Civil Engineering

Reinforced Cement Concrete

& Pre-stressed Concrete

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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 Publications

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Reinforced Cement Concrete & Pre-stressed Concrete

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First Edition: 2014

Reprint: 2015
Second Edition (Revised and Updated): 2016

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Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a
concise book on RCC and Pre-stressed Concrete. Keeping in focus the
importance of this subject in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study
and thereafter developed the content of the book accordingly. This edition
has an expanded discussion of all relevant topics in the subject.

Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems in GATE

and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We identified
their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject, difficulty in
solving simple solutions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These
strengthened our determination to present a complete edition of RCC and Pre-stressed Concrete textbook.

The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems
quickly. The books not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many other
competitive examinations. Topics like Basic Design Concepts, Working Stress Method (WSM) of Design, Analysis
and Design by LSM, Doubly Reinforced Beam Design by LSM, Design for Shear in Reinforced Concrete, Design
for Bond Reinforced Concrete, Design for Torsion in Reinforced Concrete, Analysis and Design of Flanged Beams
by LSM, Limit State of Serviceability, Two Way Slab Design, Design of Compression Members and Columns, Design
of Reinforced Concrete Shallow Foundation, Prestressed Concrete, Masonry Design working stress methods and
limit state methods, pre-stress concrete, are given full coverage in line with our research on their importance in
competitive examinations.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience
of readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the co-authors,
editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book. We also express our thanks to MADE EASY
publications for completing and publishing the book on time.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Contents
Reinforced Cement Concrete
& Pre-stressed Concrete

Chapter 1
Introduction 1 2.4 Tests on Cement.............................................................14

1.1 Introduction....................................................................... 1 2.5 Methods to Increase the Durability of Concrete

1.2 Types of Concrete............................................................ 1 against Chemical Attack..............................................15

2.6 Design Philosophies for the Design of Reinforced
1.3 Importance of Design Codes in the Design of
Concrete Structures......................................................15
Structures........................................................................... 2
2.7 Load and Resistance Factor Design........................18
1.4 Characteristic Strength of Concrete.......................... 3
2.8 IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for .......................19
1.5 Grade of Concrete............................................................ 4
2.9 Various types of Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of
1.6 Concrete Mix Design...................................................... 4
Concrete (Ec)....................................................................22
1.7 Steps Involved in Mix Design of Concrete as per IS
2.10 Properties of Reinforcement and its use in
Recommendation............................................................ 5
Reinforced Concrete Structures...............................23
1.8 Behaviour of Concrete under Uniaxial
2.11 Cover Requirements as per IS 456: 2000.................... 25
Compression...................................................................... 8
2.12 Spacing of Reinforcement..........................................25
1.9 Behaviour of Concrete in Tension.............................. 9
2.13 Other Important Considerations in Reinforced
1.10 Modulus of Elasticity and Poissons Ratio of
Concrete............................................................................25
Concrete............................................................................10
2.14 Major Reasons of Structure Failure..........................27
1.11 Effect of Duration of Loading on Stress Strain
2.15 List of Major Indian Standard (IS) Codes Relating
Curve..................................................................................11
to Reinforced Concrete................................................27
1.12 Creep of Concrete..........................................................11
2.16 Major Challenges for a Structural Designer......................28
1.13 Compressive Strength of Concrete in the Design
Objective Brain Teasers..................................................28
of Structures....................................................................12

Chapter 3
Chapter 2
Working Stress Method of Design 30
Basic Design Concepts13 3.1 Introduction.....................................................................30
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................13 3.2 Proceeding from Bending Moments to Flexural
2.2 Necessity of Designing Reinforced Concrete Stresses..............................................................................30
Structures.........................................................................13 3.3 Analysis of Composite/Non-homogeneous
2.3 Hydraulic and Non-Hydraulic Cements...................... 14 Sections.............................................................................30

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 3.4 Stress-strain Distribution............................................30 4.12 Transverse Moments in One Way Slabs...................... 96
3.5 Transformed Section....................................................31 Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 105
3.6 Modular Ratio..................................................................32 Conventional Practice Questions............................. 108
3.7 Transformed Area of Reinforcement-
Tension Steel...................................................................33 Chapter 5
3.8 Transformed Area of Reinforcement-Compression
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam by
Steel....................................................................................33
Limit State Method 109
3.9 Cracking Moment..........................................................33
5.1 Introduction ............................................................. 109
3.10 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete in Flexure...........................33
5.2 Doubly Reinforced Beam Section......................... 109
3.11 Location of Reinforcing Bars in Beam Section....35
5.3 Hanger Bars v/s Compression Reinforcement.......109
3.12 Usefulness of Concrete in Tension Side....................... 35
5.4 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular
3.13 Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel..........35
Beam Sections............................................................. 110
3.14 Assumptions in the analysis of beams by working
5.5 Limiting Moment of Resistance............................. 111
stress method (at service loads)...............................36
5.6 Balanced Doubly Reinforced Sections......................111
3.15 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures .......................37
5.7 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular
3.16 Singly Reinforced Sections.........................................37
Beam Section............................................................... 112
3.17 Doubly Reinforced Beam Section............................40
5.8 Design Steps for a Given Factored Moment (Mu)......114
3.18 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section..........................42
5.9 Deflection Control in Doubly Reinforced Beams.......114
3.19 Doubly Reinforced Flanged Section.......................43
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 124
3.20 Limitations of WSM of Design...................................43
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 125
Objective Brain Teasers..................................................55
Conventional Practice Questions................................56
Chapter 6
Design for Shear in Reinforced Concrete126
Chapter 4
6.1 Introduction.................................................................. 126
Analysis and Design by Limit State
6.2 Shear in Reinforced Concrete................................. 126
Method (LSM)57
6.3 Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................57
Homogeneous Section............................................. 127
4.2 Analysis of Beams by LSM...........................................57
6.4 Combined Effect of Bending Stress and
4.3 Assumptions in the Analysis Design by LSM.......57
Shear Stress in a Beam.............................................. 130
4.4 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections..................60
6.5 Shear Transfer Mechanism...................................... 131
4.5 Requirements of Flexural Design.............................74
6.6 Nominal Shear Stress................................................. 132
4.6 Deflection Control by Limiting the
6.7 Critical Sections for Shear........................................ 133
Span/Depth Ratio..........................................................77
6.8 Design Shear Strength of Concrete without
4.7 Selection of Member Sizes.........................................78
Shear Reinforcement................................................. 134
4.8 Design of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular
6.9 Shear Strength of Concrete with Shear
Beams.................................................................................79
Reinforcement............................................................. 135
4.9 Reinforcement Arrangement in Different
6.10 Minimum Shear Reinforcement............................ 138
Types of Beams...............................................................82
6.11 Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement..... 139
4.10 Comparison between WSM and LSM of Design..... 84
6.12 Steps for Shear Reinforcement Design.....................139
4.11 Slabs as Rectangular Beams.......................................96

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 6.13 Shear Connectors in Members Subjected
to Flexure....................................................................... 139
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 151
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 153
Chapter 7
Design for Bond in Reinforced Concrete154
7.1 Introduction.................................................................. 154
7.2 Bond in Reinforced Concrete.................................. 154
7.3 Mechanism of Force Transfer.................................. 154
7.4 Bond Stress................................................................... 155
7.5 Various Types of Bond............................................... 155
7.6 Flexural Bond............................................................... 155
7.7 Anchorage/Development Bond............................ 156
7.8 Development Length................................................ 157
7.9 Mechanisms of Bond Failure................................... 159
7.10 Factors affecting the Bond Strength.................... 159
7.11 Bends, Hooks and Mech. Anchorages.......................159
7.12 Anchoring Bars in Tension....................................... 160
7.13 Anchoring Bars in Compression............................ 160
7.14 Mechanical Devices for Anchorages.................... 160
7.15 Anchoring Shear Reinforcement........................... 160
7.16 Reinforcement Splicing............................................ 161
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 162
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 164
Chapter 8
Design for Torsion in
Reinforced Concrete165 10.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection...........................206
8.1 Introduction.................................................................. 165
8.2 Design for Torsion....................................................... 165
8.3 Mechanism of Torsion in Reinforced
Concrete Structures................................................... 165
8.4 Plain Concrete Subjected to Torsion.................... 167
8.5 Torsionally Reinforced Concrete Subjected
to Torsion....................................................................... 168
8.6 Analysis for Torsion..................................................... 169
8.7 Torsional Reinforcement.......................................... 169
8.8 IS 456: 2000 Provisions for the Design of
Reinforcement in Members Subjected to Torsion.....170
(vi)
8.9 Design for Torsion as per Working Stress Method.....171
8.10 Design for Torsion as per Limit State Method........173
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 184
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 185
Chapter 9
Analysis and Design of
Flanged Beams by LSM 186
9.1 Introduction.................................................................. 186
9.2 Flanged Beams............................................................ 186
9.3 Effective Width of Flange......................................... 187
9.4 Compressive Stress Distribution in the Flange......188
9.5 Analysis of Flanged Beams Sections (by Limit
State Method).............................................................. 188
9.6 Derivation of the Expression to Determine yf.......195
9.7 Types of Analysis Problems..................................... 195
9.8 Integral Action of Slab and Beam......................... 195
9.9 Design of Flanged Beam Sections (by Limit State
Method).......................................................................... 196
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 203
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 204
Chapter 10
Limit State of Serviceability-Deflection
and Cracking 205
10.1 Introduction.................................................................. 205
10.2 The Limit States of Serviceability-Deflection
and Cracking................................................................ 205
10.4 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking.......................212
10.5 Other Limit States of Serviceability...................... 213
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 214
Chapter 11
Two Way Slab Design 215
11.1 Introduction.................................................................. 215
11.2 One Way v/s Two Way Slabs.................................... 215
11.3 Dealing with Torsion in Two Way Slabs.....................217
11.4 Wall-Supported and Column/Beam
Supported Slabs ......................................................... 218
 11.5 Design of Wall-supported (or Rigid Beam
Supported) Two-Way Slabs..................................... 218
11.6 Thickness of Slabs .................................................. 218
11.7 Analysis of Two Way Slabs....................................... 219
11.8 Shear in Two Way Uniformly Loaded Slabs........ 224
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 235
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 236
Chapter 12
Design of Compression
Members/Columns237 13.4 Types of Footings...................................................... 273
12.1 Introduction.................................................................. 237
12.2 Compression Member/Column in a Structure......237
12.3 Classification of Columns......................................... 237
12.4 Shear Consideration in Columns........................... 240
12.5 IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for the
Design of Columns..................................................... 240
12.6 Design of Short Columns under Axial
Compression................................................................. 243
12.7 Design of short columns with Axial Load and
Uniaxial Bending......................................................... 250
12.8 Failure Modes in Eccentric Compression..................251
12.9 Design Strength of Axially Loaded Short
Columns with Uniaxial Bending.......................... 252
12.10 Interaction Charts as Analysis Aids.................... 253
12.11 Design Aids as Non-dimensional Interaction
Diagrams...................................................................... 254
12.12 Design Charts of SP-16........................................... 254
12.13 Design of Short Columns under Axial
Compression and Biaxial Bending...................... 255
12.14 Interaction Surface................................................... 255
12.15 IS 456: 2000 Procedure for the Design of
Columns with Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending..256
12.16 Design Steps for the Design of Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending.......................... 256
12.17 Design of Long/Slender Columns....................... 260
12.18 Analysis of Slender/Long Columns.................... 261
12.19 Provisions for the Design of Slender
Columns as per IS 456: 2000................................. 261
(vii)
12.20 Limitations of Design Charts of SP-16.....................264
Objective Brain Teasers............................................. 269
Conventional Practice Questions.......................... 271
Chapter 13
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Shallow Foundations 272
13.1 Introduction............................................................... 272
13.2 Footings....................................................................... 272
13.3 Footing as a Structural Element.......................... 272
13.5 Distribution of Soil Pressure under Isolated
Footings....................................................................... 277
13.6 Footing Design: General Requirements and
Codal (IS 456 : 2000) Provisions........................... 280
13.7 Plain Concrete Footings......................................... 286
13.8 Design of Rectangular Isolated Footing.......................288
13.9 Design of Sloped Isolated Footing..................... 291
13.10 Design of Circular Isolated Footing of
Uniform Thickness.................................................... 292
13.11 Design of Wall............................................................ 293
13.12 Design of Combined Footings............................. 311
13.13 Soil Pressure Distribution in Combined Footing.....311
13.14 Geometric Design of Combined Footings....... 311
13.15 Design Aspects of Two Column Combined
Footing......................................................................... 311
13.16 Combined Footing of Beam-Slab....................... 311
Objective Brain Teasers............................................. 318
Conventional Practice Questions.......................... 320
Chapter 14
Prestressed Concrete 321
14.1 Introduction................................................................ 321
14.2 Need of High Strength Concrete in
Prestressing................................................................. 321
14.3 Need of High Tensile Steel in Prestressing....... 322
14.4 Relative Comparison of Prestressed and
Reinforced Concrete Beam.................................... 322
14.5 Terminologies............................................................. 322
 14.6 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete........................324
14.7 Design of High Strength Concrete Mixes.....................325
14.8 High Tensile Steel...................................................... 326
14.9 Cover Requirements in Prestressed Concrete
Members...................................................................... 327
14.10 Protection of Prestressing Steel........................... 327
14.11 Prestressing System.................................................. 327
14.12 Tensioning Devices................................................... 327
14.13 Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning Systems......328
14.14 Assumptions in the Analysis and Design of
Prestressed Concrete Members........................... 330
14.15 Analysis of Prestress................................................. 331
14.16 Prestress Pressure Distribution in Beams......................336
14.17 Effect of Loading on Stresses in Tendons......... 337
14.18 Prestressed Beam with Parabolic
Tendon Profile............................................................ 338
14.19 P-line or Pressure Line............................................. 339
14.20 The Concept of Load Balancing........................... 344
(viii)
14.21 Tendon Stresses: Effect of Loading on
Tensile Stresses in Tendons.................................... 347
14.22 Stresses in Beam at Different Stages of
Loading......................................................................... 349
14.23 Prestress Losses3....................................................... 350
14.24 Cracking Moment..................................................... 358
14.25 Design of Prestressed Concrete Beam
Members...................................................................... 360
Objective Brain Teasers............................................. 377
Appendix-A.............................................................................. 380
Masonry Design
Introduction................................................................... 380
Masonry Reinforcement............................................ 383
Effective Height of Walls............................................ 384
Effective Length of Walls............................................ 385
Appendix-B..............................................................386
Objective Brain Teasers................................................ 386
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