Sample Overview of Biobased Chemical Building Block en

THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF
BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS

Ten years evolution decrypted
THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
Specimen - September 2015
Clients Testimony :
" For the first time we have with this overview of the bio-based intermediate a
complete and well-documented review of the molecules on the markets and
under developing. This study is useful for all stakeholders in plant-based
chemistry value chain: from agro-industrial and to products formulator.
Christophe Rupp-Dahlem, vice-prsident R&D plant-based chemistry,

Roquette.
It is an exhaustive, updated and in-depth document with many points of view:

biomass, process, molecules, players and market. For an academic researcher, it
completes what we read in scientific journals and what we learn in scientific
congress. It is a base to choose an original strategy, to set up public-private
partnership and to create management tool.
Paul Colonna, Professor a Collge de France

Scientific Director at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
General Manager, 3BCAR (Research Center on plant-based chemistry)
2
All rights reserved IAR
Many economic and public stakeholders are questioning about the economic reality of bio-based
chemicals. A number of studies published on this topic in recent years were about markets and
prospects for development, but only a few were intended to provide a report on the evolution of
technologies, stakeholders, various molecules developed and produced, pilots and industrial
units, production capacities, together with a dynamic analysis over the last decade.
This study, carried out by the IAR cluster's experts brings this decoding and this vision of dynamics,
which are essential for understanding this market.
The international overview of bio-based chemical building blocks" (330 pages) presents over the last
ten years :

A comprehensive overview on the evolution of :
- biomass used
- technologies and transformation pathways
- number of pilot and industrial units, and their capacities
- strategic strengths
52 analysed molecules
400 identified stakeholders
39 analyzed joint-ventures
97 identified technology and business partnerships
A highlight on 5 emerging molecules
Hundreds of graphs and boards
This study, which is based on an analysis of the ten past years, answers the following questions:
- What are the new trends in the use of biomass?
- Which type of technology is emerging?
- Who are the stakeholders of bio-based chemistry and what are their dynamics?
- What are the industrial strategies?
- Which molecules will be emerging within the next five years?
3
Methodology
The study is based on an database established from information collected mainly on specialized sites
and TREMPLIN, the tool dedicated to the bioeconomy developed by the IAR cluster. This database
contains information on the raw materials used and the types of biomass, conversion processes,
stakeholders, their businesses, their nationalities, partnerships, joint-ventures, production (capacity,
geographical locations, starting dates, maturity stages, expected changes), targeted markets.
From these elements, graphic analyzes have been performed, putting into perspective the evolution of
plant-based chemistry chain over the past decade.
The selection of 52 studied molecules was determined by the amount of available information and their
representation in the sector of plant-based chemistry, estimated by TREMPLIN and reference
institutional studies. The study thus covers a wide range of types of produced biomolecules.
Within the study, five molecules have been identified as "promising" and deeply analyzed in folders
including: application markets, competing processing pathways and technologies, production capacities
and geographical positions, stakeholders strategies and their positioning on the value chain.
With this scope of study and an exhaustive monitoring of producers and providers of technologies,
the international overview of bio-based chemical building blocks is a tool for strategic decisions.
This study confirms the macroeconomic evolution of this market, and makes the bio-economy a
reality.
A study by the IAR Cluster
The IAR Cluster is a biorefinery cluster, in the heart of bio-based chemistry

and industrial biotechnologies. The IAR cluster aims to enhance plant
innovation in favour of practical industrial applications. IAR has more than 300
members representing the entire industry value chain.
To fulfil its tasks, the IAR cluster has implemented a service of competitive
intelligence (CI) intended to identify, analyse and disseminate information
among the cluster's members. This service draws on a collaborative intelligence platform, dedicated to
bio-based chemistry. The tool includes more than 9,700 resources (patents, news, reports, and
projects).
Using its experience, the CI service of the IAR cluster, whose customers include large industrial groups,
proposes to carry out multi-client or customized and tailor-made studies (prior patent search, state of
the art, feasibility study) in the field of bioeconomy.
4
The 52 studied molecules

- 1,2-Propanediol - Lactic acid
- 1,3-Propanediol (complete file) - Levulinic acid (complete file)
- 1,4-Butanediol (complete file) - Lysin
- 2,5-Furanedicarboxylic acid (complete file) - Malic acid
- 3- Hydroxypropanoic acid - Methyl methacrylate
- 5-Hydroxy-methyl-furfural (complete file) - Methanol
- Acetic acid - Methionine
- Acrylic acid - Monoethylene glycol
- Adipic acid - n-butanol
- Aspartic acid - Paraxylene
- Azelac acid - Pelargonic acid
- Butadiene - Polyamides
- Epichlorhydrin - Polybutylene succinate
- Fumaric acid - Polyethylene
- Ethanol (2G) - Polyhydroxyalcanoates
- Ethylene - Polylactic acid
- Furfural - Polyols (for PUs)
- Glucaric acid - Polypropylene
- Glutamic acid - Polytrimethylene terephthalate
- Glycerol - Polyurethans
- Glycolic acid - Propylene
- Isobutanol - Sebacic acid
- Isocyanate - Sorbitol
- Isoprene - Succinic acid
- Isosorbide - Terephtalic acid
- Itaconic acid - Xylitol
Map of Production sites of levulinic acid Fact sheet

Carte des centres de productions dacide levulinique Carte des centres de productions dacide levulinique
5
Table of content
Part I Ten years evolution decrypted
Executive summary
Biomass
Technology
Production capacity
Drivers
Interaction and strategies of stakeholders
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the study
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Studied molecules
1.4 Positioning of the study
2 The raw materials in the bio-based chemistry
2.1 Characterisation of various biomass

2.1.1 Sugar/starch biomass
2.1.2 Lignocellulosic biomass
2.1.3 Oleoproteagineous biomass
2.1.4 Other renewable raw materials
2.2 Diversification of supply sources from the biomass

2.2.1 2G ethanol case
2.2.2 Methanol case
2.2.3 Types of biomass and changes in production capacities for the molecules studied
2.3 Synthesis on biomass
Evolution in the use of the type of biomass, given the production capacities (including
ethanol 2G and glycerol biomass)
Production capacity (t/y)
6
3 The biomass conversion processes
3.1 The biorefinery concept
3.2 Specific conversion pathways of the different types of biomass

3.2.1 Conversion of carbohydrates
3.2.2 Conversion of triglycerides
3.2.3 Towards optimal use of biomass
3.3 Overall evolution of conversion processes

3.3.1 Compared evolution
3.3.2 Two possible approaches for the conversion of biomass
3.4 Conversion pathways to bio-based molecules

3.4.1 Overview of conversion pathways per molecules
3.4.2 Molecules obtained through biotechnological conversion pathways
3.4.3 Molecules obtained through chemical conversion pathways
3.4.4 Molecules obtained through biotechnological or chemical conversion pathways
3.4.5 Molecules obtained through chemical or thermochemical conversion pathways
3.4.6 Molecules obtained through biotechnological, chemical or thermochemical conversion
pathways
3.5 Synthesis on conversion processes
Details of the processes used for molecules exclusively produced by biotechnology Stage of development for the production units regarding the diffrent types of conversion
pathways
Number of units
7
4 Production capacities
4.1 Evolution of global production capacities
4.2 Geographical characterization of global production

4.2.1 Asia, the future of new molecules?
4.2.2 North America, a place for the development of new molecules.
4.2.3 Europe, the laboratory of plant-based chemistry
4.3 Evolution of production capacities per molecule

4.3.1 Molecules historically produced from biomass
4.3.2 Emerging molecules with a possible maturing market by 2020-2030
4.3.3 The molecules in development
4.4 Stage of development of the various production units
4.5 Summary of production capacities: positioning of molecules

4.5.1 The molecules in mature markets
4.5.2 The ongoing consolidation molecules to 2020
4.5.3 Molecules with high potential emerging for 2020
4.5.4 Molecules with a high emerging potential at the 2020-2025 horizon
4.5.5 Molecules in development
Compared Business Potential of Biobased Chemical Intermediates
Succinic
acid
Current addressable market penetration of the

molecule
Development
stage
8
5 Interaction and strategies of stakeholders

5.1 Different strategies according to the core activity of the stakeholders
5.1.1 Strategies of agro-business companies
5.1.2 Strategies of the chemical industry
5.1.3 The strategies of biotech companies
5.2 Trends and developments in partnerships

5.2.1 Partnerships mainly dedicated to production
5.2.2 Partnerships dedicated to the development of new processes
5.2.3 Supply partnerships to overcome the drawbacks of an emerging market
5.2.4 Quest for opportunities through the development of applications
5.2.5 Partnerships increasingly turned to markets
Distribution of types of partnerships
5.3 Positioning of stakeholders Stakeholders positioned on the organic acids studied, with the related
cumulative production capacities (tons per year)
5.3.1 Amino acids
5.3.2 Organic acids
5.3.3 Alkenes
5.3.4 Alcohols
5.3.5 Aldehydes
5.3.6 Aromatics
5.3.7 Esters
5.3.8 Polyurethane chemistry Information sheet on joint-ventures
5.3.9 Organochlorinated molecules

5.3.9 Triglycerides / Fatty acids
9
6 Molecules and polymers considered of interest in the coming years
6.1 1,4-butanediol Map of production sites for 1,3-propanediol
6.1.1 Markets for 1,4-Butanediol

6.1.2 Technologies and conversion pathways
6.1.3 Global production capacity
6.1.4 Positioning and strategies of the stakeholders
6.2 Levulinic acid

6.2.1 Markets for levulinic acid
Cost and demand (petro-based and bio-based) of 1,3-
6.3 1,3-propanediol propanediol
6.3.1 Markets for 1,3-propanediol

6.3.2 Technologies and conversion pathways Specimen
6.4 2,5-furandicarboxylic Acid (2,5-FDCA)

6.4.1 Markets for 2,5-FDCA
6.4.3 Global production capacity Positioning of stakeholders on the value chain of 1,3-
propanediol
6.5 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)

6.5.1 Markets for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
7 General Conclusion
8 Appendix
10
Part II Descriptive sheets of studied molecules
11
Tables and figures

Number Title
Fig. 1 Study Methodology
Fig. 2 List of molecules studied
Fig. 3 DOE reports and GREEN CHEMISTRY
Fig. 4 Biomass Classification
Fig. 5 Origin of biomass sugar/starch industry (EU 27-2007)
Evolution of the production capacity for molecules produced exclusively from
Fig. 6
carbohydrate sources
Fig. 7 Composition of lignocellulosic biomass
Evolution of the production capacity for molecule produced exclusively from lignocellulosic
Fig. 8
sources
Fig. 9 Industrial use of biomass oleoproteagineous EU 27-2007
Fig. 10 Evolution of the production capacitiy for molecules produced exclusively from oil sources
Evolution of the production capacity for molecules producted from oil or carbohydrates
Fig. 11
sources
Evolution of 2G ethanol production capacity based on lignocellulosic biomass and other
Fig. 12
type of biomass
Fig. 13 Evolution of methanol production capacity regarding the type of biomass used
Evolution in the use of the type of biomass, given the production capacities (including 2G
Fig. 14
ethanol and glycerol)
Evolution in the use of the type of biomass, given the production capacities (excluding
Fig. 15
ethanol 2G and glycerol biomass)
Fig. 16 Biomass value chain
Fig. 17 Biorefinery Value chain
Fig. 18 Details of an integrated biorefinery value chain
Fig. 19 biomass Components
Fig. 20 Example of primary processing methods for each type of biomass
Stage of development for the production units regarding the diffrent types of conversion
Fig. 21
pathways
Fig. 22 List of molecules and the corresponding conversion pathways
Evolution of the production capacity for molecules produced exclusively by biotechnological
Fig. 23
pathway
Fig. 24 Details of the processes used for molecules exclusively produced by biotechnology
Evolution of the production capacity for molecules produced exlusively by chemical
Fig. 25
pathway
Fig. 26 Details of processes used for molecules exclusively produced by chemistry
Evolution of the production capacity for molecules produced by biotechnological or
Fig. 27
chemical pathways
Fig. 28 Details of processes used for the molecules produced by biotechnology or chemistry
Evolution of production capacity for molecules produced by chemical or thermochemical
Fig. 29
pathways
Fig. 30 Details of processes used for the molecules produced by chemistry or thermochemistry
Evolution of the production capacities for molecules produced by chemical,
Fig. 31
biotechnological or thermochemical pathways
12
Fig. 32 Evolution of production capacities for biobased molecules over a 20-year period
Fig. 33 Yield based on the raw material used in crackers
Fig. 34 Alternative pathways to the production of butadiene from naphtha
Fig. 35 Number of new business production units over the period 2000-2020
Fig. 36 New pilot and demonstration production units in the horizon 2020
Fig. 37 Geographical distribution of production capacities over the period 2001-2010
Fig. 38 Geographical distribution of production capacities over the period 2011-2014
Fig. 39 Distribution of pilot/Demonstrator/Commercial units in North America and Europe
Fig. 40 Evolution capacities per molecule to 2020
Fig. 41 Classification of emerging molecules
Fig. 42 Current development stage of production units per molecule
Fig. 43 Stage of development of molecules by production units for 2020
Fig. 44 Compared Business Potential of Biobased Chemical Intermediates
Fig. 45 Different types of possible partnerships and collaborations
Fig. 46 Distribution for types of partnerships
Fig. 47 Number and types of partnerships per year
Fig. 48 Number and type of partnerships per year (2007-2014)
Fig. 49 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the amino acids studied
Stakeholders positioned on the studied amino acids with the associated cumulative
Fig. 50
production capacities (tons per year)
Fig. 51 Table of partnerships on the amino acids studied
Fig. 52 Table of joint ventures on the amino acids studied
Fig. 53 Details of the joint ventures on the amino acids studied
Fig. 54 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the organic acids studied
Stakeholders positioned on the organic acids studied, with the related cumulative
Fig. 55
Fig. 56 Table of partnerships on the organic acids studied
Fig. 57 Table of joint ventures on the organic acids/polymers studied
Fig. 58 Details of joint ventures on the organic acids/polymers studied
Fig. 59 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the alkenes studied
Stakeholders involved in studied alkenes, and their combined capacities associated (in
Fig. 60
tons per year)
Fig. 61 Table of partnerships on the relevant alkenes
Fig. 62 Table of the joint ventures on the alkenes studied
Fig. 63 Detailed information about joint ventures on the relevant alkenes
Fig. 64 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the alcohols studied
Fig. 65 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on alcohol studied (excluding 2G ethanol)
Fig. 66 Stakeholders positioned on alcohol associated with combined capacity (tons per year)
Fig. 67 Table of partnerships on the studied alcohols
Fig. 68 Table of joint ventures on the studied alcohols
Fig. 69 Detailed information about joint ventures on the studied alcohols
Fig. 70 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the relevant aldehydes studied
13
Stakeholders positioned on the aldehydes studied and associated cumulative production

Fig. 71
capacities (in tons per year)
Fig. 72 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the studied aromatic
Stakeholders positioned on the aromatic studied, and associated cumulative production
Fig. 73
capacities (in tons per year)
Fig. 74 Table of partnerships on the aromatic studied
Fig. 75 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the relevant esters
Stakeholders positioned on the esters studied with the associated cumulative production
Fig. 76
capacity (tons per year)
Stakeholders positioned on polyurethane chemistry, associated with combined capacities
Fig. 77
(in tons per year)
Fig. 78 Table of partnerships on the polymers studied
Fig. 79 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the relevant organochlorine
Stakeholders positioned on organochlorine studied with the associated cumulative
Fig. 80
Fig. 81 Table of partnerships on the organochlorines studied
Fig. 82 Number and types of stakeholders positioned on the triglycerides /fatty acids studied
Stakeholders positioned on triglyceride/fatty acids studied with the associated cumulative
Fig. 83
production capacity (tons per year)
Fig. 84 Table of partnerships on the studied polymers
Fig. 85 Table of joint ventures on the triglycerides/ fatty acids studied
Fig. 86 Detailed information about joint ventures on the triglycerides/ fatty acids studied
Fig. 87 Adressable Market for biobased 1,4 butanediol in value
Fig. 88 Adressable Market for biobased 1,4 butanediol in volume
Fig. 89 Distribution of 1,4 butanediol market per application
Fig. 90 PBT producers
Fig. 91 Procurement routes for bio-based 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 92 Map of production centers for bio-based 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 93 Postionning of the stakeholders on the 1,4-butanediol value chain
Fig. 94 Company Myriant : Highlights concerning 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 95 Company BioAmber : Highlights concerning 1,4-butanediol
Fig. 96 Company Genomatica : Highlights concerning 1,4-butanediol
Companies holding patents on the production of bio-based 1,4-butanediol over the past
Fig. 97
decade
Fig. 98 Levulinic acid market in volume
Fig. 99 Derivatives of levulinic acid and corresponding markets
Fig. 100 Indirect Channels synthesis of levulinic acid
Fig. 101 Routes to obtain levulinic acid
Fig. 102 Map of production sites for bio-based levulinic acid
Fig. 103 Positioning of stakeholders in the value chain of levulinic acid
Fig. 104 Company Segetis : Highlights concerning levulinic acid
Fig. 105 Company Biofine : Highlights concerning levulinic acid
Fig. 106 company DSM : Highlights concerning levulinic acid
Companies holding patents on the production of bio-based levulinic acid over the past
Fig. 107
decade
14
Fig. 108 Cost and demand (petro-based and bio-based) of 1,3-propanediol

Fig. 109 Consumption of 1,3-propanediol by application from 2012 and 2019 (in tons)
Fig. 110 Routes to obtain 1,3-propanediol
Fig. 111 Cost of production process for 1,3-propanediol in 2010
Fig. 112 Map of production sites for 1,3-propanediol
Fig. 113 Positioning of stakeholders on the value chain of 1,3-propanediol
Fig. 114 Company DuPont Tate & Lyle : Highlights concerning 1,3-propanediol
Fig. 115 Company Metabolic Explorer : Highlights concerning 1,3-propanediol
Fig. 116 Company Zhangjiagang Glory Biomaterial : Highlights concerning1,3-propanediol
Companies holding patents on the production of bio-based 1,3 propanediol over the past
Fig. 117
decade
Fig. 118 Volume of adressable market for 2,5 FDCA based on 2011 market size
Fig. 119 Map of production sites for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
Fig. 120 Positioning of the stakeholders on the value chain of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
Fig. 121 Companies holding patents on the production of bio-based 2,5 FDCA over the past decade
Fig. 122 Number of publications on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Detailed information about the processes for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and cost
Fig. 123
production
Fig. 124 Map of production sites of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Companies holding patents on the production of bio-based 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over
Fig. 125
the past decade
Fig. 126 Percentage of non-food use of biomass in the EU 27
Fig. 127 Categorization of biomass
Fig. 128 Share of carbohydrate utilization in industry (EU 27-2007)
Fig. 129 Lignocellulosic conversion pathways
Fig. 130 Conversion of lignocellulose
Fig. 131 Conversion strategies of tryglycerides into commodity chemical molecules
Fig. 132 Production of chemical intermediates from glycerol
Fig. 133 Chemical intermediates production facilities from glutamic acid and lysine
Fig. 134 Biomass recovery steps
Fig. 135 Detailed Information about existing preprocessing methods
Fig. 136 From biomass to petro-based hydrocarbons
Fig. 137 Biobased chemical intermediates produced by fermentation
Fig. 138 Production bio-based furfural and 5-HMF
Fig. 139 Catalytic Conversion of 5-HMF into many chemical intermediates
Fig. 140 Chloromethylfurfural forming reactions
Fig. 141 Hydrogenation of levulinic acid into valerolactone
Fig. 142 Glucose oxidation into glucaric acid
Fig. 143 Isosorbide production from glucose
Fig. 144 Production routes for bio-based PET
Fig. 145 Production routes for bio-based PEF
15

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THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF

BIO-BASED CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS

Christophe Rupp-Dahlem, vice-prsident R&D plant-based chemistry,

It is an exhaustive, updated and in-depth document with many points of view:

Paul Colonna, Professor a Collge de France

- number of pilot and industrial units, and their capacities

400 identified stakeholders

97 identified technology and business partnerships

A highlight on 5 emerging molecules

Hundreds of graphs and boards

- What are the new trends in the use of biomass?

- Which type of technology is emerging?

- What are the industrial strategies?

- Which molecules will be emerging within the next five years?

A study by the IAR Cluster

The IAR Cluster is a biorefinery cluster, in the heart of bio-based chemistry

The 52 studied molecules

Map of Production sites of levulinic acid Fact sheet

2 The raw materials in the bio-based chemistry

2.1 Characterisation of various biomass

2.2 Diversification of supply sources from the biomass

2.3 Synthesis on biomass

3 The biomass conversion processes

3.1 The biorefinery concept

3.2 Specific conversion pathways of the different types of biomass

3.3 Overall evolution of conversion processes

3.4 Conversion pathways to bio-based molecules

3.5 Synthesis on conversion processes

4.1 Evolution of global production capacities

4.2 Geographical characterization of global production

4.3 Evolution of production capacities per molecule

4.4 Stage of development of the various production units

4.5 Summary of production capacities: positioning of molecules

Compared Business Potential of Biobased Chemical Intermediates

Current addressable market penetration of the

5 Interaction and strategies of stakeholders

5.2 Trends and developments in partnerships

Distribution of types of partnerships

5.3.9 Organochlorinated molecules

6 Molecules and polymers considered of interest in the coming years

6.1 1,4-butanediol Map of production sites for 1,3-propanediol

6.1.1 Markets for 1,4-Butanediol

6.2 Levulinic acid

6.3.1 Markets for 1,3-propanediol

6.4 2,5-furandicarboxylic Acid (2,5-FDCA)

6.5 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)

Part II Descriptive sheets of studied molecules

Tables and figures

Stakeholders positioned on the aldehydes studied and associated cumulative production

Fig. 108 Cost and demand (petro-based and bio-based) of 1,3-propanediol

I would like to order the report THE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED

4 800 before tax

Payment by cheque, payable to "ASSOCIATION INDUSTRIES et AGRO-RESSOURCES",or

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