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CHAPTER 3
3.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the behaviour of composite columns and its
short term and long term behaviour are discussed elaborately. The modes of
failure and the bond between steel and concrete columns are discussed in the
subsequent headings comprehensively. Codal provisions and method of
design are also discussed in the last headings.
beam design. This assumption is reasonable, since the area of the interface is
generally and fairly large and hence a good bond is provided at relatively low
bond stresses. It is worth noting that the bond stresses in composite columns
are generally lower than those in beams, because the columns are mainly
subjected to compression.
(a) Load the Steel and not the Concrete - This condition of loading may not
increase the axial capacity of the column above that of the steel tube alone,
because the Poissons effect causes the steel tube to separate from the
concrete, once the adhesive chemical bond between the concrete and steel has
exceeded. The column will generally fail at the maximum load which the
hollow steel tube alone can carry, but the concrete core may tend to delay the
column local buckling. For slender columns, the failure load will increase
significantly due to the increase in flexural stiffness.
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(b) Load the Concrete and not the Steel - In this principle, which is the
most favorable loading method, the concrete takes the maximum load as the
steel does not resist axial load, but only provides a confining stress to the
concrete in an analogous manner to a spirally reinforced concrete column.
However, since there is some adhesion between the steel and concrete, the
condition is hard to attain as some axial load is produced in the steel.
(c) Load the Steel and Concrete - This is the method most often encountered
in practice, and it may be enforced by welding stud shear connectors to the
inside of the steel tube where practicable. If the steel is axially stressed in
compression as well as circumferentially because of the expansion of the
concrete, it will be subjected to a state of biaxial stress which, in accordance
with the von Mises yield criterion, will reduce the yield stress in the
circumferential direction. This has the effect of lowering the confining effect,
and hence reduces the maximum load on the concrete. Though the reduction
in the confining effect is offset, since the steel now carries some of the
compressive force the load-carrying capacity of the column is increased by
this steel and concrete.
The steel tube under a biaxial state of stress cannot sustain the
normal yield stress, causing a transfer of load from the steel tube to the
concrete. In the first stage of loading, the steel tube sustains most of the load
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until it yields. At this stage there is a load transfer from the steel tube to the
concrete. The steel tube exhibits a gradual decrease in load sharing until the
concrete reaches its maximum compressive strength. After the first stage of
loading there is a redistribution of load from the concrete to the steel tube,
whereas the steel exhibits a hardening behaviour which is almost same as the
uni-axial stress-strain hardening relationship.
with the buckling half wavelength being in the order of the length of the
column. Local buckling may also occur. However, if any of the steel elements
is free, then the steel element may buckle locally. However, the rigid concrete
medium forms a restraint against the free formation of buckles, so that local
buckling is less likely than if the concrete element was absent, as in a pure
steel member.
basis of the design of steel column is instability or buckling, and any moments
which act at the ends of the column are then incorporated by reducing the
axial load by way of an interaction equation.
The approach for RC column is quite different from that for steel
column in that the loads are considered to be eccentric to the centroid. The
failure is generally, but not always, attributable to cross-sectional and material
failure, and is based on the interaction curve as given in IS 456-2000. Because
of the similarity of CFST columns to both steel and concrete columns, there
has been a great deal to debate by researchers as to which approach should be
adopted. Short or stocky columns are clearly governed by cross section
failure, while long or slender columns are prone to buckling. Perhaps the most
logical treatment to date is that which is provided by the Eurocode4. The
behaviour of CFST columns can be best treated by a combination of both
approaches.
Chinese Code. The design codes are based on several different theories,
which can produce different results, and the assistance provided in terms of
application varies significantly. A number of design standards take local
buckling into account through the use of an effective diameter or an effective
area method. At present, there is no Indian Standard covering the design of
composite columns. The method of design suggested in this chapter largely
follows EC4, which incorporates the latest research on composite
construction. Indian Standards for composite construction (IS: 11384-1995)
does not make any specific reference to composite columns. The provisions
contained in IS: 456-2000 are often invoked for design of composite
structures. Extension of IS: 456-2000 to composite columns results in the
following equation:
the basis of ultimate resistance to the load, and reduction factors are then
applied. The nominal axial load capacity is reduced according to the
slenderness ratio. Neither the ACI-318 nor the AISC-LRFD provisions
explicitly consider confinement effects on strength or ductility of members
analysed. ACI provisions for calculating the strength interaction between
axial and flexural effects are essentially the same as those for reinforced
concrete column, whereas AISC-LRFD recommendations are based on the
bilinear interaction formulae which have the same form as those of steel
columns. In the above design methods, flexural stiffness is under-estimated
and the confining effect of the steel tube on the concrete core is ignored. The
influence of creep is ignored for the concrete in composite columns according
to AISC-LRFD specification.
properties are used to account for the effects of creep and the use of un-
cracked concrete section in stiffness calculation. This method is applicable to
symmetrical sections only and restricted to the range of sections covered for
in the European buckling curves.
analysis which assumes fully crushed concrete and fully yielded steel. The
approach allows the full mean compressive strength of the cylinder to be
utilized. The code uses a column curve, similar to most modern steel design
codes, to determine the influence of slenderness in CFST columns. Local
buckling is ignored by limiting the plate slenderness to within compact plate
limits. The enhancement of the concrete due to confinement is included for
some specific cases and it is the only code that separately treats the effects of
long-term loading.
design method outlined here is valid for prismatic composite columns with
doubly symmetrical cross-sections. The plastic compression resistance of a
composite cross-section represents the maximum load that can be applied to a
short composite column. Concrete filled circular tubular sections exhibit
enhanced resistance due to the tri-axial confinement effects. Fully or partially
concrete encased steel sections and concrete filled rectangular tubular sections
do not achieve such enhancement.
This method also adopts the European buckling curves for steel
columns as the basis of column design. It is formulated in such a way that
only hand calculation is required in practical design. The simplified method is
formulated for prismatic composite columns with doubly symmetrical cross-
sections. The calculations of various design parameters are covered and the
checks for structural adequacy of a composite column under applied loads are
presented below. Two methods of design for isolated composite columns in
braced or, non-sway frames are given within EC4-1-1.
section over the column height, when the limits of applicability for the
simplified design method are not satisfied. In these circumstances, some of
the important design issues which should be considered using the general
method are geometrical and material non-linearity, second order effects (on
slender columns), creep and shrinkage of the concrete under long-term
loading, contribution of the tensile strength of the concrete between cracks,
imperfections for the calculation of internal forces and moments about both
axes, distribution of internal forces and moments between the steel section
and the concrete by means of a clearly defined load path, transfer of
longitudinal shear stress at the interface between the steel section and the
concrete under large transverse shear and chemical bond and friction together
with mechanical shear connectors if necessary. In order to allow for these
design considerations, it is necessary to use sophisticated computer software,
which operate with both geometrical and material non-linearity. In general,
the design effort is considerable. Thus, this method is not preferred for use in
practical design.
where
= (235/fy)
where
load may not exceed the value d/10, where d is the outer diameter of the
circular hollow section.
where,
Msd is the maximum design moment (second order effects are ignored).
where
1 = 10 (1-10e/d)
for 0 < e d/10
2 = 20 + (1- 20) 10e/d
1 = 0
for e > d/10
2 = 1.0
Table 3.1 Basic values of 10 and 20 to allow for the effect to triaxial
confinement in concrete filled circular hollow sections
Non-dimensional
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
slenderness ratio
10 4.90 3.22 1.88 0.88 0.22 0
20 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
EI e
Pcr 2 (3.8)
l2
where,
However, the value of the flexural stiffness may decrease with time
due to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. Two design rules for the
evaluation of the effective elastic flexural stiffness of composite column are
given below.
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where,
Ia, Is and Ic are the second moment of area, about the appropriate
axis of bending, for the steel section, the reinforcement and the concrete
(assumed uncracked) respectively.
Ea and Es are the elastic moduli for the structural steel and the
reinforcement respectively.
where,
Table 3.2 also allows the effect of long term loading to be ignored for
concrete filled hollow sections with 2.0, provided that is greater than 0.6
for braced (or non-sway) columns, and 0.75 for unbraced (and/or sway)
columns.
residual stresses and the member initial out-of-straightness. These curves are
identified as a, b and c and they have been found to apply equally well to
composite columns. As for LRFD, only one strut curve is used and the
position of the strut curve is close to the strut curve a, with a slightly smaller
value for slenderness parameter, less than 1 and a slightly larger value for
greater than 1.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 3.2 (a) Idealized column buckling curve, (b) Non-
dimensionalised column buckling curve, (c) European
buckling curves according to EC3
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EI e
N cr 2 (3.12)
l2
where
N ,
pl R (3.13)
N cr
where
where
1
= but 1.0 (3.15)
+ 2 2
where
= 0.5 [1 + ( 0.2) + 2 ]
(i) the axial force in the column is less than 0.1 Ncr ; or
(ii) the non-dimensional slenderness ratio is less than 0.2.
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