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TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SPEKC - KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70


Answer any SEVEN questions (7 x 10 = 70 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 600 words /5 pages
Each answer carries 10 marks

1. mwptpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff. Nehpa rpe;jid> jfty;> ek;gpf;if ,tw;wpypUe;J mwpT


vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wJ?
Describe the types of knowledge. How knowledge is distinguished from reason, information and
belief.

2. GJikAk;> gz;ghLk; fy;tpKiwapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs; Fwpj;J tpthjp;f;f.


Discuss the influence of culture and modernity on theory and practice of education.

3. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd;> fy;tp fUj;Jfspy; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;wy;-


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
Describe the educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi special reference to aims of education,
curriculum and methods of teaching learning.

4. jh$h;> N[.fpU\;z%h;j;jp ghh;itapy; fw;gpf;Fk; R+oypy; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the views of Tagore and J.Krishnamoorthy on relationship of freedom in learning
environment.

5. [dehaff; fy;tp vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? fy;tpapy; FbAhpikg;gapw;rp> [dehaf


eilKiw Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.
What is meant by democratic education? Explain the democratic practices in education and
training for democratic citizenship.

6. My;gh;l; Mypth;> gpypg; gPdpf;]; MfpNahhpd; ghh;itapy; fiyj;jpl;l fUj;jpid


tpthjpf;f.
Discuss the concept of curriculum as viewed by Albort Oliver and Philip Phenix.

7. ilyh;> `py;lh jhgh MfpNahhpd; fiyj;jpl;l tsh;r;rp Fwpj;j khjphpfis tpsf;Ff.


Explain Tylers and Hilda Tabas curriculum development models.

8. gs;sp khzth;fspd; xUq;fpize;j MSik tsh;r;rpf;fhd gy;NtW ,izf; fy;tpr;


nray;fspd;; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpf;f.
Discuss the importance of various co-curricular activities for the development of integrated
personality among the school students.

9. fiyj;jpl;l tsh;r;rpapy; kj;;jpa> khepy murpd; gq;F Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the role of Central government and State in the development of curriculum.

10. ];l/gPy;gPkpd; rpIgpgp kjpg;gPl;L khjphpia tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the Stufflebeams CIPP evaluation model.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SPECS - CREATING AN INCLUSIVE SCHOOL

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. ,ayhj;jd;ikapd; gy;NtWiffis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the different types of disabilities.

2. ,ayhik> FiwghL> ,tw;iw tiuaWf;f. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; jFe;j


vLj;Jfhl;LfSld; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
Define the term disability and impairment with suitable examples.

3. ,ayhj;jd;ikAilaf; Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfis


tpthpf;f.
Describe the approaches to identify children with disabilities.

4. fw;wypy; ,ayhikapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the kinds of learning disabilities.

5. VNjDk; ehd;F ,ayhj;jd;ikapd; khjpupfspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the salient features of any four models of disability.

6. cs;slq;fpa fy;tp njhlu;ghd jilfis tptupf;f. ,itfis jfu;j;njwpaf;


$ba topKiwfis tpsf;Ff.
Enumerate the barriers to inclusive education. Explain the means and methods to
overcome them.

7. ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd nfhs;iffisAk;>


jpl;lq;fisAk; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
Summarise the inclusive education policies and programmes initiated in India.
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TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SPEGS - GENDER, SCHOOL AND SOCIETY


Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35
Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. ghypdk;> ghy; NtWghL tiuaW. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.


Define gender and sex. Write the differences between gender and sex.

2. tFg;giwfs;> gs;spapy; fhzg;gLk; ghypd ghFghl;bid tpsf;Ff.


Explain the discrimination of gender in classrooms and school.

3. ghypd milahsj;jpy; FLk;gk;> gs;sp> epWtdq;fspd; gq;fpidg;gw;wp tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the role of family, school and organisation in gender identity.

4. rpWth;> rpWkpfis xOf;fnewpg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfis tpthpf;f.


Describe the processes of disciplining techniques for boys and girls.

5. ghypay; ghFghl;il ePf;Ftjpy; Mrphpah;> ngw;Nwhhpd; gq;fpid tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the role of teacher and parents to eliminate gender bias.

6. ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the safety laws for women in India.

7. Neh;kiwahd fUj;J vd;gij tiuaW. cUtj; Njhw;wk;> jd;DUtk; Fwpj;j


fUj;Jf;fis gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
Define positive notions. Explain the positive notions of body and self.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

gp.vl; khjpup tpdhj;jhs;-2015


2015-2017 (,uz;
(,uz;lhk; Mz;L)
SCPTA - jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-
(gFjp-2 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)

fhyk;: 1 kzpNeuk; nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;


gz;fs; :35
VNjDk; Ie;J tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; tpilaspf;fTk; (5 x 7 = 35)
xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; Kd;DhW thh;j;ijfs;/%d;W gf;fq;fSf;F kpfhky;; tpilaspf;fTk;:
xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; 7 kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gLk;

1. cah;epiyg; ghlEhypy; fhzg;gLk; nkhopj; jpwd;fis tpsf;Ff.

2. jkpopd; rpwg;Gfisj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; ghlj;jpd; top tpsf;Ff.

3. MFngau; vd;why; vd;d? ePl;lyit MFngaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L je;J tpsf;Ff.

4. nrhy; ,yf;fzj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tFg;giwj; jpwd;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

5. nrk;nkhopf;Fhpa jFjpfshf nkhopapayhsu; $Wtdtw;iw tpthpj;J vOJf.

6. fz;zfpf;Fk; ghz;ba kd;dd; neQ;nropaDf;Fk; ele;j nrhw;Nghupid ciueil


mikj;J vOJf.

7. nky;y nky;y kw vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf;fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.


jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPEN - PEDAGOGY OF ENGLISH: PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. Read the following paragraph from 9th class prose lesson. Frame seven suitable
comprehension questions from it.
He gave up hunting and spent all his time reflecting upon his life and admiring the beauty
of the lush green fields. He thought about it deeply, and came to the conclusion that the whole
universe is built up through the love and that the grief of separation is inescapable. He sat down
under a tree and wept bitterly. From that day he rose at four oclock each morning to walk to
the post office. In his whole life, Ali had never received a letter, but with a devout serenity born
of hope and faith he persevered and was always the first to arrive.
2. Read the following poem in the 9th class and paraphrase it in your own words.
I often contemplate my childhood, Mom.
I am a mother now, and so I know
Hard work is mixed together with the fun;
You learned that when you gave to me:
Sacrifice, devotion, love and tears,
Your heart, your mind, your energy and soul--
All these you spent on me throughout the years.
You loved me with a never-failing love
You gave me strength and sweet security,
And then you did the hardest thing of all:
You let me separate and set me free.
Every day, I try my best to be
A mother like the mom you were to me.

2
3. Identify the sentences according to their kind.

1. How talented you are!


2. Open your books at page 80.
3. I do not want to see this movie.
4. May I go out to play?
5. The rivers run dry in summer.
6. There is no water in the lake.
7. Can you show me the way to the railway station?

4. Illustrate how the passive sentences are formed.

5. Explain six basic types of sentence patterns with suitable examples.

6. Illustrate how a direct speech is changed into an indirect speech.

7. What is a question tag? Illustrate how question tags are formed.


jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPMA - PEDAGOGY OF MATHEMATICS - PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. xU uhk 60 FLgf csd. t 28 FLgf 


kL ngRwhf. 20
FLgf cUJ kL ngRwhf.  kW cUJ uoid ngR FLgf
vjid vd fhf.

In a village there are 60 families. Out of these 28 families speak only Tamil and 20families speak only
Urdu. How many families speak both Tamil and Urdu?

2. fhu njwij gagL(x 1) vgJ 4x3- 6x2+ 9x- 7 xU fhu vd U.


Using factor theorem show that (x 1) is a factor of 4x3-6x2+9x-7.

3. gYW nfhitf x3+3x2-m kW 2x3-mx+9 Matiw (x-2)M tFjh ilF


f rk v, m kig fhf nkY ia fhf.
If the polynomials x3+3x2-m and 2x3-mx+9 leave the same remainder when they are divided by
(x-2), find the value of m. Also find the remainder.

4. :1: X izfu v gff rk.


2: X izfu v nfhzf rk.

Prove: 1: In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are equal


2: In a parallelogram, the opposite angles are equal.

5. xU khj kUJtkidF tJ brw nehahf vif ga tu nH


bfhLfgLsJ. xU eh kUJtkidF tj nehahf ruhr vifia
fhf.

nehahf
0-10 10-
10-20 20-
20-30 30-
30-40 40-
40-50 50-
50-60
vif

ehf
2 6 9 7 4 2
vif

The data on number of patients attending a hospital in a month are given below. Find the
average number of patients attending the hospital in a day.

No. of patients 0-10 10-


10-20 20-
20-30 30-
30-40 40-
40-50 50-
50-60

No. of days attending


2 6 9 7 4 2
hospital
6. T20 kilgJ ngho (cricket) uhR 50 gJfis vbfhL 10 Kiw MW Xlfis
vLjh. mt vbfhlgJf xU gij rktha Kiw njbjLF nghJ m
mt MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd fjf vd?

In T-20 cricket match, Raju hit a Six 10 times out of 50 balls he played. If a ball was selected
at random find the probability that he would not have hit a Six.

7. (2, 2) vw t brtJ, btLJLf TLj 9 Mf bfhlnenfhLf


rkghLfis fhf.

Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (2, 2) and the sum of the intercepts is 9.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPCS - PEDAGOGY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE : PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Maximum Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the functions of Windows Operating System.

2. C nkhopapy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;lisfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.


Explain the Conditional Statements in C Programming with example.

3. ];lhh; iulhp cs;s vOj;Jf;fis vt;thnuy;yhk; tbtikf;f KbAk; vd;gij


tpsf;Ff.
What are the formatting changes that can be made with respect to the fonts in Star
Writer?

4. ];lhh; iulhp cs;s ml;ltidapy;> thpir kw;Wk; neLthpirfis vt;thW


Nrh;g;gJ/ mopg;gJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
How will you insert and delete a required number of rows/columns in a table in Star
Writer?

5. gpd;tUk; C++ fl;lisfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff


m). For M). While ,). Do... while
Explain the following commands in C++ with examples
a. FOR b. WHILE c. DO... WHILE

6. C++ cs;s gpd;tUk; nra;$Wfis tpsf;Ff


m) kbg;G %yk; mioj;jy; (call by value) M). Fwpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; (call by
reference)
Explain the following functions in C++
a). Call by value b). Call by Reference

7. gpd;tWk; vz;fis ,Uepiy> vz;zpiy> gjpd;epiy kw;Wk; gjpmUepiy


vz;fis khw;Wf
m). 6542 M). 8456
Convert the following number to binary, octal, hexadecimal number.
a). 6542 b).8456
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPPS - PEDAGOGY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE: PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Maximum Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. nth;dpah; mstpapd; Ropg;gpioapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the types of zero error of the vernier caliper.

2. mZf;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f.


Describe the electronic configuration of atoms.

3. gygbj;jhd fyitapd; gFjpg;nghUs;fis gphpf;Fk; Kiwfis tpthpf;f.


Explain the methods of separation of the heterogeneous mixture.

4. lhg;sh; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis tpthpf;f.


What is Doppler Effect? Explain the uses of Doppler Effect.

5. cNyhff; fyitfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ,iaG kw;Wk; gad;fis $Wf.


What is an alloy? Explain itscharacteristics and uses.

6. ghapy; tpjpia $Wf. mij rhpghh;f;Fk; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.


State Boyle s Law. How will you verify Boyle s Law?

7. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; ,af;ftpjpia jUtp.


Derive Newton s second Law of motion.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPBS - PEDAGOGY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE : PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Maximum Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;> mjd; mwpFwpfis


gl;baypLf.
List out the various diseases and its symptoms caused due to nutritional deficiency.

2. Neha; vjpu;g;G vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; tiffis RUf;fkhf vOJf.


What is immunity? Write a note on the various types of immunity

3. kdpj %isia glk; tiue;J mjd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.


Draw a diagram of human brain and explain its functions.

4. kdpj Rthr kz;;lyj;ij tpsf;Ff.


Explain the human respiratory system.

5. jhtuq;fspd; xspr;Nru;f;ifia gw;wp tptup.


Describe the photo synthesis of plants.

6. A+NfupNahl;bf; nry; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.


Explain an eucartiotic cell.

7. khR vd;gij tiuaWj;J gy;NtW tifahd khRfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.


Define pollution and explain various types of pollution.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPEC - PEDAGOGY OF ECONOMICS: PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. khy;Jhrpadpd; kf;fs; njhiff; Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.


Explain Malthusian theory of Population.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?


What are the major objectives of Planning in India?

3. nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapy; khepyq;fspd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.


Explain the role of States in economic development.

4. gpd;jq;fpa ehLfspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; ahit?


What are the basic characteristics of underdeveloped countries?

5. ,e;jpahtpy; Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;f vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW


eltbf;iffis Muha;f.
Discuss various measures taken to solve unemployment problem in India.

6. ,e;jpahtpy; tWikia xopf;f vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpl;lq;fis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the Plans taken to eradicate Poverty in India.

7. ehl;L tUkhdj;ijf; fzf;fpLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis tpthpf;f.


Describe the problems in calculating the National income.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPCA - PEDAGOGY OF COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY: PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35

Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)


Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. keqbit<!u{qgl<?!%m<mi{<jl!njlh<H!!yh<hqmz<!osb<g/
Compare the similarities between sola trader and partnership.

2. epWkq;fs; nghUs;> tiutpyf;fzk;> rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> ed;ikfs;> jPikfs; gw;wp


fl;Liu vOJf.
Write an essay on meaning, definition, special features and merits and demerits of
companies.

3. nvS!fqXlr<gt<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!GjxhiMgt<!hx<xq!uquiqg<g/!
Describe features, merits and demerits of Government companies.

4. he<eim<M!u{qgk<kqe<!fqjxgt<?!Gjxgt<!hx<xq!uquiqg<g/
Describe the merits and demerits of international trade.

5. ur<gqgtqe<!nusqbl<?!ohiVt<?!ujggt<!hx<xq!uqiquig!uquikq/
Discuss in detail the need for banking, meaning of bank and kinds of bank.

6. g{g<gQMgtqe<!Okju!lx<Xl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<?!g{g<gQMgt<!hviliqh<H!hx<xq!uquikq/
Discuss the need and importance of accountancy and book keeping for a business.

7. -vm<jmh<!hkqU!Ljxg<Gl<?!yx<jxh<!hkqU!Ljxg<Gl<!dt<t!OuXhiMgt<!hx<xq!
uquikqg<g/
Discuss the difference between double entry system and single entry system.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPHS - PEDAGOGY OF HOME SCIENCE - PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. Nfl;lypy; cs;s clw;nraypaiy tpthp


Explain the physiology of hearing.

2. rpWeuf Neha;fspy; czTjpl;l Nkyhz;ikia tpthp.


Explain the dietary management of kidney diseases.

3. fhJ Nfshj Foe;ijapd; rpwg;ghd Njitfis tpsf;Ff.


Describe the special needs of a deaf child.

4. nrytpdq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis vOJf.


State the various factors affecting expenditure.

5. Jzpia Njh;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ eilKiwapy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUj;Jf;fs;


ahit?
What are the practical considerations to be seen while selecting a fabric?

6. kj;jpa r%f ey thhpak; gw;wp tphpthf vOJf.


Explain the central social welfare board.

7. %isapd; mikg;ig tphpthf tpsf;Ff


Explain the structure of brain in detail.
jehL Ma fa gfiyfHf
TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

B.Ed MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2015-2017 (Second Year)

SCPSS - PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE : PARTII (Content Mastery)

SCPHI - PEDAGOGY OF HISTORY : PARTII (Content Mastery)

SCPGE - PEDAGOGY OF GEOGRAPHY: PARTII (Content Mastery)

Time: 1 Hours Max. Marks: 35


Answer any FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35 marks)
Each answer should not exceed 300 words / 3 pages
Each answer carries 7 marks

1. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> tpisTfis tpsf;Ff.


Discuss the causes and effects of imperialism.

2. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs;> tpisTfis Muha;f.


Enumerate the causes of Second World War, and mention its advantages.

3. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapy; rpe;jidahsh;fspd; gq;if tptup.


Describe the role of philosopher in the French Revolution.

4. jkpo;ehl;bd; gy;NtW kz;tsq;fis tpsf;Ff.


Explain the various soil resources of Tamilnadu.

5. ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia jPh;khzpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpthp.


Describe the determining factors of Indian climate.

6. MSehpd; mjpfhuq;fs;> gzpfis tptupf;f.


Explain the powers and functions of the Governor.

7. eyk;ehLk; muRfspd; gzpfis tpthjpf;f.


Discuss the functions of modern welfare state.

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