Notes

As the complexity of the Trinidad and Tobagos water distribution networks grows, the

task of achieving an optimum pressure becomes increasingly difficult in the task of

ensuring that all demands wherever and whenever they occur are met via adequate

pressures. According to (Sterling and Bargiela 1984) the average overpressures tend to

increase as well as energy costs, the volume of distributed leakages and the risk of major

bursts, particularly during the night period when the pressure rises additionally owing to

decrease in demand.

The linear theory method is used in the iterative linearization of the nodal flow continuity

constraints. The resulting linear program is solved at each iteration until convergence to

an optimal answer is obtained (Cabrera and Vela 1995).

(Vairavamoorthy and Lumbers 1998)

Leakage from distribution systems can represent a significant loss in water resources and

hence there is pressure by regulators to reduce levels of leakage on all water

undertakings.

Of the many factors that affect leakage, it is only pipe pressure that can be controlled

once pipes have been laid. Hence, it is recommended that where pressure reduction is

feasible and cost effective it should be applied on its own or in conjunction with other

methods of leakage control (e.g., passive control, routine or regular sounding, district

metering, waste metering, and combined district and waste metering).

 The objective of any pressure control strategy should be to minimize excessive pressure

as far as possible, while ensuring that sufficient pressures are maintained throughout the

network to make sure that consumer demands are satisfied at all times. The idealized

objective of such a strategy would be to always maintain a head profile in the network

such that the pressure at each node is just sufficient to provide the corresponding

demand.

Previous researchers such as (Sterling and Bargiela 1984),(Germanopoulos and Jowitt

1989) , (Jowitt and Xu 1990) (Vairavamoorthy and Lumbers 1998) have us a form of linear

programming (LP) to solve optimization problems in water distribution networks.

Linearization
Researcher Objective Function Constraints
Method Used

Governing continuity
(Sterling and Minimization of the sum of the Newton-Raphson
equations, no leakage
Bargiela 1984) total pressures in the network. Method (NRM)
term

Minimization of the sum of the

Governing continuity
(Germanopoulos total pressures in the network. Linear Theory
equations +leakage
and Jowitt 1989) Same as Method (LTM)
term
(Sterling and Bargiela 1984)

(Jowitt and Xu Minimization of total leakage Linear Theory

1990) volume Method (LTM)

 Included modification for

elements with flow reduction

valves

(Vairavamoorthy

and Lumbers

1998)

Methodology

1. To To begin the iterative procedure, it is necessary to initialise the discharge and

head loss in a pipe i.e. to select the values of 1Qx, 1hx, x = 1,, X.

2. Isaacs and mills (1980a) suggest that an initial pipe discharge may be set to the

same value for all pipes

3. An initial pipe discharge ranging from 0.001 m3/s to 1 m3/s, when used in a test

network of sixty pipes, had no significant effect on the solution

4. The value of the initial head loss 1hx corresponding to the assumed discharge 1Qx

is then evaluated from:

1 = .
(Bhave 1991)

Labelling Network Elements

The main elements of a hydraulic network are the nodes, pipes and loops, Even though

they can be labelled arbitrarily, a procedure for their labelling is suggest as follows:

Source Node Label : 0

Demand Nodes Label: j ,j =1 . . .J

Pipe Label: downstream node label

Multiple Source Networks

Source Node Label: M source nodes , M = 1 . . . M

Demand Node Label: N demand nodes, M+1 to M+N (=J).

The nonlinearity in the equations for pipe network analysis, is algebraic, uniform and

simple, the variables are raised to the san nonunity exponent.

Bhave, Pramod R. 1991. Analysis of flow in water distribution networks. Lancaster [Pa.]:
Technomic Pub. Co.
Cabrera, Enrique, and Antonio F. Vela. 1995. Improving efficiency and reliability in water
distribution systems. Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer academic publ., in
cooperation with Polytechnic university of Valencia and Aguas de Valencia.
Germanopoulos, G., and P.W. Jowitt. 1989. "Leakage Reduction by Excess Pressure
Minimization in a Water Supply Network." ICE Proceedings no. 87 (2):195-214.
Jowitt, Paul W., and Chengchao Xu. 1990. "Optimal Valve Control in Water-Distribution
Networks." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management no. 116
(4):455-472.
Sterling, MJH, and A Bargiela. 1984. "Leakage reduction by optimised control of valves
in water networks." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control no.
6 (6):293-298.
Vairavamoorthy, Kalanithy, and Jeremy Lumbers. 1998. "Leakage Reduction in Water
Distribution Systems: Optimal Valve Control." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering no.
124 (11):1146-1154.