S dng thit b gim chn cht lng iu chnh

n nh dao ng cho ct thp cu dy vng

PGS. TS Nguyn Vit Trung

KS. Trn Thu Hng
B mn Cng trnh Giao thng Thnh ph
Khoa Cng trnh - Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti

Tm tt: Cc cng trnh c chiu cao v mnh ln rt nhy cm di tc ng ca cc

yu t kch thch, trong c ct thp cu dy vng. C nhiu bin php c p dng
tng cng n nh, chng dao ng c kt cu. Thit b gim chn cht lng iu chnh (TLD)
l mt dng thit b gim chn mi ang c s dng ph bin p ng c yu cu ny.
Thit b ny c chn la lp t cho ct thp cu Bi Chy.

Summary: Structures with great height and slender are very sensitive under the effect of
loads, among them are pylons of stayed - cable bridges. There are many ways to control
vibration of structures. Tuned liquid dampers (TLD) are a new kind of dampers which are
commonly used to sastify these requirements. These dampers are chosen to be installed in
pylons of Baichay bridge.

1. M u
CT 2 Cng nh cc cng trnh c chiu cao v mnh ln, ct thp cu dy vng rt nhy cm
di cc tc ng ca gi, ma, ng t v bt k cc yu t gy dao ng khc. Bi ton n
nh ct thp cu, cng vi nhng bi ton n nh dao ng ni chung cho cng trnh cu dy
vng l mt vn ang c quan tm hin nay. Vn ny ngy cng cp thit hn, nht l
trong giai on hin nay, vi vic a vo p dng ph bin dng kt cu cu ny trong cc d
n xy dng cng trnh giao thng ln, trng im nc ta.
Ngoi nhng gii php v mt kt cu vn c p dng cho bi ton n nh dao ng
cho kt cu nh tng cng cng ca kt cu, thit k hnh dng cng trnh ph hp v mt
kh ng hc, tng khi lng ca cng trnh th gii php b tr cc thit b gim chn thng
c la chn hn c, c bit ph hp vi dng kt cu cu dy vng. Cc thit b gim chn
c th c lp t tng s n nh, chng dao ng cho cc dy cp vng, cho dm ch
hay cho ct thp cu. C rt nhiu dng thit b gim chn hot ng theo cc nguyn l khc
nhau, ph hp vi tng phm vi hot ng v i tng tc ng. Trong phm vi bi bo ny,
chng ti xin c cp n thit b gim chn cht lng iu chnh (tuned liquid damper) l
dng thit b gim chn ang c s dng rt ph bin cho cc cng trnh nh cao tng, cc
thp khng lu, ct ng khi ln v ct thp cu dy vng trn th gii.

2. Thit b gim chn cht lng iu chnh

Thit b gim chn cht lng iu chnh (TLD) hot ng da trn nguyn l qun tnh ca
cht lng bn trong cc thng cha, nh vo s chuyn ng trng trnh ca cht lng m hp

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005 77

th v trit tiu nng lng dao ng ca kt cu. S chuyn ng ca cht lng c iu
chnh c cng tn s t nhin vi dao ng ca kt cu, to ra hin tng cng hng vi
nhng ngc pha. Ngoi ra, c tnh nht ca loi cht lng s dng cng to ra tnh trit tiu
dao ng cho kt cu khi thit b gim chn c lp t ln kt cu.

Cht lng s dng trong thit b gim chn c th l nc sch, cht lu, du c c tnh
n nht. Chiu cao cht lng c thay i, tu thuc vo dng thit b gim chn (TLD nng
hay su), nh hng n tn s v bin chuyn ng ti u ca cht lng trong vic hp th
v trit tiu dao ng ca kt cu. Khi lng tng cng ca cht lng v thng cha chim
khong t 1% n 3% khi lng tng cng ca kt cu. T s khi lng ny c lin quan
tuyn tnh n t s gim chn ca thit b.
Thng cha cht lng thng lm bng kim loi hoc cht do c gia cng bng si
thu tinh (GFRP), c dng hnh ch nht, hnh tr trn hoc c dng ch U i vi thit b gim
chn ct cht lng iu chnh (TLCD). Cht lng chuyn ng bn trong thng cha, tc dng
ln cc thnh bin, thnh nh v y vi gii thit l khng nn c. tng cng tnh nng
cho thit b, ngi ta c th cu to thm cc vch ngn bn trong, chia nh thng cha thnh
cc bung nh cha cht lng v khng kh.

Ngoi ra, nu thit b c gn trn nh ca kt cu th cn c thm cht chng ng ho

trong cht lng nhm trnh hin tng cht lng b ng kt trong thng cha. Mt khc, c th
c thm cc ht ni bng cht do iu chnh hin tng trng trnh ca cht lng bn trong
thng cha, to ra hiu qu gim chn ph thm cho thit b.

CT 2

Hnh 1. Thit b TLD trong phng th ngim dao ng Hnh 2. Thit b TLD c lp trn mt ng khi

3. Thit b TLD trn ct thp cu Bi Chy

3.1. Cu to v b tr thit b
Cu Bi Chy l mt cng trnh cu ln ang trong giai on xy dng, l cu dy vng c
mt mt phng dn dy vi s 6 nhp 40 + 81 + 129,5 + 435 + 129,5 + 78 (m), sau khi xy
dng xong s l cu c nhp di nht th gii vi kiu kt cu ny. Ct thp cu c chiu cao
H = 90 m tnh t nh kt cu nhp, c hnh dng kt cu kh thanh mnh.

78 Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005

 Cu Bi Chy nm trong vng c tc gi c bn ca khu vc ti cao 10 m l U10 = 50
m/s, thuc a hnh loi IV, cao mt cu z = 50 m. Tc gi chun thit k thit k ti mt
cu v ti nh ct thp l:
Udmtcu = K1(50m).U10 = 0,86.50 = 43 m/s
Udnhctthp = K1(90m).U10 = 1,06.50 = 53 m/s
Tc gi chun giai on thi cng c ly bng 0,8 ln tc gi chun thit k.

Hnh 3. Cu to mt ct ngang ct thp cu Bi Chy ti v tr nh ct thp

tng cng kh nng n nh, hn ch dao ng cho ct thp cu Bi Chy, cc k s

t vn thit k Nht Bn thuc lin doanh Shimizu Sumitomo-Mitusi la chn gii php b tr
64 thit b TLD trong mi ct thp. Thng cha ca thit b lm bng vt liu GFRP, dng hnh
ch nht gm 344 lp c cu to v cch b tr c th hin chi tit trong hnh 4. Cht lng
CT 2
bn trong cc thng cha l nc sch vi chiu cao 2,85 cm. Nc trng trnh trong thng
cha sinh ra lc khng ch dao ng ca ct thp vi chiu su cht lng c iu chnh
to ra tn s dao ng ca nc bng tn s t nhin ca ct thp. V th, thng cha ca TLD
c thit k v ch to c dng kn c kim tra k lng trnh hin tng r r nc v
bo v nc khng b nhim. Mc d vy, cn phi bo dng duy tr chiu su ct nc
thng xuyn v kim tra cht lng ca n.

Hnh 4. Cu to v b tr thit b TLD trn nh ct thp cu Bi Chy

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005 79

 Cng tc lp t thit b TLD cho ct thp cu Bi Chy c ng thc hin theo trnh t
sau:
1. B tr tt c cc thng cha TLD ln mi khong trng ca ct thp
2. Kim tra bn ngoi (vt nt, rn v lm) ca tt c cc thng cha
3. Kim tra c nh ca tt c cc TLD vi cc khung bn trong kt cu ct thp
4. o c tn s t nhin v hng s gim chn ca ct thp vi dao ng tri
5. c tnh chiu cao cht lng ca thng cha TLD
6. iu chnh chiu cao cht lng (nc tinh khit) ca mi thng cha TLD
7. Hn np khe cung cp cht lng trong mi thng cha TLD
8. Xc nhn nhng c tnh gim chn ph thm (tng thm) ca ct thp
9. Kim tra s r r nc (mt vi thng sau khi lp t).

3.2. Tnh ton v nh gi s lm vic ca thit b

ng x ca ct thp cu dy vng c xc nh thng qua th nghim hm gi 3 chiu, t
xy dng biu quan h gia ng x v tc gi trung bnh cao mt cu. T biu
ny, xc nh cc c trng dao ng ca h kt cu TLD.
tnh ton v nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca thit b TLD lp t cho ct thp cu Bi
Chy, cc k s t vn thit k a ra cc cng thc tnh ton nh sau:
Gia tc ln nht ca ct thp l:

Amax = 61.2 x (2fs)2 , cm/s2

CT 2
lch tiu chun gia tc c tnh theo cng thc sau:

0.577
x = 2 ln( fs T) + A max , cm
2 ln( fs T)

Bin dao ng khng th nguyn ca TLD:

2 2 x
a0 = , cm
(2fL ) 2 L

lch tiu chun ca ng x gia tc &x& :

My L v + 4 v ( s + v ) fs SMy ( fs) )
&x& = , cm/s2
m sH 4 ( s + v )( L v + 4 s v My
2

Hiu sut ca TLD hnh ch nht R:

&x& s { L v + 4 v ( s + v )}
R = =
&x& L 0
( s + v )( L v + 4 s v )

T s khi lng gia cht lng v ct thp cu:

80 Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005

 mv
L =
ms

gim chn tng ng ca ct thp:

v = C a0 (a 0 0.1) vi C l hng s c ly bng 0,35

Tn s gc ca TLD:

1 g h
fL = tan( )
2 L L
Hiu sut ca TLD (bng hiu sut ca TLD ch nht) c th c tnh ton bng cng
thc sau:

s { L v + 4 v ( s + v )}
L =
( s + v )( L + 4 v s )

gim chn ca TLD l:

R =
4 s 4( s + ADD )

1 R 2
ADD = s
2
R

Ghi ch:
CT 2
L - chiu di ca TLD ch nht, cm;
D - chiu rng ca TLD ch nht, cm;
m - khi lng, tn;
f - tn s t nhin, Hz;
h - chiu cao ca TLD trong thng cha, cm;
H - chiu cao ca kt cu, cm;
My - lch tiu chun ca mmen quay My(t) do gi gy ra, cm;
SMy(fs) - gi tr ph nng lng ca My(t) tn s f = fs;
T - chu k dao ng, s;
- gim chn;
- hiu sut lm vic, %.
Cc thng s ca thit b TLD lp t cho ct thp cu Bi Chy c th nh sau:
Tn s gc ca TLD: fL = 0.1886Hz

Chu k dao ng ca TLD: TL = 5.3 s

Chiu su cht lng: h = 2,85 cm
Khi lng cht lng trong TLD: mL = 2,726 tn

Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005 81

 Khi lng ca ct thp: ms = 585,2 tn
mL 2.726
T s khi lng gia cht lng v ct thp cu: L = = = 0.0047
m s 585.2

gim chn kt cu ca ct thp: s = 0.0031

Gim chn tng ng ca ct thp: v = 0.22
T s khi lng tng ng: v = 1.00

4. Kt lun
TLD l mt thit b gim chn b ng li dng s dch chuyn ca cht lng bn trong
thng cha hp thu v trit tiu nng lng dao ng ca kt cu. TLD c mt s u im
ni bt nh sau:
- Khng sinh ra ma st c hc trong h v th thit b hiu qu ngay c i vi nhng dao
ng rt nh.
- C hiu qu trong vic trit tiu dao ng cho cc kt cu c bin dao ng nh vi
phm vi tn s ca lc kch thch rng.
- Chng li nhng dch chuyn ln do ng t v gi gy ra mt cch c hiu qu.
- S ph hoi ca h thng rt him khi xy ra.
- D dng iu chnh c chu k dao ng.
- Khng t tin v d dng bo dng.
CT 2
Mc d vy, thit b TLD cng c hn ch nh: khi lng nc khng tham gia vo vic
chng li dch chuyn ca kt cu. iu ny khin cho kt cu phi chu thm mt khi lng
kh ln nhng li khng c tc dng trong vic iu khin ng x tng ng.
TLD l dng thit b gim chn ang c ng dng kh ph bin trn th gii cho cc kt
cu c chiu cao v mnh ln, trong c ct thp ca cu dy vng. Sau vic a vo s
dng thit b gim chn ma st cho cc dy vng cu Kin Hi Phng th vic la chn p
dng thit b gim chn TLD cho ct thp cu Bi Chy th hin mt bc pht trin mi trong
ngnh xy dng cng trnh giao thng, c bit cho cc cu dy vng l dng kt cu mi ang
c bt u p dng rng ri nc ta.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] M. Pirner & S. Urushadze. Liquid damper for suppressing horizontal and vertical motions. Institute of
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Acedemy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
[2] A. A. El Damatty. Studies on the application of Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLD) to up-grade the seismic
resistance of structures. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - The University of
Western Ontario. April 2002.
[3] Tuned liquid damper performance to Bai Chay Bridge tower. Shimizu Sumitomo Mitusi Joint
operation. April 2005.
[4] Ahid D. Nashif, David I. G. Jones and John P. Hederson. Vibration damping. A Wiley-Interscience
Publication.
[5] Vortex shedding Case study. Meca Enterprises, Inc

82 Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti S 12 - 11/2005