NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA

Language Center CEIDUNS

Cesar Abraham Vallejo

Mendoza

Students name :

CASTILLO LI GABRIEL OMAR

Advisor:

Dr. LILA MARISA MAGUIA ALVARADO

BASIC LEVEL MONOGRAPH

Chimbote , July 2017

I. INTRODUCTION

Cesar Vallejo Mendoza is the most internationally recognized

Peruvian poet. His work is characterized by the creation of a very
personal poetic language. Also he is the author of novels, short
stories and essays, reflecting his support for the indigenist movement
and socialist ideology.

This work has the purpose of presenting his life, his works and the
figure of the great poet Cesar Vallejo in its journalistic slope.

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 INDEX
DEDICATION ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4
Chapter I: THE EARLY LIFE OF CESAR ABRAHAM VALLEJO MENDOZA. .... 5
1.1. He was born on a March day .............................................................. 5
1.2. He was an excellent student in primary and secondary school .. 5
Chapter II: HIS UNIVERSITY LIFE AND HIS FIRST WORKS ........................... 6
2.1. He left the university and began to work................................................ 6
2.2. He studied medicine at the National University of San Marcos ............ 6
2.3. Worked as Cashier at an Hacienda .......................................................... 6
2.4. He was teacher of Ciro Alegria. ................................................................ 6
2.5. Romanticism in Castellana literature....................................................... 7
Chapter III: THE BOHEMIOS OF TRUJILLO AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON
CESAR VALLEJO .............................................................................................. 7
3.1. The North group and The University of Trujillo ...................................... 7
3.2. Shock violently with local tastes ............................................................. 8
Chaper IV: A "YOUNG POETA PRECIOUS" IS BORN ...................................... 9
4.1. Cesar Vallejo is not deterred before sarcasm ......................................... 9
4.2. Wins the competition Entre Nous and appears his work "Fabla
salvaje"............................................................................................................ 10
Chapter V: CESAR VALLEJO IN EUROPE ..................................................... 10
5.1. Two young friends traveling Europe full of illusions ........................... 11
5.2. Paris and Russia ..................................................................................... 11
5.3. Happiness seemed to smile. .................................................................. 11
5.4. Economic penures that do not help you follow creating ..................... 11
5.5. He was expelled from France and took refuge in Madrid. ................... 11
5.6. Vallejo and the Spanish Civil War .......................................................... 12
5.7. "Spain, away from me this Chalice" ...................................................... 12
Chapter VI: DEATH IN PARIS .......................................................................... 12
CONCLUSIONS. .............................................................................................. 15
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES .................................................................... 16

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 INTRODUCTION
Cesar Vallejo Mendoza is the most internationally recognized Peruvian poet. His
work is characterized by the creation of a very personal poetic language. Also
he is the author of novels, short stories and essays, reflecting his support for the
indigenist movement and socialist ideology.

This work has the purpose of presenting his life, his works and the figure of the
great poet Cesar Vallejo in its journalistic slope.

4
Chapter I: THE EARLY LIFE OF CESAR ABRAHAM VALLEJO MENDOZA.

Cesar Vallejos house in Santiago de Chuco

1.1. He was born on a March day

Csar Vallejo was the eleventh and last son of the marriage of Francisco de Paula
Vallejo Benites with Maria de los Santos Mendoza Gurrionero, both natural of
Santiago de Chuco and sons of two Spanish priests-Don Jos Rufo Vallejo and
Don Joaqun Mendoza- and two natives Peruvian -Doa Justa Benites and Doa
Natividad Gurrionero. The family belonged to the lower middle class. From Andre
Coin's research, ratified by the definitive testimony of Alcides Spelucn, it can
be affirmed that he was born in that city on the 16 of March in 1892.

1.2. He was an excellent student in primary and secondary school

In 1900 he was enrolled in the first year at the Fiscal School of Santiago de Chuco
and concluded five years later his basic education in the School Center N 271,
highlighting, in "Castilian, History and Lessons of Things". His parents saw him
predestined for the priestly career, which he in his early childhood willingly
accepted; Hence there are so many biblical and liturgical references in his early
poems.

He was an excellent student, and as he showed clear intelligence, his parents

sent him to the nearby Andean city of Huamachuco to study secondary school in
the centennial National College of San Nicols (1904-1907), with very good
results although in the middle of economic tightness. The course corresponding

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to the year 1908 made him as "free student" staying in his house in Santiago de
Chuco.

After completing his secondary studies, he returned to his hometown, dedicating

himself for a year to small jobs, with the goal of saving for his university studies.

Chapter II: HIS UNIVERSITY LIFE AND HIS FIRST WORKS

2.1. He left the university and began to work
In 1910 he moved to Trujillo and enrolled in the first year of the Faculty of Arts at
the National University of La Libertad, but after a few months his savings were
exhausted and he had to return to Santiago de Chuco, with the intention of
working for One more year and have the necessary resources to sustain
themselves. He helped his father, the governor, in the processing and preparation
of papers and records. He then took direct contact with the workers of the
Quiruvilca mines (near Santiago), which would later become the stage of his
novel El Tungsteno.

2.2. He studied medicine at the National University of San Marcos

By the end of 1910 he had already set a higher goal: to follow medical studies in
Lima. In 1911 he moved to the capital of Peru and obtained enrollment in the
Faculty of Sciences of the National University of San Marcos, the dean of
America. Once again he could not support himself for economic reasons and after
a few months he had to leave the university classrooms, whose attendance
routine he could not get used to. He may also become disillusioned with medicine
and decide to take another course.

2.3. Worked as Cashier at an Hacienda

At the end of that year of 1911, he returned to Trujillo, where he found a modest
job as a cashier assistant and "maker of payrolls for the peons" at the "Roma"
Hacienda in Chicama, owned by Victor Larco Herrera (1912). This experience
would be valuable to him to witnessing the barbarous exploitation of the pawns
in the plantations of sugar cane, which would then be the subject of inspiration
and reflection of many of his later writings. At that time, he was already writing
poems and short stories.

2.4. He was teacher of Ciro Alegria.

In 1913, he resigned his employment at the hacienda and returned again to
Trujillo. Already determined to substitute the sciences for the letters, he resumed
his studies in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Trujillo (March of 1913).
There he met Victor Ral Haya de la Torre, who was his classmate and his early
friend.To pay his expenses while studying at the university.He worked as a
freshman teacher of primary education and one of his pupils at the National
School of San Juan, in Trujillo, was a boy who had just descended from the cold

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mountains to the warm Libertean capital. Thirty years later, that child was the
celebrated novelist Ciro Alegra.

2.5. Romanticism in Castellana literature

In 1915, when he was 23 years old, he graduated with a degree in Philosophy
and Literature, specializing in Literature, with a thesis on "Romanticism in
Castilian literature", edited in Trujillo that same year. After graduating as a
bachelor in Letters, he began to study Law, a career that continued until 1918.

Chapter III: THE BOHEMIOS OF TRUJILLO AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON

CESAR VALLEJO

3.1. The North group and The University of Trujillo

The group was originally called "The Bohemians of Trujillo", but the critics ended
up baptizing it as "Grupo Norte", by the newspaper "El Norte".

Its most prominent members were Antenor Orrego, his founder and mentor,
Csar A. Vallejo, as he was signing, his friend Jose Eulogio Garrido, Oscar Imaa
(1901-1965), Alcides Spelucn (1897-1979), author of the poems The book of the
golden ship, published in Lima in 1926, Juan Jose Lora (1903-1961) published

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his book -Lydia in Trujillo in 1929, Nicanor de la Fuente (1904-1980), Francisco
Xandoval (1902) -1960) author of -The songs of Maya, published belatedly in
1941 in Piura, Luis Valle Goicochea (1908-1954), author of "The songs of Rinono
and Papagil" (Lima, 1932), one of the first Peruvian works Of children's literature,
and the painters Macedonio de la Torre and Federico Esquerre. And many
others. Almost all would have to achieve national or regional prestige, and the
work of some would achieve international prestige, as in the case of Vallejo,
Spelucn, Orrego and Macedonio de la Torre. The most beloved friends of "Cholo
Vallejo"

The closest friends to the "Cholo Vallejo", as they affectionately called it, were
Orrego, Garrido, Spelucn, Imaa and the political future Victor Ral Haya de la
Torre. They were was a group of young provincials, many of them from the sierra,
poor or middle class, intelligent and passionate, who wanted to become
independent of the spiritual tutelage of old Lima.

They conformed a rebellious generation, who radically questioned the aesthetic

and political ideas in force, and who directed a scrutinizing and unbecoming look
criticism of analysis, sympathy and commitment on the Peruvian reality, from new
artistic and social perspectives.

The regional gesture of the northern was immediately echoed in Arequipa, and
then in Cusco and Puno, where the young students were grouped imbued with a
serious eagerness to renew.

3.2. Shock violently with local tastes

Vallejo was enthusiastically integrated into the group, and feeling like a fish in the
water he spent more time writing, moving away from his law studies. As is often
the case when a new school, current or cultural movement appears, the gestures,
words and work of these young and rebellious northern artists clashed violently
with local tastes. Trujillo society reacted by ignoring them, looking at them and
listening with some indifference or distrust to a work that could not appreciate or
understand. In spite of this, the proposals and initial works of the members of the
group began to be accepted in the newspapers "la Industria" and "El Norte", the
local magazines, also in the important Lima magazines "Variedades" and
"Mundial".

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 Chaper IV: A "YOUNG POETA PRECIOUS" IS BORN

In 1916, the poet Juan Parra del Riego heard Vallejo recite his verses, and seeing
in he a promise he called it "young poet precious". Encouraged by this recognition
and the enthusiasm of his comrades, Vallejo sent to the well-known Lima
magazine "Variedades" his sonnet: "El poeta a su amada".

4.1. Cesar Vallejo is not deterred before sarcasm

Vallejo did not fret about the sarcasm of the critic Clemente Palma, and perhaps
smiling with grief for those who made him a victim of the double conspiracy of
silence and praise against, he continued to write. In the middle of 1917, The
magazine "Mundo Limeo", published another sonnet entitled "Ausente".

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Despite the indifference in Trujillo and Lima, young Vallejo continued to publish
loose poems. The following year, the originals of his first book were ready to be
edited, with the title "Los heraldos Negros", the subtitle (Poems), and at the foot
of the date: 1918. He signed it as Cesar A. Vallejo.

In 1919, Vallejo published Los Heraldos Negros ", his original poetry book,
without a prologue, maintaining on the cover the date originally planned (1918)
and his name as Cesar A. Vallejo.
4.2. Wins the competition Entre Nous and appears his work "Fabla
salvaje"
In May of 1922 he won the competition organized by the company Entre Nous
with the story "Ms all de la vida y la Muerte", inspired by his return journey to
the paternal house.

He received the prize in a special ceremony at Forero Theater, predecessor of

the current Municipal Theater, the most important in Lima.
In 1923, he published "Fabla Salvaje", short novel about a tragic episode of the
dark and miserable life of a peasant couple whose relationship is strongly
disturbed by the unhealthy and unjustified jealousy that the husband feels and
that will lead him to death. Vallejo was in a stage of intense and varied production.

Chapter V: CESAR VALLEJO IN EUROPE

Csar Vallejo in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin

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5.1. Two young friends traveling Europe full of illusions
On the 17 of june in 1923, when he was 31 years old, he climbed the boat ladder
that would take him to Europe thanks to the fraternal gesture of his friend Julio
Galvez Orrego.

To this his family had sent him a passage to travel from El Callao to Le Havre, in
France, in first class. The good friend changed his expensive passage of first for
two of third, to enable to Vallejo the longed trip to Paris, where it thought to find
an environment more propitious for its creative work.

There the two young and enthusiastic friends departed. They were far from
imagining that it was a game without a return, and that only three years later both
would lie there underground.

5.2. Paris and Russia

In Paris, Vallejo began to earn a living by working in a local newspaper and writing
countless articles for the magazines Variedades and Mundial and the
newspaper El Comercio in Lima, as well as for the newspaper El Norte Trujillo.
In 1926 he published a cultural magazine in Paris, and in 1928 he traveled to
Russia, dazzled by the socialist experiment.

5.3. Happiness seemed to smile.

In 1929, he married a Parisian girl, Georgette Philipard, and traveled extensively
in 1930 through Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, Hungary and Italy.
Despite being economically difficult times, happiness seemed to have begun to
smile at him.

5.4. Economic penures that do not help you follow creating

He was forty-five years old and his early death was fast approaching, while in the
midst of great economic hardship he continued to create his work and tirelessly
writing journalistic collaborations, which gave him the basis of his income.

5.5. He was expelled from France and took refuge in Madrid.

But his ideas and political activities led to his expulsion from France in 1930.
Fortunately, he obtained an opportune scholarship, and thus was able to travel
to Madrid. There he published the second edition of Trilce, with a prologue of
the penetrating and sharp Spanish writer Jos Bergamn (1897-1983), and with
a salutation of the famous Hispanic poet Gerardo Diego (1896-1987). Already
signed as Csar Vallejo, abandoning the A. of Abraham.

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In 1931, he also published in Madrid, Rusia en 1931, reflexiones a pie del
Kremlin, a collection of chronicles about his observations and experiences in that
country, whose sociopolitical characteristics were then of great worldwide
interest, and whose leaders sought to propagate their ideas throughout the world.

That same year published the novel Tungsteno. Shortly afterwards, he returned
to France and continued to write the countless articles he had to send to Lima
and Trujillo.
5.6. Vallejo and the Spanish Civil War
He returned to Spain in the summer of 1937, in the midst of the terrible Civil War,
which began in 1936 against the Republican Government, and which lasted until
1939. There he was to be shot dead in front of a platoon of General Franco's
triumphant troops, His loyal friend Julio Galvez Orrego.

The Spanish civil war, with its million dead, its churches burned down, the Nazi
bombardment of the cities, the invasion of fascist troops from Mussolini's Italy,
desolate and deserted fields, the exacerbated passion that divided families with
hatred and Neighbors, and the idealistic sacrifice of international volunteers,
deeply touched him.

5.7. "Spain, away from me this Chalice"

The 12 of July in 1937, Vallejo returned to France and resumed an intense and
ultimate stage of poetic creation. By the end of that year, throughout the fall,
Vallejo passionately wrote most of the verses of two books that would be known
only posthumously: "Poems Humans" and "Spain, away from me this Chalice."

Chapter VI: DEATH IN PARIS

Cesar Vallejo on his deathbed

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 Tomb of Cesar Vallejo in Paris

In the last months of that year of 1937 also wrote the drama of Incan subject " La
Piedra Cansada". At the beginning of 1938 it was dedicated to a campaign for
the restoration of the democratic guarantees in Peru. In March of that year, he
fell prostrate in bed of fatigue, to say of himself. Some friends, fellow doctors of
his, visited him by prescribing him one pill or another without treating him
properly. The evil, unknown, did not cease though. Alerted by Dr. Ral Porras
Barrenechea, then Peruvian delegate to the League of Nations, the Peruvian
legation in Paris hastened the transfer of Vallejo to a hospital. He was
hospitalized on the 24 of March in 1938 at the Surgical Clinic of Villa Aragogo.
On 7 and 8 April, his illness became a crisis. After many days of resignation on
his part, of perplexity on the part of the doctors and anguish on the part of his
friends, he ceased to exist on the morning of Good Friday, the 15 of april in 1938,
at 9.20 am The death certificate that appears in the public records office) or at
9.30 am (according to the records of the clinic).

Although it was not a Thursday as the poet had wished, or a "Paris with a
downpour," but a light spring drizzle. His remains were buried on the 19 of april
in the cemetery of Mont Rouge. The obituary speeches were given by Louis
Aragon, French poet; By Gonzalo More, Peruvian; And Antonio Ruiz Villaplana,
Spanish. Aragon vowed to spread the work of Vallejo. However, it would be his
widow Georgette who would perform such work intensely and selflessly, often
misunderstood.

Georgette survived 45 years, a lapse almost equivalent to the years of life of

"universal cholo". He systematically refused to transfer the poet's remains to
Peru. On the 3 of april in 1970 he had them transferred to the cemetery of

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Montparnasse, writing in his epitaph: "I have snowed so much, that you may
sleep." There they still rest: division 12, 4 north, 7 east.

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 CONCLUSIONS.
1. Without discussion, Cesar Vallejo is the greatest Peruvian poet of all time,
a capital figure of twentieth-century Spanish-American poetry alongside Neruda
and Huidobro and one of the most original voices of the Spanish language.
2. Cesar Vallejo achieved the overcoming of modernism and a new
expressive tone. Then, he broke into the vanguard before anyone else with Trilce,
perhaps the most audacious book of contemporary poetry in Castilian. He also
excelled in genres such as narrative and essay.
3. Vallejo developed a poetics of being; that is, of the interior of man. He is
an existential poet: he constantly talks about the existence of man. The problems
and the hardships of the man walk along the lines of his poems.
4. Vallejo embodies the life trajectory of a part of humanity that affirmed its
own project of life and that when submitted, loses its freedom and its possibilities
of realization. Vallejo embodies the hope and optimism of that culture.
5. Vallejo is an example of a teacher. Although not all teachers can ascend
to the peaks of poetry, they are not obligated to do so. The important thing is that
they give everything of themselves and put in the center of their daily bustle their
student.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Basadre, J. Historia de la Repblica del Per, octava edicin, tomo 14.

Vallejo, C. (1988).Poemas humanos. Espaa, aparta de mi este cliz. Edicin,

introduccin y notas de Francisco Martnez Garca. Madrid, Ediciones
Castalia.
Cornejo, A. (1980). Historia de la literatura del Per republicano. Includa en
Historia del Per, Tomo VIII. Per Republicano. Lima, Editorial Meja Baca.
Coyn, A. (2000). Medio siglo con Vallejo. Lima, Fondo Editorial PUCP.

Tauro del Pino, A. (2001). Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Per. Tercera Edicin. Tomo
2. Lima, PEISA.
Espejo, J. (1965). Csar Vallejo. Itinerario del hombre. 1892-1923'', Librera
Editorial Juan Meja Baca, Lima. .
Maritegui, J. (2004). 7 ensayos de interpretacin de la realidad peruana. En: El
proceso de la literatura. Lima, Ediciones Cultura Peruana.
Mongui, L. (1952) Csar Vallejo, vida y obra. Lima, Editora Per Nuevo.

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