The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration

Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Memory Trick: SOHCAHTOA (Indian Tribe) n used when triangle has a 90 angle.
Rise c (Rise) SIN RISE
Sin C = OPP or
n
or B
HYP Slope a 90 triangle n COS RUN
n TAN SLOPE
Run b (Run) a SIN and COS of any angle are between (+/-) 1
Cos C = ADJ or
n
or c
Slope n 0 < angle < 45 COS > SIN
a
Trigonometry/Math

HYP
n 45 < angle < 90 SIN > COS
Run C
OPP
Tan C = or or c (Slope) A b
ADJ Rise b
Law of Sines n Law of Sines and Cosines are used when triangle has no
a = b = c B right angles.
Non- 90 Triangle
Sin A n Law of Sines is used when you are given more angles
Sin B Sin C
a than sides.
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc (Cos A) c
Law of Cosine
b = a + c - 2ac (Cos B)
2 2 2 n Law of Cosines is used when you are given more sides

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab (Cos C) A C than angles

b

Variations in L.O.A. P Properties of a Force: n A Force is defined by four properties:

Py 1. Point of Application (P.O.A.)

P 4 2. Magnitude ( #,kips )
Py 3 3. Sense (Arrowhead, Push or Pull, C or T)
Px PX
2 4. Line of Action (L.O.A.) , (Angle with horizontal)
1000# = 1k
1
n Shallower angles (<45) n Steeper angles (>45) have n The Resultant of several forces is a single force that
have larger horizontal larger vertical components has
components the same effect on a body as all the other forces
Components of a Force: combined.
n The Resultant is also a force and is thus defined by

P the
P PX Px four
n The propertiesislisted
Equilibrant above. as a force that has the
also defined
Py
Py Py same P.O.A., Magnitude and L.O.A. as the
P Py Py
P Py Resultant
PX PX P but has an opposite sense (Arrow)
n Algebraic Method for finding the Resultant of several
PX PX forces is used when force magnitudes and lines of
Forces

Variations in action for each force are known

Transmissibility:
Sense: n Algebraic Method of Force Addition
P P
1. Resolve each force into vertical and horizontal
Py P Py P components
y =
y 2. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all horizontal components
PX PX
P gives the horizontal component of the Resultant.
x x 3. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all vertical components
Force Addition:
gives the vertical component of the Resultant
Algebraic Method: Graphic Method for Force Addition:
n For finding the resultant of several forces n For finding the Resultant of several forces. n Graphic Method is used when a system is in equilibrium
and we need to calculate one or more unknown forces
Force Horizontal Vertical 2 3 2 that contribute to equlibrium
2 1 3
1 +/- +/- 2 1 R Graphic Method for Force Addition
n

1 1. Arrange all forces Head to Tail then add (independent

1
2 +/- +/- of order)
3 3 +/- +/- 2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1 st
3 Force
R +/- R X = SX +/- R y = SY n Resultant begins at 1s Tail
n Tail of 2 on Head of 1 and Head at the Head of the last
n Tails at same P.O.A.nTail of 3 on Head of 2
and ends at last Head
3. Resultant can be determined through calculation
(All angles are typically known)

June 2004 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 1 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions 1.
ofArrange all forces Head
the Architect to Tail thenExam-
Registration add (independent
ARE
of order)
2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1 st
Force
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS and Head at the Head of the last
COMMENTS
3. Resultant can be determined through calculation
(All angles are typically known)
Moment n A & B are called Centers of Moment, or Centers of
Moment = Force X Distance Rotation
P
n The perpendicular distance (d) is called the Moment Arm,
A B or Lever
Force P creates a Force P creates a n Summing Moments (M = 0) to establish equilibrium
Moments and Couples

Positive Moment Negative Moment n To find Beam / Truss reactions

_ n To maintain equilbrium of members
CCW +
_ CW
about point A + about point B
d d n Overturning Moments due to Wind Loads or Hydrostatic

Pressure
Couple n Unlike a Moment, a Couple is NOT about a certain point,

but rather it is about ANY and ALL points.

P
Moment of a n A Couple depends on Force (P), and perpendicular distance (d)

Couple= P x d between two Forces that make up the couple.

d

d
(clockwise, CW) P ( CCW ) n Couple between top Chord (C) and bottom

P chord (T) in a simply supported truss

n Couple between compression in concrete ( top ) and

tension in rebar ( bottom ) of reinforced beam

Formulas Units 1. ELASTIC RANGE: straight line relationship, slope = E
P 1 2 3 4
2. PLASTIC RANGE: increase in strain, no increase in Load / Stress
F: Direct Stress PSI Fu
A 5 3. STRAIN HARDENING: material deforming in section (necking),
Stress / Strain

Fy 6
7 and in length
DL 8 4. FAILURE: Material is gone!
e: Unit Strain in / in

Stress (F=P/A)
Lo 5. YIELD POINT/ YIELD STRENGTH: material is no longer elastic,
Modulus of deformation is permanent
Elasticity: E
F Modulus of
(slope) 6. ULTIMATE STRENGTH: material is about to fail
E:
e Elasticity=
Stress / Strain
PSI
Unit Strain ( DL/ L0 ) 7. RUPTURE: Kiss it Good-Bye
e 8. E: Modulus of Elasticity.Measures material's resistance to deformation

DL: deformation, changes in Length (in) n EA36,A-50= 29,000 KSI DL = a (DT) L0 n Shortening or Elongation of members along their axis
caused by Axial Load (P) DL: Deformation, change in length (in), Change (Expansion & Contraction) of shape
Axial Loads

DL= PL0 P : Axial Load (#,k) n kP k DL caused by change in temperature due to Temperature
L0 : Original, undeformed Length (in. not ft.) (F)
AE A : Cross Sectional Area (in2) n k L0 k DL n Examples include Columns, Trusses, Cables, Cross
DT: Change in temperature
E : Modulus of Elasticity (PSI, KSI) n kA m DL a : Coefficient of thermal Bracing
n kE m DL expansion/contraction
b = width Y Radius of = r = I n If a Member is inadequate in Shear, increasing the Area
A = bd Area (In2) Shear d = depth Gyration A (either Width (b) or Depth (d)) is effective.
Geometry

d/
2
c n If a Member is inadequate in Deflection, increasing the
Moment c = location of
Ixx = bd
3
Moment of Inertia (Width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
d

of Inertia (In4) Deflection

12 Neutral Axis x x cubed and) is much more effective in reducing Deflection.
Ixxbd 2 Section Bending CG ; Center of n If a Member is inadequate in Bending, increasing the
Sxx =
C = 6 Modulus (In3) Y Gravity section modulus (width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Moment b squared and) is much more effective in reducing Bending.
Roller: 1 Reaction ( V ) Pin / Hinge: 2 Reactions ( V , H ) Simply Supported:(Determinate) n Statically Determinate (Simply Supported) loading = three
1 2 H unknown reactions, and can be solved using the
Support Conditions

2 1
2 1 equation of Static equilibrium.
V V 3 n Statically Indeterminate loading > 3 unknown Reactions
Call your engineer.
Fixed / Moment: 3 Reactions (V , H , M)
Continuous: Multiple Reactions Indeterminate Loading: n Pin/Hinged connections iclude most wood to wood, bolted
steel, and precast concrete connections.
3 H 2 2 n fixed connections include most welded steel / steel

V 3 3 connections and cast-in-place concrete.

M 3 1

June 2004 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 2 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Example 1: 12k P
n L< R n M = Moment
n L = 5' x 12k = 4k V =Shear
L R w,W n
10' 5' n Equilibruim = F = 0; F = 0; M =0
15' Load/ x y Any

n R = 10' x12k = 8k 15' FBD n Sum of Areas in Shear Diagram = Moment

n Magnitude of drop = Concentrated Load
15'
n Between concentrated loads, Moment Diagram Slopes

n Uniform loads create gradual drop in Shear ( straight line )

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example 2: + n Uniform loads create curve (downward cup) in Moment

V=0 Diagram
12k 18k 12k 12k 6k - n Overhangs and cantilevers will always have a negative
w = 1k/ft. Moment in Moment Diagram. Simply supported beams
W = 18k = +
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 12' 6' always have positive Moments
18' 18' 18' n VMAX always occurs at support Moment is minimum
L = 23k R = 25k L = 21k R = 21k L = 2k R = 4k
M=0 n M occurs where V = 0
MAX
L = 21k + 2k R = 21k + 4k L = 6'/18' x 6k = 2k
L = 23 k R = 25 k
n Uniform load coefficient, w, = slope in Shear Diagram
R = 12'/18' x 6k = 4k
n Point of Inflection (P.O.I.) is a point on the
Moment Diagram where M = 0
n Point of Inflection only happens when a beam has an

overhang
n If Loading Diagram (FBD) is symmetrical, then the Shear

Diagram and the Moment Diagram are also symmetrical.

n Maximum Shear dictates how much Beam area is needed

n Maximum Moment dictates how much Bema Depth is needed

n If a hole must be punched out of a Beam to allow for passage

of pipe or similar reduction, this must happen at a location of

low Shear and low Bending Moment

Possible n A Truss is inherently stable due to triangulation

Truss is stable in its own plane but needs bridging or
Zero Members n
cross-bracing perpendicular to its own plane
n All joints in an honest Truss are Pinned Joints
Method of Method of n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in less Deflection
C C C C C Sections: Joints: than
Pinned Joints (Advantage)
C C C T n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in larger size
T T T T
members
T T T T T than Pinned Joint Trusses since members will have
C C C C C to
resist V and M in addition to C or T (Disadvantage)
C C C C C n Members carrying Tension can be much smaller than
Trusses

C
members carrying Compresion
n Method of Joints is used to analyze Force / Stress in
T T T T T n m + 3 = 2 j ; where m = Number of Members
every j = Number of Joints
Top and Bottom Chord Stress Web Stresses member of a Truss
n Method of Joints is also used to analyze Force / Stress in
a
member that is close to a support (not in middle of
truss)
n Method of Sections is used to analyze only a few (3 max)
members of a truss
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is

in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
points; otherwise we have combined stresses
( T or C + V and M )
June 2004 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA n Joints that have three or less members framing into PAGE : 3 OF 4
them,
may potentially have Zero Members
 members of a truss
The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is

in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS points; otherwise we have combined stresses
COMMENTS
( T or C + V and M )
n Joints that have three or less members framing into
them,
may potentially have Zero Members

June 2004 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Information Needed to Successfully Pass the General Structures Division of the Architect Registration Exam - ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

MATERIAL: Fv , F b , E LOAD: L, w, W, P, FBD GEOMETRY: A = bd Shear Beam design must satisfy Shear, Bending Moment and
n
I = bd3/ 12 Deflection
Deflection requirements
FC , FT , F P VMAX, M MAX S = (bd2) /6 Bending
n The Allowable Stress (F) of a species of wood or a Grade
MMAX of steel depends on the material itself and is tabulated
DESIGN FOR f v < F v ; Fv a V MAX DESIGN FOR f b < F b ; F b =S DEFLECTION: Dactual = CONST.x (W or P) (Lx12"/ft.) 3

A MIN MIN
Dactual < Dallow in Manuals and Building Codes
SHEAR: BENDING: EI
n The Actual Stress ( f ) is an outcome of the application of
w P w w w a load ( W , P ) on a member
W = wL W = wL n When a Load is applied perpendicular to the axis of a
L W/2 L/2 L/2
W/2 W/2
member ( Normal Loading), Shear and Bending
P/2 W/2 W/2
W/2 stresses develop
W/2 n The Strain associated with Bending is called Deflection
P/2 and the deflected shape of a Beam is the inverse
VMAX = W/2 VMAX = P/2 VMAX = W/2 (upside/down) of the Moment Diagram
n When a load is applied along the axis of a member,
Axial Compression and Tension Stresses develop
General Beam Design

WL/8 n The strain associated with Tension is Elongation and the

PL/4 WL/8
MMAX = WL / 8 strain associated with Compression is Shortening
MMAX = PL/4 MMAX = WL/8 n For the same Magnitude and span, a Uniform Load will
= wL2/ 8 = wL2/8 cause less Deflection than a Concentrated Load
DMAX = 5 WL = 5 wL DMAX = 1 PL3
3 4
for the same material and geometry
384 EI 384 EI 48 EI n The the same Load and Span, a Cantilever will deflect
P P P P P w more than a simply supported beam
W=wL n For the same Load, Material and Geometry a slight

P P L L L increase in Span will create a huge increase in

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L/3 L/3 L/3 0.4W 1.1W 1.1W 0.4W Deflection
n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
3P/2 0.5W 0.6W Modulus of Elasticity, E, ( a stronger material), will result
P 0.4W
in less Deflection
VMAX = P VMAX = 3P/2 VMAX = 0.6 W n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
Moment of Inertia, I , (a deeper member) will result in
PL/2 0.4W less deflection
PL/3 0.6W 0.5W n The Points of Inflection on the Moment Diagram of the

. - . . -.
0.08WL 0.08WL Continuous beam (Left) indicate the locations of curve
MMAX = PL/3 MMAX = PL/2 0.025WL MMAX (+) = 0.08 W L
+ + reversal, and are the locations where reinforcing steel
23 PL3 19 PL3 +
DMAX = DMAX = P.O.I. M (-) = - 0.1 W L would be flipped from bottom to top of the beam.
MAX
648 EI 348 EI
- 0.1WL - 0.1WL

WOOD BEAMS: STEEL BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS:

n For all beams; Dactual = CONST.(W or P)(Lx12"/ft.)3
Shear: FV = 3 VMAX Shear: F V = VMAX Shear: Concrete: f 'c
b bf b EI
2 A MIN b, d, f 'c n Allowable Deflecion is specified by model codes as
AWEB AV
Stirrups: f y a fraction of the span Dallow = L / 240, L / 360,...
AS
Beams

AW f y, f, A v, spacing
d

h
d
d

Bending: F = M Bending: F = M Bending Concrete: f'c

b MAX b MAX
SMIN b, d, f 'c
SMIN
Fb= 24 KSI Fb< 24 KSI Rebars: f y
A=bx d
(full lateral support) (partial lateral support) f y, (f, # rebars), A s
Sxx tables LUNB , M-Charts

WOOD COLUMNS: STEEL COLUMNS: n FC = P/A

Slenderness: Slenderness: n Long and thin ( slender ) columns tend to
slenderness
kLUNB. be
ratio
LUNB./ dLeast
Columns

governed by buckling
r n Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be
k=0.5 k=1 k=2 governed by crushing
kwood= 0.671 E n Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be
wood 11 k 50 L/d go
Fc steel 200 KL/r

June 2004 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4