La chn vt liu cho bc lt, trc vt

1. Yu cu c im k thut
Do yu cu lm vic ca cc trc tnh v ng khi lm vic cc chi tit ny thng phi chu
cc iu kin nh:

Chu ti trng va p hoc i u

Chu mi mn, ma st v nhit khi lm vic
Chu n mn ha hc ca cc loi du bi trn

m bo iu kin lm vic nh trn, cc bc lt, trc vt phi m bo cc yu cu k thut

nh

H s ma st nh, c kh nng gi du
C tnh m bo chu nn, khng rn nt
Khng b trt, r, chu mi mn, mn khp thp ( nh hn trc)
Chng n mn trong mi trng du bi trn (t tc dng vi C, O2, H2, N, S)
Dn nhit tt trong : Nhit nng chy ca hp kim khng qu thp trnh b chy khi
lm vic v nhit nng chy khng qu cao kh ch to
Tnh cng ngh tt d gia cng ch to

2. Mt s vt liu s dng lm bc lt Vit Nam.

Ti Vit Nam, cc vt liu ch yu dng lm bc lt trc nh batit thic, batit ch, batit nhm,
gang, hp kim ng-thic...

2.1.Cc hp kim c nhit nng chy thp

L hp kim trt trn c s ca kim loi c nhit nng chy thp, v d: thic, ch, nhm,
km c tn chung l babit

Loi hp kim ny c h s ma st nh, c kh nng gi du bi trn, n mn khp tt, d

ch to
 Nhc im ca loi ny l khng chu c ti trng cao, phi c iu kin bi trn m
bo, hay trt, xc, b bin dng khi chu ti trng va p ln v trong iu kin bi trn khc
nghit.

Mt s loi hp kim babit:

- Babit thic
K hiu ca M theo chun UNS l UNS L13820, Lin X l 83 trong c 83%Sn, cn li
l Cu v Sb.
Dng lm cc trt quan trng c tc vng quay cao v trung bnh: tuabin, ng c
diezen, trc chn vt.

- Babit ch
L hp kim trn c s Pb vi 6 - 16%Sn, 6-16%Sb v 1%Cu
K hiu ca Lin X l 6, 16 trong c 6% (16%) Sb, 6% (16%) Sn, cn li l Pb.

6: thay th cho babit thic trong iu kin khng va p. 16 dng thay th cho phn
ln cc loi trt t. Ngoi ra cn dng lm trt trong ng c xng.

- Babit nhm
Loi ny c h s ma st nh, dn nhit cao, chng n mn cao trong du, c tnh cao, gi
thnh h nhng tnh cng ngh km (do kh dnh bm) nn ang c dng thay th cho babit
thic.

2.2.Hp kim c nhit nng chy cao

u im ca nhm ny l c bn cao, chu ti trng ln, va p, p lc cao, chu mi mn,
nhit .

Gang xm (gang cu, gang do)

Thng dng loi gang xm cht lng cao vi t chc nn kim loi l peclit nh mn (ht
cng) v vi mt lng kh ln graphit tm (nn mm).

Dng lm trt cho cc loi trc c tc vng quay chm nhng chu c p lc cao.

2.3.Hp kim ng- thic cho ng dng bc lt

Hp kim ng thic (brng thic) l loi c s dng ph bin nht trong s cc vt liu dng
lm bc lt. Do n c nhiu u im hn nh bn, h s ma st nh, h s dn nhit cao, kh
nng chu mi mn tt, chu ti trng va p tt, chu mi, chu nhit, v nhm nht nh cng
h s n di ln.

Hp kim ny l vt liu l tng cho yu cu ng dng bc lt trong trong mi trng khc

nhit v thng c lm trt chu p lc cho cc loi trc c tc vng quay chm hoc
trung bnh vi cc mc CDA 836, CDA 544.
Mt s c im ca loi ny nh:

-Khng nhy cm vi mi trng bn

-Chu ti trng va p v rung ln tc thp

-C th p dng c cc trc c b mt km
-Chu iu kin n mn tt

-Rnh bi trn.
Bc lt hp kim ng thic thng c ng dng cho cc trt quan trng nh trong:

My mc xy dng
Thit b vn ti
Thit b sn xut giy
Thit b ngoi khi

Bng 2.1: Thnh phn ha hc ca CDA 836 v CDA 544

Cu Al Sb Fe Pb Ni P Si S Sn Zn
CDA 836 84.0-86.0 0.005 0.25 0.30 4.0-6.0 1.0 0.05 0.005 0.08 4.0-6.0 4.0-6.0
CDA 544 Cn li - - 0.1 3.0-4.0 - - - 0.01-0.5 3.5-4.5 1.5-4.5

Bng 2.2: Tnh cht ca hp kim ng CDA 836 v CDA 544

Tnh bn Modun Gii hn dn dn Bn va H s
cht ko n hi chy di (%) cng nhit p Izod dn n
(MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (W/mK) (J/m) nhit
(1/oF)
CDA 248 93 131 15 60 HB 71.2 Khng 10-6
836 v
CDA 468 103 382 20 80 86.5 Khng 9.6-10-6
544 HRB v
 Ngy nay, bc lt h hp kim ng ch c ch ti bng phng php thiu kt t bt c
kh khc phc c kh khn ca vt liu c truyn thng do Pb khng ha tan trong Cu c
trng thi rn v lng. Nn khi c thng c nhc im l b thin tch mnh do s chnh lch
t trng, kh to c s ng u gy nh hng mnh n c tnh.

Bc lt hp kim ng ch c ch to bng phng php luyn kim bt cho cu trc

ng u, yu cu k thut tt hn ( xem phn 3) v c ng dng cho chi tit cn tc vng
quay kh cao.

3. Mt s vt liu s dng lm bc lt quc t

Bng 3.1: c tnh ca mt s loi vt liu cho bc lt

ng khi ng thiu Composite Composite PTFE-PA Composite

ng v
kt PTFE POM si
bc

Nhit lm
-40 - 250 -10 90 -40 - 150 -200 - 250 -40 - 110 -30 - 110 -50 - 140
vic (oC)
0.08
H s ma st () 0.08-0.15 0.05 0.1 0.03 0.25 0.02 -0.20 0.06 0.15 0.03 0.08
0.15
Ti
trng ng 25 10 40 80 120 40 140
cho
php Tnh 45 20 120 250 250 80 200
(N/mm2)
Tc trt
0.5 0.25-5 1 2 2.5 1 0.5
cho php
Dung sai trc e7-e8 f7-f8 e7-f8 f7-h8 h7-h8 h8-h9 h8
Dung sai v bc H7 H7 H7 H7 H7 H7 H7
nhm trc 0-1.0 0.2-0.8 0.4-0.8 0-0.4 0-0.8 0-0.8 0.2-0.4
cng trc 165-400 200-300 150-400 300-600 150-600 100-300 >490
 Bng 1.2: Mt s khuyn co trong vic la chn vt liu

ng khi ng ng v Composite Composite Composite Composite

thiu kt bc PTFE POM PA si

Khng
T bi trn Khng hp Tt Rt tt Tt Rt tt Rt tt
hp
Chi tit t bo
Khng hp Tt Ph hp Rt tt Tt Rt tt Rt tt
dng
Mi trng
Tt Ph hp Rt tt Khng hp Ph hp Khng hp Tt
bn
Chng mi
Tt Ph hp Tt Ph hp Ph hp Rt tt Rt tt
mn
Khng
Nhit cao Tt Tt Rt tt Ph hp Ph hp Tt
hp
Khng
Ti trng ln Ph hp Ph hp Tt Rt tt Ph hp Tt
hp
Ti trng va
Tt Ph hp Tt Ph hp Ph hp Khng hp Rt tt
p, rung
Tc trt
Khng hp Rt tt Ph hp Tt Tt Ph hp Khng hp
ln
Khng
Ma st nh Khng hp Tt Rt tt Rt tt Ph hp Rt tt
hp
Trc c b Khng
Tt Ph hp Khng hp Ph hp Ph hp
mt km hp
lng trc Khng hp Ph hp Ph hp Rt tt Tt Ph hp Khng hp
Khng nhy
Tt Ph hp Ph hp Khng hp Ph hp Ph hp Tt
cm sai s

Ti liu tham kho:

-Vt liu c kh v cng ngh kim loi /kim loi mu v hp kim mu/ kim loi lm trt

-Quy trnh ch to bc lt h hp kim ng-ch theo phng php thiu kt t dng bt

-SKT Bushing