1/18/2016

History
Photo: Public Domain

Early Mechanical Devices

Analog Computer
Digital Computers
Generations of Computing

Photo: CC - pixabay

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 1

A Brief History
Computer => Compute r
Calculation tools
Used to be a job description
people were computers well into the 1940s

Came from the need to track planets

Initially for Agriculture (seasons) and Navigation
Later on for military and political purposes
Now also driven by monetary gain

Modern Computers developed from a long history of

Computing Tools

The first tools were mechanical

Not electronic

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 2

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The Beginning
~2400 BC Abacus (Babylonia - present day Iraq)
5 lower rings represented fingers
2 upper rings represented hands
Originally consisted of Sand & Pebbles
Laid foundation for positional numbering systems

Photo: Mike Cowlishaw Photo: Klaus Tenter

Photo: Eistner Hilton : ~1914

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 3

Mechanical Devices
~100 BC Antikythera mechanism (Greek)
Earliest known Mechanical Analog Computer
Discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck (Off the Greek Island)
Salt encrusted metal gears and pointers
More than 30 gears very complex arrangement emulated the
planetary revolutions
Capable of tracking the relative positions of all then-known
heavenly bodies and eclipses
Nothing close to complexity for 1000 years

(c) Michele Rousseau Photo: Tilemahos Efthimiadis

History of CS Photo: Andrew Barclay 4

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The 17th Century 1

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1610 Logarithm for Computing 2

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John Napier Scottish 3
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Simplify multiplication, Division, 2 . 1 . 3 .
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putin Napiers Rods (or Napiers Bones) 4

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g in Rods that could be moved around and 7
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the placed in specially constructed boards 8

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Cent Illustration: Michele Rousseau

ury

Photo: Courtesy of IBM Photo: PD ComputerScienceLab.com

(c) Michele Rousseau Photo: CC-SA Stephen C Dickenson5
History of CS 5

The 17th Century

1622 William Oughtred Germany
Slide rule based on John Napiers work
Could calculate Multiplication, Division, Square
Roots, Exponents
Used well into the 20th century
Replaced by Calculators in the 1970s

Photo credit: Ann Giles

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 6

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Binary Numbering System

1666 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (Germany)
First to advocate use of the binary number system
fundamental to the operation of modern computers
Published book: On the Art of Combination
Photo: Public Domain
he thought logic could be expressed in mathematics using binary
(a series of true and false propositions) which would be
unambiguous compared to natural language.

1847 - George Boole

Published: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic
System of linguistic algebra based on the binary numbering
system we call that Boolean Algebra
Believe, like Leibniz, that logic was mathematical
not philosophical
Photo: Public Domain
Hardware is based on Boolean Algebra
Extensively used in programming
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 7

Charles Babbage
The Father of Computing 1822
Version
2 Major Contributions
Photo : Public Domain
Difference Engine
Analytical Machine

Difference Engine (1822)

Needed accurate tables
First Mechanical Computer Photo: Science Museum, London

Capable of calculating polynomials

Could calculate differences with 30 digit numbers
Revised in 1847 Difference Engine 2
2002 Complete
machine built
(London)
8,000 parts
2 tons,
11 feet long
PhotoMarcin Wichary
Resized and cropped
Photo: Marcin Wichary Resized and cropped
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 8

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Charles Babbage (2)

Analytical Machine
Scrapped the Difference Machine
The First Programmable Computer
Could handle conditional jumps
Parallel processing Photo: Karoly
Lorentey
Resized & Cropped

Used Punch Cards from Jacquards Loom to program computers

Used as input for a program and data
These were Read-only memory
Was proposed to handle parallel computing

Employed concepts of the Store (memory) &

Mill (CPU) terms from Jacquard
Would have been > 13 ft tall by 20 ft wide
Powered by steam engines
Partially completed

Analytical Engine Mill

Photo: CC - Marcin Wichary
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS Resized and cropped
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Ada Byron Lovelace

First Computer Programmer
Daughter of famous poet Lord
Byron

Educated in Math

Friend of Charles Babbage

Described programs that would

work on Babbages Analytical
Engine
Photo: 1840 Portrait - Public Domain

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 10

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Herman Hollerith
Hollerith's desk Electronic Tabulating Machine
Need for accounting in the 1890 census
(the 1880 took 7.5 years must be complete in 10 years)
Used punch cards
Used a card reader which sensed the holes in the cards Photo: Public Domain
Made them read/write capable
Gear driven mechanism
These would count and display on a large wall of dial indicators
Electro-mechanical
His company would become IBM

Photo: Public Domain Photo: (CC) Adam Schuster -

History of CS Resized 11
(c) Michele Rousseau

used in computers through the 70s & 80s

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nc
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car
ds
Photo: Public Domain

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 12

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer
"I have always taken the position that there is enough credit for everyone in the
invention and development of the electronic computer" - John Atanasoff

Photo: Public Domain

John Atanasoff & Cliff Berry
Iowa State U in 1939
First digital-electronic computer
Designed to solve linear equations
Utilized many new technologies
First machine to store data as a charge on a capacitor Photo: Public Domain

Which is how computers store information in their main memory today.

binary system of arithmetic
parallel processing
regenerative memory
separation of memory &
computing functions.

Influenced the ENIAC

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS Photo: Public Domain 13

Mauchly & Ekert

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

1946 Developed for the Military

Based on Atanasoff's Work
Calculated Firing Tables
Not "published" until well after the war
17,468 vacuum tubes
70,000 resistors
10,000 capacitors
1,500 relays
6,000 manual switches
1800 square feet of floor space
weighed 30 tons
Photo: Public Domain

UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)

1951 Developed for the census bureau (baby boomers)
1952 successfully predicted the outcome of the Eisenhower-Stevenson
election
Used magnetic tape much faster than IBMs punch cards
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 14
(c) Michele Rousseau

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Alan Turing
Father of Artificial Intelligence
Sometimes it is the people no one can imagine anything
of who do the things no one can imagine. - Alan Turing
Photo: Public Domain

1939 - Bletchley Park

Developed the Bombe
Broke the German Enigma code
Estimated to have ended WWII 2
years early others argue the
British would have lost

Key in the development of

cryptography and artificial
intelligence

Photo: CC - Erre
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 15

Grace Hopper
Developed the first compiler for high level languages 1952
Worked with Mauchley and Eckert on the UNIVAC I
FLOW-MATIC
Developed into COBOL (Common Oriented
Business Language)
High-level languages are more understandable by
people than computers
Use English-based instructions
The compiler is a program to convert them to a
Photo: Public Domain language the computer can understand
Compilers translate the high-level into binary
Found the First computer bug
A moth blocking the reading
holes in paper tape

Coined the term debugging

Which means to remove errors
Photo: Public Domain
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 16

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Generations of Computers
Consumers perspective based on
Size (smaller)
Speed (faster)
Cost (cheaper)

Computer scientists characterize the

differences based on major technological
development.
These advances result in the properties that
consumers see.

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 17

First-Generation
1940-1956:
Vacuum tubes Circuitry
Invented by John Ambrose Fleming (1904)
Magnetic drums Memory
Large systems took up entire rooms
Expensive to operate
Not energy efficient Photo: Marcin Wichary

Ran Hot
Input paper tape, punch cards
Output displayed on paper

Examples: ENIAC & COLLOSSUS

Photo: Rony B Chandron

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 18

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Second Generation
1956 1965: Transistors
Photo: Public Domain

Photo: Public Domain

Transistors - Replace Vacuum Tubes for circuitry Photo: Public Domain

Invented in 1947, by Bardeen, Schockley, & Brattain

not widely used until the late 50s
Smaller, faster, & cheaper than vacuum tubes
More energy-efficient
More reliable
Still hot would damage computer
Input: Punched cards
Output: Printouts
Photo: Public Domain
High-level programming languages (COBOL/FORTRAN)
Instructions stored in memory (not magnetic drums)
(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 19

Third Generation
1964 1971: Integrated circuit
Invented 1952 by Jacobi
Couldnt be produced until 1958
Kilby, Lehnovic, & Noyce
miniature transistors placed on silicon chips
called semiconductors
Faster
Photo: Public Domain

Interfaces: Keyboards and

monitors
Could run many different
applications at one time.
Central program monitored
memory
Started moving to mass audience
History of CS Photo: Public Domain
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(c) Michele Rousseau

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Fourth- Generation
1971-Present Microprocessors
1971 - Invented by Ted off at Intel
Thousands of Integrated circuits Photo: M. Ollivander

on a silicon chip
Much smaller
Filled a room in 1st gen
4th gen fits in the palm of the hand
CPU, Memory, I/O Controls one 1 chip Photo: Public Domain

1981 IBM introduced its first PC for home user

1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh
Photo: SRI International 1964 the mouse by Doug Englebart
1973 Xerox PARC invented he Alto (GUI)
Networked computers
Graphical user interfaces during this gen
Photo: Alexander
Schaeiss
Interface with mouse & handheld devices
(c) Michele Rousseau Photo: Ruben de 21
Rijcke
History of CS

Fifth Generation
Present & Beyond
Based on Artificial intelligence
Self-learning / self-modifying
Parallel processors
Voice recognition
New ways of interacting (gesture-based)

Goal:
to develop devices that better support the process
Ubiquitous
Capable of learning and self-organization
Still smaller, cheaper, faster

(c) Michele Rousseau History of CS 22

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