = any quiantity of) sejumlah sedikit
enough (= sufficient) cukup
whole seluruh
half setengah
Adjective of quantity selalu diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal, dan kata benda ini harus selalu
merupakan kata benda material atau kata benda abstrak, misalnya much bread, much butter,
much sugar (material), much pain (= a high degree of pain) rasa sakit yang sangat (kata benda
abstrak). Oleh karena itu adjective of quantity disebut juga adjective of degree.
5. Numeral Adjective
Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how many) benda atau dalam urutan berapa.
Numeral adjective dibagi kedalam dua golongan :
(a) Definite numeral (bilangan tertentu)
Bilangan-bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa banyak benda yang ada yaitu bilangan cardinal
(one, two, three), bilangan ordinal (first, second, third) dan bilangan multi-plicative (one only,
twofold, threefold).
(b) Indefinite numeral (bilangan tak tentu)
Menunjukkan bilangan jenis tertentu tanpa mengatakan secara tepat berapa jumlahnya. Seperti
all, some, enough, no, many, few, several, dan sundry.
Definite numeral dapat dijadikan indefinite dengan meletakkan kata some atau about di
depannya,
Some ten men were absent. Kurang lebih sepuluh orang tidak hadir
6. Demonstrative Adjective
Kata sifat ini membatasi pemakaian kata benda pada orang atau benda itu diharapkan supaya
ditunjukkan oleh kata sifat itu. Kata-kata sifat jenis ini dibagi lagi dalam dua golongan utama:
(a) Definite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tertentu)
Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan secara tepat, misalnya this woman, kata sifat itu disebut
definite demostrative.
the
this/these
that/those
yon, yonder
such
the same
self-same
the other
(b) Indefinite demonstrative (kata sifat penunjuk tak tertentu)
Apabila orang atau benda ditunjukkan dalam suatu pengertian umum/tidak secara tepat, kata sifat
itu disebut indefinite demonstrative.
a,an
one
any
a certain
such
some
another/other
any other
Kata sifat the umumnya disebut definite article (kata sandang tertentu) dan a atau an disebut
indefinite article (kata sandang tak tertentu).
7. Distributive Adjective
Membatasi pemakaian kata benda dengan menunjukkan bahwa orang atau benda yang
ditunjukkan oleh kata benda digunakan satu demi satu, atau dalam bagian-bagian yang terpisah.
Kata sifat golongan ini ada empat buah : each, every, either dan neither.
(a) Each
Each berarti salah satu dari dua benda, atau salah satu dari dua bilangan apa saja yang melebihi
dua. contoh:
The two students had each a pen. Dua orang siswa ini masing-masing mempunyai sebuah pena
(b) Every
Every tidak dipakai untuk salah satu dari dua, melainkan untuk bilangan tertentu yang melebihi
dua. contoh:
Every man (out of the fifteen present) had a gun. Tiap orang (dari lima belas orang yang hadir)
mempunyai sebuah senapan.
Catatan :
Every adalah kata yang lebih kuat daripada each dan berarti tiap-tiap tanpa kekecualian
.
Every five hours berarti setiap jangka waktu lima jam, lima jam diambil secara kolektif
sebagai satu periode/jangka waktu.
Every other berarti setiap yang kedua, setiap dua sekali atau berselang, seperti every
other day (dua hari sekali), every other week (dua minggu sekali).
(c) Either
Ini mempunyai dua arti: salah satu dari dua, atau setiap dari dua, yaitu keduanya. contoh:
You can take either side, that is, one side or the other. Anda boleh mengambil salah satu sisi,
yaitu sisi yang satu atau sisi yang lain
(d) Neither
Ini adalah bentuk negatif dari either dan berarti yang satu tidak, yang lain juga tidak (kedua-
duanya tidak). contoh:
You should take neither side, that is, neither this side nor that, neither the one side nor the other.
Anda seharusnya tidak mengambil salah satu sisi, yaitu sisi yang ini tidak, sisi yang itu juga
tidak, sisi yang satu tidak, sisi yang lain juga tidak
Dua Cara Pemakaian Kata Sifat
1) Attributive use (pemakaian atributif)
Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara atributif, apabila kata sifat digunakan di depan kata benda yang
diterangkan:
A noble deed
A lame cat
Semua kata sifat asli dapat dipakai secara atributif, kecuali glad lazimnya hanya dipakai secara
predikatif, misalnya I am glad to meet you.
Participle atau verbal adjective dapat dipakai sebagai kata sifat, contoh :
A retired president. Seorang presiden purnawirawan

Retired pay. Uang pensiun
Adverb (kata tambahan) dengan participle (partisip) tertentu dapat digunakan untuk adjective.
contoh:
The then King.
Gerund (kata kerja bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda) dipakai sebagai kata sifat.
contoh:
A bathing place.
A swimming pool
2) Predicative use (pemakaian predikatif)
Suatu kata sifat dipakai secara predikatif, apabila kata sifat digunakan setelah predikat
suatu kalimat.
Her character is noble.

That cat went lame.
ADVERBS
Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa
yang mana saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti. Berikut beberapa fungsi adverb.
Adverb menerangkan kata kerja
She speaks English fluently. Ia berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan fasih
Adverb menerangkan kata sifat
Its now too hot to play tennis. Sekarang udara terlalu panas untuk bermain tenis
Adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya
She sings very well. Ia menyanyi dengan baik sekali
Adverb menerangkan preposisi
The cat was sitting almost outside the door. Kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar
pintu.
Adverb menerangkan kata sambung
I want to know precisely how the accident happened. Saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti
bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi
Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif
(yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb harus
ditempatkan di posisi awal kalimat
Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
Unfortunately, we dont know much English.

Jenis adverb
Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)
I did this before, and he has done it since. Saya melakukan hal ini dulu, dan ia telah
melakukannya sejak waktu itu
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: now, then (pada waktu itu), since (sejak waktu itu),
before (lebih dahulu), ago (dulu, dahulu),already (sudah), soon (segera), immediately (segera,
dengan segera), instantly (dengan segera), presently (segera, sekarang), late (terlambat),lately
(akhir-akhir ini), early (pagi-pagi), afterwards (sesudah itu, kemudian), today (hari ini),
yesterday (kemarin), tomorrow (besok), dsb.
Adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat)
You may sit here. Anda boleh duduk di sini
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: here, there, hence (dari sini), thence (dari sana), above (di atas),
below (di bawah, ke bawah), in (di atau masuk ke tempat, posisi dsb, ada/tidak absen), out (di
luar, tidak di rumah), inside (di dalam, ke dalam), outside (di luar, ke luar), hither (ke/menuju
tempat ini, di sana, ke sana), within (dalam), without (luar, di luar), far (jauh), near (di atau ke
suatu jarak yang dekat, tidak jauh),dsb.
Adverbs of number (kata keterangan bilangan)
I did it twice. Saya melakukannya dua kali
Beberapa contoh tipe ini adalah: once (satu kali, sekali), twice (dua kali), thrice, again (lagi),
firstly (pertama, pertama-tama), secondly (kedua), always (selalu), never (tak pernah),
often (sering), seldom (jarang), sometimes (kadang-kadang), dsb.
Adverb of manner, quality, or state (kata keterangan cara, sifat atau keadaan)
She did her work quickly. Ia mengerjakan pekerjaannya dengan cepat
Termasuk golongan adverb ini adalah: well (dengan baik), ill (jelek, dengan jelek), badly (jelek,
kurang senonoh), amiss (salah), fluently (dengan lancar), probably (mungkin),
possibly (mungkin), maybe (mungkin), perhaps (barangkali), must be (tentu/pasti),
thus (demikian), so (begitu, amat), dsb.
Adverb of quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat)
He is almost a heavyeater. Ia hampir menjadi jago makan
Termasuk adverb golongan ini: very, too (terlalu), quite (sungguh), much, almost, little (sedikit
sekali), a little (sedikit), somewhat (agak), rather (agak, cukup), so (begitu dalam arti sampai
sedemikian luas/besar), half (setengah), partly (sebagian), wholly = completely = entirely =
totally (sama sekali), really (sesungguhnya), actually (sesungguhnya), honestly (secara jujur),
truthfully (dengan sebenarnya), dsb.
Degrees of Comparison
Ada 3 (tingkatan) tingkatan perbandingan.
1. Positif yaitu menerangkan/menjelaskan sesuatu
2. Comparative untuk membandingkan dua benda atau dua hal.
3. Superlative untuk membandingkan lebih dari dua benda/hal.
Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata satu, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan -er dan
superlatif dengan menambahkan determiner the dan -est.
Kalau sebuah kata bersuku kata dua atau lebih, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan
menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan the most
Positif Komparatif Superlatif

handsome more handsome the most handsome
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
interesting more interesting the most interesting
Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan y, ly, ow, le, er,
ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan er dan superlatif dengan
menambahkan the est.

Happy happier the happiest.
Clever cleverer the cleverest.
narrow narrower the narrowest.
Jika sebuah kata sifat bersuku kata dua yang berakhiran dengan full, less, ish, le, er,
ure, maka tingkatan komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan
menambahkan the most.
childish more childish the most childish.
carefull more carefull the most careful.
careless more careless the most careless.
Beberapa kata sifat mempunyai bentuk perbandingan yang tidak teratur.

good better the best
bad worse the worst
forth further the furthest
far farther the farthest
much more the most
little less the least
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer
1. I watched her beautifully last night.

a. dance c. danced.
b. dances d. to dance
2. The man walked.

a. slowest. c. slower.
b. slow. d. slowly.
3. Santy is a singer who always sings..

a. beauty. c. graceful.
b. beautiful. d. gracefully.
4. I want to drink water in the glass on the table but the water is.
a. so hot. c. very hot.
b. enough hot. d. too hot.
5. The apples in the basket are...

a. worst c. well
b. best d. good
6. Kusno works hard. We can say

a. He works hardly. c. he hardly works.
b. He is working hardly. d. he is a hard worker.
7. Andi is a fast runner. We can say that he can run very.

a. fastly c. fastness.
b. fast. d. fastest.
8. My uncle is ..upset about losing his job.

a. terribly c. terriblest.
b. terrible d. terribler.
9. They grew up in .. house in Solo.

a. comfortable a little c. a comfortable little.
b. a little comfortable d. little a comfortable.
10. The accident destroyed his motorcycle, but luckily he was .. insured.
a. full. c. fullness.
b. fully. d. a full.
11. The department store is.to the post office.

a. close. c. closely.
b. closed. d. a closely.
12. Johnsons Delivery is . than messenger service in town.

a. the faster. c. fastest.
b. faster. d. the fastest.
13. Miss Uvis typesthan Mr. Antonius.

a. accurately. c. more accurately.
b. more accurate. d. the most accurate.
14. This idea is . the previous one.

a. good as c. better as
b. as good as d. the best as
15. The building was the . in the city.

a. more big c. bigger
b. most big d. biggest
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. The clients criticize of his work made the secretary try harder.
A B C D
2. This old bridge was hit by a large ship during a suddenly storm
A B C D
last week.
3. The stars and the moon have always fascinating man.

A B C D
4. Fastly growing sales raises the confidence of the companys sales force.
A B C D
5. The HRD manager gives a well advise about problems at work.
A B C D
6. Most of the people are pessimistically towards their present position.
A B C D
7. My friend, Ananda, is very diligently and beautiful.
A B C D
8. The books in my room are very importance.
A B C D
9. The three-days meeting will be very tiring and boring.
A B C D
10. She had so much business to conduct in Indonesia that they did not expect
A B
the returns until the twelfth.
C D
11. Items on sale in department stores are expensive than usual.
A B C D
12. Her neckle is far most expensive than yours.
A B C D
13. This is the better advertising campaign in several years.
A B C D
14. It is difficult to achieve the success in a competing market.
A B C D
15. The more you give the most you will get from others.
A B C D
UNIT 3
Biofuels and the Environment
Leading investors have joined the growing chorus of concern about governments and companies
rushing into producing biofuels as a solution for global warming, saying that many involved in
the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they do not consider the long-term impact of
what they are doing carefully.
It is essential to build sustainability (menopang) criteria into the supply chain of any green fuel
project in order to ensure that there is no adverse (merugikan) effect on the surrounding
environment and social structures. The report produced by the investors expresses concern that
many companies may not be fully aware of the potential pitfalls (perangkap) in the biofuel
sector.
Production of corn and soya beans has increased dramatically in the last years as an eco-friendly
alternative to fossil fuels but environmental and human rights campaigners are worried that this
will lead to destruction of rain forests. Food prices could also go up as there is increased
competition for crops as both foodstuffs and sources of fuel. Last week, the UN warned that
biofuels could have dangerous side effects and said that steps need to be taken to make sure that
land converted to grow biofuels does not damage the environment or cause civil unrest. There is
already great concern about palm oil, which is used in many foods in addition to being an
important biofuel, as rain forests are being cleared in some countries and people driven from
their homes to create palm oil plantations.
An analyst and author of the investors' report says that biofuels are not a cure for climate change
but they can play their part as long as governments and companies manage the social and
environmental impacts thoroughly. There should also be greater measure taken to increase
efficiency and to reduce demand. (SOURCE:???????)
Comprehension questions
1. Who are worried about the boom in biofuels?

2. How did Biofuel producers know about the possible problems?
3. Why do Environmentalists believe that increased production of corn and soya beans may lead
to the destruction of rain forest?
4. In What reasons did Biofuels may drive food prices up?
5. What happens if the production of palm oil increases dramatically?
6. How did the author of the report says abour biofuels?
7. What is biofuel?
8. many involved in the sector could be jeopardizing future profits if they. The word
jeopardizing means
9. The word sustainability means
10. The word foodstuff means.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya,
misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun
dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan fungsinya sebagai kata benda, maka
infinitive to dapat juga sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat. Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih
luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi,
yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).
Infinitive sebagai subjek sebuah kalimat
- To eat is a necessity ( makan adalah suatu kebutuhan )

- To understand French is not easy.
- To dry a sea is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai objek sebuah kalimat

- It is time to go.
- I like to eat.
Berikut adalah kata kerja yang diikuti oleh to infinitive:

afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire,
dare, expect, forget, hesitate,hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, regret, seem, struggle, strive, swear, threaten, tend, try, wait, invite,
teach, allow, encourage, tell, order, urge, forbid, permit, want, cause, force, persuade, warn,
remind, challenge, convince, require.
Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)

- I have the money just to pay this ticket.
- My mother always has money to spend
Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
- I come to meet you.
- We read to get new information.
Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries)
untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu.
Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:
Continuous --> to be sitting

- Its nice to be sitting there.
Perfect --> to have seen

- He is glad to have seen you.
Perfect continuous --> to have been sitting

- Id like to have been sitting there when she walked in
Bentuk infinitives (passive):
Simple --> to be watered

The tomato field needs to be watered.
Perfect --> to have been written

- It ought to have been done when it was being moved.
Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal
auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can,
may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).
GERUND
Gerund adalah kara kerja (verb) yang ditambah ing (verb + ing) dan berfungsi sebagai kata
benda (noun). Dengan kata lain gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/diubah menjadi kata
benda dengan menambahkan ing. Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, gerunds mempunyai beberapa
fungsi, yaitu:
Gerunds sebagai subject

Listening music is my hobby.
Sky diving is better than running.
Gerunds sebagai object

I like writing.
She goes running every morning.
Kata kerja berikut memerlukan gerund sebagai object:
Admit, Advise, Allow, Anticipate, Appreciate , Avoid, Begin, Cease, Complete, Consider,
continue, Defend, Delay, Deny, Despise, Discuss, Dread, Encourage, Enjoy, Finish, Forget,
Hate, Imagine, Involve, Keep, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Neglect, Permit, Postpone, Practice,
Prefer, Propose, Quit, Recall, Recollect, Recommend, Regret, Remember, Report, Require,
Resent, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Tolerate, Try, Understand, Urge.
Gerunds sebagai pelengkap subjek

Biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan pelengkap subjek:
Her favorite sport is running.
Gerunds sebagai object preposisi

Biasanya gerund ini bentuk ini terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at,
after.
I will wash the dresses after eating.
You cannot be rich man without working hard.
Gerunds untuk larangan

No Smoking area!
No parking here!
Gerunds setelah possessive adjective

Thanks for your joining my party.
Gerunds sebagai appositive/penegas
His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
She has a bad habit, gambling.
Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.
That difficult work, sawing hard woo, makes him exhausted
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice merupakan suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject menerima aksi / ditindaklanjuti
oleh agent lain. Rumus umum dari konstruksi ini yaitu: S + auxiliary verb + past participle.
Perubahan yang terjadi pada bentuk ini hanya pada aux. verbnya saja, sedangkan past
participlenya tidak berubah.
Auxiliary untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa auxiliary be (is, are, was,
were), kombinasi antara dua primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been),
atau antara primary auxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been). Auxialiary tersebut
kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form. Adapun rumus
dan contoh passive voice pada beberapa macam tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Tenses Rumus Contoh
Present Simple am/is/are + past participle The crafts are made of wood.
Continuous am/is/are + being + past The room is being cleaned.
participle
Perfect has/have + been + past participle Your requests have been approved.
Past Simple was/were + past participle The mansion was built in 1990.
Continuous was/were + being + past Your gown was being washed.
participle
Perfect had + been+ past participle The fence had been painted in green.
Future Simple will + be + past participle The packet will be sent immediately.
Perfect will + have + been + past The article will have been read
participle ninety times.
Passive Voice pada Infinitive
Bentuk pasif dari Infinitive phrase (frasa infinitive) dapat berperan sebagai subject, object,
maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada infinitive adalah
sebagai berikut.
(to) be + past participle
To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)

Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)
He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)
Passive Voice pada Gerund

Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun object of preposition
dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada gerund.
being + past participle
Contoh:
Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)

My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
My brothers happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)
PARTICIPLE
Present Participle
Present participle adalah kata yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing
pada base form dari verb (verb+ing). Kadang-kadang terjadi doubling pada konsonan di akhir
kata kerja tersebut.
run+ing > running

swim+ing > swimming
Present participle merupakan satu dari lima verb form yang dimiliki oleh verb, baik regular
maupun irregular verb.
Base Present Past Present Past

Form Tense Tense Participle Participle
sing sing(s) sang singing sung
read read(s) read reading read
Secara umum, participle dapat berfungsi sebagai sebagai verb atau verbal.
Present Participle sebagai Verb
Sebagai verb, present participle digunakan sebagai komponen dari multiple verbs bersama verb
to be/auxiliary verb [aux+present participle] untuk membentuk progressive/ continuous dan
perfect continous tense. Present participle juga digunakan pada passive voice dari continuous
tense, baik present maupun past. Bentuk passive pada perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari
karena rumit dan tidak elegan.
Verb Contoh Keterangan

Present continuous He is smiling to you. is= auxiliary
(Dia sedang tersenyum padamu.)
Present perfect Those toddlers have been sleeping for an have, been= auxiliary
continuous hour.
(Balita-balita itu telah tidur selama satu
jam.)
Past continuous The workers were queuing for their were= auxiliary
salaries.
(Para pekerja sedang mengantri gaji.)
Past perfect The labors had been demonstrating for had, been= auxiliary
continuous two hours before you came.)
(Para buruh telah berdemonstrasi selama
dua jam sebelum kamu datang.)
Future continuous She will be working at the office. will, be= auxiliary
(Dia akan sedang bekerja di kantor.)
Future perfect That cat will have been sleeping long. will, have, been= auxiliary
continuous (Kucing itu akan telah tidur lama.)
Passive Present The book is being read by him. is= auxiliary, being= present
continuous (Buku tersebut sedang dibaca olehnya.) participle dari auxiliary be
Passive Past Your gown was being washed. was= auxiliary, being= present
continuous (Gaunmu sedang dicuci.) participle dari auxiliary be
Present Participle sebagai Verbal
Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sebagai kata sifat, verbal ini berfungsi
memodifikasi/menjelaskan noun. Ada pula bentuk verb+ing yang lain yang berfungsi
sebagai noun, yaitu gerund. Walaupun sama-sama berbentuk verb+ing, namun penggunaan
keduanya sangat berbeda. Penggunaan present participle sebagai adjective dapat dilihat pada
noun phrase dan reduced adjective clause pada active voice.
The singing birds.
Interesting story.
Dengan demikian singing dan interesting di atas merupakan present participle yang berfungsi
menjelaskan bird dan story.
Pada reduksi adjective clause, relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta
ditambahkan -ing pada active verb (jika berbentuk present atau past, bukan progress-sive),
sehingga membentuk present participle (phrase).
Contoh Present Participle pada Reduced Adjective Clause
Keterangan
Adjective clause Proses reduksi Reduced adj. working dan singing
Clause merupakan present
The woman who works The woman who The woman participle yang
as english teacher is very works+ing as english working as english didapat melalui
beautiful. teacher is very teacher is very reduced adjective
beautiful. beautiful phrase dimana
The boy who is singing The boy who is The boy singing is berfungsi
is my brother. singing is my brother. my brother. menerangkan woman
dan boy.
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the best answer
1. The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.

a. plays. c. is playing.
b. playing. d. was playing.
2. She usually has her hair .once a month.

a. to cut. c. cut.
b. cuts. d. cutting.
3. We miss ______ to the movie with you.

a. go. c. going.
b. to go. d. is going.
4. Mr. White offered _______ the children.
a. help. c. to help.
b. helps. d. helping.
5. Mr. John likes to arrive early or..to get his work done.
a. is staying late. c. stay late.
b. stays late. d. stayed late.
6.. Before I go to work, I .

a. always have breakfast and read the paper.
b. have breakfast and always read the paper.
c. have always breakfast and read the paper.
d. have breakfast and read the paper always.
7. The company has never permitted employeespublic statements.

a. making. c. make.
b. to make. d. made.
8. The clerk finished . the orders.

a. verify. c. to verify.
b. verifying. d. will verify.
9. The building .. in 1977.

a. built. c. was built .
b. was build. d. has been built
10. The indirect question of Did we pay for it? is

a. Can you tell me how many we pay for it?
b. Tell me what did we pay for it?
c. Can you tell me if we paid for you for it?
d. Tell me who we paid for it?
11. They suggested .the instructions in this book.

a. to read c. reading.
b. read. d. are reading.
12. His parents could not afford .. the super block.

a. buy c. buys
b. buying d. to buy.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. Over exposure to television can be start at an early age.

A B C D
2. He always mind to answer his phone when his secretary is out

A B C D
3. He will probably to come here next week with his friends.

A B C D
4. Nadia suggested to see her lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

A B C D
5. The seminar is being hold by the students on the second semester.

A B C D
6. She had recommended you reading the text book, Its very good.
A B C D
7. He looks forward to see his father.

A B C D
8. Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to

A B C
minimize the bad effect of television.

D
UNIT 4
SOURCE OF ENERGY
Nearly all energy comes from the sun, either in a roundabout way or straight from it, in the
form of heat rays and light rays. The light from the moon, too, comes from the sun. The moon
can be said to be like a large mirror which throws back the suns light to the earth. Electrical
energy comes from the sun in a roundabout way; e.g. it can come from the power of water falling
down a mountainside. The water fell there as rain, and we know that rain is made by the suns
heat evaporating the water on the earths surface. This water vapour rises, condenses on cooling,
and falls as rain.
The light and heat energy from coal also comes from the sun in a roundabout way. Coal was
made by the rocks pressing von trees and plants which died millions of years ago. Those trees
and plants grew with the aid of sunlight, from which they made carbohydrates, in this way
changing the suns energy into chemical energy. When we burn coal, some of this energy is set
free.
Energy which we use to drive car engines comes from petrol, which also was made with the aid
of the sun in a roundabout way. Plants, and animals which ate the plants, died millions of years
ago, and the parts of them that were left were pressed under the rock in the earth. These parts left
from dead animals and plants made petroleum, from which petrol and oil are now obtained.
Thus we can say that the sun is the place where nearly all energy comes from, and that without
the suns heat and light, there could be no life on earth.
(NAME OF THE AUTHOR, NOT THE BOOK. taken from English for Engineering)
Comprehension questions
1. How can the moon be said to be like a large mirror ?

2. Why does electrical always come from the sun?
3. What is the function of coal for the industries?
4. Where do miners commonly find coal?
5. How is the way to know that the lands deep inside contain petrol?
6. What is the meaning of the word roundabout?
7. What is the synonyms of throw back?
8. What is the antonyms of mountainside?
9. In what kinds of food do we also find the material of carbohydrates?
10. What is the process of condensation?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
TENSES
Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu sekarang,
masa depan, atau masa lalu terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Adapun macam-macam
tenses antara lain sebagai berikut.
Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan
kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Bentuk kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan dalam
bahasa Inggris.
Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb be (is, am, are).
Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es khusus untuk subject berupa
singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata
ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it).
Beberapa contoh simple present tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya:
Fungsi Contoh Simple Present Tense

He always consumes low GI rice.
Simple present tense digunakan pa-da (Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.)
habitual action (kebiasaan) dengan She sends much money to her parents in the village every
menggunakan adverb of frequency a-tau month.
adverb of number. (Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di
desa setiap bulan.)
The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.
(Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk
Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak barat.)
terbantahkan)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
(Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.)
Simple present tense digunakan un-tuk I live in Jakarta.(Saya tinggal di Jakarta)
membuat simple statement yang She is so beautiful.(Dia sangat cantik.)
berlaku berlaku kapan saja maupun tidak
menggunakan verb be. Hes angry.(Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang]
She loves dancing.(Dia suka menari.)

I see tears in your eyes.(Saya melihat air mata di
Simple present tense menggunakan matamu.)
stative verb untuk menyatakan pera-saan
We agree with the speakers opinion.
(feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental
state), dan kepemilikan. (Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.)
My brother owns a new house.
(Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.)
Simple present tense digunakan un-tuk The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 oclock.
membicarakan rencana atau jad-wal di (Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.)
masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm.
dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya (Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.)
membicarakan tentang transportasi atau
event. Verb yang bia-sa digunakan antara The ceremony starts at nine.(Upacara dimulai jam
lain: arrive, come, & leave. sembilan.)
You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil
it.
Simple present tense digunakan un-tuk (Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.)
memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.
You go straight ahead then turn left.
(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)
If you meet the naughty boy, your parents will be angry.
(Jika kamu bertemu dengan anak nakal itu, orangtuamu
Simple present tense digunakan pa-da if akan marah.)
conditional tipe 1.
I will go swimming if I have free time.
(Saya akan pergi berenang jika ada waktu.)
Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi
yang sedang berlangsung sekarang (present) atau rencana dimasa depan (future). Karena dapat
digunakan pada present atau future, tense ini sering diiringi adverb of time untuk
memperjelasnya.
Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa is/am/are karena present
tense (waktu sekarang), dan present participle (-ing form). Umumnya present continuous tense
hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb. Mengapa begitu? karena secara
umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. Contoh present Continuous tense
dengan fungsi-fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Present Continuous Tense

The maid is brushing the bathroom floor.(Pembantu sedang
menyikat lantai kamar mandi.)
Present continuous tense Im driving a car to Bandung now.(Saya sedang
untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang mengendarai mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
sedang terjadi sekarang. Hes learning English in order to be a great guide.
(Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris dengan tujuan
menjadi pemandu wisata yang hebat.)
Im spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month.(Saya
se-dang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan
depan.)
You cant call me this night. Im going to my best friends
Present continuous tense untuk wedding.(Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini.
membicarakan suatu rencana atau Saya sedang pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.)
perpindahan ke suatu tempat/ kon-disi.
The buses are arriving in an hour.(Bus-bus tersebut tiba da-
lam satu jam.)
Im moving to Solo this month.(Saya pindah ke Solot bulan
ini.)
Why is the wild dog always barking at me? (Mengapa
Present continuous tense untuk anjing liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?)
mengungkapkan kejengkelan atas aksi Im getting sick of you always asking the same questions.
yang terjadi berulang kali. (Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.)
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu
aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu
tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb have atau has, dan past
participle (verb-3).Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan
orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh present perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Present Perfect Tense

Can you recommend the most delicious seafood
restaurant in this town? Yes, Ive visited all of them.
Present perfect tense untuk mengung- (Dapatkah kamu merekomendasikan restoran sea-food
kapkan kejadian di masa lalu tanpa peduli paling lezat di kota ini? Ya, saya telah mengun-jungi
kapan tepatnya terjadi. semuanya.)
Ive read this book.(Saya sudah membaca buku ini.)
Present perfect tense untuk menunjuk-
kan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi berulang kali She has called you three times.(Dia sudah menel-ponmu
di masa lampau (adverb of number dapat tiga kali.)
digunakan).
I have lived in Solo for 3 months.(Saya telah tinggal di
Present perfect tense untuk mengung- Solo selama 3 bulan.)
kapkan aktivitas atau situasi yang dimulai She has studied in French since April.(Saya telah
pada masa lampau kemudian dilanjutkan sekolah di Perancis sejak bulan April.)
sampai sekarang (belum selesai). My brother has worked already/lately/ up to now.
(Saudaraku sudah bekerja sampai sekarang.)
Ive just sent you an email.(Saya baru saja mengirim-
Present perfect tense untuk membicarakan kamu email.)
kan event yang baru saja terjadi ( adverb
The rains just stopped.(Hujan baru saja berhenti.)
just dapat digunakan).
[the rain's = the rain has; lihat contraction & apostrophe]
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di
masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Aksi pada present perfect continuous tense
biasanya berdurasi waktu tertentu dan ada relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.
Present perfect contonuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb have atau has, been dan present
participle (v1-ing). Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we, sedangkan has untuk he, she, it, dan
orang ketiga tunggal.
Beberapa contoh present Perfect continuous tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai
berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The construction labors is thirsty since they have been

removing the scaffoldings.(Pekerja konstruksi haus karena
Present perfect continuous tense mereka telah memindahkan perancah.)
untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah John feels full as shes been eating a half of the tart.(Jon
selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau kenyang karena dia telah memakan separuh kue tart.)
diikuti rele-vansinya dengan kondisi I have been working with my computer all day, and now I
saat ini want some delicious foods.(Saya telah bekerja dengan
kompu-ter sepanjang hari, dan sekarang saya ingin
beberapa makan-an lezat.)
Present perfect continuous
tense untuk menunjukkan aksi yang It has just been snowing in Japan.(Baru saja turun salju di
baru saja selesai. Biasanya Jepang.)
menggunakan adverb just.
Ive been driving a car through the rain for an hour.
Present perfect continuous tense (Saya telah sedang mengendarai mobil menembus hujan
untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah selama satu jam.)
dimulai di masa lam-pau dan berlanjut The passangers have been waiting for the next flight since
sampai seka-rang. this morning.(Para penumpang telah menunggu
penerbangan berikutnya sejak pagi ini.)
Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu
kejadian terjadi dimasa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days,
last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara
spesifik. Adapun simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 2.
Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb be (was, were). Apa itu
verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -
n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga:
Regular dan Irregular Verb]
Beberapa contoh simple past tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Simple Past Tense
Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.

(Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.)
Simple past tense untuk membi-carakan Did he come on time yesterday?(Apakah dia datang tepat
aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu waktu kemarin?)
tertentu di masa lam-pau. For (preposition) The party started at 10.00 a.m.(Pesta mulai jam 10 pagi.)
dapat diguna-kan untuk menyatakan Did you sleep enough last night?(Apa kamu cukup tidur
periode wak-tu kejadian. semalam?)
I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.
(Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.)
I often did exercise in the gym when I lived in Bandung.
Simple past tense untuk membi-carakan (Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.)
kebiasaan pada masa lam-
When I was a senior high school student, I always got up
pau. When (subordinate conjunc-tion)
biasanya digunakan pada si-tuasi ini. at 4 am to study.(Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam
4 pagi untuk belajar.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi
berdurasi pendek (simple past ten-se) I was reading a journal in the library when someone
yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi burped out loud.(Saya sedang membaca jurnal di
panjang (past continuous tense) sedang perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.)
berlangsung.
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi
I had already had breakfast when he picked me up.
(simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
yang telah selesai (past perfect tense).
If she studied hard, she would be pass.(Jika dia belajar
Simple past tense digunakan pada if keras, dia akan lulus.)
conditional tipe 2. I would buy a sport car if I had much money.(Saya akan
membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.)
Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengung-kapkan
bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu dimasa lampau. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai
tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.
Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa was/were karena past
tense (masa lalu), dan present participle (-ing form). Was untuk singular subject (I, she, he, it,
dan kata ganti orang ketiga) dan were untuk plural subject (you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak).
Past continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative
verb karena secara umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. [Baca: Stative
Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]
Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh past continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense untuk meng- I was shopping at this time yesterday.(Saya sedang belanja
indikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi pada jam ini kemarin.)
se-lama momen tertentu di masa What was she doing at 5 am this morning?(Apa yang
lampau. sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?)
They were roasting corn at this time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin
malam.)
I was doing physically exercises all day yesterday.
(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari
kemarin.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada She was sleeping when you called her.(Dia sedang tidur
aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past ketika kamu meneleponnya.)
tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi The door was knocked while I was studying.(Pintu diketuk
berdu-rasi panjang (past continuous ketika saya sedang belajar.)
tense) sedang berlangsung.
Past continuous tense digunakan The girl was always yelling out loud.(Anak itu selalu
untuk mengolok-olok atau menjerit keras-keras.)
mengkritik aksi yang terjadi pada My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his
interval acak namun sebenarnya broom.(Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar
merupakan kebi-asaan alami. dengan sapunya.)
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense adalah salah satu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Aksi yang telah
selesai dimasa lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali. Selain itu, past
perfect tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 3 dan reported speech.
Past perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb had, dan past participle (verb-3).
Had digunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb. Beberapa contoh past perfect tense dengan fungsi-
fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense untuk When he came last night, the cake had run out.(Ketika dia datang
mengekspresikan aksi di semalam, kue sudah habis.)
masa lampau yang telah The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were
selesai ter-jadi sebelum called.(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan ver-bal sebelum
past event lain-nya. orangtuanya ditelepon.)
I had already had breakfast by the time he picked me up.
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan
for 3 years.(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah di-jajah Jepang
selama 3 tahun.)
Past perfect tense untuk I had read the book three times.(Saya membaca buku itu tiga kali.)
me-nunjukkan seberapa They had met twice before married.(Mereka bertemu dua kali
sering se-suatu terjadi di sebelum menikah.)
masa lampau. Yulia had gone to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap 2 hari sampai tahun 2012.)
Past perfect tense He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
digunakan pada reported (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan
speech setelah verbs: said, penuh perhatian.)
told, asked, thought, I thought he had changed to be better man.(Saya pikir dia telah
wondered. berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)
Past perfect tense untuk If he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the train.
mengekspresikan harapan/ (Jika dia telah mandi cepat, dia tidak akan ketinggalan kereta.)
impian yang tidak Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied
kesampaian harder.(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika
(conditional tipe 3). dia belajar lebih keras.)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu
tertentu dimasa lalu.
Past perfect continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb had dan been dan present
participle. Secara umum past perfect continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic
verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous.
[Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]. Beberapa contoh past perfect continuous tense
dengan berbagai fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense untuk When the guests came, we had been waiting for an
mengekspresikan aksi yang panjang di hour.(Ketika para tamu datang, kita telah menunggu
masa lampau sebelum aksi lainnya selama satu jam.)
terjadi. He had been standing in front of the door for thirthy
minutes before it was opened.(Dia telah berdiri di depan
pintu selama tiga puluh menit sebelum dibukakan.)
Past perfect continuous tense untuk She was annoyed since she had been waiting for 2 hours
memberitahukan berapa lama sesuatu on the bus station.(Dia kesal karena telah menunggu
terjadi (period of time) atau sampai selama 2 jam di halte bus.)
waktu tertentu di masa lampau. By the time the teacher came, the students had been
reading a half part of the text.
(Pada waktu guru datang, para siswa telah membaca
separuh bagian dari teks.)
I had been working with my computer all day, and all I
wanted to do was eat some chocolate.
(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer sepanjang hari,
dan yang ingin saya lakukan adalah makan coklat.)
Simple Future Tense
Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, baik secara spontan, maupun terencana. Adapun simple future
tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe1.
Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal will atau shall dan bare infinitive (bentuk
dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (am, is, are) , present participle going, dan
infinitive Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakan bare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa
diawali preposition to.
Present continuous tense (selain verb go) dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi di masa
depan seperti simple future tense:
Im presenting the weekly report at todays meeting.

Selain itu, kombinasi auxiliary will dan be+present participle juga dapat digunakan untuk
menghindari nada tidak sabar (impatient) atau mendesak (insistent). Kalimat akan
terdengar impatient/insistent jika hanya ada will (tanpa be+present participle)
karena stress (penekanan) hanya terjadi pada kata tersebut.
Beberapa contoh simple future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Simple Future Tense

I think Ill change my appearance.(Saya pikir saya akan
Simple future tense (will)
merubah penampilan.)
untuk membuat keputusan
secara spontan untuk You look nervous. Ill give you a glass of water.(Kamu tampak
melakukan sesuatu (tanpa cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
rencana).
The doom will not happen in 2014.(Kiamat tidak akan terjadi
Simple future tense (will)
pada tahun 2014.)
untuk memerediksi masa
depan (tanpa rencana). Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?
(Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan
pelayanan terbaik?)
Hell angry.(Dia akan marah.)
The sandstorm will come.(Badai pasir akan datang.)
I think he will pass.(Saya pikir dia akan lulus.)
Present continuous tense Im visiting South Korea tomorrow.
digunakan untuk menyatakan (Saya akan mengunjungi Korea Selatan besok.)
arrangement (rencana yang Shes going to the physiotherapist next monday.
sudah dipikirkan dan dibahas (Dia akan ke fisioterapis senin depan.)
dengan orang lain).
Simple future tense dengan Im going to send this letter tomorrow.
going+to untuk menyatakan (Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.)
intention (rencana dimasa He is going to go French to continue his study.
depan yang sudah dipikirkan (Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.)
sebelumnya).
Simple future I will come if they invite me.
tense digunakan untuk (Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)
membentuk if conditional type
1.
Future Continuous Tense
Future continuous tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi
yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi
belum selesai pada saat itu.
Future continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb will dan be, dan present participle (-ing
form). Secara umum future continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic
verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous.
[Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive]
Beberapa contoh future continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Future Continuous Tense

I together with my friend will be walking on Carita Beach
Future continuous tense untuk
tomorrow.(Saya bersama dengan teman akan berjalan-jalan di
mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang
Pantai Carita besok.)
akan sedang terjadi pada waktu
tertentu di masa depan. Reny will be working at the office when you arrive.
(Reny akan sedang kerja di kantor ketika kamu tiba.)
He will be sleeping at 10 p.m.(Dia akan sedang tidur jam 10
malam.)
Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan.
Future perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb will dan have, dan past participle (verb-3).
Have digunakan baik untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh future perfect tense dengan dua macam fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense untuk We will gather on the road at 8. We will have gone when you
mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas come at 9. (Kami akan berkumpul di jalan jam 8. Kami akan
yang akan sudah selesai atau telah pergi ketika kamu datang jam 9.)
terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain Before he come, the table will have been prepared.(Sebelum
dilakukan di masa depan. dia datang, meja akan telah dipersiapkan.[passive future
perfect tense]
Future perfect tense untuk At this time next month, Ill have finished my driving course.
menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (Pada waktu ini bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan
akan telah selesai pada suatu kursus mengemudi.)
waktu di masa depan.
By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 2
years.(Pada waktu ini minggu depan depan, kita akan telah
tinggal di rumah ini selama 2 tahun.)
The mechanic will have repaired my car tomorrow.

(Montir akan telah memperbaiki mobil saya besok.)
On the 15th of May It will have been two months since we

met for the first time.(Tanggal 15 Mei akan menjadi dua
bulan sejak kita bertemu pertama kali.)
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu
tertentu dimasa depan. Future perfect continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary
verb will, have, dan been dan present participle. Sedangkan present participle dapat
berupa irregular maupun regular verb.
Beberapa contoh future perfect continuous tense dengan fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Future Perfect Contoh Kalimat Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Cont. Tense
He will have been studying in Cairo for a year by the end of next
Future perfect
month.(Dia akan telah belajar di Kairo selama setahun pada akhir bulan
continuous tense
depan.)
digunakan untuk membi-
carakan tentang aksi Andra will have been waiting for three months when the corn is ready
yang panjang sebelum to harvest.(Andra akan telah menunggu selama tiga bulan ketika jagung
titik waktu tertentu di siap panen.)
masa depan. Will you have been writing the report before the branch manager
observes?(Kamu akan telah menulis laporan sebelum manager cabang
meninjau?
Past Future Tense
Past future tense atau future in the past adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk membicarakan
masa depan dari perspektif masa lalu. Lebih spesifik, bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, baik secara sukarela maupun yang direncanakan, membuat
prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada di masa lalu. Past future tense sering
digunakan pada reported speech.
Past future tense dibentuk dari modal would dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau
dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (was, were), present participle going, dan infinitive Apa itu
infinitive? Infinitive merupakan bare infinitive yang diawali atau tanpa diawali preposition to.
Beberapa contoh past future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.
Fungsi Contoh Past Future Tense

Past future tense untuk me- I knew you would prepare all the things for the meeting.
nyatakan suatu aksi yang (Saya tau kamu akan mempersiapkan segala hal untuk pertemuan
akan dilakukan secara tersebut.)
sukarela (would).
Past future tense untuk They told that they were going to visit Lombok. (Mereka
menyatakan aksi yang mengatakan bahwa mereka akan mengunjungi Lombok.)
direnca-nakan (was/were I thought she was going to enroll the course. (Saya pikir dia akan
going to). mendaftar kursus tersebut.)
Past future tense untuk My uncle told me that he would come on time.
dapat digunakan untuk (Paman saya mengatakan pada saya bahwa dia akan datang tepat
membuat janji (would). waktu.)
She promised she would give me a box of banana cake.
(Dia berjanji dia akan memberi saya sekotak bolu pisang.)
Past future tense untuk My father had a strong feeling that the weather would be
dapat digunakan untuk warm.(Ayah saya punya perasaan kuat bahwa cuaca akan hangat.)
membuat pre-diksi (would & I thought that the authorities were going to investigate all
was/were going to). allegations of fraud.(Saya pikir otoritas itu akan menyelidiki
semua dugaan penipuan.)
GRAMMAR TASK 1
1. Wanti a novel in the library last week.

a. readed c. is reading.
b. reading d. was reading.
2. I found something in the room yesterday.

The interrogative sentence is.
a. Did you find anything in the room yesterday?
b. Do you find something in the room yesterday?
c. Did I find anything in the room yesterday?
d. Do I find something in the room yesterday?
3.. When you are a job, you must be patient.

a. looking at c. looking after.
b. looking for d. looking into.
4. Where does your father ..?

a. lives c. living.
b. live d. is living.
5. The girl you right now.

a. smile to c. smiling to.
b. smile to d. is smiling to.
6. You have a pen.

The negative form of the sentence above is .
a. You have not a pen c. you do not have a pen.
b. You do not has a pen d. you does not have a pen.
7. Did he his mother last year?

a. visited c. visit.
b. visiting d. is visiting.
8. Anna teaches English today. The past tense of the sentence is

a. Anna teached English yesterday
b. Anna teached English today
c. Anna taught English yesterday
d. Anna taught English today
9. What time . In the morning every day?
a. does he gets up. c. does he get up.
b. he gets up. d. he get up.
10. X: Would you mind . Some tickets for us?

Y: Dont worry Ill get them.
a. book. c. reserves.
b. bookings. d. reserving.
11. Everybody in the room .what to do.

a. know. c. to be aware of.
b. knows. d. realize.
.
12. The little boy.in the yard is my youngest brother.
a. plays. c. is playing.
b. playing. d. was playing.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. The research indicate that every hour of watching TV increases children's odds
A B C D
of having attention problems by about 10 percent.
2. The male and female students need often to work to add foods into their diet.
A B C D
3. The researchers often heard people get sick because doing over activities.
A B C D
4. The American Academy of Pediatrics do not recommend TV for children younger

A B C
than age 2.
D
5. Older children can watch high quality programs on TV for not more to two hours
A B C D
per day.
6. Watching TV in line with recommended guidelines may one of the solutions to
A B C
minimize the bad effect of television.

D
7. Most of the time, something can be do to prevent the terrible disasters and the
A B C
great damage.
D
8. Hydrogen, the lightest element, have one proton and one electron.
A B C D
9. The force of attraction is between the positive atoms in the nucleus to the nega-
A B C D
tive electrons.
UNIT 5
Pollution
Thick black smoke curling out of smokestacks, horribletasting chemicals in your drinking
water, pesticides in your food these are examples of pollution. Pollution is any contamination
of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the environment.
There are many kinds of pollution, and there are many pollutants. Some obvious kinds of
pollution are pollution of the air, soil, and water. Some less obvious, or less salient, kinds of
pollution are radioactive, noise, light pollution, and green-house gasses.
Air pollution can be caused by particles, liquids, or gases that make the air harmful to breathe.
There are two main types of air pollution: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the
air directly, like smoke from factories and car exhaust. Secondary pollutants are chemicals that
mix together to pollute the air, like mixtures of emissions, or waste output, from vehicles and
factory smoke that change to form more dangerous pollutants in the air and sunlight.
Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other
chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can
also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into
contact with the polluted soil.
Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers,
lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and
disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.
Radioactive pollution can be caused by leaks or spills of radioactive materials. These materials
can come from medical sources, nuclear power plants, or laboratories which handle radioactive
materials. Air, soil, and water can be polluted by radioactivity. It can cause damage to animals,
both internally and externally, by eating, drinking, or touching it. It can cause birth defects and
genetic problems. It can cause certain cancers and other deadly diseases.
Noise pollution can be caused by vehicle, aircraft, and industrial noise. It can also be caused by
military or experimental sonar. Noise has health effects on people and animals. In people, it can
cause high blood pressure, heart problems, sleep disturbances, and hearing problems. In animals,
it can cause communication, reproductive, and navigation problems they have difficulty
finding their direction. Sonar has even caused whales to beach themselves because they respond
to the sonar as if it were another whale.
Light pollution can be caused by advertising signs, stadium and city lighting, and other artificial
lighting (like the light caused by night traffic). Artificial lighting has health effects on humans
and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure and affect sleeping and waking rhythms
and immunity. It might be a factor in some cancers, such as breast cancer. In animals, it can
affect sleeping and waking rhythms, navigation, and reproduction.
In addition, greenhouse gases have caused a warming effect on the earths climate. The
greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. They are naturally
occurring gases in the atmosphere, but human activity has increased their concentration in the
atmosphere. For example, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have risen due to
the burning of fossil fuels. The effect is a rise in global temperatures. The higher temperatures
cause the melting of glaciers, a rise in the water level of oceans, and the disruption of both land
and marine life, including that of humans. Although carbon dioxide is necessary for plants to
survive, it is also considered to be a kind of pollution because high levels of carbon dioxide have
caused the oceans to become more acidic.
It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global
climate change brought about by pollution. There is general agreement by scientists that the
global climate will continue to change, that the intensity of weather effects will continue to
increase, and that some species of animals will become extinct. There is also general agreement,
or consensus, that humans need to take steps to reduce emissions of waste products and
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, make adaptations to the changes that are occurring, and
figure out ways of reversing the trends of pollution and global warming.
(SOURCE:??????)
Comprehension Question
1. What is an example of air pollution?

2. What kind of pollution is thought to cause the most death and disease?
3. What kind of pollution may a car cause?
4. What is an effect of artificial light pollution?
5. What is carbon dioxide?
6. Something salient is
a. incredible. c. dangerous.
b. outstanding. d. potential.
.
7. Emissions are
a. gasses. c. pollution.
b. waste output. d. air condition,
8. What is litter?
a. trash. c. recycling.
b. receptacles. d. light pollution.
9. The best antonym for internal is

a. inside. c. external.
b. outside. d. middle.
10. Navigation is best described as
a. a primary type of pollution. c. direction finding.
b. a secondary type of pollution. d. map making.
11. If you have a consensus, you have

a. disagreement. c. scientific ideas.
b. problems. d. none of the above.
Soal ditambah lagi!!!!sampai no. 15
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, phrase
(frasa), clause (klausa), atau paragraph (paragraf). Adapun macam-macam conjunction antara
lain sebagai berikut.
Contoh
Conjunction Penjelasan Singkat Contoh Kalimat
Conjunction
Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk

I love running and swim-
Coordinate menghubungkan dua konstruksi
and, or, for ming.(Saya suka lari dan bere-
Conjunction gramatikal yang sama yaitu: ka-
nang.)
ta, phrase atau clause.
Kata hubung ini digunakan berpa-
as as, both Diana is as beautiful as her
Correlative sangan untuk menunjukkan
and, either sister.(Diana secantik sau-
Conjunction hubungan antara dua ata, phrase ,
or daranya.)
atau clause.
Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk
where, Nobody knows where she lives
Subordinate membangun hubungan ide anta-
although, so now.(Tak seorangpun tau
Conjunction ra dependent clause dengan main
that, otherwise dimana dia tinggal seka-rang.)
clause.
Adverbial Kata hubung berfungsi pula seba-
Conjunction / gai adverb. Sebagai kata hubung,
Shes not bad; rather, shes
Conjunctive kata ini berfungsi untuk menghu- also, however,
very kind.(Dia tidak jahat;
Adverb / bungkan dengan logis dua inde- rather, thus
sebaliknya, dia sangat baik.)
Connecting pendent clause, sedangkan seba-
Adverb gai adverb, untuk menerang-
kan clause kedua.
Coordinate Conjunction
Coordinate conjunction adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
konstruksi gramatikal yang sama yaitu: kata, phrase (frasa), atau clause (klausa). Elemen yang
dihubungkan tersebut biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar) secara struktur
gramatikal. Kata hubung ini sering digunakan pada compound sentence (mengubungkan
dua independent clause).
Jika coordinate conjunction digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause di dalam
suatu compound sentence, maka tanda baca koma ditempatkan tepat sebelum kata hubung
tersebut. contoh:
I love running and swimming. (antar verb)

Rita and I arrived this morning, and we just left 10 minutes ago. (antar independent
clause)
Contoh kalimat dengan coordinate conjunction (F-A-N-B-O-Y-S) dapat dilihat pada tabel
sebagai berikut.
Coordinate Hubungan Contoh Kalimat Coordinate Conjunction

Conjunction
For (karena) Cause & Effect He didnt come last night, for he fell asleep. (Dia tidak datang
(sebab & akibat) semalam, karena dia tertidur.)
And (dan) Addition The trainees laughed and cried simultaneously.(Siswa latihan
(penambahan) tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.)
Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at

6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 pagi dan mereka pergi
ke sekolah jam setengah tujuh pagi.)
Nor (tidak) Addition She didnt come to the ceremony, nor did her friends. (Dia
(penambahan) tidak datang ke perayaan, tidak juga teman-temannya.)
But (tapi, Contrast The man helped in sincerity, but many people thought
namun) (pertentangan) negatively about him. (Pria itu membantu dengan tulus,
namun banyak orang berpikir negatif.)
Or (atau) Alternative What do you prefer to stay at home or go to the cinema on
(pilihan) this weekend? (Apa yang lebih kamu suka, diam di rumah
atau pergi ke bioskop akhir minggu ini?)
Yet(tapi, Contrast The book is thick, yet the text is large. (Buku itu tebal, tapi
namun) (pertentangan) tulisannya besar.)
So(agar, Result Please reconsider, so you will not regret one day. (Tolong
sehingga) (hasil, akibat) pertimbangkan kembali, agar kamu tidak menyesal suatu hari
nanti.)
Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunction adalah kata hubung yang digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan
hubungan antara dua kata, phrase (frasa), atau clause (klausa). Elemen kalimat yang
dihubungkan biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar) secara struktur gramatikal.
Beberapa contoh kalimat dengan correlative conjunction serta macam hubungannya dapat dilihat
pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Correlative Hubungan Contoh Kalimat

Conjunction Correlative Conjunction
asas (se-) Comparison Diana is as beautiful as her sister.(Diana secantik
(perbandingan) saudara perempuannya.)
betweenand(diantar Addition There are no difference beetwen you and him.

adan) (penambahan) (Tidak ada perbedaan antara dirimu dan diri-nya.)
bothand(baik..mau Addition She loves both swimming and running. (Dia su-ka
pun) (penambahan) baik renang maupun lari.)
eitheror(baiktaup Addition The man is neither handsome nor faithful.(Pria itu

un) (penambahan) tidak tampan maupun setia.)
neithernor
(baikataupuntidak) Addition Either Nisa or her mother is a scientist.(Baik Nisa
(penambahan) maupun ibunya adalah ilmuwan.)
fromto Place I travelled from England to Rome in three days.

(tempat) (Saya bepergian dari Inggris ke Roma dalam tiga
hari.)
hardlywhen /no Time Hardly had you left the restaurant when the party
soonerthan /scarcely (waktu) was started.(Kamu hampir telah mening-galkan
when restoran ketika pesta dimulai.)
No sooner did I send the email than the reply

came.(Tidak lama dari saya mengirimkan e-mail
balasannya datang.)
Scarcely had I finished my work when I went to

bed.(Tak lama setelah saya menyelesaikan pekerjaan,
saya tidur.)
ifthen Condition If you help him now, then hell repay oneday.
(Syarat) (Jika kamu menolongnya sekarang, kemudian dia
akan membalasnya suatu hari nanti.)
notbut (tidaktapi) Contrast Yuni is not his girl friend but his cousin.(Yuni bukan
not onlybut also (pertentangan) pacarnya melainkan sepupunya.)
(tak hanyatapi juga)
He can drive not only a car but also a
helicopter.(Dia tidak hanya bisa mengemudi mobil
tapi juga helikopter.)
ratherthan Comparison My parents would rather have lunch in a traditional

(perbandingan) restaurant than have lunch in a fast food
restaurant.(Orangtua saya lebih suka ma-kan siang di
restoran tradisional daripada di ma-kan siang di
restoran cepat saji.)
the morethe less Contrast The more we learn grammar, the less we face the
(semakin banyak., (pertentangan) difficulty in writing.(Semakin banyak kita
semakin sedikit) mempelajari grammar, semakin sedikit kita
the morethe more menghadapi kesulitan didalam menulis.)
(semakin banyak.,
semakin banyak) Addition The more you give alms to others, the more you get
(penambahan) the reward from God.(Semakin banyak kamu
memberi sedekah kepada org lain, sema-kin banyak
kamu mendapat imbalan dari Tuhan
whetheror Alternative Im confused whether to live in Jakarta or to live in

(pilihan) Bandung.(Saya bingung apakah tinggal di Jakarta
atau tinggal di Bandung.)
Subordinate Conjunction
Subordinate conjunction adalah kata hubung yang mengawali suatu dependent atau subordinate
clause (adverbial clause) dengan tujuan untuk membangun hubungan ide antara dependent
clause dengan main clause. Adapun gabungan antara dependent dan main clause
menghasilkan complex sentence. Subordinate conjunction digunakan pada subordinate clause,
yaitu bagian yang idenya kurang penting dibanding pada main clause. Conjunction ini memiliki
antara lain hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), pertentangan (contrast), sebab akibat (cause-
effect), syarat (condition), tujuan (reason), dan cara (manner). Contoh kalimat dengan
subordinate conjunction dengan hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), dan pertentangan
(contrast) adalah sebagai berikut.
Hubungan Subordinate Contoh Subordinate Conjunction dalam Complex Sentence

Conjunction
after (setelah), After I changed the APN, I unpluged my modem and waited for
as (ketika, se- 5 minutes.(Setelah saya merubah APN, saya mencabut modem
mentara), dan menunggu selama 5 menit.)
as soon as
(segera sete-lah), As soon as/once they finish filling the questionnaire, I will
before(sebelum), process the data.(Segera setelah mereka selesai mengisi
once (segera se- kuesioner, saya akan memproses data tersebut.)
telah),
Anna found so much expired food when she was cleaning the
since(sejak),
kitchen.(Anna menemukan begitu banyak makanan basi ketika
until/till(sampai),
dia membersihkan dapur.)
when(ketika),
Time whenever(kapan Before she went to Jakarta, she got her flowers watered.
(waktu) saja,sewaktu- (Sebelum dia pergi ke Jakarta, dia meminta bunga-bunganya
waktu), disirami.)
while(ketika,
sementara) Since the boy bought a PS3, he forgot to study.
(Sejak anak laki-laki itu membeli PS3, dia lupa belajar.)
The students focused on the test until/till the time was over.
(Para siswa fokus pada ujian hingga waktu berakhir.)
You can come to my house whenever you want.

(Kamu bisa datang ke rumahku kapanpun kamu mau.)
While I was studying in my room, I didnt let someone else to

disturb.(Ketika saya sedang belajar di ruangan saya, saya tidak
akan membiarkan orang lain mengganggu.)
where(dimana), Nobody knows where she lives now.(Tidak ada yang tau dimana
wherever dia tinggal sekarang.)
Place (dimanapun)
(tempat) We should be polite and pleasant wherever we live.
(Kita sebaiknya sopan dan menyenangkan dimanapun kita
tinggal.)
although, She goes forward such a tank although/even though/

even-though, though/while many friends confronts her ambition.
though (Meskipun banyak teman menentang ambisinya, dia maju terus
(meskipun), seperti tank.)
whereas
(sebaliknya, Although/even though/while Im annoyed, I try to think
sedangkan), positively. (Meskipun saya terganggu, saya mencoba untuk
while berpikir positif.)
Contrast
(pertentangan) (meskipun), Even if Bima is not qualified enough to enter the top univer-sity,
even if (kalau-
hell try again next year.(Kalaupun Bima tidak cukup
pun)
berkualifikasi untuk masuk universitas top tersebut, dia akan
mencoba lagi tahun depan.)
I like doing execise whereas my brother like sleeping.

(Saya suka berolahraga sedangkan saudara laki-laki saya suka
tidur.)
Adverbial Conjunction
Adverbial conjunction / conjunctive adverb / connecting adverb adalah kata yang berfungsi baik
sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) maupun conjunction (kata hubung). Sebagai kata hubung, kata
ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dengan logis dua independent clause menjadi compound
sentence (kalimat majemuk), sedangkan sebagai adverb, berfungsi untuk menerangkan clause
yang kedua. Tanda baca koma dan titik koma biasa digunakan bersama kata hubung ini.
Adverbial conjunction dapat diletakkan di awal, di tengah, maupun di akhir kalimat. Adverbial
conjunction memiliki antara lain hubungan addition (penambahan), contrast (pertentangan),
result (akibat/hasil), dan time (waktu). Contoh kalimat dengan adverbial conjunction dengan
hubungan penambahan dan pertentangan adalah sebagai berikut.
Hubungan Conjunction Contoh Adverbial Conjunction dalam Kalimat
Addition also, Atiek was my classmate in senior high school; also, shes my
(penambahan) besides, best friend until now.(Atiek adalah teman sekelas saya di SMU.
furthermore, Selain itu dia teman terbaik sampai sekarang.)
moreover
(tambahan lagi) The scientists found that the question is difficult; besides, they
needed to work hard to solved it.(Para ilmuan menemukan
bahwa pertanyaan itu sulit. Tambahan lagi, mereka butuh
bekerja keras untuk memecahkannya.)
Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New

Zealand; furthermore/moreover, theyre distributed to our
country.(Baik kiwi emas maupun hijau dibudidayakan secara
luas di New Zealand. Tambahan lagi, mereka didistribusikan ke
negara kita.)
Contrast however, yet Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke;
(pertentangan) (tapi, namun) however/yet, theyre not utilized properly. (Sum-ber daya alam
despite that, di Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke. Namun
in spite of that mereka tidak dieksplorasi dengan benar.)
nevertheless
nonetheless She looks tomboyish; despite that/in spite of that; shes good
notwithstanding at cooking.(Dia tampak tomboy. Meskipun demikian, dia pandai
(meskipun memasak.)
demikian)
The man wearing glasses seems serious and stiff;
on the other
nevertheless/nonetheless/notwithstanding/still, he sometimes
hand
laughs out loud with his friends.(Pria yang me-makai kacamata
still
itu tampak serius dan kaku. Meskipun de-mikian dia kadang-
otherwise
kadang tertawa keras dengan teman-te-mannya.)
(jika tidak)
rather If the sun shines tomorrow, Ill go swimming; otherwise, maybe
(sebaliknya, Ill try the new recipe in the kitchen.(Jika matahari bersinar
malahan) besok, saya akan berenang; jika tidak, mungkin saya akan
mencoba resep baru di dapur.)
Shes not bad; rather, shes very kind.(Dia tidak jahat. seba-
liknya sangat baik.)
PREPOSITIONS
Preposition (kata depan) adalah kata yang tidak dapat berubah bentuknya dan biasanya
diletakkan di depan kata benda atau pada kata benda (noun-equivalent, termasuk kata ganti)
untuk memperlihatkan hubungannya tertentu dengan katakata lain dalam kalimat. Preposition
bukan sebagai kata penghubung dalam kalimat, biasanya bergabung dengan kata lain (verbs
[kata kerja], nouns [kata benda], atau adjectives [kata sifat].
Bentuk preposisi
Simple preposition (preposisi tunggal)
after (sesudah), at (di, pada), by (oleh, pada, dengan, di dekat), for (untuk, selama, bagi, karena),
from (dari), of (dari, tentang, karena), over (di atas), on (di atas, pada), in (di, di dalam), through
(melalui), to (ke, kepada), off (lepas dari, jauh), till/until (sampai, hingga), under (di bawah), up
(ke atas, ke), with (dengan, pada) dan sebagainya.
Double preposition (preposisi ganda)
Preposisi ganda dipakai bilamana preposisi tunggal tidak cukup untuk menyatakan pengertian.
into (ke dalam), onto (di atas), from under (dari bawah), from among (dari antara), from off
(lepas dari), from within (dari dalam), over against (bersandar di/kepada), dan sebagainya.
Compound preposition (preposisi gabungan)
Ini dibentuk dari noun, adjective atau adverb yang digabungkan dengan preposisi be(= by) atau
a (=on)
across (on cross = di seberang), long (sepanjang), amidst (on middle = di tengah-tengah), behind
(di belakang), about (di sekitar, tentang), above (di atas), before (di muka), amongst (di antara
lebih dari dua), below (di bawah), beneath (di bawah), beside (di sebelah, di samping), besides
(selain), between (di antara dua), beyond (di luar), but (kecuali), within (dalam), without (tanpa).
Participal preposition (preposisi partisip)
pending = seraya menantikan; during = selama, pada waktu; notwithstanding = meskipun; past =
lewat; except = kecuali; save = kecuali; considering = mengingat
touching = concerning = regarding = mengenai; owing to = karena
Phrase preposition (preposisi phrase)
Dua atau lebih kata yang biasanya disusun dalam rangkaian kata dan yang berakhir dengan
preposisi tunggal boleh disebut phrase preposition.
because of = disebabkan oleh, karena; by means of = dengan memakai; by reason of = karena,
berhubungan dengan; for the purpose of = dengan maksud; for the sake of = demi; in
consequence of = karena; in lieu of = sebagai pengganti; in place of = sebagai pengganti; in point
of = tentang; in behalf of = untuk kepentingan; in the event of = kalau (sekiranya), dalam hal,
bila; in the place of = sebagai pengganti; in view of = karena, mengingat; in front of = di muka;
in opposition to = berlawanan dengan; in spite of = meskipun; instead of = sebagai pengganti,
daripada; on account of = karena; on behalf of = atas nama; on the score of = karena; upon the
subject of = tentang; with a view to = dengan maksud untuk; with reference to = berkenaan
dengan; with regard to = ; berkenaan dengan, mengenai; with relation to = berkenaan dengan;
with respect to = berkenaan dengan, mengenai; with the pupose of = dengan maksud
Pemakaian preposisi
Perbedaan pemakaian khusus preposisi yang sering membingungkan
At, in (place = tempat)
In biasanya dipakai di depan nama negeri dan kota besar, atau di depan nama tempat di mana
seseorang pada waktu berbicara. Sedangkan at dipakai di depan nama kota kecil dan desa, atau
pada waktu membicarakan suatu tempat yang jauh.
I passed my holidays at Puncak. Aku melewatkan hari-hari liburku di Puncak

He lives in London. Ia tinggal di London
At, in, on (time = waktu)
At dipakai dengan waktu yang tepat, misalnya at two oclock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at
midnight dan sebagainya. In dipakai dengan suatu bagian waktu, misalnya in the morning, in
June, in summer, in 1997, in the year 1997 dan sebagainya. On dipakai dengan nama hari atau
tanggal, misalnya on Saturday, on August 10, on New Years Day, dan sebagainya.
I usually get up at six oclock. Saya biasanya bangun pada pukul enam
He takes a walk in the afternoon. Ia berjalan-jalan pada sore hari
The ship will arrive on Monday. Kapal itu akan tiba pada hari senin
At, for (price = harga)
At dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya tidak diberikan. Sedangkan for dipakai jika jumlah
uang yang sebenarnya disebutkan.
I can not buy the goods at such a high price. Saya tak dapat membeli barang itu dengan
harga yang begitu tinggi
He bought a book for ten dollars. Ia membeli buku dengan harga sepuluh dolar
Beside, besides
Beside berarti disamping, disebelah, sedangkan besides berarti di samping itu, selain.
He came and sat beside me. Ia datang dan duduk di sebelah saya
We study German besides English. Kami mempelajari bahasa Jerman selain Inggris
Between, among
Between dipakai untuk diantara dua orang, sedangkan among lebih dari dua
I sat between the two of them. Saya duduk diantara mereka berdua
Devide the apple among you three. Bagilah buah apel itu diantara kalian bertiga
By, with
By berhubungan dengan pelaku, sedangkan with dengan alat yang dipakai
This book was written by me. Buku ini kutulis

This letter was written with a fountain pen. Surat ini ditulis dengan sebuah pena
By, before, since
Semua ini dipakai untuk suatu batas tertentu.
You must be back by five oclock. Anda harus kembali menjelang pukul lima
She didnt get back before five oclock. Ia tidak kembali sebelum pukul lima
She has been here since five oclock. Ia berada di sini sejak pukul lima
In, after
I will finish it in three hours. Saya akan menyelesaikannya dalam waktu tiga jam
He died after a few days. Setelah beberapa hari ia meninggal
In, into
She spent all the afternoon in her room. Ia melewatkan waktu sepanjang sore di dalam
kamarnya
She came into the room and sat down. Ia masuk kedalam kamar dan duduk
To, at
To dipakai untuk menyatakan gerak dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, sedangkan at dipakai untuk
menunjukkan posisi atau ketidakadaan gerak.
We come to school every morning. Kami datang ke sekolah tiap pagi
Somebody is standing at the door. Seseorang sedang berdiri di pintu itu
To, till
To dipakai dengan jarak dan till dengan waktu.
We walked to the the tennis court and back. Kami berjalan ke lapangan tenis dan kembali
I shall stay here till next week. Saya akan tinggal disini sampai minggu depan
GRAMMAR TASK 1
1. I have been interested in language.I was a child.

a. if c. because.
b. since d. until.
2. He made a lot of progress for this school .. he became a principal

a. if c. when.
b. although d. before.
3 It will be difficult to talk to her .you have hurt her feeling.

a although c. until.
b. when d. because.
4 she left this school, I had never met her again.

a. although c. since.
b. if d. before.
5. This glass is beautifulfragile.

a. and c. but.
b. or d. so.
6. Do you want to watch the film will you stay home?

a. and c. or.
b. but d. although.
7. John will go to Jakarta Sunday evening.

a. on c. at.
b. in d. from
8. We will meet Tina . 10.45/time.
a. at. c. in.
b. on. d. to.
9. Do you believe . ghosts?

a. to. c. of.
b. with. d. in.
10. We are discussing the solution .. the problem.

a. to. c. for.
b. in. d. with.
11. The new employee would like to be . his predecessor.

a. popular. c. as popular.
b. as popular as. d. popular than.
12. I want to drink water in the glass on the table but the water .
a. too hot. c. very hot.
b. hot enough. d. is too hot.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. Not only Rafi and Ahmad who dream for the doll, however Alvira wants to have
A B C
one
D
2. Neither John or Lennon is the least bit interest in keeping in touch with Eddy.
A B C D
3. It is said that he was a man, whom appeared to have the vision of an eagle
A B C
and courage of a lion.
D
Item test ditambah lagi !!!!
UNIT 6
Houses around the World

Do you live in a house? You might be surprised to learn that there are many kinds of houses.
Most people in the United States are used to houses made of wood or bricks. But many people
around the world live in houses made of grass, dirt, or cloth.
In the Great Rift Valley of Eritrea, the nomadic people who are in the Atr tribe build their houses
of straw. Their houses are shaped like domes half spheres. The homes are small and cool. The
people can move their houses when they want to move. Since the people are nomads, they move
often. They take their animals to new places in order to find food.
People who belong to the Uros tribe of Lake Titicaca, Peru build their houses of reeds. Not only
that they also live on islands that are made of reeds! Their boats are made of reeds too! About
2,000 people live on these manmade islands. They started to build their own islands about 500
years ago.
In Andalusia, in the south of Spain, some people live in underground houses. This kind of house
is called a cueba. During the winter, the houses stay warm. During the summer, the houses stay
cool.
In Sanaa, Yemen, some people live in tall houses made of bricks. These bricks are made of clay,
straw, and soil. The bricks last many years maybe as long as 500 years. The modern houses in
Sanaa are made to look like the older, traditional houses, but they are made of concrete instead
of bricks.
In Mindanao in the Philippines, some people still live in tree houses. The tree houses are made of
bamboo with grass roofs. The houses are good lookouts for snakes and wild animals. The air is
cool and the houses stay dry. Now, most people use these tree houses as meeting places.
The fishermen of Sabah, Malaysia build their houses on the water. They use wood from
mangrove trees. This wood stays strong in the water. The houses receive official addresses from
the government.
Fujian, China has many townhouses that are made of hardpacked soil. The dirt becomes as
strong as brick when it is packed hard. One large family group lives in a townhouse. The
townhouses were built around 300 years ago. A group of townhouses is protected by a thick dirt
packed wall.
In the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, some nomadic people live in homes called gels. These homes
are made of cloth. The cloth is filled with animal hair. Two poles in the center of the house hold
the house up. The people move often to find food for their animals. The houses are easy to move
and set up.
Some American Indians live in teepees. These homes are made of cloth or buffalo hide. There
are wooden poles used to hold the teepee up. Now some people use teepees only for special
ceremonies, but people used to live in them all the time.
The traditional houses of Chitos, Greece, are made of stone. They have arched doorways and
indoor courtyards. They have outdoor dining rooms which are decorated
with tile and rock. This means they are ornamented, and made to look more beautiful.
The Dayak people of Indonesia build some of their houses on stilts, several feet above the
ground. The frame of the house is made of iron. The walls are made of tree bark. The floors are
made of wooden planks which are placed side by side. The houses are decorated with pictures of
water snakes and rhinoceros birds. These animals are part of the peoples story of creation, or
how the world was made.
People build their houses to fit the needs of their lives. The houses are different, but one thing is
the same wherever you go. Theres no place like home! (source:???????)
Comprehension Questions
1. How are the islands and the houses of the Uros tribe the same?
2. Why did people live in tree houses?
3. Which ethnic groups have cloth houses?
4. Where do houses have outdoor rooms?
5. Why are Dayak houses decorated with pictures of snakes?
6. Nomads are people who
a. live on small farms. c. build their homes of stone..
b move from place to place. d. live in underground houses.
7. Traditional houses are houses that have been built
a. to be easy to move. c. the same way for a long time.
b. of clay, straw, and soil. d. with the dining rooms outdoors.
8. What is another word for soil?
a. tile c. cloth.
b. dirt d. brick.
9. When something is decorated, it is
a. made larger. c. made to look more beautiful.
b. made stronger. d. made to look more frightening.
10. Creation is the process of
a. making something. c. living something.
b. moving something. d. decorating something.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
MODIFIER
Modifier adalah kata, atau frase atau klausa yang menerangkan kata atau kelompok kata yang
lain yang secara gramatikal tidak berhubungan. Frase (phrases) adalah kelompok kata yang tidak
dapat disebut sebagai kalimat karena tidak mempunyai subjek atau predikat (verba).
Suatu frase harus memiliki sebuah head yaitu kata inti yang pembentuk frasa tersebut, contoh:
the small children in the class5 mempunyai head children yang diterangkan dengan adjective the
small disebut dengan istilah pre-modifier atau pre-modification (pre-head), sedangkan kata yang
diletakkan sesudahnya, yaitu in the class 5 disebut dengan post-modifier atau pre-modification
(post-head). Kata-kata yang menjelaskan children disebut dengan modifier.
Modifier bisa berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat
(modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner).
Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors
(luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi
malam), next year (tahun depan).
Contoh :
John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
Yeni was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeni sedang berenang di
kolam renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
ABRIDGEMENT
Abridgement adalah penyingkatan atau memotongan yang dilakukan dalam kalimat supaya tidak
terjadi pengulangan atau penggunaan kata-kata yang tidak perlu, sehingga kalimat tersebut akan
sederhana dan juga lebih mudah dipahami.
Dalam kalimat formal, kata-kata yang dihapus biasanya yang ditulis dua kali dalam kalimat
tersebut, yang kemudian kita tulis jadi sekali saja, contoh:
I was to take the east path and John was to take the west path.
maka kalimatnya tersebut dapat dipersingkat menjadi:
I was to take the east path and John, the west.
Pele was the greatest footballer ever, and remains the greatest footballer ever.
setelah abridgment menjadi:
Pele was, and remains, the greatest footballer ever.
He believes that this party can win the next election and will win the next election.
diringkas menjadi:
He believes that this party can, and will, win the next election.
Dalam kalimat informal, penyingkatan/penghilangan kata dilakukan dengan acak asalkan

ide/gagasan utama dalam kalimat tersebut terwakili oleh kata-kata yang ada, contoh:
It seems like a good idea to me. setelah abridgment menjadi:
Seems like a good idea.
Do you fancy a pint? setelah abridgment menjadi:
Fancy a pint?
What would happen if we repeat the experiment using only half the quantity of sulphur?
setelah disingkat akan menjadi:
What if we repeat the experiment using only half the quantity of sulphur?
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct answer (soal sebaiknya diaraahkan pada penggunaan modifier dan
abridgment)
1. Any form of carbon when combined with a large quantity of oxygen at an elevated
temperature carbon monoxide.
a. forms c. formed
b. form d. forming.
2. Carbon monoxide is also formed in the complete of petroleum products.
a. combusted c. combusting.
b. combustion d. combust.
3. The water rose into the tube because it on heating

a. expanded c. expansion.
b. expands d. expand.
4. A: Wow, your house looks beautiful!
B: Yes. It cost me money to finish this house.
a. several c. much.
b. a lot of d. many.
5. Anna : You must be in a hurry! I will give you a ride.
Anni : . for the lift
a you must give me c. what a nice man you are.
b. can you give me? d. thank you very much.
6 Secretary : here is the paper you are looking for, sir!
Boss : Thank you very much
Secretary :
a. of course c. you are welcome.
b. lets forget it d. poor you.
7. Sinta : May I go to the cinema with Andy, Dad?
Mothe : OK. But dont be too late
Sinta : oh
a. many thanks for giving me permission c. do you think so.
b. what amazing moment it is d. Im certain about.
8. The people can move their houses .want to move
a. when they c. as they.
b. which they d. though they
9. I found .. when I was in trouble.
a. anybody helpless. c. somebody helpful.
b. somebody helpfully d. somebody helpfulness.
10. He is attending the dinner invitation in the house nearby.
a. the home nearby. c. the house nearby.
b. the home aside. d. the house inside.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
?????? belum ada soal

UNIT 7
THE ATOM
The atom is a system. It consists of a nucleus and one or more electrons. The nucleus is the
center of the atom and consists of protons and neutrons. The electrons move around the central
nucleus.There is only one electron in the hydrogen atom. There are seven electrons in the
nitrogen atom and eight in the oxygen atom. An atom of iron contains twenty-six electrons.
The concept of atom first emerged in Ancient Greece. In 400 B.C. the philosopher Democritus
theorized that matter could be divided into smaller and smaller particles until a point was reached
beyond which no further subdivision was possible. These indestructible particles were called
atomos, a Greek word meaning indivisible. We know today that atoms are so small that it would
take more than a million of them to equal the thickness of this sheet of paper. Democritus
theory, however, was not universally accepted in the ancient world, or many believed in
Aristotles theory that matter is composed of four elements: earth, fire air, and water.
During the middle Agesin Europe, the concept of atoms was considered too abstract and was
accordingly rejected. Finally, in 1804 the Englishman John Dalton formulated an atomic theory
based on his experimentation. He claimed that all matter is made of atoms; that all atoms of a
single element have the same shape size, weight, and behavior; and that atoms of each elements
are different from those of any other element. He said that atoms are not created or destroyed but
rather form new combination in chemical reactions.
Dalton thought that atoms were solid, but today atoms are believed to consist mainly of space,
with a dense nucleus at the center. The size of the nucleus inside an atom is comparable to the
size of an ant on a football. Each nucleus contains proton, which have positive electric charge,
and neutrons, which have no charge. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which have a
negative electric charge.
The number of protons equal to the number of electrons in each atom, and therefore in the entire
atom has no charge. In 1913, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom in
which the electrons revolved around the nucleus like the planets revolved around the sun. Today
the movement of electrons is thought to be more like bees hovering around a hive. The force of
attraction between the positive atoms in the nucleus and the negative electrons whirling around
keeps the electrons in their paths.
What is it that makes iron hard, oxygen a gas, and mercury a liquid? The properties of an
elements are determined by a number of electrons in an atom, which is called the atomic number.
All atoms of the same element are alike. If youve seen one atom of oxygen, youve seen them
all. Hydrogen, the lightest element, has one proton and one electron. In fact, the hydrogen atom,
the most common atom in the universe, is the basis on which our entire universe was formed.
Hydrogen has eight protons and eight electrons. Uranium, one of heaviest, has 92 protons and 92
electrons. All the world is made of atoms: Everything we see and know of is made of the billion
and billion of these infinitesimal specks of matter. All life exists because atoms are continually
moving, combining, separating, colliding, giving of f energy and absorbing energy.
(SOURCE: ?????)
Each of the following statements is inconsistent with the information in the previous passage.
Test your reading comprehension by finding and correcting each error. Number one is the
example.
1. Molecules are ever smaller than atoms.

Atoms are even smaller than molecules.
2. The concept of the atom did not exist before 1804.
___________________________________________________________.
3. In ancient Greece, everyone believed Aristotles theory that matter is composed of four
elements: earth, fire, air, and water.
___________________________________________________________.
4. During the middle ages, the atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
___________________________________________________________.
5. John Dalton theorized that atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
___________________________________________________________.
6. The size of a nucleus inside an atom is equal to the size of an ant.
___________________________________________________________.
7. Atoms are densely packed with protons, neutron and electrons.
___________________________________________________________.
8. Neutrons have a negative electric charge.
___________________________________________________________.
9. Each atom is neutral because the number of its protons equals the number of its neutrons.
___________________________________________________________.
10. Niels Bohr proposes a model of the atom with the electrons revolving around the planets.
___________________________________________________________.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Subject - Verb Agreement
Subject - Verb Agreement membahas tentang kesesuaian antara subject dengan verb yang
mengikuti. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, subject diisi oleh noun dan pronoun, sedangkan noun sendiri
dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu: countable dan uncountable noun. Hal yang biasanya dibahas adalah
penggunaan verb yang tepat menurut bentuk subject kalimat yang dapat berupa Singular
(tunggal) atau Plural (jamak).
Agreement 1
Indefinite pronouns seperti anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody selalu dianggap singular,
maka dari itu memerlukan singular verbs.
Everyone has done his or her homework.
Somebody has left her purse.
Beberapa indefinite pronouns seperti all, some bisa dianggap singular atau plural
tergantung pada kontek yang diacu. Perlu ketelitian dalam memilih verb untuk pronoun seperti
tersebut di atas.
Some of the beads are missing.
Some of the water is gone.
Sebaliknya, ada satu indefinite pronoun, yaitu "none", yang dapat dianggap singular atau plural;
kita bisa menggunakan baik singular atau plural verbs untuk pronoun ini kecuali ada hal lain
dalam kalimat yang dapat menentukan jumlahnya. (Pada umumnya "none" dianggap mempunyai
arti yang sama dengan "not any" dan akan lebih tepat menngunakan plural verb, seperti pada
"None of the engines are working," akan tetapi apabila ada hal yang membuat kita menganggap
"none" berarti "not one", kita gunakan singular verb, seperti pada "None of the food is fresh.")
None of you claims responsibility for this incident?
None of you claim responsibility for this incident?
None of the students have done their homework.
Agreement 2
Beberapa indefinite pronouns berpotensi membingungkan. Everyone and everybody terdengar
atau terasa seperti lebih dari satu orang, oleh karenanya para pembelajar biasanya terjebak
menggunakan plural verbs. Meskipun demikian, everyone dan everybody selalu singular. Each
biasanya diikuti oleh prepositional phrase yang diakhiri dengan plural word (Each of the cars),
hal seperti ini membingungkan dalam pemilihan verb yang akan digunakan. Everyone/body, juga
selalu dianggap singular dan memerlukan singular verb.
Everyone has finished his or her homework.
Kita bisa mengucapkan, "Everybody is here." hal ini berarti kata tersebut singular dan tidak ada
yang akan mengubahnya.
Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.
Subyek dalam kalimat tersebut adalah each, sedangkan each selalu dianggap singular.
Agreement 3
Frase seperti together with, as well as, dan along with tidak sama dengan and. Frase yang
didahului dengan as well as or along with memodifikasi kata di depannya, akan tetapi kata
tersebut tidak menggabungkan subyek-subyeknya (seperti fungsi pada kata and).
The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.
The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.
Agreement 4
Pronouns neither and either selalu dianggap singular dan memerlukan singular verbs meskipun
kelihatannya mengacu pada dua hal.
Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
Which shirt do you want for Christmas? Either is fine with me.
Dalam penulisan informal, neither and either kadang memerlukan plural verb ketika pronoun-
pronoun tersebut diikuti oleh prepositional phrase yang diawali dengan of. Oleh sebab itu, bentuk
kalimat interrogative berikut ini benar.
"Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?"
"Are either of you taking this seriously?"
Burchfield menyebut fenomena bahasa ini sebagai "a clash between notional and actual
agreement."*
Agreement 5
Kata sambung or tidak menggabungkan subyek yang mendahului dan mengikutinya (seperti
fungsi pada kata and) ketika nor atau or digunakan, subyek yang lebih dekat pada verb yang
digunakan untuk menentukan single atau plural nya.
Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.
Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.
Are either my brothers or my father responsible?
Is either my father or my brothers responsible?
Agreement 6
Kata there dan here tidak bisa berfungsi sebagai subyek.
There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.
There is no reason for this.
Here are two apples.
Dengan susunan kalimat seperti yang dapat kita lihat pada contoh di atas (disebut expletive
constructions), subyek muncul setelah verb yang digunakan untuk menentukan single atau plural
nya verb.
Agreement 7
Verbs dalam present tense subyek orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it kata lain yang bisa digantkan
oleh pronoun tersebut) berakhiran -s.
He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . .
Agreement 8
Terkadang modifiers berada di antara subject dan verb, akan tetapi modifiers ini tidak
mempengaruhi subject - verb agreement. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of
various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally
going to jail.
Agreement 9
Terkadang noun mempunyai bentuk yang aneh dan dapat membuat kita bingung sehingga
berpikir bahwa bentuknya adalah singular. Kata-kata seperti glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors
dianggap sebagai bentuk plural (jamak) kecuali ketika digunakan dengan menggunakan frasa
pair of (dimana kata pair dianggap sebagai subjek).
My glasses were on the bed.
My pants were torn.
A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.
Agreement 10
Beberapa kata berakhiran -s dan tampak seperti plural, padahal sebenarnya mempunyai bentuk
singular seperti pada contoh di bawah ini:
The news from the front is bad.
Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
Sebaliknya, beberapa kata berakhiran -s mengacu pada benda tunggal, akan tetapi dianggap
plural.
My assets were wiped out in the depression.
The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.
Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.
Nama klub / tim olahraga yang tidak berakhiran dengan -s membutuhkan plural verb:
The Miami Heat have been looking ,
The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent .
Agreement 11
Fractional expressions seperti half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of terkadang singular
dan plural, tergantung pada artinya. Penjumlahan dan hasil dari proses matematika dianggap
singular. Ungkapan "more than one" (oddly enough) bisa membutuhkan singular verb:
More than one student has tried this
A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.
Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
Forty percent of the students are in favour of changing the policy.
Forty percent of the student body is in favour of changing the policy.
Two and two is four.
Agreement 12
Apabila kalimat anda menggabungkan subyek positif dan negatif, dan salah satu subyek singular
dan yang satunya plural, verb harus mengacu pada subyek yang positif.
The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.
It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.
It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.
Grammar Task 1
Choose the correct word that best completes the sentence
1. Atom of a nucleus and one or more electrons.

a. consists
b. consist
c. consisting
2. The electrons of an atom bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.
a. is
b. are
c. was
3. A group of atoms can bound to each other.
a. remaining
b. remains
c. remain
4. An atom classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
a. are
b. am
c. is
5. Electrons that bound to atoms possess a set of stable energy levels.
a. are
b. was
c. is
6. The name atom from the Greek word atomos, which means indivisible.
a. come
b. coming
c. comes
7. The concept of an indivisible component first proposed by early Greek philosophers.
a. are
b. was
c. were
8. Physicists subatomic components and structure inside the atom.
a. discover
b. discovering
c. discovers
9. The nature of atoms in philosophy considerably over time.
a. varying
b. vary
c. varies
10. Daltons atomic hypothesis specify the size of atoms.
a. do not
b. does not
c. did not
Grammar Task 2???? Dibuatkan 10 soal error analysis, mengenai agreement
UNIT 8
SOUND
Sound waves cannot travel through empty space because they need a solid, liquid or gas to pass
through. Astronauts on the moon cannot talk to each other like they do on Earth as there is no air
for sound to pass through, so they have radios to speak to each other.
Sound waves can be produced in several different ways by hitting; blowing, plucking or rubbing,
for example a drummer hits the skin of a drum with his drumstick. When you rub your hand a
long the tablet it makes a noise. They way that a wind instrument makes a noise is by blowing air
through a pipe so that the air inside the instrument has to vibrate in a number of different ways.
The strings of a guitar are plucked.
The human voice is a wind instrument. Two thin pieces of skin, the vocal chords, are at the back
of the throat. Breathing out between these stretched membranes makes them vibrate and produce
sound waves. Different sounds can be made by using muscles to alter the tightness of the vocal
cords.
Any movement sets up vibrations that cause changes of pressure in the surrounding air.
Everything that vibrates at a Frequency of between about 50-20000 vibration per second makes
sound waves which humans can hear. A shrill, high note is produced by rapid vibration, a deep,
low one called its pitch, and the pitch of a note depends on the number of times the sound
producer vibrates in one second. The human ear cannot detect very low or very high frequency
sounds. It is sensitive to frequencies of from about 20-20,000 hertz but the range varies from the
person to person. One hertz is equal to one vibration per second.
The loudness of a sound is the effect it has on the human ear. It depends on the size of the
vibrations. The larger the vibration will be the louder the sound. The amount of energy needed to
produce the vibrations controls the intensity of the sound.
(SOURCE:?????)
Write T, if it is true and F, if it is false

1. There is only one way to produce sound waves.
Answer: ________________ .
2. The strings of a guitar are hit like a drum.
Answer: ________________ .
3. A wind instrument is made to sound by air.

Answer: ________________ .
4. The voices is like a musical instrument.

Answer: ________________ .
5. The voice makes a noise when air passes between two pieces of skin.
Answer: ________________ .
6. Sounds are made by changes of air pressure.

Answer: ________________ .
7. Frequency is the number of times the sound produce vibrates in one sound..
Answer: ________________ .
8. We can hear sound above 20,000 hertz.

Answer: ________________ .
9. The loudness of a sound depends on the size of the vibrations.

Answer: ________________ .
10. Sound waves can travel trough a vacuum.

Answer: ________________ .
Buatkan 10 soal pilihan ganda.!!!

GRAMMAR FOCUS
NOUN PHRASE
Noun Phrase adalah sebuah frasa yang membentuk kata benda (noun). Modifiers yang
melengkapinya dapat berupa kata kerja adjectives, a participial phrase, an infinitive phrase, a
modifying clause, and prepositional phrases.
Noun phrase yang diterangkan dengan adjectives:

The tall and brilliant professor.
Noun phrase yang diterangkan dengan a participial phrase:

The road following the edge of the frozen lake.
Noun phrase yang diterangkan dengan an infinitive phrase:

The first man to walk on the moon.
Noun phrase yang diterangkan dengan a modifying clause:

The presentation that he had made the day before.
Noun phrase yang dilengkapi menggunakan prepositional phrases:

The building next to the lodge, over by the highway.
VERB PHRASE
Verb Phrase atau frasa verba adalah frasa yang tersusun dari verba utama ditambahi dengan
auxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (for clauses), prepositional phrases, atau object. Di dalam
sebuah kalimat, frasa verba berfungsi sebagai predikat.
Contoh:
He was smoking an American cigar.
After she had learned to drive, Kiki felt more independent.
We will meet at the library at 1.30 p.m.
Adam made my coach very proud.
Dalam frasa verba, verb selalu menjadi head, yang dapat disertai pre-modifiers dan/atau post
modifier. Jika terdapat pre-modifiers, bias berupa kata negative (not/never) atau adverb phrase.
Not say what he is doing.
Never needs money.
He deliberately broke the window.
Kebanyakan head verba harus diikuti oleh post-modifiers.
My son made a cake.
We keep pigeons.
I recommend the fish.
Verba yang memerlukan post modifiers biasa disebut transitive verbs. Post modifiers pada
contoh diatas disebut juga object langsung (direct object) atau komplemen (complement of the
head). Sebaliknya beberapa verba (intransitive verbs) digunakan tanpa objek langsung.
Susan smiled.
The professor yawned.
Exercise 2
Find and underline the noun phrase in the sentences below!
1. We are studying a few difficult long noun phrases.

Answer:_______________________________________.
2. A lot of diligent young students study in Muhammadiyah University.

Answer:_______________________________________.
3. Indonesia has many attractive huge buildings for tourist to visit.

Answer:_______________________________________.
4. I bought a beautiful black car.

Answer:_______________________________________.
5. I wore my new red clothes to the New Years party.

Answer:_______________________________________.
Exercise 3
Identify the verb phrase in the sentence below!
1. I am eager to take any Saturday job.

Answer:_______________________________________.
2. We noticed a person leaning backward.

Answer:_______________________________________.
3. Erika enjoyed floating on the boat.

Answer:_______________________________________.
4. Eva came in out of the rain, dripping wet.

Answer:_______________________________________.
5. The medics first priority was treating people with serious injury.
Answer:_______________________________________.
GRAMMAR TASK 1. Buatkan 10 soal multiple choice pengggunaan grammar di atas

GRAMMAR TASK 2. Buatkan 10 soal error analysis pengggunaan grammar di atas
UNIT 9
POWER OF THE SUN

The sun radiates its energy in all directions. The minute fraction of the suns energy received by
the earth has provided the basis of all life both the incoming energy used to keep warm and
sustain life and the retained fossil energy in the form of coal, petroleum, and others types of fuel.
Evolving mankind has become increasingly dependent on using our stored energy reserves to
provide the light and heat which in the past were provided exclusively by the sun and renewable
energy sources. We have extended the hours of work and play and the level of thermal comfort,
independent of geography and climate. However, we have now learnt that the supply of non-
renewable energy is not infinite. We have also become aware of the cost in pollution and other
negative side effects that can result from the conversation of excessive amount of energy. We
must therefore examine the amount of free incoming solar energy we can use to meet our
current needs for light and heat and to allow us to extend the use of stored energy for future
generations.
At the edge of the earths atmosphere, the level of solar illumination is approximately 14.000
foot-candles. Even after passing through the atmosphere of clear sky to sea level, the level can
exceed 10.000 foot-candles of electric lighting. As a comparison, brightly-lit office might have
an average of 30-100 foot-candles of electrics lighting. Passing through the atmosphere of clear
sky to sea level, the level can exceed 10.000 foot-candles of electric lighting. As a comparison,
brightly-lit office might have an average of 30-100 foot-candles of electrics lighting.
The instantaneous energy of one square foot of sunlight (on a horizontal surface at equinox noon,
see level, 40 degrees north latitude) is equivalent to the visible light of 3.340 watt florescent
lamps or 6100 watt incandescent lamps. As heat, this solar energy is equivalent to 88 watts from
an electric heater. Even if used inefficiently, there is obviously an abundant amount of radiant
energy available from the sun.
Of course, the intensity of light normal to any particular planar surface is dependent on its
angular relationship to the direction of the sunlight. When the sun is low the sunlight is received
more light than a vertical of the same area. Thus, while the general illumination in Boston on a
clear day differs little from that in Saudi Arabia, because the sun in Boston is lower at winter
noon, a north wall in Saudi Arabia(ada teks yg kurang). Conversely, horizontal concrete
pavement at the equivalent solar time will be brighter in Saudi Arabia than in Boston.
(source:????)
Answer the following questions briefly
1. Where does the sun radiate its energy?
2. Evolving mankind has become increasingly dependent on using our stored energy... What
does the underlined word refer to?
3. What do we have to be aware of?
4. Why do we have to examine the amount of free incoming solar energy?
5. Who will use the light and heat of stored energy?
6. When can the level of solar illumination exceed ten thousand candles of electric lighting?
7. What will happen when the sun low?
8. What will happen when the sun is high?
9. What makes illumination in Boston different from that in Saudi Arabia?
10. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
State the following statements true or false, then correct the false one!
1. The fossil energy is non-renewable. ( True / False )
_____________________________________________________.
2. At the edge of earths atmosphere, the level of solar illumination is approximately 14.000
foot-candles. ( True / False )
_____________________________________________________.
3. There is obviously an abundant amount of radiant energy available from the sun. ( True /
False )
_____________________________________________________.
4. Horizontal concrete pavement at the equivalent solar time will be brighter in Saudi Arabia
than in Boston. ( True / False )
_____________________________________________________.
5. When the sun is low the sun light isnt received more directly on vertical surfaces and more
obliquely on horizontal surfaces. ( True / False )
_____________________________________________________.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
Adjective phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier,
determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier. Sama seperti adjective, adjective phrase berfungsi
menerangkan noun. Posisinya mungkin sebelum/setelah noun (sebagai attributive untuk
membentuk noun phrase) atau setelah linking verb (sebagai predicative).
Contoh Adjective:
attributive I like dark chocolate.
predicative Tommy is diligent.
Contoh Adjective Phrase:
attributive I like very dark chocolate.
predicative Tommy is extremely diligent.
Catatan:
Very dark merupakan adjective phrase, sedangkan very dark chocolate merupakan noun
phrase. Untuk membedakannya, kita perlu fokus pada head-nya. Head pada adjective phrase
ialah dark, sedangkan pada noun phrase di atas adalah chocolate.
Sekilas Modifier, Determiner, dan Intensifier

Dalam membentuk adjective phrase, adjective mungkin dikombinasikan dengan modifier,
determiner, dan/atau intensifier.
Modifier
Modifier merupakan kata, phrase, atau clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb.
Modifier dapat ditempatkan di depan adjective (premodifier) atau setelah adjective (post
modifier). Dalam kasus adjective phrase, umumnya premodifier yang digunakan berupa simple
adjective atau adverb (hanya terdiri dari satu kata), sedangkan post modifier dapat berupa
infinitive atau prepositional phrase.
Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; modifier = underline):
young married couples, certain to happen, afraid of the dark, angry with you
Determiner
Determiner yang umum digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective adalah article, baik definite
(the) maupun indefinite articles (a, an); quantifier (many, few, little, some, etc);
distributive (all, every, both, etc), demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those); dan/atau
possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, etc).
Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; determiner = underline):
the beautiful house, many young men, all poor countries, this delicious cake, our sweet
moments.
Intensifier
Intensifier merupakan adverb yang dapat berfungsi menekankan (emphasize), menguatkan
(amplify), atau merendahkan (downtone) adjective.
Contoh Adjective Phrase (intensifier = underline):
partially complete, rather unfaithful, very smart
Modifier, determiner, dan intensifier mungkin dapat digunakan secara bersama-sama.
Urutan penggunaannya, dapat dilihat di Noun Phrase.
Prepositional Phrase sebagai Adjective Phrase

Jika adjective phrase diterjemahkan dengan pengertian yang lebih luas, yaitu semua phrase yang
menerangkan noun, prepositional phrase yang diletakkan setelah noun dapat menjadi salah
satunya.
Contoh Adjective Phrase:
She is a student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (menerangkan noun
student)
The woman with a leather handbag is looking at you. (menerangkan noun woman)
Berikut beberapa adjective phrase dalam kalimat.
No Contoh Adjective Phrase dalam Kalimat
The weather in the country is very cold.
1
(Cuaca di negara tersebut sangat dingin.)
I still remember our sweet moments.
2
(Saya masih mengingat momen-momen manis kita.)
You are the most tricky man that I have ever met.
3
(Kamu pria tercerdik yang saya pernah temui.)
The students are aware of Indonesias economic condition.
4
(Para siswa sadar akan kondisi ekonomi Indonesia.)
Are Monosodium Glutamate dangerous to our health?
5
(Apakah Monosodium Glutamate berbahaya untuk kesehatan kita?)
ADVERBIAL PHRASE
Adverb phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier (too, very, so,
enough, etc) atau kelompok kata seperti: prepositional phrase atau infinitive phrase yang
dapat berfungsi seperti adverb.
Contoh:
Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there
Adverb phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home
Seperti halnya adverb (kata keterangan), suatu adverb phrase juga dapat menerangkan verb,
adjective, maupun kata keterangan lain serta juga dapat menempati berbagai posisi di dalam
suatu kalimat. Oleh karena itu, mungkin dapat sedikit membingungkan untuk mendeteksi suatu
adverb phrase dibandingkan dengan bentuk tunggalnya di dalam suatu kalimat.
Ada 5 macam adverb yang utama yaitu: adverbs of time (waktu), manner (cara), place (tempat),
frequency (frekuensi), dan purpose (tujuan). Seperti halnya adverb, Adverb phrase dapat
menempati posisi-posisi tersebut.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Prepositional phrase dapat menggantikan lima macam adverb di atas. Beberapa contoh adverb
phrase yang merupakan prepositional phrase adalah sebagai berikut.
Adverb Prepositional Phrase Contoh Kalimat
They couldnt do anything during the storm.
since yesterday, during the
time (Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama
storm, before noon
badai.)
The customer always pays the bill with his
debit card.
manner with his debit card, by bus
(Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan
dengan kartu debitnya.)
at home, in the classroom, to Im on a flight to Bandung.
place
Bandung (Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.)
Old people may need to see a doctor every
year.
frequency every year
(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi
dokter setiap tahun.)
He bought this tiramisu cake for you.
purpose for you
(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)
INFINITIVE PHRASE
Kebanyakan infinitive phrase berperan sebagai adverbs of purpose.
Infinitive phrase Contoh Kalimat

He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass.
to gain his muscle
(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk meningkatkan
mass
massa ototnya.)
To get the accesss, you must register first.
to get the access
(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)
PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Participle phrase ialah frasa yang terdiri dari participle beserta complement atau modifier-nya.
Contoh :
Following the instructions carefully, the trainees complitid the project successfully.
The instructions sebagai objek dan carefully sebagai adverb yang menerangkan following
(participle).
Bentuk- bentuk participle phrase

Participle bersama objek
Contoh:
Finding the problems resolved, he promised us a reward happily.
The problem adalah objek dari finding
Participle being bersama complement
Contoh :
Being lazy, he does not earn enough to support his family.
Lazy (adjective) sebagai complement dari being.
Participle yang diterangkan adverb maupun adverb phrase.
Contoh :
Studying hard, Robert passed the final exam.
Hard (adverb) menerangkan studying.
Participle yang merupakan peringkasan adverb clause
a. Adverb clause of time (menerangkan waktu)
Berarti setelah (after)
Contoh:
Having finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television.
= After she had finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television
Berarti sambil (while atau when)
Contoh :
Listening to the radio, andrea usually studies at night.
b. Adverb clause of cause (menerangkan sebab)
Contoh :
Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation.
= Because he had worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation.
c. Adverb clause of result (menerangkan akibat)
Contoh:
He doesnt care about his friends, having few friends.
= He doesnt care about his friends so that he has few friends.
Participle yang merupakan hasil peringkasan adjective clause
Contoh:
The girl wearing the red is Jessica.
= The girl who wears the red blouse is Jessica.
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct word that best completes the sentence
1. The king wore a crown gold.
a. made
b. make
c. made of
d. makes
2. It was an elephant skin.
a. with a white
b. from a white
c. off a white
d. white
3. He lived in a house stone.
a. build of
b. built of
c. building of
d. bulid
4. There was a pot on the table.
a. made earth
b. makes of earth
c. make of earth
d. made of earth
5. She wore a necklace diamond.
a. made of
b. makes of
c. make of
d. made on
6. Much has been said about the Indonesia.
a. scenery with
b. scenery of
c. scenery
d. sceneries
7. The Indonesia flew at the top of the flagpole.
a. flag
b. flags
c. flag of
d. flag on
8. That was an bravery.
a. act from
b. act of
c. act in
d. act on
9. It was a night horror.
a. full from
b. full in
c. full on
d. full of
10. I have passed several nights sleep.
a. without on
b. without of
c. without
d. without from
11. Cargo ship sank of Indonesia.
a. coast
b. of the coast
c. off the coast
d. in the coast
12. She was . the police.
a. in trouble to
b. in the trouble of
c. in trouble
d. in trouble with
13. I havent spoken to her . .
a. for a moment
b. for moment
c. for a moments
d. moment
14. She stopped talking and started to laugh.
a. face on face
b. face to face
c. face off face
d. face for face
15. As a young man he travelled a lot and was always . .
a. on the move
b. on to move
c. on move
d. on for move
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Identify the underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten
1. By the end on the day, all of the dogs were barking noisily.
A B C D
2. The people on the nearest town brought donations for the victims.
A B C D
3. The visitors were greeted in the door by the President.

A B C D
4. We will put the notes from the table.

A B C D
5. He stood from the beach and watched the ship beyond the dock.
A B C D
UNIT 10
ELECTRIC FIELD
Everything seems to be full of electricity when the weather is cold and dry. Even walking across
a rug will give your body a charge of electricity. If you then touch a metal object or another
person, you may see an electric spark and feel a small electric shock. Combing your hair makes
it crackle, and stroking a cat in the dark will produce showers of sparks.
On cold, dry days you can do many electrical experiments without any magnets, wires, or
batteries. A comb that has been rubbed with a cloth will attract a small stream of water running
from a faucet. A sheet of paper rubbed against your clothes will push each other a part but will
be attracted to your body.
Place bits of paper, popcorn, or puffed cereals underneath a sheet of glass resting on two books.
Rub the glass with a cloth to give it charge of electricity. The papers and other objects are
attracted by the glass because they have no electrical charge first. Within a short time they drop
off because some electrons jump from the paper to the glass. Then paper bits are repelled by the
glass because both have the same kind of electric charge.
Hold a charged comb bits of paper and see if you obtain the same result. On a most day, some of
these experiments may not work because the electric charges are drained off by water particles in
the.
Since electrically charged objects attract or reply each other, you might guess that they are
magnetized. We can be made quickly. Push a pin through the middle of a soda straw so becomes
charged with positive electricity and the other with negative electricity. Surrounding each object
there is an invisible something called an electric fields. Electric field is not the same as a
magnetic field.
Our understanding of electric fields is still incomplete, and scientists are not quite sure why they
behave as they do. For the remainder of our study of electricity, the kind that travels through
metal wires and other good conductors of electricity. (SOURCE:?????)
Answer these questions briefly.
1. How can we perceive electric field?
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
2. What will happen when a sheet of paper rubbed against your clothes?
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
3. How do you know about electric sparks?
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
4. What will you find if you comb your hairs?
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
5. What might happen if the two balloons are rubbed against the clothes?
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
Write T if is true and F it is false

1. Everything seems to be full of electricity when the weather is cold an dry.
Answer:_________________________.
2. Even walking across a rug will give your body a charge of electricity.
Answer:_________________________.
3. If you than touch a metal object or another person, you may not see an electric spark and
feel a small electric shock.
Answer:_________________________.
4. Combing your hair makes it crackle, and stroking a cat in the dark will produce shower of
sparks.
Answer:_________________________.
5. On cold, dry days you can not do many electrical experiments with out any magnets, wires,
or batteries.
Answer:_________________________.
6. A comb that has been rubbed with a cloth will not attract a small stream of water running
from a faucet.
Answer:_________________________.
7. A sheet of paper rubbed against your clothes will push each other a part but will be
attracted to your body.
Answer:_________________________.
8. Place bits of paper, popcorn, or puffed cereals underneath a sheet of glass resting on two
books.
Answer:_________________________.
9. Rub the glass with a cloth to give it charge of electricity.
Answer:_________________________.
10. The papers and other objects are not attracted by the glass because they have no electrical
charge first.
Answer:_________________________.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Simple Sentence
Simple sentence adalah tipe kalimat yang paling sederhana, yaitu hanya terdiri dari satu
independent clause. Tipe kalimat ini bukan berarti simple (sederhana) untuk dipahami karena
simple sentence sendiri merujuk pada pola kalimat bukan the complexity of thought
(kompleksitas pemikiran). Independent clause dalam simplesentence terdiri dari satu subject,
verb, dan element(s) lain untuk membentuk kalimat yang memiliki arti secara utuh/lengkap.
Subject adalah seseorang/sesuatu berupa noun atau pronoun, yang melakukan aksi. Aksi yang
dilakukan (verb) dapat berupa action (contoh: eat, play, read) atau linking verb.
Simple sentence umumnya berupa kalimat yang pendek, namun dapat pula panjang.
Kalimat dapat menjadi lebih panjang ketika elemen-elemen kalimat (subject, verb, object, etc)
digunakan secara majemuk (compound). Diantara elemen majemuk tersebut (subject compound,
verb compound, etc) tidak dipisahkan oleh koma. Selain itu, prepositional phrase juga dapat
berperan untuk memperpanjang suatu simple sentence.
Contoh Simple Sentence:

Atiek and I got the appreciation for our recent research. (compound subject)
The babies laughed and cried simultaneously. (compound verb)
Ana and Yuni read and wrote the instruction. (compound subject, compound verb)
Compound Sentence
Compound sentence adalah jnis kalimat yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih independent clause atau
simple sentence. Pada compound sentence, terdapat dua independent clause yang dihubungkan
dengan coordinate conjunction, conjunctive adverb, atau semicolon (titik koma) saja. Walaupun
dihubungkan oleh conjunction atau semicolon, masing-masing independent clause tersebut
sesungguhnya dapat berdiri sendiri.
Coordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
Tanda baca koma digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung ini.
Contoh: He didnt come last night, for he fell asleep.
Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am.
Please reconsider, so you will not regret one day.
Conjunctive adverb atau adverbial conjunction merupakan kata yang berfungsi baik sebagai
adverb maupun conjunction. Tanda baca semicolon (titik koma) dan koma biasa digunakan
bersama conjunction ini. Conjunctive adverb antara lain: furthermore, however, otherwise,
therefore, dan finally.
Contoh:
Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore,
theyre distributed to our country.
Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke; however, theyre not
utilized properly.
Yulia drinks fresh milk and does exercise regularly; therefore, her bones is dense and
strong.
Semicolon sendiri dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause yang sangat
berhubungan menjadi satu kalimat.
Contoh:
Its mine; its not yours.
Diana looked panic; shes afraid she run out of words to say to interviewers.
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Please, put each set of words in correct order.
1. Is a tour Harris guide. clever.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
2. tourists - lakes. Many and love mountains.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
3. lemonade. French young asked lady for a.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
4. we and milk. coffee drink usually.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
5. visitors English speak correctly. our.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
6. ben the art museum -. Visit will.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
7. you the must Panama Canal. visit.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
8. needs two father dollars Your now.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
9. trip island. is Contadora there to a.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
10. Some crossed bridge. cars narrow the.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
Fill in the blank with the appropriate conjunctions and or connecting words
1. My father always read newspaper . my mother cooks in the morning.
2. I work hard this week, . I will take a break.
3. His father is a good man, . he is bad.
4. My name is Fadli . I'm married.
5. My child is still 3 years old, . he is very talkative.
6. Occasionally the car goes up the dirt trail, . dust flies everywhere.
7. The book is thick, . the text is large.
8. I tried to speak Spanish, . my friend tried to speak English.
9. My parents went to Puncak for their vacation, . my brother and I went to Bali for
ours.
10. My sister is reading her book, . My mother is cooking in the kitchen.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Buatkan 10 soal error analysis yg berkaitan dgn penggunaan simple dan compound sentences!!
UNIT 11
SOLID, LIQUIDS, GASES

Matter in physics means something that takes up space. Everything that is made of any material
is made of some of the elements. We could also say is better this way: All matter is made of
elements.
Matter may be in three different forms.
Matter may be a solid (a brick)
Matter may be a liquid (gasoline)
Matter may be a gas (air)
Some kinds of matter can easily be changed from a solid to a liquid and then to a gas. Water is a
liquid. Ice is a solid. Steam is a gas.
Ice is just water in the form of a solid. Steam is just water in the form of a gas. Air is a gas. But if
air is made cold enough it becomes a liquid. Iron is a solid. But if iron is made hot enough it
becomes a liquid. Here is a fact about solids, liquids, and gases that you already know, but
perhaps youve never thought about it in this way. A solid generally keeps its own size and
shape. A liquid keeps its own size but changes its shape to fit whatever holds it. A gas changes
not only its shape but its size to fit whatever holds it.
For instance, put a brick in a teapot. The brick remains the same size and shape. It is a solid. Put
some water in the teapot. The water doesnt take up any more space than it did before it was in
the teapot. The size of the water stays the same. But the water takes the shape of the bottom and
sides of the teapot. Water is a liquid.
Put some steam in the teapot (by boiling the water). The steam fills all the empty space in the
teapot. Steam not only takes the shape of the inside of the teapot but it changes its size so as to
fill the whole teapot. Steam is gas.
You can see from ice and water and steam that heat must have something to do with solids,
liquids, and gases. That brings us back to molecules. Molecules in a material arent jammed
solidly together. Molecules have spaces between them. The molecules move about in these
spaces. The more the molecules are heated the faster they move. In a solid molecules have less
freedom to move than in a liquid. In a gas the molecules have so much spaces to move in that
they go shooting off in every direction.
Perhaps you can get an idea of a solid by thinking of a haystack. There are plenty of spaces
between the pieces of hay but the pieces of hay havent much freedom to move about. A liquid
may be more like a bag of marbles or a quart of cranberries. The marbles or the cranberries slide
over and around each other when you pour them out. You cannot pour the pieces of hay out of a
haystack. The molecules in a liquid may be like the cranberries in the quart box.
A gas is more like a lot of tennis balls flying and bouncing around in a big room. They go
in every direction and if you open the window some of the balls apt to fly out. The molecules in
a gas are something like the tennis balls in a room. (Source:???????)
Write T if it is true and F if it false!

1. Solid cant be changed into gas. ( T / F )
Answer:____________________________________________________.
2. Air may be changed into a liquid. ( T / F )
Answer:____________________________________________________.
3. Iron is one of examples of gas matter. ( T / F )
Answer:____________________________________________________.
4. A liquid keeps in own size and shape. ( T / F )
Answer:____________________________________________________.
5. A gas changes in size and shape. ( T / F )
Answer:____________________________________________________.
Answer the following question briefly

1. How can iron be a liquid?
Answer:____________________________________________________.
2. Why does the brick have the same size and shape although it is in a teapot, while the
water does not?
Answer:____________________________________________________.
3. How is the steam in the teapot?
Answer:____________________________________________________.
4. When the molecules are heated, what will happen with them?
Answer:____________________________________________________.
5. How can you differentiate solids, liquids, and gasses?
Answer:____________________________________________________.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Complex Sentence
Kalimat komplek adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari satu main clause dan satu atau lebih
subordinating clause. Main clause adalah klausa yang dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat yang
lengkap, sering juga disebut Pricipal Clause/ Independent Clause). Subordinating clause atau
dependent clause adalah klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.
Keberadaannya harus mengikuti main clause.
Bentuk Complex Sentence
S + V + O + (Relative Pronoun + S + V + O)
(Relative Pronoun + S + V + O) + S + V + O
Ket:
1. Yang di dalam kurug adalah Subordiante clause
2. Subordinate Clause harus diawali oleh Relative Pronoun
3. Tanpa ada tanda koma sebagai antara main clause dan subordinate clause
Berikut adalah contoh kalimat komplek.
a. Because I love English, I enjoy learning it.
(Karena saya suka bahasa Inggris, saya senang mempelajarinya.)
b. You will pass the exam if you study hard.
(Kamu akan lulus ujian jika kamu belajar dengan giat.)
c. When I was a child, I lived with my uncle.
(Keetika saya kecil, saya tinggal bersama paman saya.)
d. Irwan cannot meet his mother although he misses her very much.
(Irwan tidak bisa bertemu ibunya meskipun dia sangat merindukannya.)
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Mark Dependent Clause under the dependent clause and Independent Clause under the
independent clause. Circle the subordinate conjunction.
1. The mailman wouldnt deliver our mail after my dog bit him in the leg.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
2. Because we were all so tired, we decided to go home early.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
3. Unless we do all of our homework, we wont be able to play.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
4. My dog waited at the door for us until we got home.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
5. Although none of us wanted to leave, we had to be home before midnight.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
6. If Doni doesnt stop teasing that dog, the dog is going to bite him.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
7. We took pictures while the monkeys swung from the trees.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
8. Whenever my sister gets in trouble, my dad makes her weed the garden.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
9. Once school starts, you need a pass to get into your class.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
10. Before you accuse someone of stealing your pencil, make sure it isnt just lost.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
11. I had to go to the dentist because my back tooth started to hurt.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
12. After I finished my project, I asked my dad to check it for mistakes.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
13. If I had hit the ball five more feet, it would have been a homerun.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
14. We could not go to the movies until my baby sister woke up from her nap.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
15. Ali played the piano while Agus played her flute.
Answer:____________________________________________________.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Identify the underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. (sebaiknya soal
test berkenaan penggunaan complex sentence)
1. On the beach of an island, the castaways constructed a hut of leave and grass.
A B C D
2. The instinct of self-preservation is perhaps the most basic drive in life things.
A B C D
3. The grammar notes on the board were essential to learning the new material.
A B C D
4. The team of researchers has not finished compiling the statistics, yet their work
A B C
will not be made public by later.
D
5. Butterflies are admired through the world because they are beautiful and they
A B
can be found on every continent except Antarctica.
C D
UNIT 12
TEMPERATURE
When anything is hot, we say that it has a high temperature, and when it is cold, we say that it
has a low temperature. We measure temperature in degrees, with a fine tool called thermometer.
The figures are fixed by the temperature of melting ice and the temperature of boiling water.
These are known as the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
There are two important systems: degrees Fahrenheit (0F) and degrees Centigrade (0C). We say
that ice melts at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (320F) or at 0 degrees Centigrade (00C). We say that
water boils at 212 degrees Fahren-heit (2120F) or at 100 degrees Centigrade (1000C). In sci ence
we use the Centigrade system of measuring temperature.
A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end. The bulb and lower part
of the tube have merury inside.
In order to fix the figures on a thermometer, we place the bulb in melting ice and make a mark at
the level of the mercury, and call this point 0. Then we place the bulb in steam and the mercury
goes up the tube, because it expands when it gets warm. We make another mark at the new level
of the mercury and call this point 100. We divide the space between the two makes into 100
divisions, which are all the same size, for a Centigrade thermometer. (SOURCE:???????)
Write T if it is true and F if it false

1. When it is cold, we say that it has a high temperature.
Answer:_________________________________________.
2. There are two important systems: degrees Fahrenheit (0F) and degrees Celsius (0C).
Answer:_________________________________________.
3. A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.
Answer:_________________________________________.
4. The temperature of boiling water is known as the melting point of ice.
Answer:_________________________________________.
5. A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.
Answer:_________________________________________.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Compound Complex Sentence
Compound-complex sentence adalah jenis kalimat yang merupakan kombinasi antara compound
dengan complex sentence. Tipe kalimat ini memiliki tiga atau lebih klausa di dalamnya, dimana
minimal terdiri dari dua independent clause dan satu dependent clause.
Contoh:
While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but he didnt got rid of
it immediately.
Complex Sentence: While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food.
Dependent cls independent cls
Compound Sentence: He found a lot of expired food, but he didnt got rid of it immediately.
Independent cls Independent cls
Pada dasarnya, compound-complex sentence mengikuti aturan penggunaan tanda baca yang
berlaku terhadap compound dan complex sentence.
Compound sentence:
a. Jika menggunakan coordinate conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), tanda baca koma
digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung tersebut.
b. Jika menggunakan conjunctive adverb (furthermore, however, otherwise, when, etc), tanda
baca semicolon (titik koma) digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung dan koma tepat setelah
kata hubung.
c. Dapat menggunakan semicolon untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause yang sangat
berhubungan.
Complex sentence:
a. Pada adverbial clause, jika berada di awal kalimat, diujung klausa ini diberi tanda baca
koma.
b. Pada adjective clause, jika menerangkan subject (berada di tengah kalimat), dapat diapit
koma atau tidak tergantung dari penting atau tidak informasi yang dibawanya.
Contoh:
While cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but he didnt got rid of it.
(Dependant clause) (Independent clause) (Independent clause)
Andra found a lot of expired food, but he didnt got rid of it because he was too lazy to do it.
GRAMMAR TASK 1
Combine the following simple sentences to create a compound sentence.
1. It rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood flooded.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
2. I got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
3. Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
4. Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
5. I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
6. Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
7. My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
8. I like apples. I like pears more.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
9. Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded. Three people got off.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
10. Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them in a special album for her
family.
Answer:________________________________________________________.
Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences and determine
whether they are complex or compound-complex.
1. Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of homework to do.

Answer:_____________________________________________________.
2. If you hurry, we might get to school on time.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
3. Although Monica had a cold, she went to school because she had a test.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
4. While washing the car, Todd slipped on the soap and he fell.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
5. Dad takes the train to work even though he has a car.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
6. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player and we watched a great movie.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
7. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up the stairs, and he checked out the
strange noise.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
8. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
9. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-checked it so she wouldn't forget
anything.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
10. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot.
Answer:_____________________________________________________.
GRAMMAR TASK 2
Buatkan soal test berkenaan penggunaan compound complex sentence)
REFERENCE????

Engineering English

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ENGLISH FOR ENGINERING

Drs. EKO BUDIYANTO

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

Space Exploration -Voyagers 1 and 2

1. What are Voyagers 1 and 2?

B. Choose the correct answer

3. What is the best synonym for decay?

4. What does equivalent mean?

NOUN (Kata benda)

garments, clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, pajamas

She wants something to read, so she is going to buy papers.

Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive reflexive

Contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat.

1. He goes to school every day.

Somebody someone something

Some dan every digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif.

1. Someone will help you

1. I didnt find anything in the room yesterday.

Dipakai di depan kata benda yang memiliki arti secara umum.

4. Does not know which

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

Digunakan di depan kata benda yang telah disebut sebelumnya:

4. Geographical place/yang berhubungan dengan geografis..

Digunakan di depan kata keterangan waktu: morning, afternoon, dan evening.

1. I have a brother . name is Jack.

3. David cut when he was shaving yesterday morning.

4. I didnt know about computers until I started this job.

5. Mr. Harry wanted to talk to someone, but had gone home.

6. John is coming here tomorrow to visit father.

7. There are a lot of .. at school.

8. Three.came here last month to meet her.

9. The plural of potato is

10. Politics my fathers interest now.

11. . is usually contracted during old ages.

12. Im going to buy

15. After .. lunch, well`have a walk to the city hall.

16. It is . sunny day. Look, ....... sun is shining brightly in .. sky.

17. After.breakfast, we went to school by.

18. .oranges are good for you.

1. The books in my room is very important.

2. They children usually watches cartoons on TV every week.

3. Nanda has a boyfriend but her does not like him.

4. Nadia insisted to see his lawyer who lives in Jakarta.

9. A manager needs the good staff to make a department operate smoothly.

10. A president of America is elected every four years.

12. The more you eat a fatter you will get.

1. What did Lavoisier notice about hydrogen?

B. Choose the best answer

1. The best synonym for intuitive is

3. When you exhale, you

1. Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)

Contoh: An Indonesian pilgrim. Peziarah Indonesia

Pembentukan kata sifat dari kata benda nama diri:

(a) Dengan menambahkan -n

Kata benda Kata sifat

(b) Dengan menambahkan -an

Kata benda Kata sifat

(c) Dengan menambahkan -ian

Kata benda Kata sifat

Kata benda Kata sifat

(e) Dengan menghilangkan -s dan menambahkan -tian