Written Assignment On

English Language

Submitted By:

Prosenjeet Singh

LLB. (Hons.),Sem.-I (2016-2019)

Class Roll No. : 129

University Roll No. :..

Law College Dhanbad

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 Roll No. : 132

Table of Contents Page No.

1. Legal Terminology 2 to 3

2. Distinguish between Direct and Indirect speech with illustration 4

3. Essay on Natural Justice . 5

4. Bibliography 6

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1. Ab initio.

An agreement is said to be "void ab initio" if it has at no time had any legal validity. A party may
be said to be a trespasser, an estate said to be good, an agreement or deed said to be void, or a
marriage or act said to be unlawful, ab initio.

. When a man enters upon lands or into the house of another by authority of law, and afterwards
abuses that authority, he becomes a trespasser ab initio. And if an officer neglects to remove
goods attached within a reasonable time and continue in possession, his entry becomes a trespass
ab initio.

2. Ad valorem .

The term ad valorem is derived from the Latin ad valentiam, meaning "to the value." It is
commonly applied to a tax imposed on the value of property. Real property taxes that are
imposed by the states, counties, and cities are the most common type of ad valorem taxes. ad
valorem taxes can, however, be imposed upon Personal Property. For example, a motor vehicle
tax may be imposed upon personal property such as an automobile.

An article of commerce may be subjected to an ad valorem tax in proportion to its value, which
is determined by assessment or appraisal.

Duties, taxes on goods imported or brought into this country from a foreign country, are either ad
valorem or specific. An ad valorem duty is one in the form of a percentage on the value of the
property, unlike a specific duty that is a fixed sum imposed on each article of a class, such as all
Swiss wristwatches, regardless of their individual values.

3. De facto.

This phrase is used to characterize an officer, a government, a past action, or a state of affairs
that must be accepted for all practical purposes, but is illegal or illegitimate. Thus, an office,
position, or status existing under a claim or color of right, such as a de facto corporation. In this
sense it is the contrary of de jure, which means rightful, legitimate, just, or constitutional. Thus,
an officer, king, or government de facto is one that is in actual possession of the office or
supreme power, but by usurpation, or without lawful title; while an officer, king, or governor de
jure is one who has just claim and rightful title to the office or power, but has never had plenary
possession of it, or is not in actual possession. A wife de facto is one whose marriage is Voidable
by decree, as distinguished from a wife de jure, or lawful wife. But the term is also frequently
used independently of any distinction from de jure; thus a blockade de facto is a blockade that is
actually maintained, as distinguished from a mere paper blockade.

A de facto corporation is one that has been given legal status despite the fact that it has not
complied with all the statutory formalities required for corporate existence. Only the state may
challenge the validity of the existence of a de facto corporation.

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4. De Novo

A second time; afresh. A trial or a hearing that is ordered by an appellate court that has reviewed
the record of a hearing in a lower court and sent the matter back to the original court for a new
trial, as if it had not been previously heard nor decided.

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2. Distinguish between Direct and Indirect Speech with Illustration.

Direct speech is when we report what someone says by repeating the exact words. In writing, we
use inverted commas:

For Example :

David: I have to talk to you about something. (original statement)

"I have to talk to you about something," said David. (direct speech)
Michelle: I'll call them tomorrow. (original statement)
Michelle said, "I'll call them tomorrow." (direct speech)

Indirect speech (also called reported speech) is when we give the same meaning of what
someone says without repeating the exact words. In this case, we do not use inverted commas
and certain changes may be necessary:

For example :

David: I have to talk to you about something. (original statement)

David said he had to talk to me about something. (indirect speech)
Michelle: I'll call them tomorrow. (original statement)
Michelle promised she would call them the next day. (indirect speech)

We also use indirect speech when we report inner thoughts:

I had no idea where my keys were. (Where are my keys?)

She knew that the lock had been changed. (The lock has been changed.)

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3. Natural Justice

Natural justice has become the basic principle of law, whereby it is assumed that justice is not
meted out unless certain procedural rules are observed.

The Natural Justice is assumed to be yet another name of natural law, which the judges have
used very creatively to deliver justice. The use of the expression natural justice implies the
existence of moral principles of self-evident truth.

One of the very basic principles of natural justice is called Audi Alteram Partem rule. The rule
stipulates that no one shall be condemned unheard. In other words, an adverse decision cannot be
passed against a party without giving him proper opportunity to present his case and thereby tell
his side of the truth.

Similarly, the other principle of natural justice is that no man can be a judge in his own case. It is
felt that one cannot be expected to be impartial when any of his interests is involved. This does
not only mean that one cannot be a judge when one is party but also that he could not be the
judge, also, in the case where the subject matter is of interest to his near and dear one.

Whether he actually has a bias or not, need not be established because it is important that not
only should there be actual impartiality, but also that there should be no room for anyone to
suspect the lack of it.

Supreme Court held that even in such cases where the principles of natural justice might defeat
the very purpose of an action, this principle has to be observed even if it means, observing it after
the action has been taken; but observed it must be.

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Bibliography

www.lawteacher.net
http://dictionary.law.com/