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Drilling Dynamics
Sensors and Optimization
Accurate, real-time measurements
for productive drilling
Drilling Dynamics Sensors and Optimization
Reduce shocks
Optimize ROP
Maximize bit performance
Avoid lost-in-hole and
NPT costs
Prevent fluid kicks
and fractures
S
Schlumberger drilling dynamics sensors chlumberger drilling dynamics sensors measure shock and
vibration, weight on the bit and torque at the bit, annular
deliver accurate, real-time, downhole pressure and temperature, and hole size. These measurements
enable drillers to optimize drilling parameters and minimize the
measurements for productive drilling risk of drillstring fatigue, premature trips for failure, stuck pipe, kicks,
6,000 ft
Vibration levels
correspond with BHA
being in whirl
6,500 ft
Vibration levels
successfully mitigated
via a modification in
surface rpm, allowing
successful completion
7,000 ft of hole section
0 100 180
Time, s
Four-Axis-Shock Measurements
Adding an optional modular vibration chassis (MVC) to the PowerPulse
MWD telemetry system or TeleScope high-speed telemetry-while-drilling
service provides a real-time four-axis shock measurement that can be
used for more detailed analysis of drillstring dynamics. Because the
MVC is an integral component, no extra collars or connections are needed.
Stick/slip value The MVCs real-time four-axis shock measurement alerts the driller to
harmful downhole dynamic motions, such as bit bouncing, stick/slip, and
Downhole rpm
whirling, which, if undetected, can lead to poor drilling efficiency, bit
damage, and premature drillstring fatigue. Typically, the MVC is used in
Variations in downhole collar rpm indicate stick/slip.
conjunction with an IWOB* integrated weight on bit sub that provides
DWOB* downhole weight-on-bit and DTOR* downhole torque-at-the-
bit. This enables the driller to adjust weight on the bit, torque at the bit,
drillstring rotation speed, and other drilling parameters to reduce the
downhole shocks identified by the MVC, significantly improving ROP
and extending BHA life.
Lateral Vibration Shock Width
0 gn 40 0 ms 3,000
Depth, ROP Downhole Weight on Bit DownholeTorqueDownhole Drillstring Rotation Speed Torsional Vibration
ft 0 ft/h 50 0 lbf 40,000 0 ft.lbf 10,000 100 c/min 300 0 radian/s 3,000
XX,320
XX,340
XX,360
Stick/slip threshold
weight
XX,380
These surface and downhole measurements were used to optimize drilling in a West Africa field.
Period with Period with
downhole rpm downhole rpm
less than 5 greater than 5
400
300
Downhole rpm
200
Surface rpm
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time, s
Advanced stick/slip measurement shows the duration of the stuck period during
a stick/slip cycle. One axistorqueis measured by strain gauges. The other three axes
are axial and radial shock measurements made by three mutually
perpendicular accelerometers. These accelerometers are axially
aligned with the direction and inclination (D&I) package in the center of
the collar to ensure that the shock measurements accurately represent
30
BHA vibration. Because the shock measurements are aligned with the
WOB, tons
20
BHA axis, the driller can identify and correct poor drilling conditions
10 before the BHA experiences excessive fatigue.
0
Average WOB = 6.7 tons Weight-on-Bit and Torque-at-the-Bit Measurements
0 10 20 30 40 50 The IWOB integrated weight on bit suban optional component
Time, s of the PowerPulse MWD telemetry systemprovides real-time DWOB
downhole weight-on-bit (WOB) and DTOR downhole torque-at-the-bit
measurements. These direct dynamic measurements of the amount
30 of surface weight being transferred through the PowerPulse collar
WOB, tons
20 to the bit and of the torque generated below the collar enable a driller
to optimize ROP by identifying downhole problems and correcting
10
or avoiding them.
0
Average WOB = 6.5 tons
IWOB measurements make it possible to distinguish drillstring effects
0 10 20 30 40 50
BHA hanging on ledges, high friction coefficients, and BHA whirlfrom
Time, s
bit effectsstick/slip and locked cones. These measurements allow bit
IWOB downhole measurements enable a driller to optimize ROP.
usage to be maximized through continuous monitoring of bit condition,
and eliminate unnecessary trips to change bits because the driller can
tell whether a reduction in drilling efficiency is due to bit wear or to a
change in lithology. By detecting potential sticking problems, IWOB
measurements help avoid lost-in-hole and NPT costs, and help drillers
reach TD sooner.
Because the IWOB sub is an integrated component of the PowerPulse
collar, it eliminates the need for intersub wiring and electrical
connections. Actual downhole torque and WOB are measured and
Downhole torque, instantaneous - average
A Shock & Vibration DVD box set, available free from Schlumberger,
discusses how shock and vibration slows ROP and adversely affects
BHA components and hole quality. To order a set, contact your local
Schlumberger representative.
Tool twist off (left) and impact damage to bit (right) resulted from shock and vibration.
Integrating downhole and surface measurements to optimize drilling
These examples show how drilling performance and efficiency can be improved by
integrating data from our downhole sensors with surface sensor measurements.
Bit on Bottom Flag
ECD
Block Position Torsional Total Pump 550 psi/1,000 ft 650
0 ft 150 Vibration Flow Annular Temperature
0 4,000 0 1,200
ROP Downhole WOB Surface Torque ft.lbf galUS/min 70 degC 150
100 ft/h 0 0 lbf 60,000 10,000 ft.lbf 30,000 Surface Annular Pressure
Surface WOB Lateral Vibration Drillstring Turbine
Hook Load RPM, 5,200 psi 7,200
gn Rotation Real-Time
100,000 lbf 500,000 0 lbf 60,000 0 4 Speed
Downhole Torque Standpipe Pressure
Bit Depth Value Vibration, X-Axis 0 120 2,000 4,000
ft 0 gn 10,000 ft.lbf 30,000 c/min c/min 2,800 psi 4,400
4 0400
Increasing surface WOB reduced the lateral shocks detected by downhole sensors.
Surface WOB ECD
0 lbf 60,000 Annular 12 lbm/galUS 14
Hook Load Surface Torque Temperature Annular Pressure
0 lbf 500,000 Bit Depth 0 ft.lbf 20,000 100 300 0 psi 5,000
degF
Block Velocity Vibration, X-Axis Value Downhole torque Bit on Bottom
gn ft Total
2 ft/s 2 4 0 0 lbf 20,000
Lateral Pump Flow
9 0.5
ROP Downhole WOB Bit Depth Torsional Vibration Vibration 100 1,000 Standpipe Pressure
50 ft/h 0 0 lbf 500,000 0 ft 0 4,000 0 4 0 galUS/min 0 psi 5,000
Two attempts to reduce BHA whirl by raising the bit off bottom to dissipate energy
were unsuccessful because the bit was not kept off bottom long enough. On the
third try, the bit was kept off bottom for a longer time, which reduced torsional and
lateral shocks when drilling resumed.
The APWD sensor provides accurate
measurements for
keeping pressure inside a narrow
operating margin
early detection of shallow water flow
optimizing tripping procedures
underbalanced drilling
Annular-Pressure-While-Drilling Measurements
The APWD annular pressure while drilling sensor provides an accurate
monitoring barite sag
real-time measurement of equivalent circulating density (ECD), equivalent
static density (ESD), and annular temperature. This enables the driller to tracking motor performance
optimize drilling performance and minimize risk by improving practices
for hole cleaning, borehole stability, and well control, and to keep annular leakoff tests
pressure between tight limits in wells that have small margins between
fracture gradient and pore pressure. discriminating influxes from sweeping
While the pumps are on and drilling fluid is flowing, MWD telemetry
delivers APWD data in real time. During connections and leakoff tests detecting kicks and influxes.
when the fluid is static, minimum, maximum, and average pressure
values are recorded downhole and transmitted to surface when the
pumps are turned on.
In deviated wells that require extensive drilling while sliding, and in In addition, a driller can use APWD measurements to discriminate
extended-reach and deepwater wells constricted by friction and barite a formation fluid influx from the harmless flow of mud over the bell
sag, APWD sensors near the bit can identify increased ECD due to nipplea common occurrence when circulation is stopped. Mistaking
cuttings buildup or barite sag, lack of rotation, or poor hydraulics. the mud flow for an influx caused by increasing formation pressure
That allows corrective action to be taken before a stuck pipe occurs. can result in a needless mud weight increase that slows ROP and may
cause lost circulation.
Near-bit APWD sensors can also detect small downhole fluid losses
or gains as they occur. This early detection can help a driller identify APWD sensors have been integrated into many Schlumberger MWD
potential well control issues before any indication of a fluid influx or and LWD tools and systems, some of which include an internal pressure
lost circulation is seen on surface, and allows the driller to maintain sensor in addition to the annular sensor. Annular and internal pressure
a tight overbalance to optimize ROP without sacrificing safety. By measurements, together with inferred motor torque and rpm, permit a
monitoring the effect of swab-surge on ECD, these near-bit sensors directional driller to continuously monitor motor performance and motor
allow tripping speeds to be optimized to prevent fluid influxes and fractures. wear, maximizing drilling performance while extending motor life by
preventing stalls.
Caliper Measurements used to correct neutron porosity measurements.
Ultrasonic and electrical caliper measurements A differential caliper inferred from density
while drilling are not only important to petrophysicists measurements can be used as a quality control
for LWD log quality control, but can also be crucial on the ultrasonic caliper.
to drilling success. Analysis of real-time caliper
Our azimuthally averaged electrical caliper can be
information, especially in combination with APWD
used to quantify washouts in larger boreholes. This
measurements, can identify washouts, hole cleaning
caliper, available only in water-base muds (WBM)
problems and wellbore stability issues.
with a resistivity of less than 0.5 ohm.m, provides hole
Schlumberger ultrasonic sensors measure standoff size estimates up to 36 in, and is accurate to less
accuratelyup to 3 in beyond the drill collarover a than 0.5 in over most ranges of formation resistivity.
wide range of mud weights and formation properties. Because our azimuthally averaged electrical caliper
As the drillstring rotates, these measurements are can be used to estimate hole size while tripping,
binned azimuthally, and can be transmitted, by it allows a time-lapse picture of dynamic wellbore
quadrant, in real time to make caliper images. conditions. A caliper measurement while tripping
Azimuthal standoff measurements are useful for is also valuable for cementing operations, because
understanding interpreted density responses and total hole volume can be crucial information for
making estimates of average hole size that can be successful cementing.
Drilling optimization workflow
No Vibration No Vibration
resumes? resumes?
Yes Yes
POSTRUN EVIDENCE POSTRUN EVIDENCE
Pick up off bottom and
Cutters/inserts damaged, Pick up off bottom Cutters/inserts damaged, allow string torque to
typically on shoulder and allow string torque typically on nose and taper unwind
or gauge to unwind
Overtorqued connections Restart drilling
Broken PDC blades Restart drilling with 70 rpm
with 70 rpm Twist-offs and washouts
Worn hybrids (equivalents) Increase WOB
Increase WOB BHA failure to 25% below
with minimal cutter wear
to original value original value
Overgauge hole
from calipers Increase rpm to 25% Gradually return
below original value rpm to 15%
One-sided wear above original
on stabilizers and BHA
BHA failure
CONTINUE CONTINUE
DRILLING DRILLING
Specifications
MWD Shocks & Stick-Slip
Measurement Range Resolution
Shock count 0 to 255 cps 1 cps
Shock peak 0 to 1,020 gn 4 gn
Stick/slip 0 to 381 rpm 3 rpm
Collar rotation speed 0 to 255 rpm 1 rpm
Shock and stick/slip risk 0 to 3 1
Accuracy depends on deviations of downhole conditionssuch as applied WOB, running torque, sliding dogleg, hydrostatic pressure,
and temperatureaway from the corresponding values at the last downhole rezero point.
The effect of differential pressure (P) will be eliminated by surface software based on standpipe pressure.
The error due to dogleg exists when the MWD tool is in sliding mode. When the tool is in rotary mode, the error vanishes because of data filtering.
APWD Sensors (from EcoScope* multifunction LWD service, arcVISION* array resistivity
compensated tools, or TeleScope service)
Resolution 1 psi
Accuracy 0 to 0.1% of full scale
Available ranges 0 to 5,000 psi
0 to 10,000 psi
0 to 20,000 psi
Annular temperature resolution 1 degC
Annular temperature accuracy 1 degC
Record rate 4-s minimumaverage of 2-s samples
Real-time rate programmabletypically every 80 s at 12 Hz3 bps
Ultrasonic Caliper (from EcoScope service or adnVISION* azimuthal density neutron tools)
Frequency 250 kHz
Standoff range 3 in at maximum mud weight 10 lb/galUS and formation densities
above 2.2 g/cm3
1 in at maximum mud weight 16 lb/galUS and formation densities
above 2.5 g/cm3
Accuracy 1.5 ms transit time ( 0.1 inch in water)
Frequency 670 kHz
Standoff range 2 in at maximum mud weight 10 lb/galUS and formation densities
above 2.2 g/cm3
1 in at maximum mud weight 13 lb/galUS and formation densities
above 2.5 g/cm3
Accuracy 1.5 ms transit time ( 0.1 inch in water)
Drilling Dynamics Sensors and Optimization
www.slb.com/drilling
*Mark of Schlumberger
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), formerly Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC), and
Schlumberger collaborated on a research project to develop LWD technology that reduces the need for traditional
chemical sources. Designed around the pulsed neutron generator (PNG), EcoScope service uses technology that
resulted from this collaboration. The PNG and the comprehensive suite of measurements in a single collar are key
components of the EcoScope service that deliver game-changing LWD technology.
Copyright 2010 Schlumberger 10-DR-0169