Atomicnumberorprotonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.

MassNumberornucleonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusofanatom.

Isotopesareatomswiththesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentnumbersofneutrons.

Therelativeisotopicmassisthemassofoneisotopeofanelementcomparedto1/12themassofthe12Cisotope.

Therelativeatomicmassistheaveragemassofoneatomcomparedto1/12themassofthe12Cisotope.

FirstIonisationEnergyistheenergyrequiredtoremoveonemoleofelectronsfrom1moleofgaseousatomstoproduce1
moleofgaseousunipositiveions.

FirstElectronAffinityistheenergyliberatedwhenoneelectronisaddedtoeachatomin1moleofgaseousatomstoform1
moleofgaseousionswithauninegativecharge.

Electronegativityisthepowerofanatomtoattractbondingelectrons.

Oxidationislossofelectrons.RememberOILRIG
Reductionisgainofelectrons.

Oxidisingagentisasubstancewhichremoveselectronsfromanothersubstanceanditselfisreduced.

Reducingagentisasubstancewhichgiveselectronstoanothersubstanceanditselfisoxidised.

Disproportionationissimultaneousoxidationandreductionofonespeciesinachemicalreaction.

Metallicbondistheelectrostaticattractionsbetweenthepositiveionsandaseaofdelocalisedvalenceelectrons
surroudingthepositiveions.

Ionicbondistheattractionbetweentheoppositelychargedionsformedbytransferofoneormoreelectronsfromoneatomto
another.

Covalentbondistheattractionofthenucleiforthesharedpairofelectronsbetweentwoatoms.

Sigmabondisthecovalentbondformedbyheadonoverlapofatomicorbitals.

PiBondisthecovalentbondformedbysidewaysoverlapofatomicorbitals.

ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theorystatesthattheshapeofamoleculeisdeterminedbytherepulsion
betweentheelectronpairsinthevalenceshell.AccordingtotheVSEPR,theelectronpairswillarrangethemselvessoasto
beasfarapartaspossible.

Polarisingpoweristheabilityofapositiveiontoattractelectronsawayfromanegativeion.

DipoleDipoleForcesareintermolecularattractionsbetweenmoleculeswhicharepermanentlypolarised.

HydrogenBondistheelectrostaticattractionbetweenahydrogenatomwhichisbondedtoaveryelectronegativeatomand
anelectronegativeatomofaneighbouringmolecule.

VanDerWaalsForcesareintermolecularforcesofattractionwhicharisefromtemporary
dipolesinmolecules.

StandardEnthalpyOfFormationistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofthesubstancesisformedfromitselementsattheir
naturalstatesat298Kand1atmpressure.

StandardEnthalpyOfCombustionistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofanelementorcompoundiscompletelyburnedin
oxygenat298Kand1atmpressure.

StandardEnthalpyOfNeutralisationistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofwaterisformedfromthereactionbetweenan
acidandabaseat298Kand1atmpressure.

HesssLawstatesthatthetotalenergychangeresultingfromachemicalreactionisdependantonlyontheinitialandfinal
statesofthereactantsandisindependentofthereactionroute.

Bondenergyistheenergyrequiredtobreak1moleofbondsfromgaseousmoleculesintogaseousatoms.
Activationenergyistheminimumenergyrequiredbycollidingparticlestostartoffareaction.

Acatalystisasubstancewhichchangestherateofachemicalreactionwithoutitselfundergoinganychemicalchangeatthe
endofthereaction.

Homogenouscatalystisacatalystinwhichthephysicalstateisinthesamephaseasthereactants.

Heterogenouscatalystisacatalystinwhichthephysicalstateisinthedifferentphaseasthereactants.

Increasetheconcentrationofreactantswillincreasetheratesincetherewillbemoremoleculesperunitvolumeresultingin
anincreaseinthecollisionfrequencybetweenthereactants.Thisleadstohighernumberofeffectivecollisions.

Increaseinthetemperaturewillincreasetheratesinceathighertemperaturetheparticlesgainmorekineticenergyresulting
anincreaseincollisionfrequencyathighertemperature.Inaddition,moremoleculeshavekineticenergygreaterthanor
equaltotheactivationenergy.Consequently,thenumberofeffectivecollisionsincreases.

Acatalystoperatesbyprovidinganalternativerouteofloweractivationenergyforthereaction.

Geometricisomersarecompoundswithdifferentspatialarrangementduetotherestrictionintherotationaboutthedouble
bondinanalkene.Ingeometricisomers,twodifferentgroupsateachendofthedoublebondcaneitherbeonthesameside
(cis)oronoppositesides(trans)

Opticalisomersaremirrorimagesthathavethesamegeometricandstructuralformula,butcannotbesuperimposedonto
oneanother.

Crackingisaprocesstobreaklongalkaneintoashorteralkaneandanalkene.Hydrogenmayalsobeproduced.Thermal
crackingrequirestemperaturebetween400Cto900Candhighpressurewhereascatalyticcrackingrequiresazeolite
catalystandatemperatureofabout450C.Thepurposeofcrackingistoformextragasolineandtoproducealkeneswith
highercommercialvalue

Homolyticfissionisthebreakingacovalentbondinwhichoneelectrongoestoeachatomtoformfreeradicals.

Heterolyticfissionisthebreakingacovalentbondinwhichoneatomtakesbothelectronsformingnegativeandpositiveions.

Afreeradicalisahighlyreactiveatomormoleculewithanunpairedelectron.

Anelectrophileisanelectrondeficientspeciesthatcanformanewcovalentbondbyacceptinganelectronpairprovidedby
thecarboncompound.Example:positiveionsuchashydrogenionornitroniumionandapolarmoleculewithad+charge

Anucleophileisanelectronrichspecieswithalonepairofelectronsthatcanformanewcovalentbondbydonatingapairof
electronstotheelectrondeficientcarbonatom.Example:negativeionswithatleastalonepair.