YOUTH UNEMMPLOYMENT, RESTIVENESS AND NATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

BY

LUCKY PYOKJE JOSEPH

PSP/SABS/PA/HND/2015/512/0119

BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, SCHOOL OF ADMINISTRATION AND
BUSINESS STUDIES, PLATEAU STATE POLYTECHNIC, BARKIN LADI,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
(HND) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2017
 APPROVAL
This project has been read and approved as a minimum requirement for the award
of a Higher national Diploma (HND) in Public Administration by the undersigned.

_________________________ ____________________
Mathew Rena Date
Project supervisor

_________________________ ____________________
Charles Habu Date
Head of Department

_________________________ ____________________
Mathew Rena Date
Project Coordinator

_________________________ ____________________
External Supervisor Date

ii
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the glory of God Almighty

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Writing a research work often give one the opportunity to appreciate personalities
who have contributed in one way or the other to the writing of the research work.
Obviously the list of those who contributed to writing of this research work is
inexhaustible though I give God the glory for keeping me alive up till this moment.
I wish to acknowledge my parents who have been my source of strength, support
and making me understand the essence of education, my family friends and
colleagues for making this research work a reality.
My special and profound thanks and appreciation goes to my parents, Mr. & Mrs.
A. Christopher for their concern love and kindness. My beloved brothers Daniel,
Ernest, Justice and Peace I specially appreciate you all.
My appreciation goes to Dr. Mathew Danladi Yokpe, DCP Ahmed Azare
Mohammed, Kilovas, Kokoh and Adebayo Taiwo Olapade.
My appreciation goes to my project supervisor and lecturer, Mr. Charles Habu.
My able lecturers are not left behind, I wish you the very best may God shower his
abundant blessings on you all. Amen.
With much apology to all those who supported me and their names not mentioned
please forgive me, this is done to be able to acknowledge your anonymous and
visible supports.
Thank you and God bless you all!!!

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title i
Approval ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Research Questions 5
1.4 Objectives of the Study 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 5
1.6 Scope of the Study 6
1.7 Limitation of the Study 6
1.8 Research Methodology 7
1.8.1 Population of the Study 7
1.8.2 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques 7
1.8.3 Method of Data Collection 7
1.8.4 Instrument of For Data Presentation and Analysis 8
1.9 Definition of Terms 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework 11
2.1.1 Concepts of Youth Restiveness and National Development 12
2.1.2 Causes of Youth Restiveness 13
2.2 Empirical Review on Youth Restiveness and National
Development 15
2.2.1 Theories Related to Youth Restiveness 16
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2.2.2 Development Theories 17
2.3 Impact of Youth Restiveness on National Development 19
2.4 Challenges Posed by Youth Restiveness 21
2.5 The Way Forward 24
CHAPTER THREE: EVOLUTIONOF AREA OF STUDY
3.1 Historical Background of Jos South Local Government 28
3.2 Objectives of the Organization 32
3.3 Organizational Chart of Jos South Local Government 34
3.4 Functions of the Personnel Management Department 35
3.5 Achievements of Jos South Local Government 36
3.5.1 Challenges of the Organization (Jos South Local Area) 37

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS

4.1 Presentation and Data Analysis of Data 39
4.2 Results of Findings 44
4.3 Relevance of Findings 45
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings 47
5.2 Conclusion 48
5.3 Recommendations 48
Bibliography
Appendices

vi
 ABSTRACT
It is very pertinent to note that the full course of development can only thrive in an
atmosphere of peace. This research work has looked into the roles played by
youths in restive societies towards national development having Jos South as a
case study. The researcher looks into the causes of youth restiveness and the
impact of youth restiveness and national development it is in the course of the
challenges posed by youth restiveness that youth air out their problems and to
know or seek for the way forward.

vii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Youths in any society are known as the leaders of tomorrow the play a crucial role

in the prospect of development and should be in all national development plans and

programmes. The power of the youth to drive global development was recognized

in 1965 by the member of the United Nations (UN) when the endorsed the

declaration on the promotion among youth of the ideals of peace, mutual respect

and understanding between people (United Nations, 2007). The United Nations

General Assembly in 1985 called for the international youth participation in

development and peace to harp on the critical role of young people in the world.

Interestingly, the assembly endorsed the guideline for further planning and suitable

follow-up in the domain of youth, which are significant for their focus on young

people as board category comprising various sub-groups, as opposed to a single

demographic entity (Udeh 2008).

Over the years, youth restiveness has constituted one of the critical problems or

challenges of development in Nigeria. In a country like Nigeria youths

involvement in Nigeria restive activities were expressed through the emergence of

pressure groups such as OPC (Odua Peoples Congress), Arewa youths, the

emancipation of Niger-Delta (MEND), The Movement for the Survival of the

Ogoni People (MASSOP), the Boko Haram insurgency amongst other. These
1
groups are often engaged in activities directed towards the advancement of their

course unleashed on innocent citizens, this also have become a defining factor of

youth restiveness in the country. All these indicate that youth restiveness in Nigeria

has become an alarming problem with its occurrence spreading across every part of

the county.

Most people blame youth restiveness on incidence of unemployment, poverty,

marginalization, exuberance heinous crime, including lost of lives insecurity in the

country. Today in Nigeria the result is that we have dicey situation at hand as far as

youths are concern. Successive regimes have attempted to initiate and execute one

form of empowerment scheme, National poverty Eradication Programme

(NAPEP), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Youth Service

Corps (NYSC). The youths are indispensable facet of any given society, therefore,

the task of developing them to enhance societal growth rest squarely on the

shoulder of the state that beholds them.

Empowerment is commonly used to refer to a widely participatory process or

direct social and material advancement including greater equality, freedom and

other valued qualities. For the majority of the people through their gaining greater

control over their environment (Arvind & Everett 1989). Developing the capacity

of the youths will no doubt increase their potentials towards socio-economic

development in Nigeria to this effect this study seeks to examine the correlation

2
between youth unemployment, restiveness and national development in Jos South

Local Government Area.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The level of national development in any given country is largely dependent on the

extent to which the enormous potentials of its youth are harnessed and utilized by

the government to promote and sustain economic growth and social progress.

In Nigeria, wide spread unemployment has constrained the effects of the youth to

contribute meaningfully to national development. The neglect of youths especially

in the schemes of national governance and development facilitated the emergence

of restive youth groups like Arewa youths, (OPC), MEND, MASSOP, Boko-

Haram, the Afenifere and other mafia groups like current Ombatse traditional

groups, the Egbesu boys among others. Widespread unemployment and poverty in

Nigeria has not only induced youth disempowerment, but also created conditions

that predisposes they youth to deviant behaviours which hinder economic growth,

political stability, harmonious social cohesion and overall national development. If

Nigeria is to join the league of the 20 strongest economies in the world by the year

2020, the potentials of the Nigerian youth as the locomotive of national

development must be properly harnessed and utilized by eliminating the obstacles

that hinder people from transforming their physical, biological and socio-economic

environment for their individual fulfillment and for the benefit of society at large

they following questions are raised.

3
 1. Has youth employment contributed towards the management of restiveness

among youths in Jos South Local Government?

2. To what extent does job creation improve youths stability in Jos South

Local Government?

3. What are they key causes of restiveness among youths in Jos South Local

Government?

4. Is there any significant relationship between conducive environment for

business and youth empowerment?

1.3 Hypotheses

H0: There is no significant difference between youth unemployment and national

development

H1: There is significant difference between youth unemployment and national

development

H0: There is no significant difference between youth restiveness and national

development

H1: There is significant difference between youth restiveness and national

development

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To examine whether youth unemployment affect national development.

2. To examine whether youth restiveness affect national development.

3. To identify the causes of youth unemployment.

4
 4. To identify the causes of youth restiveness.

5. To proffer solution the problems of youth unemployment and restiveness

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is very significant because of the basic factor that can bring about

development, by providing useful information for effective policy design on youth

restiveness, and peace building in Plateau State and Nigeria at large. Also the study

will contribute towards improving on the quality of life of youths especially in Jos

South Local Government Area. It will suggest ways for empowering youths

towards self reliance and economic development. The project will be useful and

vital materials for enhancing existing studies on youth restiveness and national

development in Nigeria.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study covers youth unemployment, restiveness and national development in

Nigeria with specific reference to Jos South Local Government Area from 2007 to

2012.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

This study is limited to youth restiveness and national development in Nigeria Jos

South Local Government Area due to time constraint and finance limitation. They

study is limited by time frame provided to carry out research. They restricted time

makes it difficult to access all programmes and youth restiveness in Nigeria.

5
Inadequate financial resources also constraint the researcher to conduct a

comprehensive study of restiveness in the country.

1.8 Research Methodology

For the purpose of this study the methodology consists of the procedures adopted

to achieve its objectives, its mainly focus on the population of study, sample size

and sampling techniques method of data collection and instrument of data analysis.

1.8.1 Population of the Study

The target population of this study shall consists of the entire management staff of

Jos South Local Government Area, it will cover both senior and Junior Staff

respectively sum total of staff is 1046, 6 management staff 776 senior staff and 264

junior staff.

1.8.2 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques

A sample size of 180 staff was used in Jos South Local Government Area was

obtained to report the total target population using a simple random sampling

method from Jos South Local Government Area. The formula is sample size x

population in each category total population.

1.8.3 Method of Data Collection

There are two methods of data collection which will be used in this study.

1. Primary method of data collection deals with first hand information through

the use of questionnaires.

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 a. Oral interview: The researcher adopted a face to face interview to collect

data for this study. The oral interview will bridge the gap not covered by the

questionnaire method.

b. Questionnaire method: This technique was used to collect data in a written

format to the respondent 180 questionnaires would be administered to

respondents of the local government.

The primary data in this study obtains first hand and undiluted information

drawn from questionnaires and interview. It is also favoured in study

because of its flexibility, objectivity and gives a wider range of expression.

2. Secondary method of data collection was extensively on document such as

textbooks, annual reports, journals and magazines in youth restiveness and

national development.

1.8.4 Instrument for Data Presentation and Analysis

For effective and efficient data presentation and analyses for this study. The

researcher employed the instrumentality of the simple percentage for data

interpretation. The simple percentage method has this formula:

100
Sp =
1

Where NR = number of responses

= total respondents

= percentage (%)

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1.9 Definition of Terms

Terms defined in this study are not on the basis of dictionary definition rather,

based on the context or subject matter of the research.

The following terms are defined:

Youth: This constitutes young persons within the age bracket of 18 years and 35

years.

Unemployment: unemployment, also referred to as joblessness, occurs when

people are without work and actively seeking employment.

Restiveness: This is a state of unstable emotion and feelings that leads to the

commitment of certain social vices.

Development: This is a process of transformation and improvement on the side of

the individual and also the society at large.

Youth Unemployment: this occurs when people within the age bracket of 18 and

35 are without work and actively seeking employment.

Youth restiveness: This is a state of uncertainty associated with series of conflict

and confrontation waged by the youth against government or the society as a result

of failure to provide certain services.

Social Development: is a process which results in the transformation of social

institutions in a manner which improves the capacity of the society to fulfill its

aspirations. It implies a qualitative change in the way the society shapes itself and

carries out its activities, such as through more progressive attitudes and behavior

by the population, the adoption of more effective processes or more advanced

8
technology. As you see in the illustration below, there is a close relation among

environments, ways of living and technology.

Economic Development: it is the development of economic wealth of countries or

regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. Economic growth is often assumed

to indicate the level of economic development. The term economic growth refers

to the increase (or growth) of a specific measures such as real national income,

gross domestic product, or per capita income. The term economic development on

the other hand, implies much more. It is the process by which a nation improves

the economic, political, and social wellbeing of its people.

Socioeconomic Development: it is a process of improvement in a variety of ways.

It has to influence all aspects of human life in a country. But do you think the

concept of socio-economic development takes care of all aspects of development?

Its major indicator, the GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does

not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality,

freedom, social justice, or gender equality. Another indicator, the per capita

income also does not indicate the level of income equality among people. These

indicators do not ensure that the benefits of development have been equally

distributed and have reached particularly to the disadvantaged groups of society.

Which is why, a new concept of human development is being used. It is focused on

the overall quality of life that people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they

have and the freedoms they enjoy.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Literature

This chapter discusses the concepts of youth, youth restiveness and youth

unemployment. It further examines theories of youth restiveness and

unemployment.

2.1.1 Concept of Youth in Nigeria

Youth-hood can be defined as that phase or period of life in which one passes from

childhood to maturity. Maturity on the other hand refers to a situation whereby one

becomes fully developed. In Nigeria, the youth usually fall into the 18 35 years

age bracket, that is, both genders (male and female). Abdullahi (2008) affirmed

National Youth Policy conceptualization of youth as defined in Nigeria context.

Generally, youths are the one of the greatest assets that any nation can have and

therefore, need to be developed and empowered. They serve as a good measure of

the extent to which a country can reproduce as well as sustain itself. The youth

have been described as the greatest in any nation, are the greatest investment for a

countrys development (National Youth Policy of Nigeria, 2001).

Over the years, various regimes came up with programmes for youth

empowerment and skill acquisition for self-reliance and sustainable livelihood

(Project YES 2003). At this point, it is observe that despite all governmental efforts

at youth empowerment, through some of her institutions like the National

10
Directorate of Employment (NDE) and Ministry of Women and Youth

Development, the Nigerian Youth still command high position in the statistics of

unemployment and poverty. The sub-section will enable us to critically and

demographically examine the nature of youth employment and socioeconomic

development of Nigeria.

2.1.2 Youth Unemployment in Nigeria

Nigerias population is said to have reached about 170 million people in 2017

(National Bureau of Statistics). The National Population Commission (NPC, 2013)

states about half of the population is made of youth, defined as individuals between

18 and 35 years of age. Akande (2014) further stressed that, unfortunately, as the

youth population grows so does the unemployment rise. In fact, unemployed youth

numbered about 11.1 million in 2012. There are number of trends in youth

unemployment in Nigeria. The tables below indicate the trends over the years.

Table 1: National Youth Unemployment Figures by Gender

Year Percentage of unemployed Youth that are Female and Male

Female Male
2008 58.50 41.50
2009 57.82 42.18
2010 54.52 45.48
2011 50.85 49.15
2012 55.42 44.58
Source: NISER, 2013

11
Available statistics, from the table 1 as indicated above show that a majority of

unemployed youth are female. Women accounted for more than 50 percent of

unemployed youth between 2008 and 2012. Many reasons have been adduced for

female gender unemployment. Empirical evidences have revealed that the female

gender generally experience poverty more than male gender as a result of

unemployment.

Payne (1991) and Abdullahi (2004) observe that (female) specific risk of poverty

stems from the structuring of (female) economic dependency, within families and

marriage and in the sexual division of labour that come together to create a

gendered vulnerability to poverty and deprivation.

Table 2: Graduate Unemployment Rate 2003 2011 by Residence

(Rural/Urban)

Year Rural Urban Total

2003 8.3 17.3 25.6
2004 12.8 25.2 38
2005 13.3 19.0 32.3
2006 13.4 18.8 32.2
2007 13.4 18.7 32.1
2008 21.7 15.8 27.5
2009 19.8 19.2 39
2010 20.7 22.8 43.5
2011 25.6 17.1 42.7
Sources: The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2012)

Table 2 indicates that the problem of youth (graduate) unemployment is critical in

both urban and rural Nigeria. The major significance inferences from the table

shown above is that, for a period of nine years compared in totality, graduate youth
12
unemployment was high six years in urban as compared to the rural areas. This

could be attributed to migration indices pull and push factors. In addition,

considering 42.7 percent as the total population of unemployed youth (graduate) as

at 2011 compare with the current population of about 50 percent (unemployed

youth) of the total population of Nigeria (167 million) gives credence to the

statistics revealed as at 2011 as credible, simply because, the total population of

Nigeria as at 2015 have increased compared to 2011. Therefore, there could be

possibilities.

Table 3: National Youth Unemployment Figures (15 34 years) by Education,

2008 2012

In terms of education, from 2008 2012, over half of unemployed youth did not
13
have an education past primary schools (see figure/table 3). This particular group

has consistently accounted for over 50 percent of all unemployed youth.

However, graduates of tertiary institutions also seem to be badly hit by

unemployment too making up about 20 percent of youth unemployment as

indicated in the table 3 above, and often remaining unemployed for upward five

years after graduation (NISER, 2013).

2.1.3 National Youth Policy Review in Brief

At the global level, youth are highly recognized. The youth are regarded as the

greatest assets that any nation can have. They are seen as the center of

reconstruction and development.

According to the World Development Report (2007) there are 1.3 billion people in

the age bracket (12-24) as the largest group ever. Close to 85 per cents of this over

1.3 billion young men and women live in developing countries, this figure is

projected to increase to 89 percent by 2025.

To this end, Nigerias population is predominantly young. According to NPC

(2006) Nigeria has a population of one hundred and forty million people.

Accordingly, the NBS (2012) Projected Nigeria population to be over 160 million.

One third of this population is conceived to be between ages 10 to 24 years. The

recognition of this fact led to the development of the National Youth Policy and the

subsequent reviews of the policy. Fundamentally, the overall policy goal of (NYP)

is to provide and appropriate framework that will promote the enjoyment of

14
fundamental human rights and protect the health, social, economic and political

well-being of all young men and women in order to enhance their participation in

the overall development process and improve their quality of life.

Consequently, in pursuant of the policy goal, the National Youth Policy seeks to

approach youth problems from holistic (comprehensive) perspective so as to ensure

the coverage of the most critical elements. One of such critical element is what this

paper considered to be Unemployment and Poverty that the youth is seriously

affected.

Available academic literature reveals that successive Nigerian government has

played pivotal roles in this regard (solution to unemployment and poverty

alleviation). In spite of the myriad policies and programmes initiated by Nigerian

government such as National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy

(NEEDS), Subsidy Re-Investment and Empowerment Programme (SURE-P),

National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Youth Service Corps

(NYSC) Schemes, as lofty and laudable as they seem, their inability to

affect the real target (youth) tremendously, reflects the lacuna between policy

formulation and implementation. The dare consequences is what the paper tagged

sociological implications of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria.

2.1.4 Causes of Youth Unemployment and Restiveness

According to Elegbeye (2005), a number of studies have identified factors for

youth restiveness. According to this scholar there are three major factors that
15
contributed to youth restiveness; the peer motivated excitement of being a student,

the jingoistic pursuit of patriotic ideas and perceived victimization arising from

economic exploitation.

Another study carried out in Niger Delta region according to Ofem and Ajayi

(2008) identify lack of humanitarian and social and social welfare, lack of good

governance corrupt practices of government officials, in adequate training

programmes, unemployment, inadequate recreational facilities, lack quality

education and so on as the reasons for incessant youth restiveness. This ideology is

further expatiated below:

Bad Governance: Good governance is required for the development of any nation.

Unfortunately, in Nigeria bad governance is more common than good governance

resulting to disjointed development. The World Bank in 1992 identified the main

characteristics of bad governance to include: failure to properly distinguish

between what is public and private leading to private appropriation of otherwise

public resources, inability to establish predicated framework for law and

government behaviour in a manner conducive for development of arbitrariness in

the application of law and order. This and more are the features of most

administration in Nigeria. For instance, Onyekpe, (2007) observes that successive

administrations in Nigeria have not allocated much to the needs for the youths.

16
2.1.5 Youth Unemployment, Restiveness and Socioeconomic Development

According to Elegbeleye (2005) the development of any society is the inter-play

between the youth and the environment in which the live. This interplay that

ensure self discovery plays a major role in energizing, conscientizing, motivating

and mobilizing the youths toward a common goal. There is no doubt, when nature

created the world, he perfected it with major variables that will make the life of

man simpler, easier and peaceful; towards moral, physical and celestial prosperity.

However, the inability of man to curtail his ego and self love has being the major

obstacle to attaining natives promise, there by heighten circle of confusion and

hopelessness. It is the value system that shapes the perception and belief of his

environment. Generation upon generation where fed with value system that comes

to influence perception, behaviours, attitudes and characters for centuries.

Therefore, societies with strong value system will experience high development

and disciplined groups of people while a society with week value system will

experience under-development.

2.1.6 Impact of Youth Unemployment, Restiveness on Socioeconomic

Development

According to Sokari (2006) information is a critical source for individual and

collective emancipation for national growth and development. This scholar agrees

with the fact that information is necessary for people to be liberated from the

17
shackles of ignorance of misconceptions, economic stagnation; social cohesion

cannot be achieved without timely accurate and relevant information.

According to Ajegbomogun, (2008) information has being linked to a stimulus that

can condition a person to ascertain behaviour. Information is structured data that

causes a human mind to change its opinion about a current state of real world and

contribute to a reduction in the uncertainty of the state of the system. Information

is a change agent, a re-enforcer of ideas and opinions. It is the responsibility of

leaders to ensure that youths have access to information that will guide their

actions clearly, most Nigeria youths who participate in protests across the country

are uninformed.

Information plays a vital role in wealth creation. Information is the critical

economic resources in todays generation. Therefore, truth must be economically

empowered through access to business and economic information. The need

information on employment opportunities in all nations and communities access to

entrepreneurial information will make youths inaccessible to those who want to

recruit them for anti-social activities or youth restiveness in the society.

According to Onyekpe (2007) Nigerian youths as leaders of the future need access

to a wide range of information and effective communication which will help re-

position them to take their rightful place in the committee of nations. Such

information according to him should be geared towards:

i. Creating the awareness that they future belongs to them and that it

must not be destroyed them.

18
 ii. Sensitizing them to the fact the future and its nature depends on the

decisions and choices they make.

iii. Creating in them a sense of history, especially of the noble and heroic

contributions for the youths in the past to the development of Nigeria.

iv. Sensitizing them to embrace the rule of law, democratic ideologies

and respect for constituted authorities.

v. Liberating them psychologically and mentally from the control of

self-seeking business and political elites.

2.1.7 Challenges Posed by Youth Unemployment and Restiveness

According to Uchechukwu (2008), Kura (2008) the contribution and participation

of Nigerian youth in issues that affects their lives and national development is

hindered by factors which include lack of quality education, the inability of

government in meeting the growing educational needs of the population became

over whelming during the later part of 1970s and 1980s around the time the present

generation of youths were set to begin their basic education. Although many

policies have being introduced to provide free and compulsory schooling,

education has remained expensive for the average house hold because of non-

tuition cost such as uniforms, books and transportation. As a result many of the

current youth cohorts have being unable to complete a basic primary education,

which I considered the minimum level required to function in the society. In

addition, world youth report 2007 made extra effort to formal education, non

formal education which is important for the development of a young persons

19
capabilities as an individual and as a responsible member of the society. Here in

Nigeria we have rate of drop out among our young people from different

institutions of learning on peculiarly grounds.

Most of these drops outs often end up in urban centres in search of minimal jobs.

Others end up in the street, high way junctions and traffic lights hawking different

items (mobile super markets). Worst still those who succeed in going through

their schooling have very slim prospects of job, not to mention of well paid jobs.

Many of our timing graduates given the nature of our decaying educational system

can best be described as Para-literates or half baked graduates and as such unfit

to compete with their counter-parts around the world. In institutions, therefore,

where our youths are ill-equipped or not equipped at all to participate in the socio-

economic development of the nation, the scenarios usually present themselves or

are actively participating in youth restiveness.

According to Ibrahim (2008) high rate of unemployment and under-development

among the youths in Nigeria has hindered their participation in the economic and

social factors or sectors of nation building. Nigeria has about 160 million people

out of which about 70 80% of this population is made up of the youth and more

than 80% are unemployed. The estimated 10% in employment are burdened and

depressed with near total dependence on relatives and family members. And

unemployed individual usually uses the life of penury and deprivation since they

have no means of sustaining their lives and consequently their basic needs are near

absent. Such and individual is vulnerable and can easily be manipulated by others
20
in a position to meet their needs or even a mere promised for a better and fulfilling

life. This is often the cause of drug pushers, miscreants and Arm robbers most of

whom are youth without any fear of contradictions, one can say that

unemployment and poverty are two most important impediments not only to the

participation of the Nigerian youth in nation development of the country. For

Nigeria, therefore, to achieve stability and national development these twins-ills

plugging the country must be tackled and at their roots too.

Many of todays youth in sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria inclusive) have suffered the

consequences of severe poverty from birth. In Nigeria, hunger and poverty are

currently ravaging the country there by exposing our inability to feed our selves

indeed, one can assert without hesitation that majority of Nigerians are poor in

spite of all effort by success governments to reduce poverty including the

introduction of such programmes as poverty alleviation programme, national

poverty eradication programme among others in which large sums of money was

sunk the poverty situation has worsen as the population of the poor has continued

to grow. The central factor sustaining unemployment and poverty in Nigeria is

simply and squarely the failure of leadership. This often results to youth

restiveness and societal upheavals or uprisings.

2.1.8 The Way Forward

According to Yakubu (2010) at the centre of restiveness are youths in most cases.

Considered the attributes of youthfulness are widely known to have played both

the negative and the posture roles in restiveness, one can say that youth occupy a
21
centre stage in the process of conflict management and peace building therefore,

the positive and negative roles is discussed below.

The negative roles of youth have being used by either some politicians, religious

extremists or traditional rulers to unleashed violence on their perceived enemies. In

most cases when youths are not empowered they have the propensity to serve as:

i. Machineries to commit-suicide bombings

ii. Instruments for assignation of opponents

iii. Gadgets for hostage taking and kidnapping

iv. Tools for political thuggery and intimidation

v. Machines for attacks, killings and maiming.

Despite the negative role associated to youths in the society the still participate and

actively engaged in positive ventures. These include:

i. Youths in the arm forces, the police and other paramilitary formations in

Nigeria have played a useful role in conflict situations at various levels.

ii. The serve as vigilante groups in most communities to keep such

communities safe by checking and preventing likely attacks on their

people.

iii. They youths also engaged in activities such as non-governmental

organizations and human rights groups which contributes to national

development advocacy and defensive activities as well as providing

humanitarian services to conflict victims.

22
 iv. Other positive roles that youth have played in religious political and

ethnic conflicts include enlightenment of other youths against violence

using various means to educate the people.

v. The youths also participate actively in letting the world know and support

justice prohibits conflicts in Nigeria through the effective and various

social media for peace education.

According to Alabi (2004) today the consequences of youth restiveness looks at us

in the face. They truth is that restiveness and social vices are devastating both to

the individual and the society at large.

According to Ovwasa (1999) the Nigerian state has not being passive to the crisis

particularly in the Niger Delta region (South-South)), the Boko Haram menace

(North East) other include Tiv/Jukun crisis, the Arewa Consultative forum, the

Afenifere and the Ndi-Ibo differences among others. Successive regimes have

taken steps to address these crises. However, the response of the state and the

affiliating bodies such as the ACF, Afenifere and Ndi-Ibo with unnecessary

agitations and unnecessary demands have contributed to these lingering crisis.

According to Akinwumi (2004) the federal government apart from using force to

curl the situation also responded to the demands of the people with kid gloves or

with almost carelessness and recklessness. The peculiar development challenges

most especially in the Niger Delta however where recognized well before political

independence of Nigeria with the setting up of the Wilikin Commission in 1958 to

look into the problems of minority base on the recommendations of the

23
commission, the Niger Delta development board was set up in 1961. However the

board failed to achieved its objectives before the out-break of Nigerian civil war.

According to Onoye (2004) subsequent efforts at developing the Niger Delta

include the establishment of the Niger Delta Basin and rural development authority

in 1976.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

There are various propositions postulated by renowned scholars in the field of

conflict and peace building with specific relationship and attachment to youth

restiveness. These theories are discussed below:

Human needs theories of restiveness: According to Kukah (2007) there are

powerful provisions and persuasions covering basic needs theory, which are

similar to various arguments propounded.

Elaigwu (2002) and Ngare (2012) argue that group identifies and formations such

as ethnicity are wedded to group social conflict in a state. At this point, it is ripe to

mention that this study does not have contradiction with the write-ups of other

scholars.

However, what is critical in this discuss is that human needs has a causal link to

protracted social conflict. It should be noted that developing countries (Nigeria

inclusive) are more prone to experience protracted social conflict due to weakness

in political and the presence of a fragile economy a weak state is characterized by

24
co-democratic systems and resource distribution. Poor democracies are prone to

civil wars than liberal democracies.

2.2.1 Modernization theory

According to Kesuwo (2009), the modernization school of thought argue that for

rapid growth and development of a society government of such nations should

embark on the collection of financial aids and loans used such funds for the

development of their areas, this school of thoughts has its origin from the western

capitalist countries whom according to the under-development theories is not

favourable to our African and other third-world countries because our process of

development is different from the process of development obtained in the western

countries. By scholars that social conflict often occurs when there is a frustration

of needs, such as security and identity. Hence, if an individuals security is

threatened, there basic human needs are not being met. He further argues that

individuals will pursue their basic needs at all cost. Consequently, whenever the

system suppresses the people the end result is social conflict within this framework

the theory poses a problem in the sense that human needs are not universal as they

are historically and culturally determined. According to Burton (1990) human

needs which tend to generate conflict must be identified. However, it may be a

complex effort to attempt to identify these needs as the list is unlimited.

2.2.2 The Marxian Economic Theory

According to Best (2006) and Yakubu (2010) the Marxian economic of theory

remain influential and persuasive. According to Max & Angels (1964) there are
25
two scholars provide a socio-economic explanation that economic inequalities are

the causal link to class conflict. The intellectual effect of the Marxian theory is

that, the forces of production produce conflict by two classes, that is, the

bourgeoisie and proletariat, the end result is a class struggle, which leads to a

stable environment or may cause a revolution that will lead to social change.

2.2.3 Dependency theory

Researchers trace the origin of dependency theory from Marx and Lenin. Marxs

idea of the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeois class and Lenins

concept of imperialism are used by dependency theorists to describe the process

whereby capitalism dominates and exploits the poor countries Dependency theory

has its origins in the 1960s through the writings of scholars who were particularly

concerned over the persistent economic crisis of Latin America countries. They

reject the idea of modernization theory that development would occur by exposing

the modern values of the advanced industrialized countries to the Third World.

Instead they argue that the persistent poverty in the Third World countries is

caused by exposure to the economic, political and social influences to the advanced

industrialized countries. Dependency theorists also assert that the growth of the

advanced industrialized countries in the world today means the concurrent

underdevelopment of those countries whose economic surplus the rich countries

exploit (Head, 1991). Therefore, given time, poor countries would develop, but as

long as they are subjected to the exploitation of the rich countries, their poverty

would persist. Andre Gunder Frank, one of the major proponents of the
26
dependency theory is closely associated with the view that the persistent poverty of

the Third World is an image of its dependency. According to Frank (1972),

merchants and colonial powers forced Third World countries to become exporters

of primary products to satisfy the raw material needs of the imperial powers.

2.2.5 Human development theory

This is a theory which uses ideals from different origins such as ecology,

sustainable development feminism and welfarenstic economist. It is aimed at

avoiding normative politics and focuses on how social capital and instructional

capital can be deployed to optimize the over-all value of human capital in a

society.

There are various authors that have contributed to these particular theory, among

whom are Amartya, Sen among others are they most well known human

development theorists, the work of Sen is focused on capabilities, that is what

people can do. It is these capabilities rather than the income or goods that they

receive as in basic needs approach that determine their wellbeing. These core ideas

also undermine the construction of human development index, a human focus

measured of development pioneered by the (UNDP) United Nation Development

Programme.

27
 REFERENCES
Head, I. L. (1991). On a Hinge of History The Mutual Vulnerability of South and
North. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Frank, A. G. (1972). Lumpen bourgeoisie: Lumpen development Dependence,
Class, and Politics in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Sokari, U. (2006). The Role of Library Information Management in Promotion of
Information Literacy, Lagos: National Library Press.
Yakubu, P. Y. (2010). Youths Mobilization for National Development being a
Paper presented at a one day Peace Symposium, Jos: Plateau State
Polytechnic.
Ofem, N. T. & Ajayi, D. R. (2008). Effects of Youth Empowerment Strategies on
Conflict Resolution in Nigeria, Benin City: Unity Press.
Ibrahim, F. O. (2008). Youth Empowerment and National Development in Nigeria,
Kano: Bayero University Press.
Kesuwo, A. K. (2009). Insight into Development Administration, Jos: Quality
Function Publisher.
Kura, K. M. (2008). Youth Participation in National Development: Opportunities
and Challenges, Kano: Bayero University Press.
World Development Report (2007) Young people today, and in 2015 (United
Nations Publication, Sales No E. 05 IV. 6).
Payne, S. (1991), Women, Health and Poverty: An Introduction. Harvester,
Wheatsheaf, 66 Wood lane End, Hemel, Hempstead, Heartfordshire, HP2
4RG. A Division of Simon and Schuster International Group.
Project YES (2003), Focus on Youth Empowerment Scheme in Niger State: 2000-
2002 in Retrospect, under the Motivatorship of Hajiya (Senator) Zaynab
Abdulkhadir Kure (Wife of the former Governor of Niger State).
NISER (2013). Analysis and Design of Safety Nets and Capacity Empowerment
Programme for Unemployed Youth in Nigeria.
28
National Population Commission, NPC (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria,
Nigeria Head Count.
National Population Commission, NPC (2013). Nigerias Unemployment rate rises
to 23.9% - NPC, Punch Newspaper, October 13, 2013.
National Bureau of Statistics, (2012) Labour Force Statistics No. 476. Abuja: The
NBS Publication. Retrieved from http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng
Abdullahi, H. (2008), Youth, HIV/AIDS and Poverty in Nigeria: Implications for
National Security and Sustainable Development, a Paper presented at the at
a 2 Day International Conference on the Theme: Nigerian Youth, Political
Participation and National Development, organized by the Center for
Democratic Research and Training (CDRAT) at the Auditorium Complex,
Mambayya House, Bayero University, Kano. Tuesday 5th Wednesday 6th
August.
Abdullahi, H. (2004), Poverty, Deprivation and Womens Health: A Review in
Issues in Economics, Vol. 1, Edited by Aliyu, C.U. and Abdullahi, A.S. A
publication of the Department of Economics, Usmanu Danfodiyo
University, Sokoto, Nigeria, p.181 201.
Alabi, T. (2014) Youths Unemployment and Crime Control; An Analysis of
Nigerian Experience. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 10 No. 2 ISSN: 1857
7881.
Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848). Criticism of Earth: On Marx, Engels and
Theology.
Akande, T. (2014). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria: A situation Analysis, Africa
in Focus, the Brookings Institute.
National Youth Development Policy (2001) National Youth Policy Abuja, Federal
Government of Nigeria, February.

29
 CHAPTER THREE

EVOLUTIONOF AREA OF STUDY

3.1 Historical Background of Jos South Local Government

Jos South local government area with its headquarters in Bukuru carved out of the

Jos local government area in September 1991, by then General Ibrahim

Babangidas Administration, Leaving behind what is referred to as Jos north and

south local government areas.

On the 1st October, 1996, the then late General Sani Abachas Administration

further split the local government, creating the east out of Jos south local

government area.

With further splitting of Jos south, only the four Berom districts were left behind

with those of Afizere carved out into Jos east local government area.

The councils from the state capital, which is the Jos town-ship the council of areas

is surrounded by Jos North local government to the, Jos east to its east, Barkin-

Ladi to its south, Riyom to the west and Bassa to the North West.

The Bukuru express way serves as the main road linking state in the far north (east)

to Abuja, Lagos, and other states of the southern, eastern and western parts of

Nigeria. Indigenous tribes of the local government are Beroms, but other tribes

such as Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Fulani and other Plateau ethnic groups settled in the

area due to the tin mining activities of the early 1900s.

30
Features

Jos south local government area has four districts namely Du, Gyel, Kuru, and

Vwang (popularly known as Vom) occupying a land area of 1037 square

kilometers. It has a projected population figure of 311.371 from the 1991 census

figure. The figures are derived from the census figure of 622,683 that was shared

between Jos south and east local governments.

The main towns and villages are Bukuru, Giring, Hwolshe, Vom, Kuru, Trade

centre, Rantya, and Du. Others are Shen, Anguldi, Zawan, Dadin kowa, Nyango

and Dogo Karfe. Also others are 20 political wards spread amongst the 4 districts

and each represented by a councilor at the local government legislative council.

Jos-south has cold climate due to its high Latitude, with its highest point around

the Jos wild life park measuring over 1,450 meters above sea level.

The coldest periods are between November and February with an average mean

temperature of 180 maximum, while it gets warms between March and April

ushers in the rains. The raining season which is between the months of August the

mean annual rainfall which varies is between 131.75cm and 146cm.

Economic activities has been high in Bukuru and other towns since the colonial

era, due to the pre-oil boom mining activities which also attracted people of

diverse ethnicity and economic interest who came and settle in Bukuru and other

suburbs in search of greener pastures. Predominantly, the people of Jos south local

government area are farmers and hunters but with the coming of mining activities
31
and altering of mining camps in Bukuru and other towns the early occupation of

the inhabitants was over taken by mining as a result of influx of people and high

demand for food and other things of life at the various camps, market, sports and

commercial activities sprang up.

Institutions

Two of Nigerias highest policy and research institute are situated within Jos south

local government area of Kuru and Vwang. They are national institute for policy

and strategic studies (NIPSS) Kuru and national veterinary research institute

NVRI) Vom similarly, the national Headquarters of the industrial training fund

(ITF) is in Kufang, Maigo road. Both the governors office and government house

are located in Ray field, a reserve area of the local government area. Other

important government parastatals and school is the Nigerian remote sensing centre,

the Agricultural coordinating unit, Nigerian Television College, Catholic Trade

school, Kuru the theological college of Northern Nigeria (TCNN), Nigerian police

Staff College, the federal college of soil conservation and Plateau State

Polytechnic, Jos campus.

Tourist Attraction

Major tourist points in Jos south local government area are the Jos wild life park,

Solomon Lar Amusement park, Ray field Resort and the Shen-dam, the Azi-Nyako

ultra-modern youth centre offers unique opportunity for recreational activities.

32
3.2 Objectives of the Organization

The main objectives of the organization are as follows;

1. The mobilization of local Resources within the local government area, which

brings about the desired level of development and efficiently utilizes the

bulk of both human and material resources available at the grass roots.

2. Coordination of state project in the local government to enhance grass-roots

development.

3. Provision of essential social services such as electricity health and medical

facilities, educational services, construction and maintenance of road,

amusement park, car parking slots, slaughters slabs.

4. Political integration, the local government is the only agent in the state that

ensures fairness in the implementation of public laws.

5. One of the objectives of the organization serves as two ways channel of

communication between the grass-root and other levels or tiers of

government on major policies and plan actions of government.

6. Economic Development by improving on the economic life of the grass-root

through the provision of agricultural facilities (Extension workers, farm

inputs) construction of markets, provision of loan scheme to small scale

business men and women, creating the enabling environment for business to

strive through less exercise duties.

7. Collection of taxes.
33
8. Maintenance of law and order.

34
 3.3 Organizational Chart of Jos South Local Government
Executive Chairman

Local
Legislative Leader Deputy Chairman Secretary Internal Auditor Government
Authority
Planning Research
Deputy Leader and statistics Audit Staff

Majority Leader Director,

Personnel Mgt
Supervisory Supervisory
Councilor Councilor
Supervisory Deputy Director Agriculture Social Service
Minority Leader Supervisory
Councilors Works Councilors Personnel Mgt
Primary Health
Chief Whip Director Director Social
Agriculture Service
Director PHC Director Fin &
Director Works Supply

House Deputy Traditional Deputy

Director PHC Deputy
Committee Council Deputy Director
Deputy Director Social
Security Director Fin & Agriculture
Director Works Service
Legislators Council Open Supply
Asst. Coordinator
Registry Secret
For Essential Drugs
Registry
Monitoring & Information
Clark Administration
Evaluation Disease Welfare Adult
Maintenance
Control Accounts Agriculture Education
Electrical
Reproductive Treasury Stores Veterinary Community
Mechanical
Health Revenue Forestry Econs. Development
Sergeant at Arm Building
Women in Health
A/Survey Lands

Source: Jos South LGA Admin. (2017) 35

3.4 Functions of the Personnel Management Department

i. The department is responsible for employment purposes.

ii. Another function is the promotion of staff.

iii. Also it is responsible for discipline of its entire junior staff.

Functions of Finance and Supplies Department

i. Proper record keeping on the revenue and expenditure in the local

government.

ii. To take disciplinary action on staff who mismanage funds.

iii. Regular inspection of finance of the local government records.

iv. Serves as the financial adviser.

Functions of Social Services Adviser

i. The department maintains roads within the local government area.

ii. They also provide social services for community development.

iii. They also provide social welfare.

iv. The department provides information.

v. They provide adult education.

Functions of Works Department

i. The department is in charge of maintenance of roads.

ii. Responsible for providing electricity in the local government.

iii. Also in charge of mechanical.

36
iv. In charge of building.

v. Provision of land.

Functions of Agricultural Department

4 It provides veterinary services.

5 They are in charge of forestry.

6 Provision of home economics.

7 Provision of agricultural materials.

Functions of Primary Health Care Department

8 The department assists in coordination of essential drugs.

9 Also assist in monitoring and evaluation of projects.

10 Helps in disease control.

3.5 Achievements of Jos South Local Government

a) Construction of feeder roads and culverts within the local government area.

b) Digging of wells as source of portable drinking water for communities in the

local government.

c) Improvement of food production through formal education of farmers in the

local government.

d) Financial and material support for minor self-help projects in the local

government.

37
 e) Organization of community based projects in district and villages of the

local government.

f) The local government promotes unity among the people at the grass-root in

all communities in Jos south local government.

g) Another achievement is the construction of car parking slots within the city

centre.

h) Also local government builds slaughters slabs in Abattoir for easy process of

animals.

i) Construction of new secretariat (Administrative office) along Bukuru

express road.

3.5.1 Challenges of the Organization (Jos South Local Area)

a) One of the challenges is the reforms in the area of raising revenue/finance

and democratization in Nigeria regardless of the input towards making local

government more effective and efficient.

b) Another challenge is the increasing number of local government function

transferred from elected local councils to special purpose agencies.

c) Seasonal inaccessibility of roads in majority of the communities that are

largely rural in nature results in the inability of tax collectors to reach the

interest of areas, which constitute the main agricultural producing

communities in local government area.

38
d) There are the challenges of grafts and corruptions of public officials hinder

reforms successes in the local government.

e) State interference; The over shadowing interference in the local government

affairs by the state constitutes another challenges apart from fluctuation in

state grants to the local government which has been the slashing of various

amount due to the local government.

39
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS

4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data

This chapter is devoted to the presentation and interpretation of data as collected

from the field. The aim of presenting and interpreting data is to test the reality and

correlation between the data collected from the field and literature review.

Question 1: Do you agree that youth restiveness is an alarming phenomenon?

Table 1: Opinions of respondents on youth restiveness

Rating Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 100 56
Agree 40 22
Not decided 20 11
Strongly disagree 10 6
Disagree 10 6
Total 180 100
Source: Field Survey, 2014

The table above shows that one hundred (100) respondents, representing fifty-six

percent (56%) strongly agreed that youth restiveness is a monster to the society.

Forty respondents (40%) representing twenty-two percent (22%) agreed, twenty

respondents (20) representing eleven percent (11%) did not decide, Ten

respondents (10) representing six (6%) strongly disagreed and disagreed

respectively.

40
Question 2: Do you agree that illiteracy, unemployment and religious extremism

cause youth restiveness?

Table 2: Opinions of respondents on factors that cause youth restiveness

Rating Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 80 44
Agree 70 39
Not decided 10 6
Strongly disagree 3 2
Disagree 7 4
Total 180 100
Source: Field Survey, 2014

Information obtained from the above table shows that eighty (80) respondents

representing forty four percent (44%) strongly agree that illiteracy, unemployment

and religious extremism are the major causes of youth restiveness in every society.

Seventy respondents (70) agreed, ten (10) respondents representing six percent

(6%) did not decide, while three (3) respondents representing two percent (2%)

strongly disagreed representing while seven respondents (7) representing four

percent (4%) disagreed.

Question 3: Do you agree that youth restiveness has a negative impact on

respondents on national development?

Table 2: Opinions of respondents on the impact of youth restiveness on national

development

41
Rating Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 110 61
Agree 50 28
Undecided 0 0
Strongly disagree 5 3
Disagree 15 8
Total 180 100
Source: Field Survey, 2014

In the table above, one hundred and ten (110) respondents representing sixty one

percent (61%) strongly agreed that youth restiveness has a negative impact on

national development. Fifty (50) respondents representing twenty eight percent

(28%) agreed, none of the respondents was undecided while five (5) respondents

representing three percent (3%) strongly disagreed and fifteen (15) respondents

representing eight percent (8%) disagreed.

Research Question 4: Do you agree that there are political, economic and social

challenges posed by youth restiveness?

Table 2: Opinions of respondents on the challenges of youth restiveness

Rating Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 50 28
Agree 70 39
Not decided 10 6
Strongly disagree 20 11
Disagree 30 17

42
Total 180 100
Source: Field Survey, 2014

Information obtained from the table above shows that fifty (50) respondents

representing twenty eight percent (28%) strongly agreed that there are political,

economic and social challenges posed by youth restiveness in Nigeria. Seventy

(70) respondents representing thirty nine (39%) agreed, ten respondents (10)

representing six percent (6%) did not decide while twenty (20) respondents

representing eleven percent (11%) strongly disagreed and thirty (30) respondents

representing seventeen percent (17%) disagreed.

Question 5: Do you agree that government has the political, economic and military

right to tackle youth restiveness?

Table 5: Opinions of respondents on government ability to tackle youth restiveness

Rating Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 60 33
Agree 40 22
Not decided 30 17
Strongly disagree 20 11
Disagree 30 17
Total 180 100
Source: Field Survey, 2014

Information gathered from the table above shows that sixty (60) respondents

representing thirty three (33%) strongly agreed that government has the political,

43
economic and military strength to confront youth restiveness, Forty (40)

respondents representing twenty-two percent (22%) agreed, thirty (30) respondents

representing seventeen percent (17%) did not decide and disagreed respectively

while twenty (20) respondents representing eleven percent (11%) strongly

disagreed.

4.2 Results of Findings

Result of findings in this study shows that youth restiveness is an alarming

phenomenon that has become a threat to the growth and development of Nigeria as

a country.

It was also observed from result of findings that illiteracy, unemployment and

religious extremism are the major causes of youth restiveness in Nigeria because

when the young ones are not educated, preoccupied or are not religiously trained

they become a national problem.

Result of finding also indicates that youth restiveness has a negative impact or

effect on national development. It is a situation where the youth are involved in the

destruction of lives and properties that worth millions of naira.

Furthermore, result of findings indicates that youth restiveness poses political,

social and economic challenges to Nigeria as a nation because the scourge of youth

restiveness makes a bad representation of political leaders, causes economic

depression and the collapse of the entire social system.

44
As obtained from result of findings in the course of conducting this study it clearly

shows that government has the political, economic and the military power to curb

the menace of youth restiveness in the entire society of Nigeria.

4.3 Relevance of Findings

The importance of finding in every research work cannot be over emphasized

because findings help in the following respect:

i. Findings serve as a neutralizer between the research instrument such as the

questionnaire or interview and information gathered from field survey. In

order words its shows the correlation between validity and reliability of the

study.

ii. Findings also help the researcher in summarizing the entire research work

for a clear understanding of readers.

iii. In addition, research findings are very important to the organization under

investigation as they are used to solve organizational problems.

iv. Also, the importance of research findings can also be obtained in the areas of

recommendations and summary of findings in every research work.

v. Research findings researchers in making generalization of the study they

have conducted.

vi. The importance of research findings can also be indicated in the area of

national growth and development.

45
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

It is expected of every researcher to summarize all findings obtained from the field

and also from literature review. Therefore, the following are the summary of

findings of these studies:

i. That youth restiveness is becoming a national threat to the socio economic

and political development of Nigeria.

ii. It was observed that factors such as illiteracy, unemployment and religious

intolerance are the major causes of youth restiveness in Nigeria.

iii. It is crystal clear that youth restiveness is a negative phenomenon on Nigeria

because it threatens national security.

iv. It is also observed that youth restiveness has caused a lot of challenges to the

political economic and social aspects of Nigeria.

v. Finally, it shows that government has acquired the military, political and

economic muscles to content the threat of youth restiveness in Nigeria.

5.2 Conclusion

Youth restiveness and national development are two sides of the same coin that is

to say that the lower the rate of youth restiveness the higher the rate of national

growth and development. Youth restiveness has caused more damages or harm

46
than good or progress to the entire society called Nigeria. It is widely say that, an

idle mind is the devils workshop, Therefore, it is imperative to say that when the

youth are not engaged in one business or the other they can be used by politicians

and unpatriotic citizens who do not wish well for Nigeria. There are several

factors that contribute to the escalation of youth restiveness in Nigeria, among

which are our leaders corruption and mismanagement of public funds at the

detriment of the majority.

5.3 Recommendations

The quality of every research depends on the ability of the researcher to suggest

effective and efficient recommendations which serve as solutions to the problems

of the research. Therefore, this research work is not an exemption as the researcher

suggests the following as recommendation.

i. Government at all levels should wake-up to the situation and proper

working solutions to the scourge of youth restiveness in order to allow

Nigerian citizen sleep with their two eyes closed.

ii. The war against corruption should be massively organized by the general

citizens to ensure that the problem of corruption has being completely

nipped in the bud.

iii. Nigerian leaders should endeavor to lead by good example so as to show

future leaders a better aspect and methodology of good leadership.

47
iv. Religious leaders should also preach religious tolerance on the pulpit

while preaching to their followers in order to avoid religious extremism.

v. Traditional rulers also have a prominent role to play in curbing youth

restiveness as they serve as the custodians of peace in their communities.

48
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ibrahim, F. O. (2008). Youth Empowerment and National Development in Nigeria,

Kano: Bayero University Press.
Kesuwo, A. K. (2009). Insight into Development Administration, Jos: Quality
Function Publisher.
Kura, K. M. (2008). Youth Participation in National Development: Opportunities
and Challenges, Kano: Bayero University Press.
Nwankwo, O. O. & Udeh, C. S. (2005). Militias, Vigilante and Gangs:
Implications for conflicts management, Kano: Bayero University Press.
Ofem, N. T. & Ajayi, D. R. (2008). Effects of Youth Empowerment Strategies on
Conflict Resolution in Nigeria, Benin City: Unity Press.
Omotayo, B. O. (2005). Women and Conflict in the New Information Age,
Norway: Longman Press.
Onyeke, N. (2006). Managing Youth at Election: The Constitutional Perspective,
Enugu: Prentice Hall Publication.
Sokari, U. (2006). The Role of Library Information Management in Promotion of
Information Literacy, Lagos: National Library Press.
Udeh, C. S. (2008). Youth Unemployment and Poverty: Implication for National
Security, Kano: Bayero University Press.
World bank (1992). Governance and Development., Washington, D. C.: World
Bank Press.
Yakubu, P. Y. (2010). Youths Mobilization for National Development being a
Paper presented at a one day Peace Symposium, Jos: Plateau State
Polytechnic.
Zakari, Y. (2006). Youth, Conflict, Security and National Development, Kaduna:
Gaskiya Press.

49
 APPENDIX A

Department of Public
Administration
School of Administration and
Business Studies
Plateau State Polytechnic
Barkin Ladi

The Staff,
Jos South LGC
Plateau State
Dear Respondent,

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

I am a final year student of the aforementioned institution and department

respectively, conducting a research on the topic Youth Unemployment,
Restiveness and National Development a case study of Jos South Local
Government Council.
I am soliciting for your support to enable me generate enough information for this
study. All information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you for your support and cooperation and remain bless.

Yours faithfully

Lucky Pyokje Joseph

50
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Instruction: Tick against any option those suites you please.

Section A: Bio Data
Sex_________________________
Rank: _______________________
Department: _________________________________________
LGA: _______________________________________________
State: ______________________________________________
Nationality: __________________________________________
Section B: Questions
Please use the keys below to answer the following question
Strongly agreed SA
Agreed A
Not decided ND
Strongly disagreed SD
Disagreed D

51
S/N Question Options

SA A ND SD D

1. Do you agree that youth restiveness is an alarming

phenomenon?

2. Do you agree that illiteracy, unemployment and

religious extremism cause youth restiveness?

3. Do you agree that youth restiveness has a negative

impact on national development?

4. Do you agree that there are political, economic and

social challenges posed by youth restiveness?

5. Do you agree government has the political,

economic and military power to tackle youth

restiveness?

52