Professional Documents
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BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION 2
1.0 3.0
IDEA DEVELOPMENT TEST RESULT
INTRODUCTION pg 3
FORCES AND STRENGTH ANALYSIS pg 27 - 30
DESIGN CONCEPT pg 3
CONCLUSION pg 31
PRECEDENT STUDIES pg 4 - 5
DESIGN ANALYSIS pg 6
CONSTRUCTION APPENDIX pg 33 - 35
DESIGN PROCESS pg 8 - 12
MATERIALS SELECTIONS pg 13
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS pg 14 - 15
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1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 DESIGN CONCEPT
In this project, students were required to design a 1:5 temporary Where would human be without trees? Trees play important part
bus shelter that can accommodate at least five to six people with in natural world, its no surprise that tree had inspired design, art
maximum height of 600mm and base size of 400mm x 800mm and even architecture. Adopting Branches and Leaves of Tree
(scale 1:5). In to understand of skeleton structures and it relevan as a design to enhance the visual and symbolic cues into the
components. Throughout the whole project, students will manage structures itself.
to demonstrate and manipulate skeleton construction.
The perforated of steel column and bracings gives the impression
Tetrahedron and Cuboid were chosen as the main skeleton form of tree branches when the sunlight penetrate in. Abstract in term,
to construct the temporary bus shelter. the roof had mimic the pattern of the leaves to provide lots of light
but keeping the sun shading effect at the same time.
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION
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1.3 PRECEDENT STUDIES
FIGURE 1.3.5: BAMBOO COLUMNS CONNECTED TO THE ROOF FRAME FIGURE 1.3.6: STEEL TUBES AS A PART OF THE ROOF FIGURE 1.3.7: BAMBOO COLUMNS
WITH STEEL JOINTS MADE UP OF BOLTS AND .NUTS STRUCTURE. CONNECTED TO FLOOR WITH STEEL JOINTS.
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1.4 DESIGN ANALYSIS
The diagram below explains both path of forces: Tensile Force and
Additional bracing can enhance the load and force distribution through
Compression Force that had applied on column, and bracing. The forces
the X-bracing that been welded in between column and column before
are distributing through the C-channel roof to ground through the
transferring the load directly into the ground.
columns with x-bracing in the middle.
Tensile Force
Slanted Columns Bent by Compression Bracing gives
Compression Force
Force Support
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1.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The long bench allows more people to sit while The single pitched roof allows rain to flow The slightly pitched roof provides more shaded
waiting for the bus. backwards instead of the front side to prevent space for the users while allowing enough lighting
obstruction to the bus stop during rainy days. into the space. The roofing structure also creates
shadow pattern in the bus shelter.
w
Rain flo
Venti
la tion
Leaning structure
Sunlight Shadow
1.5.6 ACCESS
User access to the bus shelter is through the sides
and the front where the seats are facing.
1.5.2 VENTILATION 1.5.4 FUNCTIONALITY
Absence of walls maximizes the ventilation in the The bracing structure at the back allows leaning
bus stop and views towards the surroundings. of the users while obstructing entry to the bus
This prevents heat from storing up and creates a stop through the back.
comfortable space of the bus shelter.
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2.1 DESIGN PROCESS
3. - Bracing added in columns allow stronger 4. - Columns added in front holds the overhanging roof structure, able
supporting system to carry the load from roof to to withstand harsh weather.
the ground - Bench connected to the bracing structure allow load distribution
from the columns.
- Slightly slanted structures allow better ventilation in the space.
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2.1 DESIGN PROCESS
STUDY MODEL 3: Study model that developed from study model 1: made with wooden stick and
paper as represented as steel column and tensile fabric.
STUDY MODEL 4: New study model created by using Google Sketch Up. The steel column and bracing remains as the same, meanwhile roof material had been
changed from tensile fabric to timber roof to provide better sun shading effect.
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2.1 DESIGN PROCESS
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2.1 DESIGN PROCESS
FINAL DRAWINGS
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2.2 MATERIALS SELECTION
Steel columns are used as the main support of Timber is used for the seating of the bus stop Polycarbonate is used as the roof shading. Tinted
the bus stop. The framing of the roof is made up and also the roof joists.The timber roof joists polycarbonate reduces glare under the strong
of steel C-channels to be joined to the steel allows the overall weight of the roof to be lighter sunlight while keeping the bus stop users shaded.
columns and allows the slotting of the timber and looks aesthetically pleasing.
joists.
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2.3 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1 2 3 4
2. Discussion of works.
7 8 14
2.3 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
11 12 13
14 15 16
10. Weld the U-joint to the roof frame as a connector of column to the the
roof.
11. Install the roof structures and slot it into the roof frame.
12. Insert the polycarbonate into the roof framing, above the roof structures
and seal it with silicon.
Polycarbonate roofing
Timber bench
Welded bench steel support
Pin joint to base plate connection
Flooring
Floor joists
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
Roof C-channel framing is welded unto the C-channel frames the timber roof joists and Timber roof beams and joists are
metal joint, which is then joint to the constructed with interlocking joints and
supporting beams together. Polycarbonate is
supporting columns with bolts and nuts. arranged in an angle to provide shade while
then slotted onto the framing. supporting the polycarbonate panel.
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
Steel bars are welded onto the columns to support the timber bench of the bus stop. It also Steel columns are connected to
increases the surface area of load distribution to the ground. baseplate through pin joint. Steel
base plate is then joint to concrete
with bolts and nuts.
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
Top parts of columns are welded on steel A pair of columns are welded on steel plates Welding of the cross bracing on the
plates and then screwed to C-channel and then screwed to the base. supporting columns increases the strength
framing of the roof. to transport load from the roof to the
foundation.
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
Timber halving
joint on the roof
The actual look of the roof framing to front column joint. The front support is made up of 2
square hollow section welded onto
steel plates.
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
2.4.6 WELDING
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND COMPONENTS
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3.1 FORCES AND STRENGTH STUDIES
The overall structure has load distributed evenly to the ground. Cross bracing structures allow the spreading of load from the roof,
The single pitched roof is supported by the slanting steel thus reducing the weight load on each column and preventing the
columns with cross bracing at the back and a pair of columns on columns from buckling.
both sides at the front.
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3.1 FORCES AND STRENGTH STUDIES
The connection between the bench and the bracing structure Weight of seated user is transferred to the bench, which is also connected to the
increases the surface area in-contact with the ground, thus bracing structure and carried down to the ground beams. The bench is able to
increasing the stability of the whole bus shelter. withstand the live loads of 5-6 people.
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3.1 FORCES AND STRENGTH STUDIES
Single pitch roof prevents the accumulation of rain on the roof, Open structure allows even distribution of wind force into the bus
thus increasing the ability to withstand weather. stop, causing balanced air pressure above and below the roof,
reducing uplift force on the roof.
Uplift force
Wind Direction
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3.1 FORCES AND STRENGTH STUDIES
TEST RESULT
Bricks placed near the sides of floor is supported by Bricks stacked on the bench.
the concrete foundation.
Bricks placed at the centre of the floor. The test result of the strength of the bus shelter is successful, whereby the floor is able to withstand the load of 6
bricks (12 kg). The bench also managed to hold the weight of 6 bricks as well.
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3.2 CONCLUSION
The stability of the bus shelter is achieved through the design of the
substructure and superstructure, whereby the load from the roof is being
transferred to the ground with the help of the bracing structure, front
columns as well as the bench which is connected to the bracing structure. The
presence of bracing structure strengthens the whole structure, preventing the
roof from collapsing. Hollow steel sections used are able to withstand the
structure without having to use solid steel poles which are heavier.
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4.1 REFERENCES
2. Shanghai Expo: Bamboo German-Chinese House Glows Like a Lantern. Available at http://inhabitat.com/shanghai-expo-bamboo-german-chinese-house-glows-like-a-lantern/. Accessed
on 16 May 2017.
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4.2 APPENDIX
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4.2 APPENDIX
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4.2 APPENDIX
FIGURE 4.2.3. SKETCHES OF THE FLOORING FIGURE 4.2.4. SKETCHES OF JOINT OF I-BEAM AND
COMPONENTS. FOUNDATION.
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4.2 APPENDIX
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