Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: For The

Focused
Ethnographic
Bibliography
for the
Standard Cross-Cultural
Sample
From World Cultures
Original Author: Douglas R. White
Prepared by
William Divale
Divalebill@aol.com
www.york.cuny.edu
718-262-2982
Fall 2000
Contents
Page
Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.

World Cultures, Vol. 2(1). Douglas R. White (University of California, Irvine) 2
Assessment of Sources 6
Discussion 6
Ethical Considerations 8
Table 1. Listing of Societies in the Standard Sample 9
Bibliography of Coded Studies Using the Standard Sample 14
Ethnographic Bibliography of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.

World Cultures, Vol. 2(1). Douglas R. White (University of California, Irvine)
Focused to Time and Place. 16-125
Acknowledgement:
The bibliography listed here was compiled primarily by Douglas R. White, Ph.D. who is also the author
of the article describing this bibliography. Dr. White was the founder and for many years the Editor of
the journal World Cultures. The massive amount of work and the intellectual achievement of the
bibliography, which was begun by George P. Murdock and expanded by Douglas R. White is not
something to be taken lightly and is certainly appreciated by all cross-cultural researchers.
1
Reprinted from World Cultures Vol. 2 August revision
Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
Douglas R. White -- University of California, Irvine
Publication of the bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
(Murdock and White 1969) marks a new phase in the development of professional access to the cross-
cultural database. This phase builds on George Peter Murdock's lifelong work of assessing the quality
of ethnographic descriptions, coding the ethno-graphic variables for his extensive Ethnographic Atlas
(Murdock 1967), and classifying these societies in terms of cultural similarities. From 1967-69 he and I
assessed thousands of candidate societies in order to pick the best described societies in each of 186
world cultural provinces, and to choose the earliest date of high-quality description for each so as to
construct a representative world sample of high-quality ethnographies for comparative analysis. Each
society was pinpointed to a particular community or locale, in addition to a focal date, to which the
description applied. As contrasted to the loose assemblage of ethnographic materials pertaining to
societies in the Human Relations Area Files -- of differing spatial and temporal foci and uneven quality -
- our sample construction procedures assured future generations of cross-cultural researchers that the
investment of time in coding the available ethnographic materials on these pinpointed units would bear
fruit for comparative analysis. Many researchers have had access to either (a) the "pinpointing" sheets
which we prepared for our 1969 article, which guided the coders for seven years of National Science
Foundation funding of the Cross-Cultural Cumulative Coding Center (CCCCC), at the University of
Pittsburgh, or (b) the shorter sample bibliographies which were published with each successive set of
ethnographic codes (Murdock and White 1969; Murdock and Morrow 1970, Barry and Paxson 1971,
Murdock and Wilson 1972, Tuden and Marshall 1972, Barry, Josephson, Lauer, and Marshall 1976).
Nearly twenty years later, the successful fruits of this strategy are apparent. While this is not the
place to review the extensive findings of cross-cultural research, over two-thirds of the hundreds of
cross-cultural studies since 1969 (see Barry 1980 for a partial listing) have used the Standard Sample.
Scores of authors have contributed anywhere from one to 100 coded variables for this sample. The
coded data from the bulk of these studies have been assembled by researchers at the University of
California, Irvine (White, Burton, Brudner 1982), over the past nine years, in a form suitable for
electronic manipulation. In 1985, an electronic journal, World Cultures, was inaugurated as a means for
disseminating cross-cultural coded data, bibliographies, codebooks, and related research materials. The
current bibliography of ethnographic sources for the Standard Sample is now available in electronic
form, where it can be employed by researchers for a variety of purposes.
2
This bibliography consists, for each society in the Standard Sample, of:
(1) the sources cited by each of the major studies which contributed extensive sets of coded
ethnographic variables (CCCCC studies including those cited above, plus others cited in the
Appendix,
(2) new sources which have been published or become available or known to the author since the
original "pinpointing" sheets were prepared; and
(3) citations to all of the above sources contained, as of 1985, in the Human Relations Area Files (1976,
1985).
Some of the new sources contained in this bibliography were located by a bibliographer in 1979 under
the direction of Alice Schlegel. The remainder were found by the author.
Preliminary to the bibliography, in Table 1, is a list of the 186 societies in the Standard Sample,
showing (1) the SCCS number, (2) the societal name, (3) the pinpointed date, (4) the sequential number
in the Ethnographic Atlas, (4) the Ethnographic Atlas regional identity code, (5) the HRAF Outline of
World Cultures (Murdock 1975) code, (6) the quality of the HRAF file, a=good, b=useful,
c=inadequate, and (7) the pinpointed focus. The societies are listed by order of appearance in the
Standard Sample. This list may be useful in organizing a coding project, particularly in identifying
sources in HRAF. The quality of HRAF sources code is defined more fully (Murdock and White 1969:
28) as:
(a) Satisfactory (102), containing a good selection of the source materials, including all the
major sources.
(b) Useful (45), including the major sources but an incomplete selection of other important ones and
thus adjudged adequate for most cross-cultural research but requiring supplementary library research
on particular topics.
(c) Inadequate (4), lacking at least one of the major sources or several important ones and thus to be
used in cross-cultural research only with caution and preferably with supplementary library research.
A comparison of the 1969 and 1985 HRAF quality codes indicates the extent to which the New
Haven files have been upgraded:
1969 1985
a = good 74 98
b = useful 25 27
c = inadequate 18 10
Totals 117 135
3
The bibliography is presented in the same order as the societies are listed in Table 1. Each set of
bibliographic entries for a society is headed by
(1) the SCCS number (Murdock and White 1969),

(2) sequential EA number (Murdock 1967),
(3) regional EA identity code (Murdock 1967),
(4) societal name,
(5) pinpointed focus; and, on the second line,
(6) G: the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the pinpointed group, and
(7) T: pinpointed time.
Groups of bibliographic entries are ordered under one of six headings that were part of the initial
design of the bibliography for the sample (Murdock and White 1969, Murdock and White, n.d.):
1. Principal Authority(ies) - pertaining to the pinpointed group and time.
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources - pertaining to different dates, (1) and/or adjacent groups
representing the same ethnic and local cultures.
3. Auxiliary Primary Sources - pertaining to other similar groups of the same culture, or the
general region to which the focal group belongs.
4. Useful Secondary Sources - summaries, reviews, or analyses of the culture in question, based on
readings of the principal authorities and others. These are asterisked (*) when they are of
similar utility for coding as the principal authorities.
5. Other Sources - regional histories, bibliographies, etc.
6. Sources to be Avoided - pertaining to the general ethnic group in question, but containing
known inaccuracies, marked differences from the focal group, etc.
Two lines of numbers and codes appear to the left of each bibliographic item. The upper line is a
string of seven numbers, dashes, zeros, or new source (^) indicators. The numbers indicate the rank
order of use of the ethnographic sources, for a given society, for each of seven major sets of coded
variables. These seven numbers thus indicate a rough ranking -- not an absolute scale -- of the quality of
each source for each of seven topics:
1. Subsistence and Economics (Murdock and Morrow 1970)

2. Settlement Organization (Murdock and Wilson 1972)
3. Infancy and Child Training [0-4 years of age] (Barry and Paxson 1971)
4. Childhood [4-12 years of age] (Barry, Josephson, Lauer, and Marshall
1976)
5. Political Organization (Tuden and Marshall 1972)
6. Division of Labor (Murdock and Provost 1973a)
7. Illness Beliefs (Murdock, Wilson and Frederick 1978)
4
Each of these seven major studies reported their own evaluation of the usefulness of the sources for
particular ethnographic topics. Principal authorities, for example, will often have a string of ones, twos
or threes, e.g., 1111111, 1122111, 3101122 indicating that they were the often first, second, or third
most useful source in coding the respective topics above. Dashes indicate that a given source was
available and consulted, but not used in the coding of the given topic. Zeros (0) -- of which there are
few -- indicate that the source may have been located by the CCCCC staff after the coding on the topic
was completed. This could be clarified by further investigation at the CCCCC files in Pittsburgh. New
study (^) indicators are sources that became available -- or known to the authors -- after the completion
of coding on the topic, usually because of a later date of publication.
For some entries, an additional symbol (+ or &) is found at the end of the string of seven numbers.
These indicate additional sources cited in studies of two other topics:
8. + Sexual Attitudes
(Broude and Greene 1976)
[all 186 societies coded: additional sources for 13 societies plus three alternates are cited].
& Status of Women

(Whyte 1979)
[93 societies coded: additional sources cited for two societies].
The lower of the two lines of codes to the left of each entry identify, where pertinent, the number of
the source in the Human Relations Area Files. For example, FX13= 1i indicates, for L. Schultze, 1907,
Aus Namaland und Kalahari, Jena, that this source on the Nama Hottentot is found in the FX13 file of
HRAF, according to the Outline of World Cultures (OWC) classification (F=Africa, FX=South Africa,
FX13=Hottentot, FX13= 1 for the first source). If a small letter i is found after this entry, it means that
the HRAF file is incomplete in terms of pages from the source (e.g., only those pages pertaining to the
Hottentot have been included).
Sources which are lacking in HRAF are given successive small letter codes in the seventh column of
the lower line of codes where the number of the source in HRAF normally appears. Thus, any source in
the bibliography can be referred to by the name of the society, plus either a numeral (for the HRAF
sources) or a letter (for non-HRAF sources). This provides a highly convenient way for new published
codes to refer to sources in a compact form, so that page references may also be given. It is strongly
recommended that all future codes utilize this convention and provide source and page numbers keyed
to each individual code. This will permit the electronic database, currently being distributed through the
World Cultures electronic journal, to index specific coded information on each society back to the
published sources from which the information was extracted.
The bibliographic entries give only:
(1) Author(s), last names and initials,

(2) date(s) of publication and relevant editions,
(3) titles of books or articles, without subtitles,
(4) journal titles for articles,
5
(5) book titles for articles, and the editors thereof,
(6) place of publication, and university in the case of dissertations.
While abbreviated (e.g., in comparison to HRAF bibliographic format), this is sufficient information to
locate each source and its publisher.
Assessment of Sources
A considerable number of new ethnographic sources relevant to the pinpointed Standard Sample of
186 societies have been published since selection of the sample (Murdock and White 1969). New
sources are of particular importance for the !Kung Bushmen (Harvard Kalahari Research Group),
Nyakyusa (Wilson 1977, others), Kikuyu (Leakey 1977), Ganda (miscellaneous), Mbuti (Turnbull
1983), Ibo (Egboh ? ?), Ashanti (Fortes 198?, Wilks 1975), Wolof (Irvine 1973), Songhai (minor),
Fulani (auxiliary), Hausa (Smith 1978, secondary to focus), ... Huron ( ) ... etc.
With the publication of so many new ethnographic sources in the decades since this sample was
prepared and pinpointed in terms of the best earliest description in each cultural province a question
naturally arises. Are the original sampling choices still the best early-described focal units in their
respective provinces? For the Nyae Nyae focus among the !Kung Bushmen, based on extensive work
by the Marshall family beginning in the 1950's, has now been surpassed in depth of coverage in many
areas by the work, begun in the 1960's, of the Kalahari Research Group on the neighboring Dobe !Kung.
The coverage of one unit, however, is often complementary to that in the other, and in coding either one
it is useful to examine both sets of materials. In this case, rather than replace one with the other for
cross-cultural sampling purposes, the optimal scientific strategy is to code both separately one after the
other, note the similarities and differences, make whatever inferences from one to the other as are
strictly justified, contribute both to the cumulative databank, and choose one for sampling purposes.
Other questions of sample redesign will be taken up in a separate article.
Discussion
The World Cultures electronic journal is distributing the cross-cultural database, including nearly a
thousand coded variables for Murdock and White's (1969) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Many
cross-cultural researchers are now analyzing coded cross-cultural data at microcomputer work-stations.
The codes are read by programs which enable one to do statistical and distributional analysis,
mathematical modeling, and hypothesis testing. Codebooks in electronic form are manipulated by word
processing programs, and easily easily reorganized to suit the particular aims of a research project,
publication, or classroom use.
The bibliography provided here is also available in electronic form. It can be electronically
manipulated with the aid of a database management system. The entries can be sorted by HRAF
number, alphabetized by author, keyworded by topic and sorted, or used in a bibliographic retrieval
system. Or, it can simply be edited in any word processing program, and culled or reorganized for a
particular publication, research project, or classroom use.
6
Many anthropology and sociology departments now have microcomputers available both for faculty
and students. In a number of departments, instructional use is made of these materials. For many years
at UC Irvine, I have taught an undergraduate course on Comparing Cultures in which students read
ethnographies, learn to make systematic comparisons, rate their societies on code sheets, extract
empirical hypotheses from their readings that are testable with coded cross-cultural data, learn to use
codebooks for an existing ethnographic databank to find relevant variables for testing their hypotheses,
run cross-tabulations, and learn how to evaluate comparative evidence for or against their hypotheses.
A set of rapid microcomputer developments relevant to comparative ethnographic analysis is

graphics, electronic cartography, and electronic sensing. Many graphics programs are available for
presentation of data and visualization of distributions or relationships in empirical findings. Color
printers are now inexpensive for personal or microcomputers, and a wide range of applications for the
analysis of comparative anthropological data has opened up. Maps can be converted to
electronic/graphics form. For about triple the cost of an ordinary microcomputer work-station or high-
end personal computer, Geographic Informations Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) image
processing (e.g., of NOAA weather-satellite data) systems are available. They are within a tolerable
range of complexity for anthropologists who wish to develop skills in the use of electronic cartography
or ecological analysis from RS data. The coupling of the electronic cross-cultural database, based on
sources in the current bibliography, with geographic information and remote imaging systems has
considerable potential for the development of anthropology at a worldwide scale of analysis.
HRAF is beginning an ambitious project to computerize their ethnographic text files. The current
bibliography and its compact source-referencing system provide the needed linkage between HRAF's
text files and the existing and future cross-cultural data in the form of coded variables. As researchers
publish their source and page references for each of their codes on a sample of societies, it will be
possible to move electronically:
- from coded information to the text from which it was extracted,
- from ethnographic text to codes extracted from the text.
It is a matter of time -- the technology being now available -- before researchers with a microcomputer
work-station can move back and forth between coded cross-cultural data on a particular society and the
descriptive ethnographic text, in electronic form.
The step of linking coded comparative data, through an indexed source bibliography such as provided
here, back to the original text, is much needed both for comparative studies and for anthropology
generally. One of the greatest current weaknesses of the cross-cultural database is the fact that the
researchers who constructed the coded variables largely ignored the measurement of reliability and
assessment of the validity of codes and coding categories. Code-to-text linkage via indexed
bibliography will greatly facilitate studies of reliability and validity, and aid in reconceptualizing and
recategorizing coded ethnographic variables, or developing new and improved measures of sociocultural
phenomena.
For the anthropologist, researcher, or student interested in one or a particular set of societies, the text-
to-code linkage provides a means of studying how particular ethnographic materials (texts, descriptions)
7
have been interpreted in a comparative framework. Such use of these materials may help to identify key
unsolved problems of ethnographic and ethnological analysis.
In the meantime, the bibliography provided here will be a useful scholarly research tool for
comparative researchers organizing coding projects, or instructors who need high-quality bibliographies
for particular societies.
Ethical Considerations
Discussion of a world databank and electronic data processing raises the type of question posed by
Margaret Mead, at the height of Anthropology's self-questioning, in the 1970 meeting of the American
Anthropological Association. Are we not ethically beholden to avoid the centralization of our data
sources? The question, as we shall see, is wrongly stated. The more appropriate question is what are the
safeguards of anthropological ethics in the construction and use of databases?
Scientific databases of ethnographic materials, such as the present case, do not provide
comprehensive coverage of all human groups, or even of contemporary data. Hypothesis testing
requires only a sampling of the available data. By summing the focal group sizes of the Standard
Sample and dividing by the world population, one arrives at an estimate of the sampling fraction: 1/2000
is a high estimate. By design, however, we have over-sampled the tribal groups of the world, at a ball
park fraction of 1/200. The average pinpointed date in the sample is ca. 1860, and the median 1910.
For the tribal groups, the average and medians are more recent: ca. 1900 and 1930, respectively.
For tribal groups that are undoubtedly "at risk" in the contemporary world, would anything be gained
by scrapping the enterprise of scientific databanking, or disguising the identities of the 1/200 groups
sampled at historical dates of 1900-1930, plus or minus 50?
Our research at UC Irvine has taken the opposite tack. We have not been content with the
anthropological fiction that the earliestethnographic descriptions provide a picture of traditional societies
in their relatively pure or isolated state, as independent evolutionary experiments. First, we developed a
set of methods that would allow us to test "functional" hypotheses more accurately given knowledge of
actual historical connections (White, Burton, Dow 1981, Dow, Burton and White 1982, Dow, White and
Burton 1982, Dow, Burton, Reitz and White, 1984). Second, well aware of the heavy colonial and
world impacts on "remote" societies even at the time of earliest ethnnographic description, we have
pursued a strategy, funded by NSF, of studying and coding world system variables -- world commodity
and labor markets, colonialism, proselytization, dominant/non-dominant relations, etc. -- as they have
impacted on the Standard Sample societies. Much of the material for these studies comes from regional
and economic histories, and is only sparsely discussed by the ethnographers.
Databanking of materials relevant to scientific questions, as in the world systems study, can also
illuminate the severe dimensions of the problems of tribal peoples. At the end of our world systems
project we will add to the present bibliography a select bibliography of sources relevant to an assessment
of the relationships between local level societies and larger world systems.
8
TABLE 1: Listing of Societies in the Standard Sample
No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus
1. Nama Hottentot 1860 102 Aa3 FX13 a Gei/Khauan tribe

2. Kung Bushmen 1950 1 Aa1 FX10 a Nyai Nyae region
3. Thonga 1865 104 Ab4 FT6 a Ronga subtribe
4. Lozi 1900 103 Ab3 FQ9 a Ruling Luyana
5. Mbundu 1890 202 Ab5 FP13 a Bailundo subtribe
6. Suku 1920 731 Ac17 Feshi territory lineage center
7. Bemba 1897 105 Ac3 FQ5 b Zambia branch
8. Nyakyusa 1934 208 Ad6 FN17 a Age villages of Mwaya and Masoko
9. Hadza 1930 726 Aa9 Tribe
10. Luguru 1925 704 Ad14 Morogoro District
11. Kikuyu 1920 108 Ad3 FL10 a Fort Hall or Metume district
12. Ganda 1875 306 Ad7 FK7 a Kyaddondo district (V: Kampala)
13. Mbuti 1950 202 Aa5 FO4 a Epulu net-hunters, Ituri forest
14. Nkundo Mongo 1930 110 Ae4 FO32 a Ilanga group
15. Banen 1935 830 Ae51 Ndiki subtribe
16. Tiv 1920 116 Ah3 FF57 a Tar of Benue Province
17. Ibo 1935 643 Af10 FF26 a E. Isu-Ana group of South Ibo
18. Fon 1890 10 Af1 City and environs of Abomey
19. Ashanti 1895 111 Af3 FE12 a Kumasi State
20. Mende 1945 211 Af5 FC7 a Vicinity of town of Bo
21. Wolof 1950 21 Cb2 MS30 a Upper and lower Salum in Gambia
22. Bambara 1902 12 Ag1 FA8 a Segou to Bamako on Niger River
23. Tallensi 1934 114 Ag4 FE11 a Tribe
24. Songhai 1940 122 Cb3 Bamba division
25. Pastoral Fulani 1951 1082 Cb24 Wodaabe of Niger
26. Hausa 1900 1084 Cb26 MS12 b Zazzagawa of Zaria
27. Massa (Masa) 1910 646 Ai9 Around Yagoua in Cameroon
28. Azande 1905 117 Ai3 FO7 a Yambio Chiefdom
29. Fur (Darfur) 1880 875 Cb17 Jebel Marra
30. Otoro Nuba 1930 647 Ai10 Nuba Hills
31. Shilluk 1910 218 Ai6 FJ23 a Kingdom
32. Mao 1939 1062 Ai47 Northern division
33. Kaffa (Kafa) 1905 860 Ca30 Kingdom
34. Masai 1900 119 Aj2 FL12 c Kisonko or S. Masai of Tanzania
35. Konso 1935 18 Ca1 Town of Buso
36. Somali 1900 19 Ca2 MO4 c Dolbahanta clan or subtribe
37. Amhara 1953 679 Ca7 MP5 a Gondar district
38. Bogo 1855 867 Ca37 Tribe
39. Kenuzi Nubians 1900 24 Cd1 Kenuzi Nubians of Dahmit
40. Teda 1950 23 Cc2 MS22 Nomads of Tibesti
41. Tuareg 1900 880 Cc9 MS25 a Ahaggaren tribe
42. Riffians 1926 125 Cd3 MX3 b Entirety: Moroccan
43. Egyptians 1950 124 Cd2 MR13 a Town and environs of Silwa
44. Hebrews - 621 230 Cj3 Kingdom of Judea
45. Babylonians -1750 413 Cj4 City and environs of Babylon
46. Rwala Bedouin 1913 132 Cj2 MD4 a Unspecified
47. Turks 1950 653 Ci5 MB1 b Northern Anatolian Plateau
48. Gheg Albanians 1910 25 Ce1 EG1 a Mountain Gheg of No. Albania
49. Romans 110 126 Ce3 EI9 City and environs of Rome
50. Basques 1934 225 Ce4 Village of Vera de Bidasoa
9
51. Irish 1932 128 Cg3 ER6 a County Clare

52. Lapps 1950 129 Cg4 EP4 a Konkama District
53. Yurak Samoyed 1894 136 Ec4 RU4 a Tribe
54. Russians 1955 1257 Ch11 RF1 c Viriatino Village
55. Abkhaz 1880 1265 Ci12 RI3 b Tribe
56. Armenians 1843 912 Ci10 RJ1* - Vicinity of Erevan
57. Kurd 1951 913 Ci11 MA11 c Town and environs of Rowanduz
58. Basseri 1958 358 Ea6 Nomadic branch
59. Punjabi (West) 1950 1258 Ea13 Mohla Village
60. Gond 1938 142 Eg3 AW32 a Hill Maria
61. Toda 1900 143 Eg4 AW60 a Tribe
62. Santal 1940 42 Ef1 AW42 Bankura and Berghum Districts
63. Uttar Pradesh 1945 1260 Ef11 AW19 c Village and environs of Senapur
64. Burusho 1934 139 Ee2 AV7 a Hunza State
65. Kazak 1885 35 Eb1 RQ2 b Great Horde
66. Khalka Mongols 1920 134 Eb3 AH4* b Narobanchin Territory
67. Lolo 1910 40 Ed2 AE4 c Liang Shan and Taliang S
68. Lepcha 1937 140 Ee3 AK5 a Lingthem and vicinity
69. Garo 1955 47 Ei1 AR5 Rengsanggri Village
70. Lakher 1930 147 Ei4 Tribe
71. Burmese 1965 146 Ei3 AP1 c Nondwin Village
72. Lamet 1940 49 Ej1 Tribe, Northwestern Laos
73. Vietnamese 1930 149 Ej4 AM1 a Red River Delta in Tonkin
74. Rhade 1962 456 Ej10 Ko-Sier Village
75. Khmer 1292 248 Ej5 City of Angkor, Capital
76. Siamese 1955 367 Ej9 AO7 c Bang Chan Village
77. Semang 1925 148 Ej3 AN7 b Jehai Group or subtribe
78. Nicobarese 1870 244 Eh5 Car Nicobar of North Islands
79. Andamanese 1860 45 Eh1 AZ2 a Aka-Bea of South Andaman
80. Vedda 1860 145 Eh4 AX5 a Danigala Forest hunting group
81. Tanala 1925 144 Eh3 FY8 b Menabe subtribe
82. Negri Sembilan 1958 1262 Eh16 Inas District
83. Javanese 1954 54 Ib2 OE5 Town and environs of Pare
84. Balinese 1958 152 Ib3 OF7 c Tihingan Village
85. Iban 1950 53 Ib1 OC6 a Ulu Ai Group
86. Badjau 1963 1099 Ia13 Tawi-Tawi and adjacent islands
87. Toradja 1910 254 Ic5 OG11 Bare'e subgroup
88. Tobelorese 1900 1118 Ic10 Tobelo District
89. Alorese 1938 154 Ic2 OF5 a Abui of Atimelang Village
90. Tiwi 1929 157 Id3 OI20 a Tribe: Melville Island
91. Aranda 1896 56 Id1 OI8 a Alice Springs and environs
92. Orokaiva 1925 457 Ie9 OJ23 a Aiga subtribe
93. Kimam 1960 1101 Ie18 Bamol Village
94. Kapauku 1955 57 Ie1 OJ29 c Botukebo Village
95. Kwoma 1960 655 Ie12 OJ13 Hongwam subtribe
96. Manus 1937 373 Ig9 OM6 a Peri Villag
97. New Ireland 1930 163 Ig4 OM10 a Lesu Village
98. Trobrianders 1914 62 Ig2 OL6 a Kiriwina Island
99. Siuai 1939 61 Ig1 Northeastern group
100. Tikopia 1930 66 Ii2 OT11 a Ravenga District
101. Pentecost 1953 164 Ih3 Bunlap Village
102. Mbau Fijians 1840 1267 Ih14 Bau Chiefdom, Vanua Levu
10
103. Ajie 1845 263 Ih5 Neje Chiefdom

104. Maori 1820 167 Ij2 OZ4 c Nga Puhi Tribe
105. Marquesans 1800 168 Ij3 OX6 c Te-i'i Chiefdom S.W. Nuku Hiva
106. Western Samoans 1829 1263 Iil4 OU8 b Aana in Western Upolu Island
107. Gilbertese 1890 633 If4 Makin and Butiritari Islands (N)
108. Marshallese 1900 1266 Ih14 OR11 a Jaluit Atoll
109. Trukese 1947 60 If2 OR19 b Romonum Island
110. Yapese 1910 260 If6 OR22 a Island
111. Palauans 1947 59 If1 Ulimang Village
112. Ifugao 1910 150 Ia3 OA19 b Kiangan Group
113. Atayal 1930 51 Ia1 AD1 c Tribe (but excluding Sedeq)
114. Chinese 1936 1259 Ed15 AF1 a Kaihsienkung Village, Chekiang
115. Manchu 1915 137 Ed3 AG1 a Aigun District
116. Koreans 1947 39 Ed1 AA1 a Kanghwa Island
117. Japanese 1950 237 Ed5 AB43 Southern Okayama
118. Ainu 1880 325 Ec7 AB6 c Saru Basin in Hokkaido
119. Gilyak 1890 37 Ec1 RX2 a Sakhalin Island
120. Yukaghir 1850 236 Ec6 Upper Kolyma River
121. Chukchee 1900 135 Ec3 RY2 a Reindeer Division
122. Ingalik 1885 377 Na8 Shageluk Village
123. Aleut 1800 458 Na9 NA6 a Unalaska Branch
124. Copper Eskimo 1915 169 Na3 ND8 a Coronation Gulf
125. Montaganais 1910 495 Na32 NH6 a Lake St. John & Mistassahi Band
126. Micmac 1650 504 Na41 NJ5 b Mainland division
127. Saulteaux 1930 496 Na33 NG6 b Berens River band
128. Slave 1940 466 Na17 Lynx Point band
129. Kaska 1900 170 Na4 ND12 a Upper Liard River Group
130. Eyak 1890 270 Nb5 Tribe
131. Haida 1875 70 Nb1 Masset Town
132. Bellacoola 1880 471 Nb9 NE6 a Central group, lower B.C. River
133. Twana 1860 71 Nb2 Tribe
134. Yurok 1850 172 Nb4 NS31 b Tsurai Village
135. Pomo (Eastern) 1850 533 Nc18 NS18 a Clear Lake, Village of Cignon
136. Yokuts (Lake) 1850 539 NC24 NS29 a Tulare Lake
137. Paiute (North.) 1870 564 Nd22 NR13 a Wadadika of Harney Valley
138. Klamath 1860 523 Nc8 NR10 Tribe
139. Kutenai 1890 380 Nd7 Lower or eastern branch
140. Gros Ventre 1880 75 Ne1 NQ13 a Tribe
141. Hidatsa 1836 622 Ne15 Village
142. Pawnee 1867 342 Nf6 NQ18 c Skidi Band or subtribe
143. Omaha 1860 179 Nf3 NQ12 b Tribe
144. Huron 1634 79 Ng1 Bear and Cord Subtribes
145. Creek 1800 180 Ng3 NN11 Upper division in Alabama
146. Natchez 1718 385 Ng7 c Kingdom
147. Comanche 1870 177 Ne3 NO6 Tribe
148. Chiricahua 1870 81 Nh1 NT8 a Central band
149. Zuni 1880 183 Nh4 NT23 Pueblo
150. Havasupai 1918 175 Nd3 NT14 a Tribe
151. Papago 1910 184 Ni2 NU28 a Archie division
152. Huichol 1890 282 Ni3 a Tribe
153. Aztec 1520 185 Nj2 NU7 City & environs of Tenochtitlan
154. Popoluca 1940 284 Nj3 b Town and environs of Soteapan
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155. Quiche 1930 1166 Sa13 Town of Chichicastenango

156. Miskito 1921 390 Sa9 SA15 Vicinity: Cape Gracias a Dios
157. Bribri 1917 287 Sa5 SA19 b Tribe
158. Cuna (Tule) 1927 85 Sa1 SB5 a San Blas Archipelago
159. Goajiro 1947 391 Sb6 SC13 a Tribe
160. Haitians 1935 1237 Sb9 SV3 b Town of Mirebalais
161. Callinago 1650 87 Sb1 ST13 a Dominica Island
162. Warrau 1935 88 Sc1 SS18 a Winikina of Orinoco Delta
163. Yanomamo 1965 1264 Sd9 SQ18 Shamatari Tribe
164. Carib (Barama) 1932 189 Sc3 SR9 a Barama River
165. Saramacca 1928 392 Sc6 SR8 a Upper Suriname River
166. Mundurucu 1850 90 Sd1 SQ13 b Cabrua Village
167. Cubeo (Tucano) 1939 293 Se5 SQ19 Village on Caduiari River
168. Cayapa 1908 194 Sf3 SD6 a Rio Cayapas Basin
169. Jivaro 1920 191 Se3 SD9 a Tribe
170. Amahuaca 1960 634 Se8 Upper Inuya River
171. Inca 1530 93 Sf1 SE13 b City and environs of Cuzco
172. Aymara 1940 193 Sf2 SF5 a Chucuito Clan community in Peru
173. Siriono 1942 91 Se1 SF21 a Vicinity of the Rio Blanco
174. Nambicuara 1940 198 Si4 SP17 a Cocozu Group
175. Trumai 1938 98 Si2 SP23 Village of Vanivani
176. Timbira 1915 200 Sj4 SO8 b Ramcocamecra or Canella
177. Tupinamba 1550 400 Sj8 SO9 a Hinterland of Rio de Janeiro
178. Botocudo 1884 299 Sj5 Naknenuk subtribe
179. Shavante 1958 1184 Sj11 Village of Sao Domingo
180. Aweikoma 1932 199 Sj3 SM3 Duque de Caxias Reservation
181. Cayua 1890 1170 Sj10 SM4 S. Mato Grosso & adj. Paraguay
182. Lengua 1889 1168 Sh9 Those in contact with mission
183. Abipon 1750 196 Sh3 SI4 a Those in contact with mission
184. Mapuche 1950 195 Sg2 SG4 c Vicinity of Temuco
185. Tehuelche 1870 349 Sg4 SH5 a Equestrian
186. Yahgan 1865 94 Sg1 SH6 b Eastern and central
12
Notes:
8. Nyakyusa materials are found in the HRAF Ngonde file (FN17)

56,66* The HRAF files are found in the OWC files [Khalka, Armenians].
59. West rather than East Panjab (HRAF AW6)
102. Mbau rather than Lau Fijians (Atlas #165, Ih4, HRAF OQ6);although the
Bau chiefdom moved to Vanua Levu, the focus is not the same as the
Atlas Vanua Levu (Atlas #694, Ih8, 1940, village of Nakaroka).
106. Western rather than American Samoans (Atlas #65, Ii1, OU4).
102. Jaluit rather than Majuro Marshallese (Atlas #160, If3, HRAF also
OR11)
111. Ulimang village focus, not Koror (as in Atlas #59, If1)
Synonyms:
9. Kindiga 97. Lesu 156. Mosquito

17. Igbo 101. Bunlap 157. Talamanca
18. Dahomey 125. Naskapi 162. Warao
19. Twi 127. Ojibwa 163. Yanoama
39. Barabra 129. Nahane 165. Bush Negroes
43. Fellahin 143. Dhegiha 180. Caingang
73. Annamese 148. Eastern Apache 181. Guarani
76. Thai 150. Plateau Yumans 184. Araucanians
13
Appendix: Bibliography of Coded Studies Using the Standard Sample
1. G. P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and

Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. Ethnology 9:302-330.
2. G. P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and

Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. Ethnology 11:254-295.
3. Herbert Barry III and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early
Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. Ethnology 10:466-508.
4. Herbert Barry III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall.
1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 5.
Ethnology 15:83-114.
5. Arthur Tuden and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Political Organization:

Cross-Cultural Codes 4. Ethnology 11:436-464. (Coded only as
additional sources to 1-3 above.)
6. George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division

of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Ethnology 12: 2-3-225.
7. George P. Murdock. 1980. Theories of Illness: A World Survey.

PittsburgHRAF: University of Pittsburgh Press.
8+ Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes

on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices. Ethnology 12: 409-29.
[all 186 societies coded: additional sources for 13 societies plus
three alternates are cited].
8& Martin K. Whyte. 1979. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative
Status of Women. Ethnology 17:211-37. [93 societies coded:
additional sources cited for two societies].
The initial sample design, several codes, and suggested primary and
secondary authorities, as well as the pinpointing of the best described
social units in time and space, are found in:
9. Murdock, George P., and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-

Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369.
Additional codes drawing on the same bibliographic references are provided

in:
10. Murdock, George P., and Catherine Provost. 1973. Measurement of

Cultural Complexity. Ethnology 12: 379-392.
11. Barry, Herbert, III, L. Josephson, E. Lauer, and C. Marshall. 1977.

Agents and Techniques for Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes 6.
Ethnology 16: 191-230.
12. Murdock, George P., S.F. Wilson, and V. Frederick. 1978. World
Distributions of Theories of Illness. Ethnology 17: 449-470 (see #7).
14
13. Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Code. Ethnology 18: 199-210.
14. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1981. Parental-Acceptance-

Rejection and Parental Control: Cross-Cultural Codes. Ethnology 20:
245-260.
Studies 1 through 6, 6A, 6B, and 8 through 12 are reprinted in:
15. Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel, eds. 1980. Cross-Cultural Codes
and Samples. PittsburgHRAF: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Reserved symbols: Orthography

o degree latitude, longitude ?
?? missing bibliographic information
0 0 0 0 unsure as to focus and whether to include ? ? ? ?
e right accent (French) }
e left accent {
= HRAF source
15
HRAF:FX13
SCCS# 1 EA# 102 Aa3 Nama Hottentot. Focus: Gei//Khauan tribe.
G:2730'S, 17E. T:1860.
1. Principal Authority(ies)
1411112 Schultze, L. 1907. Aus Namaland und Kalahari. Jena.
FX13= 1 i
2. Other Dependable Primary Sources

0204000 Hoernl, A. W. 1925. The Social Organization of the Nama
FX13= 4 Hottentots. American Anthropologist, n.s., 27: 1-24.
0000001 Hoernl, A. W. 1918. Certain Rites of Transition and the

FX13= 3 Conception of !Nau among the Hottentots. Harvard African
Studies 2:65-82.
4. Useful Secondary Sources

2122221 *Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa.
FX13= 2 London.
030303 Murdock, G. P. 1934. Our Primitive Contemporaries, pp.

a 475-507. New York.
5. Other Sources
^^^^^ Kohler, C. 1970. A new contribution to Nama Studies. African
b Studies 29: 279-285.
HRAF:FX10
SCCS# 2 EA# 1 Aa1 Kung Bushmen. Focus: Nyae Nyae region.
G:1950'S, 2035'E. T:1950.
^^^^^ Marshall, L(orna). 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae.
a Cambridge, Mass.
1022110 Marshall, L. 1960. !Kung Bushman Bands. Africa 30: 325-355.

b
0100221 Marshall, L. 1965. The !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.
FX10=15 Peoples of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 241-278. New York.
0011332 Marshall, L. 1959. Marriage among !Kung Bushmen. Africa

FX10= 1 29: 335-364
2033000 Marshall, L. 1961. Sharing, Talking and Giving. Africa

FX10=12 31: 231-249. Reprinted in R. B. Lee and I. DeVore 1976. (below).
0000001 Marshall, L. 1962. !Kung Bushman Religious Beliefs. Africa

FX10=13 32:221-252.
0000000 Marshall, L. 1957a. The Kin Terminology System of the !Kung

FX10= 5 Bushmen. Africa 27: 1-25.
0000000 Marshall, L. 1957b. N!ow. Africa 27: 232-240.

FX10= 6
16
0004000 Thomas, E. M. 1959. The Harmless People. New York,
FX10= 9 Alfred A. Knopf.
0000400 Marshall, Lawrence, and Lorna Marshall. 1956. !Kung Bushmen
c of South West Africa. South West Africa Annual 1956: 11-23.
^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1956. The Hunters. Somerville, Mass. (Film)

d
^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1957. Ecology of the !Kung Bushmen. Senior

e Honors Thesis, Harvard.
0000000 Marshall, J. 1958. Man as a Hunter. Natural History 67(6):

FX10=11 291-309, (7):376-395.

^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San. Cambridge. [Dobe !Kung].
f
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1972. The !Kung Bushmen in Botswana. Hunters and
g Gatherers Today, ed. M. Bicchieri. pp. 327-368. New York.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1966. Subsistence Ecology of !Kung Bushmen.

FX10=16 Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1968. What Hunters do for a Living. Man the Hunter,
h ed. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., pp. 30-48. Chicago.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1974. Male-Female Residence Arrangements and Political

i Power in Human Hunter-Gatherers. Archives of Sexual Behavior 3:
167-173.
^^^^^ Lee, R. B., and Irven DeVore, eds. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-
j Gatherers. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe !Kung: Chapters 1-3, 6-14].
^^^^^ Tobias, P. (ed.). 1978. San Hunters and Herders of Southern

k Africa. Cape Town.
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1972. !Kung Bushman Childhood. Ph. D. Dissertation.

l Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Draper, P. (forthcoming). !Kung Subsistence Work at /Du/da.

m
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1975. !Kung Women: contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism
n in the foraging and sedentary contexts. Toward an Anthropology
of Women, ed. R. Reiter, pp. 77-109. New York. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Draper, P. 1978. The Learning Environment for Aggression and

o Antisocial Behavior among the !Kung. Teaching Non-Aggression,
ed. A. Montagu, pp. 31-53. New York.
^^^^^ Biesele, M. in press. !Kung Folklore. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe].

p
^^^^^ Biesele, M. 1975. Folklore and Ritual of !Kung Hunter-gatherers.
q Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Biesele, M. 1972. Hunting in semi-arid areas - the Kalahari

r Bushmen Today. Botswana Notes and Records (special ed.).
^^^^^ Hansen, J. D. L., A. S. Truswell, C. Freeseman, and B. MacHutchon.

s 1969. The Children of Hunting and Gathering Bushmen. South
African Medical Journal 43: 1158. [Dobe !Kung].
17
^^^^^ Harpending, H. C. 1971. !Kung Hunter-Gatherer Population
t Structure. Ph. D. Dissertation. Harvard. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Howell, N. 1979. Demography of the Dobe Area !Kung. New York.
u
^^^^^ Howell, N. n.d. Estimating Absolute Age in a Remote and
Nonliterate Population. Princeton. MS.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1971. Infants of a Foraging People. Mulch 1:

v 44-73. [Dobe !Kung].
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1972. Aspects of the Developmental Ethology of

w a Foraging People. Ethological Studies of Child Behavior, ed.
N. G. Blurton Jones. Cambridge.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1973. Infants of a Foraging People. Ph. D.

x Dissertation. Harvard.
^^^^^ Konner, M. J. in press. Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San.

y Cultural and Social Influences in Infancy and Early Childhood, ed.
P. H. Leiderman and S. Tulkin. Stanford.
^^^^^ Shostak, M. 1981. Nisa. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe !Kung].

z
3. Auxiliary Primary Sources
0005003 Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. London.
aa
HRAF:FT06
SCCS# 3 EA# 104 Ab4 Thonga. Focus: Ronga subtribe.
G:2550'S, 3220'E. T:1895.
1111111 Junod, H. A. 1927 (2d ed.). The Life of a South African Tribe.
FT6=1-2 2v. London.
18
HRAF:FQ09
SCCS# 4 EA# 103 Ab3 Lozi. Focus: ruling Luyana.
G:16S, 23E. T:1900.
2122110 Gluckman, M. 1951. The Lozi of Barotseland. Seven Tribes
FQ9 = 2 of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and M. Gluckman,
pp. 1-93. London.
1000220 Gluckman, M. 1941. Economy of the Central Barotse Plain.

FQ9 =10 Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 7.
0000000 Gluckman, M. 1972 (lst ed. 1965). The Ideas in Barotse

FQ9 = 4 Jurisprudence. Manchester.
0000000 Gluckman, M. 1950. Kinship and Marriage among the Lozi of

FQ9 = 6 Northern Rhodesia and the Zulu of Natal. African Systems of
Kinship and Marriage, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, eds.
Oxford.
2. Other Dependable P rimary Sources

0200000 Bertrand, A. 1899. The Kingdom of the Barotsi. London.
a
0011000 Holub, E. 1895. Seven Years in South Africa, v.2. London.
b
0003010 *Turner, V. W. 1952. The Lozi Peoples of Northwestern
FQ9 = 1 Rhodesia. London.
^^^^^ Mainga, M. 1973. Bulozi under the Luyana Kings: Political

c Evolution and State Formation in Pre-Colonial Zambia. London.
FP13
SCCS# 5 EA# 203 Ab5 Mbundu. Focus: Bailundo subtribe.
G:1215'S, 1630'E. T:1890.
3111111 Childs, G. M. 1949. Umbundu Kinship and Character. London.
FP13= 1

1300221 Hambly,W. D. 1934. The Ovimbundu of Angola. Field Museum
FP13= 3 Anthropological Series 21:89-362.

0200002 Edwards, A. C. 1962. The Ovimbundu under Two Sovereignties.
FP13= 6 London.

2000003 McCulloch, M. 1952. The Ovimbundu of Angola. London.
FP13= 2
00003005. Duffy, J. 1959. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.
19
SCCS# 6 EA# 731 Ac17 Suku. Focus: "lineage center" in Feshi
terr.
G: 6S, 18E. T:1920.
1111111 Kopytoff, I. 1965. The Suku of Southwestern Congo. Peoples
a of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 441-477. New York.
2224223 Kopytoff, I. 1964. Family and Lineage Among the Suku of the
b Congo. The Family Estate in Africa, ed. R. F. Gray and P. H.
Gulliver, pp. 83-116. Boston.
0300000 Kopytoff, I. 1961. Extension of Conflict as a Method of

c Conflict Resolution Among the Suku of the Congo. Journal
of Conflict Resolution 5:61-69.
0002000 Kopytoff, I. 1971. Th Suku of the Congo: an ethnographic

d test of Hsu's hypothesis. Kinship and Culture, ed. F. L. K.
Hsu. pp. 69-86. Chicago.
^^^^^ Kopytoff, I. 1977. Matrilineality, residence, and residential

e zone. American Ethnologist 4: 539-558.

0000010 Torday, E., and T. A. Joyce. 1906. Notes on the Ethnography
f of the Bayaka. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute 36:39-58.
0033000 Van de Ginste, F. 1947. Le mariage chez les Basuku.

g Bulletin des Jurisdictions Indignes et du Droit Coutumier
Congolais, no. 5. 1-2.

3000002 Holemans, K. 1959. Etudes sur l'alimentation en milieu
h coutumier du Kwango. Annales de la Socit Belge de
Mdecine Tropicale 39:361-374.
20
HRAF:FQ05
SCCS# 7 EA# 105 Ac3 Bemba. Focus: of Zambia.
G:10S, 31E. T:1897.
1011110 Richards, A. I. 1939. Land, Labour and Diet in Northern
FQ5 = 2 Rhodesia. Oxford.
3100220 Richards, A. I. 1951. The Bemba of North-eastern Rhodesia.

a Seven Tribes of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and
M. Gluckman, pp. 164-191. London.
0200000 Richards, A. I. 1940. The Political System of the Bemba

FQ5 = 7 Tribe. African Political Systems, ed. M. Fortes and E. E.
Evans-Pritchard, pp. 83-120. Oxford.
2022000 Richards, A. I. 1940. Bemba Marriage and Present Economic

b Conditions. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 4.
0033000 Richards, A. I. 1948. Hunger and Work in a Savage Tribe.

c Glencoe.
0044000 Richards, A. I. 1956. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation

FQ5 = 3 Ceremony Among the Bemba. London.
0400000 Richards, A. I. 1950. Some Types of Family Structure Amongst

d the Central Bantu. African Systems of Kinship and Marriage,
ed. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde, pp. 206-251. London.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. 1968. Keeping the King Divine. Proceedings of

e the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1968: 23-25.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. 1971. The Consilar System of the Bemba of

f Northern Zambia. Councils in Action, ed. A. I. Richards and A.
Kuper. Cambridge.
^^^^^ Richards, A. I. and C. Tardits. 1974. A propos du marriage Bemba.

g L'Homme 14: 111-118.
^^^^^ Tardits, C. 1974. Prix de la femme et mariage entre cousins

h croises, la cas des Bemba d'Afrique centrale. L'Homme 14: 5-30.

4355000 Gouldsbury, C., and A. Sheane. 1911. The Great Plateau of
i Northern Rhodesia. London.

0500000 Delhaise, C. 1908. Chez les Wabemba. Bulletin de la
j Socit Royale Belge de Gographie 32: 173-227, 261-283.
21
HRAF:FN17
SCCS# 8 EA# 208 Ad6 Nyakyusa. Focus: age village near Mwaya
and Masoko.
G: 930'S, 34E. T:1934.
1101111 Wilson, M. 1951. Good Company. London.
FN17= 1
0013000 Wilson, M. 1957. Rituals of Kinship Among the Nyakyusa.

FN17= 2 London.
0000030 Wilson, M. 1959. Communal Rites of the Nyakyusa. London.

FN17= 9
^^^^^ Wilson, M. 1977. For Men and Elders: Change in the Relations of
a Generations and of Men and Women among the Nyakyusa-Ngonde
People 1875-1971. New York.
2022221 Wilson, G. 1936. An Introduction to Nyakyusa Society.

FN17= 8 Bantu Studies 10: 253-292.
0200000 Wilson, G. 1951. The Nyakyusa of South-Western Tanganyika.

b Seven Tribes of British Central Africa, ed. E. Colson and
M. Gluckman, pp. 253-291. London.
0030000 Wilson, G. 1938. The Land Rights of Individuals Among the

FN17= 5 Nyakyusa. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 1: 1-52.

0040000 Lehmann, F. R. 1951. Notes on the Daily Life of the
FN17=14 Nyakyusa. Sociologus n.F, 1: 138-148.
^^^^^ McKenny, M. G. 1973. The social structure of Nyakyusa: a re-

c evaluation. Africa 43: 91-107.
^^^^^ Charsley, S. R., and M. G. McKenny. 1974. The social structure of

d Nyakyusa. Africa 44: 422-424.
22
SCCS# 9 EA# 726 Aa9 Hadza. Focus: Entirety.
G: 345'S, 35E. T:1930.
1312111 Kohl-Larsen, L. 1958. Wildbeuter in Ostafrika. Berlin.
a
0121221 Woodburn, J. 1964. The Social Organization of the Hadza of
b North Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.
2000000 Woodburn, J. 1968. An Introduction to Hadza Ecology. Man the

c Hunter, ed. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, pp. 49-55. Chicago.
0200000 Woodburn, J. 1968. Stability and Flexibility in Hadza

d Residential Groupings. Man the Hunter, ed. R. B. Lee and I.
DeVore, pp. 103-110. Chicago.
^^^^^ Woodburn, J. 1970. Hunters and Gatherers: the Material Cultures

e of the Nomadic Hadza. London.

0030003 Bleek, D. F. 1931. The Hadzapi or Watindiga of Tanganyika
f Territory. Africa 4:273-286.
SCCS# 10 EA# 704 Ad14 Luguru. Focus: Morogoro District.
G: 650'S, 3740'E. T:1925.
1200110 Beidelman, T. C. 1967. The Matrilineal Peoples of Eastern
a Tanzania. London.
2411220 Scheerder, ??, and Tastevin, ??. 1950. Les Wa lu guru.

b Anthropos 45:241-286.

0100000 Young, R., and H. Fosbrooke. 1960. Land and Politics Among
c the Luguru of Tanganyika. London.
0302000 Christensen, J. B. 1963. Utani: Joking, Sexual License and

d Social Obligations Among the Luguru. American Anthropologist
65:1314-1327.
0400000 McVicar, J. n.d. Notes on the Waluguru. Ms.

e
3. Auxiliary Primary Sou rces
^^^^^ Brain, J. L. 1969. Matrilineal descent and marital stability:
f A Tanzanian case. Journal of Asian and African Studies 4(2):
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^^^^^ Mluanda, M. 1971. Traditional practices among the Luguru in

g Eastern Tanzania. Bulletin of the International Committee on
Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research 13: 57-65.
23
HRAF:FL10
SCCS# 11 EA# 108 Ad4 Kikuyu. Focus: Fort Hall or Metume District.
G: 040'S, 3710'E. T:1920.
1221110 Kenyatta, J. 1939. Facing Mount Kenya. London.
FL10= 4
0303000 Lambert, H. E. 1956. Kikuyu Social and Political

FL10= 2 Institutions. London.
3000000 Lambert, H. E. 1950. The Systems of Land Tenure in the

FL10= 5 Kikuyu Land Unit. Communications from the School of
African Studies, n.s. 22: 1-185.
2030000 Leakey, L. S. B. 1952. Mau Mau and the Kikuyu. London.

FL10= 3
^^^^^ Leakey, L. S. B. 1977. The Southern Kikuyu before 1903.

a 3 vols. New York.

0012000 Cagnolo, C. 1933. The Akikuyu. Nyeri.
b
^^^^^ Routledge, W. S., and Routledge, K. 1910. With a Prehistoric
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4130220 Middleton, J. 1953. The Kikuyu and Kamba of Kenya. London.
FL10= 1 i
0000300 Hailey, W. M. H. 1950. Native Administration in the British

c African Territories, pt. I. London.
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d
0000500 Ross, W. M. 1968. Kenya from Within: A Short Political
e History. London.
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f Kamba, Kikuyu, and Masai from 1900-1936. Princeton.
24
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SCCS# 12 EA# 306 Ad7 Ganda. Focus: Kyaddondo district.
G: 020'N, 3230'E. T:1875.
1211111 Roscoe, J. 1911. The Baganda. London.
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0002002 + Mair, L. P. 1934 (2d ed. 1965 New York). An African People
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0123220 Southwold, M. 1965. The Ganda of Uganda. Peoples of
FK7 =15 Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 81-118. New York.
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a Kinship and Marriage, ed. R. Needham, pp. ??. London.
0000000 Richards, A. I. 1960. The Ganda. East African Chiefs, ed.

FK7 = 9 A. I. Richards, pp. 41-77. London.
0000000 Richards, A. I. 1966. The Changing Structure of a Ganda

FK7 =13 Village: Kisozi 1892-1952. Nairobi.

0000003 Kagwa, A. 1934. The Customs of the Baganda. New York.
FK7 = 8

2000000 Fallers, M. C. 1960. The Eastern Lacustrine Bantu. London.
FK7 =12
0304003 + Murdock, G. P. 1934. The Ganda of Uganda. Our Primitive

b Contemporaries, pp. 508-550. New York
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c Systematic comparison between the Ganda and the Toro. Tropical
Man 2: 60-106.
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d evolution of African States: the Buganda example. Comparative
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e Religiones Africains 4(8): 191-202.
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f
^^^^^ Semakula Kiwanuka, M. S. M. 1972. A History of Buganda from the
g Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900. New York.
^^^^^ Rusch, W. 1975. Classes and State in Buganda before the Colonial
h Period. Berlin. (German)
25
HRAF:FP13
SCCS# 13 EA# 202 Aa5 Mbuti Pygmies. Focus: net hunters of the
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G: 145'N, 2820'E. T:1950.
^^^^^ Turnbull, C. M. 1983. The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation.
a New York.
2113111 Turnbull, C. M. 1965a. Wayward Servants. Garden City, N.Y.

FP13= 2
1021223 Turnbull, C. M. 1961. The Forest People. New York.

FP13= 3
0030031 Turnbull, C. M. 1965b. The Mbuti Pygmies. Anthropological

FP13= 1 Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 50:iii, 1-282.
0002000 Turnbull, C. M. 1965c. The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo. Peoples

a of Africa, ed. J. L. Gibbs, Jr., pp. 279-317. New York.
3040003 Putnam, P. 1948. Th Pygmies of the Ituri Forest. A Reader in

FP13= 4 General Anthropology, ed. C. S. Coon, pp. 322-342. New York.

^^^^^ De Leeuwe, J. 1966. Development in Bambuti society. Antropos 61:
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^^^^^ Hart, J. A. 1978. From Subsistence to Market: A case study of
c the Mbuti net hunters. Human Ecology 6(3): 325-353.
26
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SCCS# 14 EA# 110 Ae4 Nkundo Mongo. Focus: Ilanga group.
G: 045'S, 19E. T:1930.
1111111 Hulstaert, G. 1938. Le mariage des Nkundo'. Mmoires de
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the Jivaro Indians. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
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64: 258-272.
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115
SCCS#170 EA# 634 Se8 Amahuaca. P: on upper Inuya River.
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117
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Anthropological Papers of the Museum of Natural History 44:
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Plateau, Bolivia. Memoirs of the American Anthropological
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Aymaras. America Indigena 24: 129-169, 233-269.
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G: 1430'S, 63W. T: 1942.
1111001 Holmberg, A. R. 1950. Nomads of the Long Bow. Publications

of the Institute of Social Anthropology, Smithsonian
Institution 10: 1-104.
118
HRAF: SP17
SCCS#174 EA# 198 Si4 Nambicuara. P: Cocozu group.
G: 13S, 59W. T: 1940.
2111000 Lvi-Strauss, C. 1948. La vie familiale et sociale des

Indiens Nambikwara. Journal de la Socit des Amricanistes
37: 1-131. Paris.
1000000 Lvi-Strauss, C. 1948. The Nambicuara. Bulletins of the

Bureau of American Ethnology 143: iii, 361-369.
0200000 Lvi-Strauss, C. 1955. Tristes tropiques. pp. 235-310. Paris.
0300000 Lvi-Strauss, C. 1944. The Social and Psychological Aspects

of Chieftainship in a Primitive Tribe. Transactions of the
New York Academy of Sciences, ser. 2, 7: 1642.
0422010 Oberg, K. 1953. Indian Tribes of Northern Matto Grosso.

Publications of the Institute of Social Anthropology,
Smithsonian Institution 15: 82-105.
0000020 Roquette-Pinto, E. 1935. Rondonia. ed. Edit. Brasiliana

39: 1-401.
HRAF: SP23
SCCS#175 EA# 98 Si2 Trumai.
G: 1150'S, 5340'W. T: 1938.
1111000 Murphy, R. F., and B. Quain. 1955. The Trumai Indians of

Central Brazil. Monographs of the American Ethnological
Society 24: 1-108.
0000010 Levi-Strauss, C. 1948. Tribes of the Upper Xingu River.

Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology 143: iii,
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119
HRAF: SO08
SCCS#176 EA# 200 Sj4 Timbira. P: Ramcocamecra or Canella subtribe.
G: 630'S, 4530'W. T: 1915.
1111001 Nimuendaju, C. 1946. The Eastern Timbira. University of

41: 1-357.
0032010 Arnaud, E. 1964. Noticia sobre los Indios Gavioes de Oeste.

Antropologia 20.
0000023 Kissenberth, W. 1912. Bei den Canella-Indianern in Zentral

Maranhas. Baessler-Archiv 2: 45-54.
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of the Bureau of American Ethnology 143: i, 477-517.
0020003 Snethlage, E. H. 1930. Unter nordostbrasilianischen

Indianern. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 62: 111-205.
0000003 Crocker, W.H. 1961. The Canela since Nimuendaji.

Anthropological Quarterly 23: 69-84.
120
HRAF: SO09
SCCS#177 EA# 400 Sj8 Tupinamba. P: village near Rio de Janeiro.
G: 2250'S, 4315'W. T: 1550.
1250001 Metraux, Alfred. 1948. The Tupinamba. J.H. Steward, ed.,

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durant les annes 1613 et 1614, ed. F. Denis. Leipzig and
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ed. P. Gaffarel. Paris.
0333033 Soares de Souza, G. 1851. Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em

1587. Revista do Instituto Historico e Geographico do Brazil
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Lotts. London.
3040003 Lery, J. de. 1880. Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre

du Brsil, ed. P. Gaffarel. Paris.
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Lerius, ed. S. Purchas. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His
Pilgrimes 16: 518-579. Glasgow.
0000100 Magalhaes de Gandavo, P. de. 1922. History of the Province

of Santa Cruz. Documents and Narratives Concerning the
Discovery and Conquest of Latin America: The Histories of
Brazil 2: 11-121. N.Y.
0000010 Abbeville, C. d'. 1614. Histoire de la mission des Peres

Capucins en I'isle de Maraguan et terres circonvoisines.
Paris.
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or Purchas His Pilgrimes 16: 417-517. Glasgow.
121
SCCS#178 EA# 299 Sj5 Botocudo. P: Naknenuk subtribe.
G: 19S, 41W. T: 1884.
1111000 Ehrenreich, P.M.A. 1887. Ueber die Botocudos. Zeitschrift

fur Ethnologie, 19: 49-82.
2222000 Metraux, A. 1946. The Botocudo. Bulletins of the Bureau of

American Ethnology 143: i, 531-540.
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(Royal) Anthropological Institute 13: 199-213.
0303000 Saint-Hilaire, A. 1930-33. Voyages dans l'intrieur du

Brsil. Paris.
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Jahren 1815 bis 1817, v. 2. Frankfurt am main.
SCCS#179 EA#1184 Sj11 Shavante (Serente). P: vicinity of Sao

Domingo.
G: 1330'S, 5130'W. T: 1958.
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0000010 Nimuendaji, C. 1942. The Serente. Publications of the

Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Publications Fund 4: 1-106.
SCCS#180 EA# 199 Sj3 Aweikoma (Caingang). P: Duque de Caxias

Reservation.
G: 28S, 50W. T: 1932.
1111111 Henry, J. 1941. Jungle People. New York.
2322223 Metraux, A. 1946. The Caingang. Bulletins of the Bureau of

0200000 Paula, J. M. de. 1924. Memoria sobre os Botocudos do Parana

e Santa Catharina. Proceedings of the International Congress
of Americanists 20: i, 117-138.
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Guarani-Indianer im ostlichen Waldgebiet von Paraguay.
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American Anthropological Association 73: 1-144.
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London.
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Forschungen zur Volkerpsychologie und Soziologie II: 1-239.
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Chaco. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
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the American Ethnology 143: 8, 197-370.
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London.
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the Bureau of American Ethnology 143: i, 197-370.
123
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G: 3830'S, 7235'W. T: 1950.
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Occasional Contributions from the Museum of Anthropology,
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Background. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 133: 1-495.
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Patagonians. London.
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the (Royal) Anthropological Institute 1: 193-207.
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sur. Coleccion de obras y documentos relativos a la historia
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Modling bei Wien.
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2000003 Cooper, J. M. 1917. An Analytical and Critical Bibliography

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125

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Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.

Ethnographic Bibliography of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.

Focused Ethnographic Bibliography: Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

Douglas R. White -- University of California, Irvine

Totals 117 135

(1) the SCCS number (Murdock and White 1969),

1. Principal Authority(ies) - pertaining to the pinpointed group and time.

5. Other Sources - regional histories, bibliographies, etc.

1. Subsistence and Economics (Murdock and Morrow 1970)

& Status of Women

The bibliographic entries give only:

(1) Author(s), last names and initials,

Other questions of sample redesign will be taken up in a separate article.

A set of rapid microcomputer developments relevant to comparative ethnographic analysis is

- from coded information to the text from which it was extracted,

- from ethnographic text to codes extracted from the text.

No. Society (SCCS) Date Seq. E.A. HRAF q Focus

1. Nama Hottentot 1860 102 Aa3 FX13 a Gei/Khauan tribe

51. Irish 1932 128 Cg3 ER6 a County Clare

103. Ajie 1845 263 Ih5 Neje Chiefdom

155. Quiche 1930 1166 Sa13 Town of Chichicastenango

8. Nyakyusa materials are found in the HRAF Ngonde file (FN17)

9. Kindiga 97. Lesu 156. Mosquito

1. G. P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and

2. G. P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and

5. Arthur Tuden and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Political Organization:

6. George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division

7. George P. Murdock. 1980. Theories of Illness: A World Survey.

8+ Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes

9. Murdock, George P., and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-

Additional codes drawing on the same bibliographic references are provided

10. Murdock, George P., and Catherine Provost. 1973. Measurement of

11. Barry, Herbert, III, L. Josephson, E. Lauer, and C. Marshall. 1977.

14. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1981. Parental-Acceptance-

Studies 1 through 6, 6A, 6B, and 8 through 12 are reprinted in:

Reserved symbols: Orthography

G:2730'S, 17E. T:1860.

2. Other Dependable Primary Sources

0000001 Hoernl, A. W. 1918. Certain Rites of Transition and the

4. Useful Secondary Sources

030303 Murdock, G. P. 1934. Our Primitive Contemporaries, pp.

G:1950'S, 2035'E. T:1950.

1022110 Marshall, L. 1960. !Kung Bushman Bands. Africa 30: 325-355.

0011332 Marshall, L. 1959. Marriage among !Kung Bushmen. Africa

2033000 Marshall, L. 1961. Sharing, Talking and Giving. Africa

0000001 Marshall, L. 1962. !Kung Bushman Religious Beliefs. Africa

0000000 Marshall, L. 1957a. The Kin Terminology System of the !Kung

0000000 Marshall, L. 1957b. N!ow. Africa 27: 232-240.

^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1956. The Hunters. Somerville, Mass. (Film)

^^^^^ Marshall, J. 1957. Ecology of the !Kung Bushmen. Senior

0000000 Marshall, J. 1958. Man as a Hunter. Natural History 67(6):

2. Other Dependable Primary Sources

^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1966. Subsistence Ecology of !Kung Bushmen.

^^^^^ Lee, R. B. 1974. Male-Female Residence Arrangements and Political

^^^^^ Tobias, P. (ed.). 1978. San Hunters and Herders of Southern

^^^^^ Draper, P. 1972. !Kung Bushman Childhood. Ph. D. Dissertation.

^^^^^ Draper, P. (forthcoming). !Kung Subsistence Work at /Du/da.

^^^^^ Draper, P. 1978. The Learning Environment for Aggression and

^^^^^ Biesele, M. in press. !Kung Folklore. Cambridge, Mass. [Dobe].

^^^^^ Biesele, M. 1972. Hunting in semi-arid areas - the Kalahari

^^^^^ Hansen, J. D. L., A. S. Truswell, C. Freeseman, and B. MacHutchon.

^^^^^ Konner, M. J. 1971. Infants of a Foraging People. Mulch 1: