Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ethnographic
Bibliography
for the
Standard Cross-Cultural
Sample
From World Cultures
Original Author: Douglas R. White
Prepared by
William Divale
Divalebill@aol.com
www.york.cuny.edu
718-262-2982
Fall 2000
Contents
Page
Acknowledgement:
The bibliography listed here was compiled primarily by Douglas R. White, Ph.D. who is also the author
of the article describing this bibliography. Dr. White was the founder and for many years the Editor of
the journal World Cultures. The massive amount of work and the intellectual achievement of the
bibliography, which was begun by George P. Murdock and expanded by Douglas R. White is not
something to be taken lightly and is certainly appreciated by all cross-cultural researchers.
1
Reprinted from World Cultures Vol. 2 August revision
Publication of the bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
(Murdock and White 1969) marks a new phase in the development of professional access to the cross-
cultural database. This phase builds on George Peter Murdock's lifelong work of assessing the quality
of ethnographic descriptions, coding the ethno-graphic variables for his extensive Ethnographic Atlas
(Murdock 1967), and classifying these societies in terms of cultural similarities. From 1967-69 he and I
assessed thousands of candidate societies in order to pick the best described societies in each of 186
world cultural provinces, and to choose the earliest date of high-quality description for each so as to
construct a representative world sample of high-quality ethnographies for comparative analysis. Each
society was pinpointed to a particular community or locale, in addition to a focal date, to which the
description applied. As contrasted to the loose assemblage of ethnographic materials pertaining to
societies in the Human Relations Area Files -- of differing spatial and temporal foci and uneven quality -
- our sample construction procedures assured future generations of cross-cultural researchers that the
investment of time in coding the available ethnographic materials on these pinpointed units would bear
fruit for comparative analysis. Many researchers have had access to either (a) the "pinpointing" sheets
which we prepared for our 1969 article, which guided the coders for seven years of National Science
Foundation funding of the Cross-Cultural Cumulative Coding Center (CCCCC), at the University of
Pittsburgh, or (b) the shorter sample bibliographies which were published with each successive set of
ethnographic codes (Murdock and White 1969; Murdock and Morrow 1970, Barry and Paxson 1971,
Murdock and Wilson 1972, Tuden and Marshall 1972, Barry, Josephson, Lauer, and Marshall 1976).
Nearly twenty years later, the successful fruits of this strategy are apparent. While this is not the
place to review the extensive findings of cross-cultural research, over two-thirds of the hundreds of
cross-cultural studies since 1969 (see Barry 1980 for a partial listing) have used the Standard Sample.
Scores of authors have contributed anywhere from one to 100 coded variables for this sample. The
coded data from the bulk of these studies have been assembled by researchers at the University of
California, Irvine (White, Burton, Brudner 1982), over the past nine years, in a form suitable for
electronic manipulation. In 1985, an electronic journal, World Cultures, was inaugurated as a means for
disseminating cross-cultural coded data, bibliographies, codebooks, and related research materials. The
current bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Sample is now available in electronic
form, where it can be employed by researchers for a variety of purposes.
2
This bibliography consists, for each society in the Standard Sample, of:
(1) the sources cited by each of the major studies which contributed extensive sets of coded
ethnographic variables (CCCCC studies including those cited above, plus others cited in the
Appendix,
(2) new sources which have been published or become available or known to the author since the
original "pinpointing" sheets were prepared; and
(3) citations to all of the above sources contained, as of 1985, in the Human Relations Area Files (1976,
1985).
Some of the new sources contained in this bibliography were located by a bibliographer in 1979 under
the direction of Alice Schlegel. The remainder were found by the author.
Preliminary to the bibliography, in Table 1, is a list of the 186 societies in the Standard Sample,
showing (1) the SCCS number, (2) the societal name, (3) the pinpointed date, (4) the sequential number
in the Ethnographic Atlas, (4) the Ethnographic Atlas regional identity code, (5) the HRAF Outline of
World Cultures (Murdock 1975) code, (6) the quality of the HRAF file, a=good, b=useful,
c=inadequate, and (7) the pinpointed focus. The societies are listed by order of appearance in the
Standard Sample. This list may be useful in organizing a coding project, particularly in identifying
sources in HRAF. The quality of HRAF sources code is defined more fully (Murdock and White 1969:
28) as:
(a) Satisfactory (102), containing a good selection of the source materials, including all the
major sources.
(b) Useful (45), including the major sources but an incomplete selection of other important ones and
thus adjudged adequate for most cross-cultural research but requiring supplementary library research
on particular topics.
(c) Inadequate (4), lacking at least one of the major sources or several important ones and thus to be
used in cross-cultural research only with caution and preferably with supplementary library research.
A comparison of the 1969 and 1985 HRAF quality codes indicates the extent to which the New
Haven files have been upgraded:
1969 1985
a = good 74 98
b = useful 25 27
c = inadequate 18 10
3
The bibliography is presented in the same order as the societies are listed in Table 1. Each set of
bibliographic entries for a society is headed by
Groups of bibliographic entries are ordered under one of six headings that were part of the initial
design of the bibliography for the sample (Murdock and White 1969, Murdock and White, n.d.):
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources - pertaining to different dates, (1) and/or adjacent groups
representing the same ethnic and local cultures.
3. Auxiliary Primary Sources - pertaining to other similar groups of the same culture, or the
general region to which the focal group belongs.
4. Useful Secondary Sources - summaries, reviews, or analyses of the culture in question, based on
readings of the principal authorities and others. These are asterisked (*) when they are of
similar utility for coding as the principal authorities.
6. Sources to be Avoided - pertaining to the general ethnic group in question, but containing
known inaccuracies, marked differences from the focal group, etc.
Two lines of numbers and codes appear to the left of each bibliographic item. The upper line is a
string of seven numbers, dashes, zeros, or new source (^) indicators. The numbers indicate the rank
order of use of the ethnographic sources, for a given society, for each of seven major sets of coded
variables. These seven numbers thus indicate a rough ranking -- not an absolute scale -- of the quality of
each source for each of seven topics:
4
Each of these seven major studies reported their own evaluation of the usefulness of the sources for
particular ethnographic topics. Principal authorities, for example, will often have a string of ones, twos
or threes, e.g., 1111111, 1122111, 3101122 indicating that they were the often first, second, or third
most useful source in coding the respective topics above. Dashes indicate that a given source was
available and consulted, but not used in the coding of the given topic. Zeros (0) -- of which there are
few -- indicate that the source may have been located by the CCCCC staff after the coding on the topic
was completed. This could be clarified by further investigation at the CCCCC files in Pittsburgh. New
study (^) indicators are sources that became available -- or known to the authors -- after the completion
of coding on the topic, usually because of a later date of publication.
For some entries, an additional symbol (+ or &) is found at the end of the string of seven numbers.
These indicate additional sources cited in studies of two other topics:
8. + Sexual Attitudes
(Broude and Greene 1976)
[all 186 societies coded: additional sources for 13 societies plus three alternates are cited].
The lower of the two lines of codes to the left of each entry identify, where pertinent, the number of
the source in the Human Relations Area Files. For example, FX13= 1i indicates, for L. Schultze, 1907,
Aus Namaland und Kalahari, Jena, that this source on the Nama Hottentot is found in the FX13 file of
HRAF, according to the Outline of World Cultures (OWC) classification (F=Africa, FX=South Africa,
FX13=Hottentot, FX13= 1 for the first source). If a small letter i is found after this entry, it means that
the HRAF file is incomplete in terms of pages from the source (e.g., only those pages pertaining to the
Hottentot have been included).
Sources which are lacking in HRAF are given successive small letter codes in the seventh column of
the lower line of codes where the number of the source in HRAF normally appears. Thus, any source in
the bibliography can be referred to by the name of the society, plus either a numeral (for the HRAF
sources) or a letter (for non-HRAF sources). This provides a highly convenient way for new published
codes to refer to sources in a compact form, so that page references may also be given. It is strongly
recommended that all future codes utilize this convention and provide source and page numbers keyed
to each individual code. This will permit the electronic database, currently being distributed through the
World Cultures electronic journal, to index specific coded information on each society back to the
published sources from which the information was extracted.
While abbreviated (e.g., in comparison to HRAF bibliographic format), this is sufficient information to
locate each source and its publisher.
Assessment of Sources
A considerable number of new ethnographic sources relevant to the pinpointed Standard Sample of
186 societies have been published since selection of the sample (Murdock and White 1969). New
sources are of particular importance for the !Kung Bushmen (Harvard Kalahari Research Group),
Nyakyusa (Wilson 1977, others), Kikuyu (Leakey 1977), Ganda (miscellaneous), Mbuti (Turnbull
1983), Ibo (Egboh ? ?), Ashanti (Fortes 198?, Wilks 1975), Wolof (Irvine 1973), Songhai (minor),
Fulani (auxiliary), Hausa (Smith 1978, secondary to focus), ... Huron ( ) ... etc.
With the publication of so many new ethnographic sources in the decades since this sample was
prepared and pinpointed in terms of the best earliest description in each cultural province a question
naturally arises. Are the original sampling choices still the best early-described focal units in their
respective provinces? For the Nyae Nyae focus among the !Kung Bushmen, based on extensive work
by the Marshall family beginning in the 1950's, has now been surpassed in depth of coverage in many
areas by the work, begun in the 1960's, of the Kalahari Research Group on the neighboring Dobe !Kung.
The coverage of one unit, however, is often complementary to that in the other, and in coding either one
it is useful to examine both sets of materials. In this case, rather than replace one with the other for
cross-cultural sampling purposes, the optimal scientific strategy is to code both separately one after the
other, note the similarities and differences, make whatever inferences from one to the other as are
strictly justified, contribute both to the cumulative databank, and choose one for sampling purposes.
Discussion
The World Cultures electronic journal is distributing the cross-cultural database, including nearly a
thousand coded variables for Murdock and White's (1969) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Many
cross-cultural researchers are now analyzing coded cross-cultural data at microcomputer work-stations.
The codes are read by programs which enable one to do statistical and distributional analysis,
mathematical modeling, and hypothesis testing. Codebooks in electronic form are manipulated by word
processing programs, and easily easily reorganized to suit the particular aims of a research project,
publication, or classroom use.
The bibliography provided here is also available in electronic form. It can be electronically
manipulated with the aid of a database management system. The entries can be sorted by HRAF
number, alphabetized by author, keyworded by topic and sorted, or used in a bibliographic retrieval
system. Or, it can simply be edited in any word processing program, and culled or reorganized for a
particular publication, research project, or classroom use.
6
Many anthropology and sociology departments now have microcomputers available both for faculty
and students. In a number of departments, instructional use is made of these materials. For many years
at UC Irvine, I have taught an undergraduate course on Comparing Cultures in which students read
ethnographies, learn to make systematic comparisons, rate their societies on code sheets, extract
empirical hypotheses from their readings that are testable with coded cross-cultural data, learn to use
codebooks for an existing ethnographic databank to find relevant variables for testing their hypotheses,
run cross-tabulations, and learn how to evaluate comparative evidence for or against their hypotheses.
HRAF is beginning an ambitious project to computerize their ethnographic text files. The current
bibliography and its compact source-referencing system provide the needed linkage between HRAF's
text files and the existing and future cross-cultural data in the form of coded variables. As researchers
publish their source and page references for each of their codes on a sample of societies, it will be
possible to move electronically:
It is a matter of time -- the technology being now available -- before researchers with a microcomputer
work-station can move back and forth between coded cross-cultural data on a particular society and the
descriptive ethnographic text, in electronic form.
The step of linking coded comparative data, through an indexed source bibliography such as provided
here, back to the original text, is much needed both for comparative studies and for anthropology
generally. One of the greatest current weaknesses of the cross-cultural database is the fact that the
researchers who constructed the coded variables largely ignored the measurement of reliability and
assessment of the validity of codes and coding categories. Code-to-text linkage via indexed
bibliography will greatly facilitate studies of reliability and validity, and aid in reconceptualizing and
recategorizing coded ethnographic variables, or developing new and improved measures of sociocultural
phenomena.
For the anthropologist, researcher, or student interested in one or a particular set of societies, the text-
to-code linkage provides a means of studying how particular ethnographic materials (texts, descriptions)
7
have been interpreted in a comparative framework. Such use of these materials may help to identify key
unsolved problems of ethnographic and ethnological analysis.
In the meantime, the bibliography provided here will be a useful scholarly research tool for
comparative researchers organizing coding projects, or instructors who need high-quality bibliographies
for particular societies.
Ethical Considerations
Discussion of a world databank and electronic data processing raises the type of question posed by
Margaret Mead, at the height of Anthropology's self-questioning, in the 1970 meeting of the American
Anthropological Association. Are we not ethically beholden to avoid the centralization of our data
sources? The question, as we shall see, is wrongly stated. The more appropriate question is what are the
safeguards of anthropological ethics in the construction and use of databases?
Scientific databases of ethnographic materials, such as the present case, do not provide
comprehensive coverage of all human groups, or even of contemporary data. Hypothesis testing
requires only a sampling of the available data. By summing the focal group sizes of the Standard
Sample and dividing by the world population, one arrives at an estimate of the sampling fraction: 1/2000
is a high estimate. By design, however, we have over-sampled the tribal groups of the world, at a ball
park fraction of 1/200. The average pinpointed date in the sample is ca. 1860, and the median 1910.
For the tribal groups, the average and medians are more recent: ca. 1900 and 1930, respectively.
For tribal groups that are undoubtedly "at risk" in the contemporary world, would anything be gained
by scrapping the enterprise of scientific databanking, or disguising the identities of the 1/200 groups
sampled at historical dates of 1900-1930, plus or minus 50?
Our research at UC Irvine has taken the opposite tack. We have not been content with the
anthropological fiction that the earliestethnographic descriptions provide a picture of traditional societies
in their relatively pure or isolated state, as independent evolutionary experiments. First, we developed a
set of methods that would allow us to test "functional" hypotheses more accurately given knowledge of
actual historical connections (White, Burton, Dow 1981, Dow, Burton and White 1982, Dow, White and
Burton 1982, Dow, Burton, Reitz and White, 1984). Second, well aware of the heavy colonial and
world impacts on "remote" societies even at the time of earliest ethnnographic description, we have
pursued a strategy, funded by NSF, of studying and coding world system variables -- world commodity
and labor markets, colonialism, proselytization, dominant/non-dominant relations, etc. -- as they have
impacted on the Standard Sample societies. Much of the material for these studies comes from regional
and economic histories, and is only sparsely discussed by the ethnographers.
Databanking of materials relevant to scientific questions, as in the world systems study, can also
illuminate the severe dimensions of the problems of tribal peoples. At the end of our world systems
project we will add to the present bibliography a select bibliography of sources relevant to an assessment
of the relationships between local level societies and larger world systems.
8
TABLE 1: Listing of Societies in the Standard Sample
9
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
10
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
11
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
12
Notes:
Synonyms:
13
Appendix: Bibliography of Coded Studies Using the Standard Sample
3. Herbert Barry III and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early
Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. Ethnology 10:466-508.
4. Herbert Barry III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall.
1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 5.
Ethnology 15:83-114.
8& Martin K. Whyte. 1979. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative
Status of Women. Ethnology 17:211-37. [93 societies coded:
additional sources cited for two societies].
The initial sample design, several codes, and suggested primary and
secondary authorities, as well as the pinpointing of the best described
social units in time and space, are found in:
12. Murdock, George P., S.F. Wilson, and V. Frederick. 1978. World
Distributions of Theories of Illness. Ethnology 17: 449-470 (see #7).
14
13. Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Code. Ethnology 18: 199-210.
15. Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel, eds. 1980. Cross-Cultural Codes
and Samples. PittsburgHRAF: University of Pittsburgh Press.
15
HRAF:FX13
SCCS# 1 EA# 102 Aa3 Nama Hottentot. Focus: Gei//Khauan tribe.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1411112 Schultze, L. 1907. Aus Namaland und Kalahari. Jena.
FX13= 1 i
5. Other Sources
^^^^^ Kohler, C. 1970. A new contribution to Nama Studies. African
b Studies 29: 279-285.
HRAF:FX10
SCCS# 2 EA# 1 Aa1 Kung Bushmen. Focus: Nyae Nyae region.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
^^^^^ Marshall, L(orna). 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae.
a Cambridge, Mass.
16
0004000 Thomas, E. M. 1959. The Harmless People. New York,
FX10= 9 Alfred A. Knopf.
0000400 Marshall, Lawrence, and Lorna Marshall. 1956. !Kung Bushmen
c of South West Africa. South West Africa Annual 1956: 11-23.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1968. What Hunters do for a Living. Man the Hunter,
h ed. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., pp. 30-48. Chicago.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B., and Irven DeVore, eds. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-
j Gatherers. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe !Kung: Chapters 1-3, 6-14].
17
^^^^^ Harpending, H. C. 1971. !Kung Hunter-Gatherer Population
t Structure. Ph. D. Dissertation. Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Howell, N. 1979. Demography of the Dobe Area !Kung. New York.
u
^^^^^ Howell, N. n.d. Estimating Absolute Age in a Remote and
Nonliterate Population. Princeton. MS.
HRAF:FT06
SCCS# 3 EA# 104 Ab4 Thonga. Focus: Ronga subtribe.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Junod, H. A. 1927 (2d ed.). The Life of a South African Tribe.
FT6=1-2 2v. London.
18
HRAF:FQ09
SCCS# 4 EA# 103 Ab3 Lozi. Focus: ruling Luyana.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
2122110 Gluckman, M. 1951. The Lozi of Barotseland. Seven Tribes
FQ9 = 2 of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and M. Gluckman,
pp. 1-93. London.
FP13
SCCS# 5 EA# 203 Ab5 Mbundu. Focus: Bailundo subtribe.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
3111111 Childs, G. M. 1949. Umbundu Kinship and Character. London.
FP13= 1
19
SCCS# 6 EA# 731 Ac17 Suku. Focus: "lineage center" in Feshi
terr.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Kopytoff, I. 1965. The Suku of Southwestern Congo. Peoples
a of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 441-477. New York.
2224223 Kopytoff, I. 1964. Family and Lineage Among the Suku of the
b Congo. The Family Estate in Africa, ed. R. F. Gray and P. H.
Gulliver, pp. 83-116. Boston.
20
HRAF:FQ05
SCCS# 7 EA# 105 Ac3 Bemba. Focus: of Zambia.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1011110 Richards, A. I. 1939. Land, Labour and Diet in Northern
FQ5 = 2 Rhodesia. Oxford.
21
HRAF:FN17
SCCS# 8 EA# 208 Ad6 Nyakyusa. Focus: age village near Mwaya
and Masoko.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1101111 Wilson, M. 1951. Good Company. London.
FN17= 1
^^^^^ Wilson, M. 1977. For Men and Elders: Change in the Relations of
a Generations and of Men and Women among the Nyakyusa-Ngonde
People 1875-1971. New York.
22
SCCS# 9 EA# 726 Aa9 Hadza. Focus: Entirety.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1312111 Kohl-Larsen, L. 1958. Wildbeuter in Ostafrika. Berlin.
a
0121221 Woodburn, J. 1964. The Social Organization of the Hadza of
b North Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1200110 Beidelman, T. C. 1967. The Matrilineal Peoples of Eastern
a Tanzania. London.
23
HRAF:FL10
SCCS# 11 EA# 108 Ad4 Kikuyu. Focus: Fort Hall or Metume District.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1221110 Kenyatta, J. 1939. Facing Mount Kenya. London.
FL10= 4
24
HRAF:FK07
SCCS# 12 EA# 306 Ad7 Ganda. Focus: Kyaddondo district.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1211111 Roscoe, J. 1911. The Baganda. London.
FK7 = 2
0002002 + Mair, L. P. 1934 (2d ed. 1965 New York). An African People
FK7 = 1 in the Twentieth Century. London.
5. Other Sources
^^^^^ Kottack, C. P. 1972. Ecological variables in the origin and
d evolution of African States: the Buganda example. Comparative
Studies in Society and History 14: 351-380.
^^^^^ Rusch, W. 1975. Classes and State in Buganda before the Colonial
h Period. Berlin. (German)
25
HRAF:FP13
SCCS# 13 EA# 202 Aa5 Mbuti Pygmies. Focus: net hunters of the
Epulu.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
^^^^^ Turnbull, C. M. 1983. The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation.
a New York.
26
HRAF:FO32
SCCS# 14 EA# 110 Ae4 Nkundo Mongo. Focus: Ilanga group.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Hulstaert, G. 1938. Le mariage des Nkundo'. Mmoires de
FO32= 2 l'Institut Royal Colonial Belge 8: 1-520. Brussels.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1011111 Dugast, I. 1959. Monographie de la tribu des Ndiki. Vie sociale
a et familiale. Travaux et Mmoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie 58:
(ii) 1-635. Paris.
27
HRAF:FF57
SCCS# 16 EA# 116 Ah3 Tiv. Focus: tar of Benue province.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1011111 Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1958. Three Source Notebooks
FF57=22 in Tiv Ethnography. New Haven.
0000000 Bohannan, P., and L. Bohannan. 1957. Tiv Markets. New York
FF57=24 Academy of Sciences, Transations, series 2: 613-621.
3000000 Bohannan, P. 1960. Tiv Trade and Markets. Ms. (see FF57=24)
c
4000000 Bohannan, P. 1955. Some Principles of Exchange and Investment
FF57=26 Among the Tiv. American Anthropologist 57: 60-70.
0000000 Bohannan, P. 1957. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv. London.
e
0000000 Bohannan, P. 1954b. The Migration and Expansion of the Tiv.
FF57=20 Africa 24: 2-16.
0000000 Bohannan, P. 1954c. Circumcision among the Tiv. Man 54: 2-6.
FF57=23
^^^^^ Akiga, B. S. 1954. The 'descent' of the Tiv from Ibenda Hill.
FF57=25 Transl. & Annot. P. Bohannan. Africa 24: 295-310.
0030003 Abraham, R. C. 1933 (3d ed. 1968. London). The Tiv People.
FF57= 3 Lagos.
28
0000003 Downes, R. M. 1933 (2d ed. 1969). The Tiv Tribe. Kaduna.
FF57# 2 i
HRAF:FF26
SCCS# 17 EA# 643 Af10 Ibo. Focus: Isu-Ana division, Owerri or
Southern Ibo.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1122110 Green, M. M. 1947 (2d ed. 1964). Ibo Village Affairs. London.
FF26= 3
29
SCCS# 18 EA# 10 Af1 Fon. Focus: city and environs of Abomey.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Herskovits, M. J. 1938. Dahomey. 2v. New York.
a
0400000 Herskovits, M. J. 1932. Some Aspects of Dahomean
b Ethnology. Africa 5: 266-296.
30
HRAF:FE12
SCCS# 19 EA# 111 Af3 Ashanti. Focus: Kumasi state.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
0210223 Fortes, M. 1950. Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti.
FE12= 5 African Studies of Kinship and Marriage, ed. A. R.
Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, pp. 252-284. London.
^^^^^ Fortes, M. 1969. Kinship and the Social Order. pp. 138-216.
a Chicago.
31
HRAF:FC07
SCCS# 20 EA# 211 Af5 Mende. Focus: vicinity of the town of Bo.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Little, K. L. 1951. The Mende of Sierra Leone. London.
FC7 = 2
^^^^^ Little, K. L. 1970. The Social Cycle and Initiation among the
c Mende. From Child to Adult, ed. J. Middleton, pp. ??. New York.
^^^^^ Bockani, J. 1945. Mende Warfare. Farm and Forest 6(2): 104-105.
d
4. Useful Secondary Sources
3303003 McCulloch, M. 1950. The Peoples of Sierra Leone Protectorate.
FC7 = 3 i London.
32
HRAF:MS30
SCCS# 21 EA# 21 Cb2 Wolof. Focus: Upper and Lower Salum, Gambia.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1212111 Gamble, D. P. 1957. The Wolof of Senegambia. London.
MS30= 1
5. Other Sources
0000300 Gailey, H. A. 1965. A History of the Gambia. New York.
e
0000400 Gray, J. M. 1966. A History of the Gambia. New York.
e
^^^^^ Trimingham, J. S. 1962. A History of Islam in West Africa.
MS30=41 London.
33
HRAF:FA08
SCCS# 22 EA# 12 Ag1 Bambara. Segou to Bamako.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1110110 Monteil, C. 1924. Les Bambara du Sgou et du Kaarta. Paris.
FA8 = 2
34
HRAF:FE11
SCCS# 23 EA# 114 Ag4 Tallensi. Focus: Entirety.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
0100001 Fortes, M. 1945 (new ed. 1967). The Dynamics of Clanship Among
FE11= 2 the Tallensi. London.
0211111 Fortes, M. 1949. The Web of Kinship Among the Tallensi. London.
FE11= 3
35
SCCS# 24 EA# 122 Cb3 Songhai. Focus: Bamba division.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Rouch, J. 1954. Les Songhay. Paris.
a
0000000 Rouch, J. 1960. La Religion et la Magie Songhay. Paris.
b
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources
0022021 Miner, H. 1953 (rev. ed. 1965). Th Primitive City of Timbuctoo.
c Princeton.
36
SCCS# 25 EA#1082 Cb24 Fulani. Focus: Wodaabe of Niger.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1311111 Dupire, M. 1962. Peuls nomades: Etude descriptive des Wodaabe
a nomades du sahel nigerien. Travaux et Mmoires de l'Institut
d'Ethnologie 64:1-327. Paris.
2000000 Dupire, M. 1962. Trade and Markets in the Economy of the Nomadic
b Fulani of Niger. Markets in Africa, ed. P. Bohannan and G.
Dalton, pp. 335-62. Evanston.
^^^^^ St. Croix, F. W. de. 1972. The Fulani of Northern Nigeria: Some
i General Notes. Farnborough.
37
HRAF:MS12
SCCS# 26 EA#1084 Cb26 Hausa. Focus: Zazzagawa.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1122110 Smith, M. G. 1965. The Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Peoples of
MS12=17 Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs Jr., pp. 119-155. New York.
0110020 Smith, M. F. 1954 (rev. ed. 1964). Baba o Karo: A Woman of the
MS12= 3 Muslim Hausa. New York.
38
SCCS# 27 EA# 646 Ai9 Massa. Focus: in Cameroon.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
0111111 von Hagen, G. 1912. Die Bana. Baessler-Archiv 2:77-116.
Berlin.
a
1202223 Garine, I. de. 1964. Les Massa du Cameroun. Paris.
b
2. Other Depe ndable Primary Sources
0323001 Lembezat, B. 1961. Les populations paiennes du Nord-Cameroun et
de l'Adamoua. Paris.
39
HRAF:FO07
SCCS# 28 EA# 117 Ai3 Azande. Focus: Yambio chiefdom.
5. Other Sources
0004000 Reining, C. C. 1966. The Zande Scheme. Evanston.
e
40
SCCS# 29 EA# 875 Cb17 Fur (Darfur). Focus: Jebel Marra.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1211110 Felkin, R. W. 1885. Notes on the Fur Tribe. Proceedings of
a the Royal Society of Edinburgh 23:205-265.
5. Other Sources
0000300 MacMichael, H.A. 1922. A History of the Arabs in the Sudan I:
e 91-121. Cambridge.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1111111 Nadel, S. F. 1947. The Nuba. London.
a
41
HRAF:FJ23
SCCS# 31 EA# 218 Ai6 Shilluk. Focus: Entirety.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1211111 Hofmayr, W. 1925. Die Schilluk. Wien.
a
3122221 Seligman, C. G., and B. Z. Seligman. 1932. Pagan Tribes
FJ23= 2 i of the Nilotic Sudan. London.
42
SCCS# 33 EA# 860 Ca30 Kafa.
HRAF:FL12
SCCS# 34 EA# 119 Aj2 Masai. P:of Tanzania.
43
HRAF:MO4
SCCS# 36 EA# 19 Ca2 Somali. P:Dolbahanta subtribe.
0000*00 Lewis, I. M. 1957. Ms. The Somali Lineage System and the
Total Geneaology: A General Introduction to Basic Principles
of Somali Political Institutions. Hargeisa.
HRAF:MP5
SCCS# 37 EA# 679 Ca7 Amhara. P:Gondar district.
1111110 Munzinger, W. 1859. Ueber die Sitten und das Recht der
Bogos. Winterthur.
44
SCCS# 39 EA# 24 Cd1 Barabra. P:Kenuzi Nubians of Dahmit.
0222000 Fuchs, P. 1956. Ueber die Tubbu von Tibesti. Archiv. fur
Volkerkunde, 11: 43-66.
45
HRAF:MS25
SCCS# 41 EA# 880 Cc9 Tuareg. P:Ahaggaren.
0300000 Briggs, L.L. 1958. The Living Races of the Sahara Desert.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University 28:ii, 1-217.
HRAF:MX3
SCCS# 42 EA# 125 Cd3 Riffians. P:Unspecified.
0000003 Hart, D.M. 1976. The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif.
Tucson.
HRAF:MR13
SCCS# 43 EA# 124 Cd2 Egyptians. P:town and environs of Silwa.
46
SCCS# 44 EA#230 Cj3 Hebrews. P:kingdom of Judah.
0411000 Patai, R. 1961. Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle
East. Garden City.
1012111 Saggs, H.W.F. 1962. The Greatness that was Babylon. London.
2123222 Driver, G.R., and J.C. Miles. 1952-55. The Babylonian Laws.
2v. Oxford.
3000003 Gadd, C.J. 1965. Hammurabi and the End of His Dynasty.
Cambridge Ancient History, rev. edit., fascicle 35.
Cambridge.
47
HRAF:MD4
SCCS# 46 EA# 132 Cj2 Rwala Bedouin. P:Unspecified.
HRAF:MB1
SCCS# 47 EA# 653 Ci5 Turks. P:Anatolian plateau.
48
HRAF:EG1
SCCS# 48 EA# 25 Ce1 Albanians. P:Gheg.
0010001 Durham, M.E. 1928. Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of
the Balkans. London.
0030000 Pisko, J.E. 1896. Gebrauche bei der Geburt und Behandlung
der Neugeborenen bei den Albanesen. Mitteilungen der
Anthropologischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 26:141-146.
H:
SCCS# 49 EA# 126 Ce3 Romans. P:city and environs of Rome.
49
0006001 Paoli, V. E. 1963. Rome: Its People, Life and Customs,
trans. R. D. Macnaghten. New York.
H:
SCCS# 50 EA# 225 Ce4 Basques. P:village of Vera de Bidasoa, Spain.
HRAF:ER6
SCCS# 51 EA# 128 Cg3 Irish. P:Kinvarra parish.
50
HRAF:EP4
SCCS# 52 EA# 129 Cg4 Lapps. P:Konkama district.
51
HRAF:RU4
SCCS# 53 EA# 136 Ec4 Yurak Samoyed.
52
HRAF:RF1
SCCS# 54 EA#1257 Ch11 Russians. P:Viriatino village.
2000000 Dunn, S.P., and E. Dunn. 1963. The Great Russian Peasant.
Ethnology 2. 320-338. Urbana.
0001010 Benet, S., ed. 1970. The Village of Viriatino, New York.
0053000 Mace, D., and V. Mace. 1963. The Soviet Family. Garden
City.
HRAF:RI3
SCCS# 55 EA#1265 Ci12 Abkhaz.
53
HRAF:RJ1; RJ3
SCCS# 56 EA# 912 Ci10 Armenians. P:vicinity of Erevan.
HRAF:MA11
SCCS# 57 EA# 913 Ci11 Kurd. P:town and vicinity of Rowanduz.
54
SCCS# 58 EA# 358 Ea6 Basseri. P:nomadic branch.
HRAF:AW6
SCCS# 59 EA#1258 Ea13 Punjabi. P:Mohla village.
HRAF:AW32
SCCS# 60 EA# 142 Eg3 Gond. P:Hill Maria.
55
HRAF:AW60
SCCS# 61 EA# 143 Eg4 Toda.
56
HRAF:AW19
SCCS# 63 EA#1260 Ef11 Uttar Pradesh. P:village and vicinity
Of Senapur.
2630000 Opler, M.E. and R.D. Singh. 1952. Economic and Social
Change in a Village of North Central India. Human
Organization II: 5-12.
3000000 Rowe, W.L. 1960. The Marriage Network and Structure Change
in a North Indian Community. Southwestern Journal of
Anthropology 16:299-311.
0300000 Cohn, B.S. n.d. Chamar Family in a North Indian Village. Ms.
57
HRAF:AV37
SCCS# 64 EA# 139 Ee2 Burusho. P:Hunza state.
HRAF:RQ2
SCCS# 65 EA# 35 Eb1 Kazak. P:Great Horde.
58
SCCS# 66 EA# 134 Eb3 Khalka Mongols. P:Narobanchin territory.
HRAF:AE4
SCCS# 67 EA# 40 Ed2 Lolo. P:Taliang Shan Mtns.
HRAF:AK5
SCCS# 68 EA# 140 Ee3 Lepcha. P:Lingthem and vicinity.
59
SCCS# 69 EA# 47 Ei1 Garo. P:village and environs of Rengsanggri.
HRAF:AP4
SCCS# 71 EA# 146 Ei3 Burmese. P:village of Nondwin.
0022021 Scott, J. G. (Schway Yoe). 1882. The Burman: His Life and
Notions. London.
60
SCCS# 72 EA# 49 Ej1 Lamet. P:northwestern Laos.
HRAF:AM11
SCCS# 73 EA# 149 Ej4 Vietnamese. N:Red River delta in Tonkin.
61
SCCS# 74 EA# 456 Ej10 Rhade (Ewe). P:village of Ko-sier.
0000020 LeBar, F.G., G.C. Hickey, and J.K. Musgrave. 1964. Ethnic
Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia, pp. 251-255. New Haven.
HRAF:AM4
SCCS# 75 EA# 248 Ej5 Khmer. P:city of Angkor.
62
HRAF:AO1
SCCS# 76 EA# 367 Ej9 Thai (Siamese). P:village of Bang Chan.
0243220 Sharp, R.L. and L.M. Hanks, Jr. 1978. Bang Chan: The
Social History of a Rural Community in Thailand. Ithaca.
0000003 Anuman Rajadhon, P. 196l. Life and Ritual in Old Siam, ed.
W.J. Gedney. New Haven.
63
HRAF:AN7
SCCS# 77 EA# 148 Ej3 Semang. P:Jahai subtribe.
HRAF:AZ2
SCCS# 79 EA# 45 Eh1 Andamanese. P:Aka-Bea tribe.
64
HRAF:AX5
SCCS# 80 EA# 145 Eh4 Vedda. P:Forest group.
HRAF:FY8
SCCS# 81 EA# 144 Eh3 Tanala. P:Menabe subtribe.
65
HRAF:AN5
SCCS# 82 EA#1262 Ej16 Negri Sembilan. P:Inas district.
66
SCCS# 83 EA# 54 Ib2 Javanese. P:vicinity of Pare.
67
HRAF:OF7
SCCS# 84 EA# 152 Ib3 Balinese. P:village of Tihingan.
68
HRAF:OC6
SCCS# 85 EA# 53 Ib1 Iban. P:Ulu Ai group.
69
SCCS# 87 EA# 254 Ic5 Toraja. P:Bare'e subgroup.
HRAF:OF5
SCCS# 89 EA# 154 Ic2 Alorese. P:Atimelang.
4300000 DuBois, C. 1940. How They Pay Debts in Alor. Asia 40:482-486.
70
HRAF:OI20
SCCS# 90 EA# 157 Id3 Tiwi. P:Melville Island.
1104113 Hart, C.W.M., and A.R. Pilling. 1960. The Tiwi of North
Australia. New York.
HRAF:OI08
SCCS# 91 EA# 56 Id1 Aranda. P:Alice Springs.
1111111 Spencer, B., and F. J. Gillen. 1927. The Arunta. 2v. London.
71
HRAF:OJ23
SCCS# 92 EA# 457 Ie9 Orokaiva. P:Aiga subtribe.
HRAF:OJ29
SCCS# 94 EA# 57 Ie1 Kapauku. P:village of Botukebo.
HRAF:MP5
SCCS# 95 EA# 655 Ie12 Kwoma. P:Hongwam subtribe.
72
HRAF:OM6
SCCS# 96 EA# 373 Ig9 Manus. P:village of Peri.
HRAF:OM10
SCCS# 97 EA# 163 Ig4 New Irelanders. P:Lesu village.
73
HRAF:OL6
SCCS# 98 EA# 62 Ig2 Trobrianders. P:Kiriwina island.
0000200 Uburoi, J.P.S. 1962. Politics of the Kula Ring. New York.
74
HRAF:OT11
SCCS#100 EA# 66 Ii2 Tikopia. P:district of Ravenga.
75
HRAF:OQ06 (Lau)
SCCS#102 EA#1267 Ih14 Mbau Fijians. P:island of Mbau.
76
HRAF:OZ04
SCCS#104 EA# 167 Ij2 Maori. P:Nga Puhi tribe.
77
HRAF:OX06
SCCS#105 EA# 168 Ij3 Marquesans. P:southwest Nuku Hiva.
78
HRAF:OU08
SCCS#106 EA#1263 Ii14. Samoans. P: Aana Kingdom of western Upolu
island.
0000100 Bulow, W. von. 1897. Der Stammbaum der Konige von Samoa.
Globus, 1971.
79
SCCS#107 EA# 633 If14 Gilbertese. P:Northern (Makin and Butiritari
Islands).
80
HRAF:OR11
SCCS#108 EA#1266 If17 Marshallese. P:Jaluit atoll.
81
HRAF:OR19
SCCS#109 EA# 60 If2 Trukese. P:island of Romonum.
0022000 Fischer, Ana M. 1950. The Role of the Trukese Mother and
Its Effect on Child Training. (Final SIM Report, Pacific
Science Board, National Research Council, mimeographed,
Washington.)
82
HRAF:OR22
SCCS#110 EA# 260 If6 Yapese.
83
SCCS#111 EA# 59 If1 Palauans. P:island of Koror.
HRAF:OA19
SCCS#112 EA# 150 Ia3 Ifugao. P:Kiangan group.
84
HRAF:AD04
SCCS#113 EA# 51 Ial Atayal.
HRAF:AF01
SCCS#114 EA#1259 Ed15 Chinese (Chekiang). P:Kaihsienkung village.
85
HRAF:AG01
SCCS#115 EA# 137 Ed3 Manchu. P:Aigun district.
HRAF:RX02
HRAF:AA01
SCCS#116 EA# 39 Ed1 Koreans. P:Sondup'o village, Samku Li town,
Kanghwa Isl.
86
SCCS#117 EA# 237 Ed5 Japanese. P:southern Okayama prefecture.
HRAF:AB06
SCCS#118 EA# 325 Ec7 Ainu. P:Saru basin.
0210001 Munro, N.G. 1962. Ainu Creed and Cult, ed. B.Z. Seligman.
New York.
87
HRAF:RX02
SCCS#119 EA# 37 Ec1 Gilyak. P:Sakhalin Island.
HRAF:RY02
SCCS#121 EA# 135 Ec3 Chukchee. P:Reindeer division.
88
SCCS#122 EA# 377 Na8 Ingalik. P:village of Shageluk.
HRAF:NA06
SCCS#123 EA# 458 Na9 Aleut. P:Unalaska division.
0000003 Bank, T.P. 1953. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts.
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters
38:415-431.
89
HRAF:ND08
SCCS#124 EA# 169 Na3 Copper Eskimo. P:mainland division of
Coronation Gulf.
HRAF:NH06
SCCS#125 EA# 495 Na32 Montagnais. P: Lake St. John and Mistassahi
bands.
0021010 Burgesse, J.A. 1944. The Woman and Child Among the
NH 6= Lac-St.-Jean Montagnais. Primitive Man 17: 1-18.
90
HRAF: NJ05
SCCS#126 EA# 504 Na41 Micmac. P: mainland division.
0231000 Wallis, W.D., and R.S. Wallis. 1955. The Micmac Indians of
Eastern Canada. Minneapolis.
91
HRAF: NG06
SCCS#127 EA# 496 Na33 N. Saulteaux. P: Berens River band.
1211000 Dunning, R.W. 1959. Social and Economic Change Among the
Northern Ojibwa. Toronto.
92
SCCS#128 EA# 466 Na17 Slave. P: Lynx Point band.
0000001 Mason, J.A. 1946. Notes on the Indians of the Great Slave
Lake Area. Yale University Publications in Anthropology
34: 1-46.
HRAF: ND12
SCCS#129 EA# 170 Na4 Kaska. P: along the upper Liard River.
93
SCCS#130 EA# 270 Nb5 Eyak.
0000002 Murdock, G.P. 1936. Rank and Potlach among the Haida. Yale
University Publications in Anthropology 13: 1-20.
HRAF: NE06
SCCS#132 EA# 471 Nb9 Bellacoola.
94
SCCS#133 EA# 71 Nb2 Twana.
HRAF: NS31
SCCS#134 EA# 172 Nb4 Yurok. P: village of Tsurai.
95
HRAF: NS18
SCCS#135 EA# 533 Nc18 Eastern Pomo. P: village of Cignon, Clear
Lake.
0002100 Aginsky, B.W., and E.G. Aginsky. 1967. Deep Valley. N.Y.
96
HRAF: NS29
SCCS#136 EA# 539 Nc24 Lake Yokuts. P: Tulare lake.
HRAF: NR13
SCCS#137 EA# 564 Nd22 Paiute. P: Wadadika of Harney Valley.
97
SCCS#138 EA# 523 Nc8 Klamath.
98
HRAF: NQ13
SCCS#140 EA# 75 Ne1 Gros Ventre.
99
HRAF: NQ18
SCCS#142 EA# 342 Nf6 Pawnee. P: Skidi band.
HRAF: NQ12
SCCS#143 EA# 179 Nf3 Omaha. P: tribe.
100
HRAF: NN11
SCCS#145 EA# 180 Ng3 Creek. P: Upper division.
101
HRAF: NO06
SCCS#147 EA# 177 Ne3 Comanche.
HRAF: NT08
SCCS#148 EA# 81 Nh1 Chiricahua Apache. P: Central band.
102
HRAF: NT23
SCCS#149 EA# 183 Nh4 Zuni.
0000003 Smith, W., J.M. Roberts. 1954. Zuni Law. Papers of the
Peabody Museum, Harvard University 43: 1-185.
103
HRAF: NT14
SCCS#150 EA# 175 Nd3 Havasupai.
HRAF: NU28
SCCS#151 EA# 184 Ni2 Papago. P: Archie division.
104
SCCS#152 EA# 282 Ni3 Huichol.
0044000 Grimes, J.E. and T.B. Hinton. 1969. The Huichol and Cora.
Handbook of Middle American Indians, ed. R. Wauchope, 7 ii,
792-813. Austin.
HRAF: NU07
SCCS#153 EA# 185 Nj2 Aztec. P: city and environs of Tenochititlan.
105
G: 1815'N, 9450'W. T: 1940.
SCCS#156 EA# 390 Sa9 Miskito. P: village near Cape Gracias a Dios.
0400003 Pijoan, Michel. 1946. The Health and Customs of the Miskito
Indians of North Nicaragua: Interrelationships in a Medical
Program. Mexico, Instituto Indigena Interamericano.
106
HRAF: SA19
SCCS#157 EA# 287 Sa5 Bribri (Talamanca).
107
HRAF: SB05
SCCS#158 EA# 85 Sa1. Cuna (Tule). P: San Blas Archepelagos.
108
HRAF: SC13
SCCS#159 EA# 391 Sb6 Goajiro.
109
HRAF: SV03
SCCS#160 EA#1237 Sb9 Haitians. P: Town of Mirebalais.
0000020 Courlander, H. 1960. The Drum and the Hoe: Life and Lore
of the Haitian People. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
110
HRAF: ST13
SCCS#161 EA# 87 Sb1 Callinago. P: Dominica island.
111
HRAF: SS18
SCCS#162 EA# 88 Sc1 Warrau. P: Winikina of Orinoco delta.
H:
SCCS#163 EA#1264 Sd9 Yanomamo. P: Shamatari tribe.
1111000 Chagnon, N.A. 1968. Yanomamo: The Fierce People. New York.
HRAF: SR09
SCCS#164 EA# 189 Sc3 Carib. P: Barama River.
112
HRAF: SR08
SCCS#165 EA# 392 Sc6 Saramacca. P: on upper Suriname River.
HRAF: SQ13
SCCS#166 EA# 90 Sd1 Mundurucu. P: village of Cabrua.
113
SCCS#167 EA# 293 Se5 Cubeo (Tucano). P: village on the Caduiari
River.
HRAF: SD06
SCCS#168 EA# 194 Sf3 Cayapa. P: Rio Cayapas drainage.
114
HRAF: SD09
SCCS#169 EA# 191 Se3 Jivaro.
115
SCCS#170 EA# 634 Se8 Amahuaca. P: on upper Inuya River.
3302000 Carneiro, R.L. 1968. Hunting and Hunting Magic Among the
Amahuaca. Ms.
0000001 Carneiro, R.L. 1964. The Amahuaca and the Spirit World.
Ethnology 3: 6-11.
116
HRAF: SE13
SCCS#171 EA# 93 Sf1 Inca. P: city and environs of Cuzco.
117
HRAF: SF05
SCCS#172 EA# 193 Sf2 Aymara. P: an ayllu near Chucuito.
HRAF: SF21
SCCS#173 EA# 91 Se1 Siriono. P: near the Rio Blanco.
118
HRAF: SP17
SCCS#174 EA# 198 Si4 Nambicuara. P: Cocozu group.
HRAF: SP23
SCCS#175 EA# 98 Si2 Trumai.
119
HRAF: SO08
SCCS#176 EA# 200 Sj4 Timbira. P: Ramcocamecra or Canella subtribe.
0003000 Lowie, R.H. 1946. The Northwestern and Central Ge. Bulletins
of the Bureau of American Ethnology 143: i, 477-517.
120
HRAF: SO09
SCCS#177 EA# 400 Sj8 Tupinamba. P: village near Rio de Janeiro.
121
SCCS#178 EA# 299 Sj5 Botocudo. P: Naknenuk subtribe.
122
SCCS#181 1170 Sj10 Cayua. P: Southern Mato Grosso.
0021010 Ambrosetti, J.B. 1895. Los Indios Caingua del alto Parana.
Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 15: 661-744.
0100000 Rengger, J.R. 1835. Reise nach Paraguay in den Jahre 1818
bis 1828. Aarau.
HRAF: SI04
SCCS#183 EA# 196 Sh3 Abipon.
123
HRAF: SG04
SCCS#184 EA# 195 Sg2 Araucanians (Mapuche). P: vicinity of Temuco.
HRAF: SH05
SCCS#185 EA# 349 Sg4 Tehuelche.
124
HRAF: SH06
SCCS#186 EA# 94 Sg1 Yahgan.
125