Trolex

TX5600 Handbook - Vibration
TX5600 Vibration
Contents
Introduction 4 4.2 Sensitivity Range of dc
1. The Nature of Vibration 5 Vibration Sensors 23
1.1 Vibration Frequency 6 4.3 Frequency Range 24
1.2 Vibration Amplitude 7 4.4 Temperature Range 24
1.3 Vibration Phase 9 4.5 Mounting the Sensor 25
1.4 Vibration Spectrum 10 4.6 Where to Mount the Sensor 29
1.5 Vibration Parameter 4.7 Connecting the Sensor 31
Conversion 10 4.8 Monitoring Equipment 33
2. Using Vibration to Evaluate 5. Typical Vibration
Machine Condition 12 Monitoring Applications 40
2.1 When to use Displacement, 5.1 Underground Booster Fan
Velocity or Acceleration 12 Monitoring Utilising a
2.2 Classification of Vibration Programmable Sensor
Severity 14 Controller and the TX5633
2.3 Monitoring Acceleration 15 Vibration Sensor 40
2.4 Monitoring Velocity 15 5.2 Pump Monitoring 42
3. Methods of Vibration 5.3 Vibration Monitoring in
Monitoring 16 Hazardous Areas 45
3.1 Piezo-electric 5.4 Screening and Bunker
Accelerometers 16 Outfeed Monitoring 46
3.2 Piezo-resistive 5.5 Conveyor Drive Monitoring 47
Accelerometers 17 6. Interpreting Vibration
3.3 Eddy Current Probes 17 Data 49
3.4 Contact Displacement 6.1 Imbalance 51
Sensor 18 6.2 Gearmesh Problems 51
3.5 Industrial Applications 18 6.3 Bearing Breakdown 52
4. Determining the Right Disclaimers 53
Method 23 Trademarks 53
4.1 Sensitivity Range of ac Output Contact Details 53
Accelerometers 23 Document History 53
www.trolex.com TX5600-HV-EN-01 3
Introduction
All machines and moving mechanical devices generate a wide spectrum of
vibration in normal use. The frequency and magnitude of vibration generated by
each component part of a machine varies greatly, and the characteristics of each
vibration signature changes further as a machine ages and deteriorates, resulting in
additional mechanical stresses.
The changes in vibration characteristics can be measured and monitored to provide

a very powerful machine condition monitoring tool. What at first appears to be a
rather mundane subject, turns out to be a valuable technique for detailed diagnostic
machine health monitoring that can independently evaluate the current state of
the different parts of a machine and even predict the probability of an approaching
system failure, so enabling corrective action to be taken before its too late.
Because of the wide and variable nature of vibration there is no standard solution
to the best method of condition monitoring. The aim of this handbook is to set
out a basic understanding about the cause and effects of vibration, and how to
use this information to determine the best methods of monitoring for a particular
application. Advise and guidance is also given about the various analytical methods
that can be exploited for optimal performance of a monitoring system.
Several typical application examples also serve to illustrate the possibilities.
4 TX5600-HV-EN-01 www.trolex.com
1. The Nature of Vibration

Vibration in a structure is a result of its response to an internal or externally
generated stimulus, causing a repeated mechanical movement.
It is generally assumed that it is vibration itself that causes damage to machines

and structures, but this is not the whole story. Vibration induces stress into the
materials of the structure and this ultimately leads to mechanical fatigue and
breakdown. The degree of vibration amplitude present is dependant upon both the
level of dynamic forces applied and the dynamic resistance of a system. A rigidly
mounted machine will experience lower amplitude levels and much of the vibration
will be transmitted through the floor into surrounding structures.
If a machine is installed on resilient mountings the magnitude or amplitude

of vibration will probably increase due to the reduction in dynamic resistance
permitted by the flexible mounting, but this will not result in any additional fatigue
damage as the same forces are being dissipated within the machine.
Several important components of vibration are:
1. Frequency How many times does the machine or structure vibrate per minute
or per second?
2. Amplitude The degree or magnitude of vibration in microns, mm/sec or g
3. Phase How is the member moving in relation to a reference point?
4. Spectrum Vibration presented as a frequency spectrum
5. RMS and Peak Vibration parameters conversion
1.1 Vibration Frequency
Frequency can be calculated from a displacement waveform, by measuring the
time period (T) of one cycle and converting this to determine the frequency Hz. This
is an example of a time waveform which plots vibration amplitude against time.
Checkpoint
As the waveform is a truly sinusoidal direct comparisons can be made between
its peak-to-peak and RMS amplitudes, see Section 1.5.
Time waveforms are an excellent analytical tool to use when analysing gearboxes.
The sensor can be attached close to the input or the output shaft bearing and is
capable of revealing broken or chipped gear teeth on each revolution of the shaft or
gearwheel.
The illustration above shows a time waveform, showing the repeated impact of a
broken tooth.
The same data can be presented on a frequency baseline to analyse the fault at the
rotational speed of the shaft or gearwheel.
The illustration above is of a frequency waveform, showing the impact at the

rotational speed.
Imbalance, misalignment, bent shaft, eccentric rotor, and other problems will often
produce a similar response in the frequency domain.
Time waveforms are particularly useful for low-speed shafts and gears, or
mechanical components that oscillate backwards and forwards. They are often the
only analytical tool which can be effectively used at lower rotational speeds or cycle
times.
1.2 Vibration Amplitude

Vibration amplitude is a measure of magnitude of vibration and can be expressed in
terms of displacement, velocity or acceleration.
1.2.1 Displacement
Displacement is a measure of the total travel of a measurement point, between
the two extremities of vibration and is usually expressed as a distance in microns.
When a machine is being subjected to excessive dynamic stress at very low
frequencies, displacement may be a good indicator of vibration severity since the
machine or structure, may be flexing too much, being subjected to impacts, or
simply being flexed too far.
1.2.2 Velocity
The velocity of vibration is a measure of the speed at which a mass is moving or
vibrating during its oscillations, the faster a machine flexes, the sooner it will fail in
fatigue. Vibration velocity is directly related to stress fatigue.
When an oscillating mass is suspended from a spring the velocity of the mass
reaches its maximum value, or peak, at the mid point, the point at which the mass
is fully accelerated (acceleration is zero). It now begins to decelerate in the second
half of the cycle. Velocity is expressed as millimetres per second (mm/sec).
Checkpoint
In reality, vibration response is not usually a pure sine wave and an analyser is
invariably used to capture peak velocity.
1.2.3 Vibration Acceleration

When a component on a machine vibrates, it experiences acceleration since it
continually changes speed as it oscillates from one peak to the other. Acceleration
is greatest at the instant when velocity is at its minimum, at the point where the
mass has decelerated to a stop and is about to begin accelerating again in the
opposite direction.
Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity and is normally expressed in units of

g, where 1 g = 9.81ms2.
The greater the rate of change of velocity, the greater will be the forces and
stresses on the machine due to the higher acceleration. At high frequencies, the
excessive force can reach a point where the bearing lubrication can break down
allowing the metal surfaces of bearings to come into contact, potentially causing
catastrophic failures. These forces are directly proportional to acceleration (force =
mass x acceleration) and acceleration mode is the parameter most often employed
for machine protection.
1.3 Vibration Phase

Phase is a relative expression of how one part of the machine is moving or vibrating
with respect to another part, or to a fixed reference point on the same machine.
Phase is mostly used as an in depth analytical tool, when initially setting up a

machine, to ensure it has been mounted and aligned correctly. It is rarely used for
continuous monitoring of machine condition.
1.4 Vibration Spectrum
This frequency domain presentation of a time waveform is called a spectrum
analysis and is sometimes referred to as a vibration signature.
1.5 Vibration Parameter Conversion

It is possible to convert from one amplitude parameter to another, using either
electronic conversion or a mathematical formula.
Electronics or processing software, can also convert between RMS (root mean
square), peak and peak-to-peak. The illustration below shows the relationship
between RMS, peak and peak-to-peak, for a purely sinusoidal waveform.
Peak-to-peak Peak RMS Average

x x x x
Peak-to-peak = 1 2 2.828 3.142
Peak = 0.5 1 1.414 1.571
RMS = 0.354 0.707 1 1.5
Average = 0.318 0.636 0.9 1
eg. peak-to-peak x 0.5 = peak
Most vibration waveforms are not sinusoidal in practice and peak and peak-to-peak
readings become less useful and RMS assessment is most often used.
RMS amplitude gives a more accurate representation of the energy within the
vibration, and hence the force that will be exerted.
2. Using Vibration to Evaluate Machine Condition
The causes of vibration in rotating machinery are numerous. Some may simply
originate from machine set-up problems:
Imbalance of system
Misalignment of shafts
Bent or distorted shafts
Loose mechanical components
Ineffective or inadequate mounting structures
Operational dynamic problems can also be identified:

Bearing deterioration
Mechanical components becoming loose or detached
Build up of debris on fan blades and other rotating parts
Chipped fan blades and rotors
Geartooth wear and breakage
Loss of lubrication
If these problems are left unattended, catastrophic consequences can result.

These can vary from machine downtime, lost whilst a seized bearing is replaced, or
the complete disintegration of a fan when the out of balance causes the impeller
blades to impact on the casing.
By utilising vibration monitoring, an early warning of impending mechanical

failure can be obtained. Further analysis of the vibration by a skilled engineer
using frequency analysis enables the problem to be pinpointed and preventative
maintenance can be implemented at a convenient time.
2.1 When to use Displacement, Velocity or Acceleration

Movement displacement is an obvious indicator of how much a machine is
vibrating, but the actual severity of vibration is also a feature of the frequency
of vibration. The higher the frequency, the greater will be the energy expended
for a given level of displacement. The vibration velocity of a measurement point
increases as the displacement and or velocity increases.
Conversely, if a machine is turning or oscillating slowly with the same amount of

displacement, then the vibration severity will be proportionally lower.
This can be demonstrated by a series of vibration severity characteristics generally

applicable for a horizontal rotating machine.
Vibration severity categories expressed in terms of velocity, are defined for various
combinations of displacement and frequency.
2.2 Classification of Vibration Severity
The standard general vibration severity chart is used to assess machine condition.
However this is intended to be used as a guide and not an absolute reference. The
standard of installation of the equipment and the general maintenance of it will
have a significant effect on the vibration levels seen.
Although the chart can be used as a general indication, trending of the vibration
levels against time will give a more accurate indication of the change in condition of
the machine. On fixed monitoring equipment, warning and alarm levels can be set
to be within the Good condition zone.
Class I: Individual parts of engines and machines, integrally connected with the
complete machine
Class II: Medium or large machines, typically electrical motors with

15 to 75 KW output
Class III: Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses
mounted on rigid and heavy foundations up to about 300KW output
Class IV: Large prime movers and other large machines or turbines with
rotating masses mounted on foundations which are relatively soft
2.3 Monitoring Acceleration

Measurement of acceleration is most widely employed when the
vibration frequency of a machine is in excess of 1 kHz. Acceleration
must be assessed in conjunction with vibration frequency to analyse the
severity of vibration. High levels of acceleration combined with higher
frequency is indicative of high vibration energy being dissipated and the various
combinations can be classified.
2.4 Monitoring Velocity

Vibration velocity monitoring is relatively independent of vibration
frequency at lower levels of vibration. Consequently this method is
generally adopted for monitoring the condition of slowly rotating or
oscillating machines in the 10 Hz to 1 kHz range.
3. Methods of Vibration Monitoring
A sensing element, mounted directly on to the machine, generates an output signal
that is proportional to the amplitude and frequency present in the machine. The
output signal format will be dependent upon the type of sensor being used.
3.1 Piezo-electric Accelerometers

The piezo-electric accelerometer is widely used for industrial vibration
measurement. Its construction consists of a crystal of piezo-electric material
to which is attached a seismic mass. When the crystal is stressed in tension or
compression during vibration, it generates an electrical charge which is proportional
to the acceleration level it is experiencing. Internal circuitry converts this signal into
a voltage or current for transmission to data collectors or process control loops.
This robust device has no moving parts and offers long term stability and reliability.
It has very wide frequency and dynamic ranges and the output signals can be
electronically integrated to give velocity and displacement values. Accelerometers
tend to be a more economical solution than the alternative devices and are available
for a wider range of arduous applications eg. high temperature environments,
submersible operation and high tolerance of corrosive media.
3.2 Piezo-resistive Accelerometers

Strain gauge technology is employed to monitor the force exerted by a vibrating
mass on to a beam. The frequency range of this device is lower than piezo-electric
versions, but has the advantage of being able to monitor low frequency vibration
down to static or dc acceleration levels.
Because of its ability to monitor low levels of acceleration, the piezo-resistive

accelerometer is not as robust as piezo-electric devices which limit its application
and the cost is usually higher.
3.3 Eddy Current Probes

Eddy current probes monitor displacement using a non-contacting or proximity
method. The eddy current probe is widely used for measuring distances on static
and rotating machines. Both the ac vibration and dc gap can be measured by this
non-contact method. The simplicity of the probe lends itself to being used in harsh
conditions and performs best in very large machines having relatively high levels of
displacement.
3.4 Contact Displacement Sensor
There are a number of different types of contact displacement sensors. The most
commonly used version being the LVDT type.
The use of this type of sensor, is usually limited to specialist applications, and
relatively low vibration frequencies where direct contact with the surface being
monitored can be accommodated.
3.5 Industrial Applications

The overall operating characteristic of piezo-electric sensors are ideally suited to the
demanding requirements of heavy industry. They are capable of working reliably
for long periods in extreme environments with minimum maintenance, and two
basic versions are available for use with a range of monitoring devices to suit any
application.
3.5.1 ac Output Signal - TX5633

The output signal is a direct millivolt representation of the actual vibration across
the complete frequency spectrum range of the sensor. Individual frequency bands
relating to discrete components on the machine can be separated and used by a
suitable monitoring device to analyse specific faults and changing conditions. A low
frequency band selected at the rotational speed of the machine shaft will highlight
out of balance problems, debris build up or loose mechanical components.
If a second higher frequency band is also defined, then accurate data relating
to bearing condition can be monitored or trended to give advanced warning of
impending failure as a result of a worn or cracked bearing.
This method of vibration monitoring provides very accurate condition data about
specific parts of the machine, particularly when it is used in conjunction with
monitoring devices that can effectively analyse the data.
This range of vibration sensors is available with an ac output voltage compliant with
industry standard ICP interface. This provides for precision vibration measurement
for machine condition monitoring.
These sensors feature:

ac output signal for discreet vibration
frequency monitoring
RMS indication of acceleration, velocity
or displacement
Programmable function and setpoint
alarms when used with:
TX9137 Programmable Trip Amplifier or
TX9042/4 Programmable Sensor Controller
High integrity vibration monitoring for
generators, pumps, compressors, turbines
and engines
Intrinsically Safe versions available for
hazardous areas
Technical Details
Sensing principle Piezo-electric accelerometer

Frequency range 1 Hz to 10 kHz
Sensitivity range 100 mV/g
Linearity +/- 1%
Temperature limits -55C to +110C
Supply voltage 12 V dc
Material Stainless steel
Protection classification IP67
Mounting M8 x 8 mm mounting stud or
Quickfit bush
Ex certification EEx ia I
Options Cable length to specification
MS plug and socket connection
Order Reference
Vibration Sensor - ac
Intrinsically Safe
Group I
TX5633
3.5.2 dc Output Signal - TX5634 to TX5639

This very similar to the ac output vibration sensor but with an additional built in
signal conditioning stage. The raw ac signal of the complete frequency spectrum is
averaged into an industrial standard 4 to 20 mA signal, so that low overall vibration
levels will generate a 4 mA signal and this will increase linearly as the overall level
of vibration increases up to the full scale value of 20 mA.
Sensors for use on low speed machines, up to about 1 kHz, are calibrated in terms
of acceleration in a choice of measuring ranges from 2 g up to 100 g. Higher speed
machines in the 1 kHz to 10 kHz band are best assessed using sensors calibrated in
terms of velocity and there is a choice of ranges to suit various applications from
0 up to 100 mm/sec.
This type of sensor will accurately monitor the mean level of vibration across the
complete frequency spectrum and is very easy to interface with standard industrial
control loops. Any general deterioration of the machine condition will show up as a
general and overall increase in the level of vibration and this can be used for display
purposes or to operate alarm warnings and control devices. This particular sensor
is equally useful for indicating that a machine is actually running as it should be. For
example, vibration will be absent on a vibrating screen that has failed, so an alarm
warning can be initiated.
This range of vibration sensors provides a 4 to 20 mA output proportional to a fixed

range of either velocity or acceleration. This allows the sensor to be connected to a
PLC or other standard monitoring equipment.
These sensors feature:

Programmable function and setpoint
alarms when used with:
TX9131 Programmable Trip Amplifier or
TX9042/4 Programmable Sensor Controller
High integrity vibration monitoring for
generators, pumps, compressors, turbines
and engines
Intrinsically Safe versions available for
hazardous areas
Technical Details
Sensing principle Piezo-electric accelerometer

Frequency range 1 Hz to 10 kHz
Linearity +/- 1%
Operating temperature -40C to +60C
Analogue output 4 to 20 mA
Supply voltage 10 to 32 V dc
Material Stainless steel
Protection classification IP67
Mounting M8 x 12 mm mounting stud or
Quickfit bush
Ex certification EEx ia I
Options Cable length to specification
M12 plug and socket connection
Order Reference
Vibration Sensor - Acceleration

Intrinsically Safe Intrinsically Safe
General Purpose
Group II Group I
TX5634 TX5635 TX5636
Vibration Sensor - Velocity

Intrinsically Safe Intrinsically Safe
General Purpose
Group II Group I
TX5637 TX5638 TX5639
4. Determining the Right Method

Several factors need to be considered when specifying the characteristics of the
most suitable vibration sensor to achieve the best performance for a particular
application. This is largely dependent upon the type of machine being monitored
and the way it functions. The method of mounting the sensor on to the machine
is also important and a determination must be made about the type of data that is
required from the sensor to drive the chosen monitoring equipment.
4.1 Sensitivity Range of ac Output Accelerometers

The sensing element of an ac accelerometer generates an ac voltage output signal,
the amplitude of which, is directly proportional to the actual acceleration being
experienced by the device as it vibrates.
To take the example of a sensor that has a sensitivity of 100 mV/g, this means that
if 0.1 g is being measured by the sensor at a particular frequency, it would give an
ac output signal of: 0.1 x 100 = 10 mV. The appropriate full scale output range can
therefore be selected to match the input range of the monitoring equipment being
used. However, the severity of vibration is also a function of the frequency and
this factor should be carefully analysed in conjunction with the standard vibration
severity tables.
4.2 Sensitivity Range of dc Vibration Sensors

In the case of vibration sensors having a standard 4 to 20 mA dc output signal,
the collective vibration generated by the machine is averaged across the complete
frequency range into an analogue dc signal that is linearly proportional to the
general overall level of vibration.
The output signal can be calibrated in terms of acceleration or velocity. Acceleration

is most widely used with higher range vibration frequency in excess of 1 kHz.
Velocity measurement is generally more efficient when monitoring slow moving
machinery or shafts operating from 10 Hz up to a maximum of 1 kHz.
4.3 Frequency Range
The frequency range specified for a vibration sensor is the frequency band over
which the sensor can effectively operate, and still provide a consistent output
signal. It is important to ensure that the operating frequency range of the machine
being monitored falls within the capability of the sensor.
4.4 Temperature Range

This is the minimum and maximum temperature limits that the sensor can
withstand without significantly affecting its response capabilities. This is an
important consideration when using the sensor on high temperature equipment or
in hot climatic conditions.
4.5 Mounting the Sensor

Piezo-electric sensors measure vibration mainly in line with the axis of monitoring
so it is important that the sensor is installed at the optimum position on the
machine. A firm anchor is also essential as incorrect mounting will produce
inconsistent data.
There are five commonly used sensor mounting methods and each one has a
maximum operating frequency that can be monitored.
Maximum Operating Resonant Frequency

Frequency
Stud mount 16 kHz 30 kHz
Quickfit stud mount 6 kHz 10 kHz
Magnetic mount 7.5 kHz 12 kHz
Handheld 800 Hz 1.5 kHz
Adhesive mount 9 kHz None
Each mounting method also has its own resonant frequency and working in this
envelope of vibration should be avoided for best accuracy of response.
4.5.1 Stud Mount
Stud mounting is used for permanently mounted sensor applications. Sometimes,
an adhesive will be used in combination with mounting thread to prevent the
sensor from losing its torsion under vibration conditions. Stud mounting is not
always practical for all applications, but it is the preferred method.
In order for the vibration sensor to reproduce precisely the vibration generated by
the machine under surveillance, it is imperative that its mounting face, in effect,
becomes a solid part of the structure. The sensor mounting face should see a flat
surface at the machine interface, any surface irregularities will compromise the
correct transmission of vibration.
Avoid the common pitfalls below:
4.5.2 Quickfit Stud Mount

Quickfit stud mounts are also extensively used for collecting data with portable
instruments. Repeatability of readings within its acceptable range is good, making it
suitable for use with most data collectors.
4.5.3 Magnetic Mount

Magnetic mounts are generally used with portable diagnostic instruments when
data collecting and will produce repeatable data over its operating frequency range.
An alternative to magnetic or portable mounts is to bond a Quickfit bush mount

onto the machine.
4.5.4 Handheld
This is the least acceptable method of mounting and is only really usable on
vibration frequencies below 1 kHz.
A handheld probe is of use when other mounting options cannot be used.
4.5.5 Adhesive Mount
Adhesive mounts should be utilised as an alternative to stud mounting where a
stud cannot be fitted. Great care should be taken in preparing the surface when
using an adhesive, to ensure a permanent bond, because a bad joint will work loose
over a period of time.
An alternative to magnetic or portable mounts is to bond a Quickfit bush mount

onto the machine.
The type of adhesive must be appropriate for the materials and the environment
in which it is to be used. The adhesive must also provide a rigid base. Soft set
adhesive will cause the higher frequencies to be absorbed.
4.5.6 Wiring
It is also recommended that the sensor cable is looped and then tied with a cable
tie to the main body in order to avoid excessive wear.
4.6 Where to Mount the Sensor

In order to ensure that vibration problems are diagnosed correctly, it is essential
that information received from sensors is representative of the actual vibration
on the machine component being monitored. Correct selection of the type of
sensor for the vibration being monitored is imperative, but equally important is the
mounting location of the sensor on the machine.
When monitoring bearings, the sensor should be located as close to the source
of vibration as possible. This should be within the load zone of the bearing and is
particularly important where high frequency components of vibration are being
monitored.
Ideally, horizontal and vertical measurements should be taken. However, where

cost is critical, a compromise solution of fitting the sensor at 45 to the horizontal
can be effective.
The sensor should be mounted such that the sensing axis of the sensor passes
through the centre of the shaft and as close as possible to the shaft centre line.
Readings taken on foundations adjacent to the machine are not representative of

shaft and bearing vibration and should only be used when structural vibrations are
being monitored.
Care should be taken to ensure that the sensor is mounted on a substantial

structural part of the machine, such as the motor casing. Avoid mounting on thin
sheet metal structures such as outer casings as this can lead to distortion of the
data acquired.
Fitting the sensor to one of the mounting feet of the machine will generally give
best results for axial vibration measurement if locations near to the rotating shaft
are inaccessible.
4.7 Connecting the Sensor

Because of the low level of signal produced by most vibration sensors, it is
important that good electrical practice is followed in cabling the sensor, on fixed
installations.
Accelerometers are usually fitted with screened PVC cable encased in an

overbraided stainless steel sheath. This offers excellent protection for the arduous
environment in which vibration sensors are often used. Long lengths can be difficult
to control and movement of the cable itself can contribute to vibration signals.
It is recommended that the cable is looped where possible, and secured to the
sensor. This also avoids excessive wear and stress at the cable/sensor junction.
The cable can be terminated at a local junction box or sensor versions are available
with an integral plug and socket connector.
In order to avoid electrical pickup through the case of the sensor from the machine
being monitored, the machine should be properly earthed in compliance with local
regulations. If a good earth is not possible, the sensor and the cable overbraid
should be electrically isolated from the machine.
The screen of the cable should be connected to earth at the monitoring equipment.
It should not be earthed at the motor. The cable overbraid should be left
unconnected.
4.8 Monitoring Equipment

The output signal derived from vibration sensors can be interfaced with a variety of
monitoring devices to provide simple alarm functions or on line condition analysis
of machinery systems. ATEX certified options are also available for use in hazardous
areas.
The data presented by the vibration sensors falls into two basic categories:
1. An industrial standard 4 to 20 mA signal that is an overall dc average of the

complete spectrum of vibration being generated by the machine, this is useful
for overall trend analysis and general alarm level monitoring.
2. Accelerometers that give an ac voltage representation of the actual vibration

across the frequency spectrum being monitored in accordance with the
industry standard ICP interface. This can be a powerful diagnostic tool enabling
specific frequency bands to be monitored and assessed in exclusive terms.
Each type of sensor will require an appropriate monitoring system for optimum
performance, and power to drive the sensor will be provided by the selected
control and monitoring unit.
4.8.1 Programmable Trip Amplifier
These instruments can be used to provide a readout of vibration level and provide a
relay output contact, to alarm when levels exceed a pre-determined value.
There are versions to accept the ac signal from vibration sensors as well as the
conditioned output from 4 to 20mA sensors.
Total programming versatility in a single unit with direct fingertip selection of all
input and output control and display functions.
Easy to operate menu

programme
Large digital LCD screen with
function display and input
signal display
Analogue or frequency inputs
Dual set point, relay output
4 to 20 mA repeater signal
Intrinsically Safe versions
available for hazardous areas
Specific frequency boards can
be specified when using ac
accelerometer sensors for
specific monitoring of low or
high frequency vibration factors
such as shaft rotational speed
or high frequency bearing noise
Technical Details
Temperature limits -5C to +50C

Display LCD dot matrix, 16 characters
Supply voltage 12 V dc (nominal)
Input signal capability Current (4 to 20 mA)
ac Vibration (1 to 20 kHz)
Output relays 2 with programmable set points, time delay
hysteresis, rising/falling, latching/pulsing, power
on delay, configurable time delay
Signal update period 0 to 120 seconds
Set point adjustment 0 to 99%
Hysteresis adjustment 0 to 99%
Information display Menu of standard units (g, mm/s, ft/s, etc.)
programmable scale/zero, signal bar graph,
set point value display, signal tendency, alarm
indicators, signal line monitor, peak/low indicator.
Certification EEx ia I
Options Repeater output signal (choice of 0.4 to 2 V,
4 to 20 mA or 5 to 15 Hz)
DIN rail mount (IP20), Panel mount (IP65) or
Rack mount (IP20)
Order Reference
Programmable Trip Amplifier

4 to 20 mA ac
TX9131 TX9137
4.8.2 Programmable Trip Amplifier
Monitoring up to eight channels of vibration or a combination of condition
monitoring sensors. Datalogging and communication facilities allow for trending of
vibration. This simplifies monitoring of machine deterioration.
Monitors any combination of eight analogue sensors or up to sixteen On/Off digital

inputs or frequency inputs.
These instruments feature:

Menu operated function selection - scale,
units and offset
Four programmable output relays
Simultaneous display of input signal levels
Signal tendency display
Signal bar graph
Peak/low data display
Datacomms for RS232/RS485. TTL digital
(MODBUS)
26,000 point data logging
Intrinsically Safe versions
available for hazardous areas
Specific frequency boards can
be specified when using ac
accelerometer sensors for
specific monitoring of low or
high frequency vibration factors
such as shaft rotational speed
or high frequency bearing noise
Technical Details
Mounting DIN rail, front of panel or 19 rack

Display LCD dot matrix, 20 characters x 4 lines. Eight
way simultaneous display with individual channel
close-up facility
Supply voltage 12/24 V dc at 120 mA
Input signal capability Current (4 to 20 mA), voltage (0 to 10 V),
thermocouple (type J or K), platinum resistance
(PT100), bridge (0.1 mV/V to 100 mV/V), digital
(on/off), frequency (0.1 Hz to 5 kHz), ac vibration
(1 to 20 kHz)
Set points 2 per channel, programmable set point
level, time delay, hysteresis, rising/falling,
latching/pulsing, power on delay
Output relays 4, with configurable function grouping
Set point adjustment 0 to 99%
Hysteresis adjustment 0 to 99%
Information display Menu of 30 standard engineering units, (bar,
m/s, rpm, etc), programmable scale/zero, signal
bar graph, signal tendency, signal fault alarm,
peak/low data retention, channel reference text
entry
Data log 26,000 point data log event recording on each
channel
Certification EEx ia I
Datacomms RS232, RS485. TTL digital
Order Reference
Programmable Trip Amplifier

Group I - Mining General Purpose
TX9042 TX9044
4.8.3 Distributed Monitoring
Multi channel distributed condition monitoring across a wide area network with
SCADA base station.
Bus expandable to 256 channels of I/O

Configurable input signals and output drivers
Programmable sensor response functions
Programmable logic control functions
Data logging
Datacomms for distributed systems
Intrinsically Safe for hazardous area
operation
Sensor input signal values
Individual or multisensor display with
signal bargraph trending and text entry
for sensor duty
Control output signal status - individual
or simultaneous display of output
function and text entry for control duty
Data history - data storage of peak/low
values and graphical trending. Data
logging of sensor data and output events
with time, date and identification
Sensor signal function programming
Characterisation of sensor response
including: rising/falling signal, hysteresis,
scaling, units, offset, damping, sample
rate and fault monitoring
Datacomms - proprietary Datacomms
for distributed monitoring and control
systems with conventional or optic fibre
transmission - MODBUS SAP Ethernet
4.8.4 System Analysis

It is not always possible to determine the most appropriate type of vibration
monitoring that is required on a machine, or it can be difficult to asses the actual
vibration levels that are present. It is sometimes necessary to seek specialist
advice for a specific system analysis using high accuracy vibration measuring
instruments.
This service can often form an important part of an on going structured preventative
maintenance programme.
FFT Programmable Data Collectors

FFT analysers enable vibration to be monitored in the frequency spectrum,
simplifying diagnosis of machine problems.
However, due to cost, these instruments are rarely used for fixed installations. They
are usually used as portable instruments to diagnose problems found by overall
vibration level analysis instruments.
Real-Time Spectrum Analysers

Because of the processing power required, most FFT analysers work on stored
vibration readings.
If real-time monitoring is required, a real-time spectrum analyser should be used.

However, their cost and physical size usually prohibits use in all but exceptional
circumstances.
5. Typical Vibration Monitoring Applications
5.1 Underground Booster Fan Monitoring Utilising a
Programmable Sensor Controller and the TX5633
Vibration Sensor
In the illustration above each sensor signal feeds two independent input channels
on the controller. One channel monitors velocity (in mm/s) in the frequency range
10 to 500 Hz. The second channel is configured to monitor acceleration in the
frequency range 1 kHz to 20 kHz.
The fan is running at 1500 rpm giving a fundamental of 25 Hz.
After the fan has been given time to run in, the vibration levels on each channel
should be monitored using an FFT analyser to ensure that there are no vibration
levels of concern.
Velocity is used to monitor out-of-balance on the fan. This can be due to a number
of causes:
Misalignment of the shaft
Imbalance of the blades
Dust build-up on the blades
Chipped or broken blades
Acceleration is used to monitor bearing breakdown. This can be a result of a

number of conditions, such as lack of lubrication or long term wear and tear.
By looking at the trend of velocity and acceleration, the deterioration of the fan,
especially with respect to its bearings, can be monitored.
As well as monitoring excess vibration levels, the sensors will confirm that the
fan is running. A moderate level of vibration, indicates a healthy fan, running at its
normal speed. Lack of vibration would indicate a signal fail, or stationary fan.
5.2 Pump Monitoring
In this application, two TX5633 sensors are mounted on the outlet end of the
pump, one vertical and one horizontal, to monitor: out-of-alignment, mounting
movement or loose fixings.
The TX5633 sensors are connected to two channels of the Programmable Sensor
Controller which is set-up to monitor velocity in the range 10 to 500 Hz. The pump
is rotating at 3000 rpm giving a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz.
Alarm levels on the Programmable Sensor Controller are set up according to

BS7854 Part 1, (ISO10816-1) to monitor vibration severity.
As the Programmable Sensor Controller has spare channels available, temperature
and pressure monitoring on the pump can easily be accommodated using simple
PT100 probes and pressure sensors.
5.3 Vibration Monitoring in Hazardous Areas

When the machinery to be monitored is in a hazardous area, certified safe
equipment needs to be used. TX5630 Vibration sensors are certified, Intrinsically
Safe, for use in Group II hazardous areas. However, Trolex monitoring equipment is
intended for mounting in the safe area.
In order to connect to the sensors in the hazardous area, zener safety barriers or
isolators need to be used between the sensors and the monitoring equipment. The
diagrams below give typical barrier and isolator options.
5.4 Screening and Bunker Outfeed Monitoring
Vibratory screens are used for the grading of product in many mining and quarrying
applications. Product is introduced onto a vibrating sieve and small product passes
through whilst large product is screened to the next stage.
Vibrating pans are used on the outfeed to ensure that product does not block the
outfeed chutes.
A Trolex TX5630 Vibration Sensor mounted on the vibratory screen, can monitor the
operation and condition of the screen, when connected to a Programmable Sensor
Controller. Upper and Lower alarms can monitor that the screen is running correctly
and that vibration levels are not excessive. By trending vibration levels, deterioration
in the condition of the screen and its mounts can be monitored.
Similarly, the vibrating pans on the outfeed can be monitored for both operation and
excessive wear.
5.5 Conveyor Drive Monitoring
A conveyor is the backbone of any product clearance system and a breakdown

of this is likely to be costly. Utilising vibration monitoring equipment, the plant
engineer can obtain an early indication of impending motor and gearbox failure.
Temperature monitoring can also be utilised to save catastrophic failure by
interlocking an excessive temperature alarm setpoint with the motor drive control.
The following diagram shows how the vibration sensors and temperature sensors
connected to a Programmable Sensor Controller and how this could be used to
disable the conveyor under high temperature conditions or excessive vibration.
NAMUR sensors can be used to indicate conveyor speed and belt slip, by
monitoring the speed of both the motor and an idler wheel. If the temperature
inputs are programmed to latch one of the output relays when over temperature
occurs, the output relay could be interlocked with the conveyor stop circuitry to
lockout the conveyor. The latched relay would then have to be manually reset before
attempting to restart the machine.
An input from the conveyor drive contactor can give confirmation that the conveyor
is running.
6. Interpreting Vibration Data

An example is given below to demonstrate how vibration how vibration can be
used to monitor bearing and gearmesh deterioration and imbalance on a ventilation
fan.
Ventilation fans are used in critical areas such as underground mining and
tunnelling, where natural ventilation is not sufficient to either dilute noxious/
explosive gases or to ensure a sufficient supply of oxygen.
There are 3 areas of interest in monitoring vibration on the above installation.
Although these areas are not always as discreetly defined as shown here, they
have been separated for the purposes of this example.
6.1 Imbalance
Imbalance occurs because the machine is not perfectly balanced about
the shaft centre line. This can be caused during manufacture, installation
or during operation (eg. debris build-up on a fan blade).
Imbalance will occur at the rotational frequency of the fan. So on a fan rotating at
1500 rpm, imbalance will occur at 25 Hz. As the imbalance increases, it will be seen
as increase in the vibration signal at 25 Hz. This will require a monitoring instrument
capable of displaying the signal in the frequency domain
(eg. FFT analyser).
If a broadband alarm monitor, such as the Programmable Sensor Controller is used,

with a fixed, low pass filter then the general overall level of vibration will be seen to
increase. This can be compared to an alarm set-point, as suggested by BS7854
Part 1. This alarm indication would suggest that a spectrum analyser should be
employed to define the fault more specifically.
6.2 Gearmesh Problems

Vibration due to the gear teeth will be seen at the rotational frequency
multiplied by the number of teeth. So, on a machine with rotational
frequency 1500 rpm and 30 teeth on the wheel, the fundamental
vibration frequency is about 750 Hz. As the teeth start to deteriorate,
the amplitude of the vibration, at the 750 Hz fundamental, will increase. This would
easily be picked up with an instrument such as an FFT analyser.
An alarm instrument such as a Programmable Sensor Controller, could also be

used to indicate that the level of vibration, around the frequency of interest, has
increased.
6.3 Bearing Breakdown
Bearing noise, due to imperfections in the bearing, will start at high
frequency (>1 kHz). Bearing deterioration can be caused by:
Poor quality of the bearing

Inadequate lubrication
Contaminated lubrication
Poor installation
As the bearing starts to deteriorate, larger imperfections occur, increasing the

amplitude of the vibration and at the same time reducing the frequency of the
vibration. Over time, the signal will change as shown in the illustration below.
A Programmable Sensor Controller can be used to monitor the increase in

broadband vibration, whilst disregarding the change in frequency.
Disclaimers
The information provided in this document contains general descriptions and
technical characteristics of the performance of the product. It is not intended as
a substitute for and is not to be used for determining suitability or reliability of
this product for specific user applications. It is the duty of any user or installer to
perform the appropriate and complete risk analysis, evaluation and testing of the
products with respect to the relevant specific application or use. Trolex shall not be
responsible or liable for misuse of the information contained herein. If you have any
suggestions for improvements or amendments, or find errors in this publication,
please notify us at marketing@trolex.com.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without express written
permission of Trolex.
All pertinent state, regional, and local safety regulations must be observed
when installing and using this product. For reasons of safety and to help ensure
compliance with documented system data, only Trolex or its affiliates should
perform repairs to components.
When devices are used for applications with technical safety requirements, the
relevant instructions must be followed.
Trademarks
2014 Trolex Limited.
Trolex is a registered trademark of Trolex Limited. The use of all trademarks in this
document is acknowledged.
Document History
Issue 01 19 June 2014 Original publication of this document
Contact Details
Trolex Ltd, Newby Road, Hazel Grove, Stockport, Cheshire, SK7 5DY, UK
+44 (0) 161 483 1435 sales@trolex.com

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TX5600 Handbook - Vibration

The changes in vibration characteristics can be measured and monitored to provide

Several typical application examples also serve to illustrate the possibilities.

1. The Nature of Vibration

It is generally assumed that it is vibration itself that causes damage to machines

If a machine is installed on resilient mountings the magnitude or amplitude

Several important components of vibration are:

2. Amplitude The degree or magnitude of vibration in microns, mm/sec or g

3. Phase How is the member moving in relation to a reference point?

4. Spectrum Vibration presented as a frequency spectrum

5. RMS and Peak Vibration parameters conversion

The illustration above is of a frequency waveform, showing the impact at the

1.2 Vibration Amplitude

1.2.3 Vibration Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity and is normally expressed in units of

1.3 Vibration Phase

Phase is mostly used as an in depth analytical tool, when initially setting up a

1.5 Vibration Parameter Conversion

Peak-to-peak Peak RMS Average

Operational dynamic problems can also be identified:

If these problems are left unattended, catastrophic consequences can result.

By utilising vibration monitoring, an early warning of impending mechanical

2.1 When to use Displacement, Velocity or Acceleration

Conversely, if a machine is turning or oscillating slowly with the same amount of

This can be demonstrated by a series of vibration severity characteristics generally

Class II: Medium or large machines, typically electrical motors with

2.3 Monitoring Acceleration

2.4 Monitoring Velocity

3.1 Piezo-electric Accelerometers

3.2 Piezo-resistive Accelerometers

Because of its ability to monitor low levels of acceleration, the piezo-resistive

3.3 Eddy Current Probes

3.5 Industrial Applications

3.5.1 ac Output Signal - TX5633

These sensors feature:

Sensing principle Piezo-electric accelerometer

3.5.2 dc Output Signal - TX5634 to TX5639

This range of vibration sensors provides a 4 to 20 mA output proportional to a fixed

These sensors feature:

Sensing principle Piezo-electric accelerometer

Vibration Sensor - Acceleration

Vibration Sensor - Velocity

4. Determining the Right Method

4.1 Sensitivity Range of ac Output Accelerometers

4.2 Sensitivity Range of dc Vibration Sensors

The output signal can be calibrated in terms of acceleration or velocity. Acceleration

4.4 Temperature Range

4.5 Mounting the Sensor

Maximum Operating Resonant Frequency

Avoid the common pitfalls below:

4.5.2 Quickfit Stud Mount

4.5.3 Magnetic Mount

An alternative to magnetic or portable mounts is to bond a Quickfit bush mount

A handheld probe is of use when other mounting options cannot be used.

An alternative to magnetic or portable mounts is to bond a Quickfit bush mount

4.6 Where to Mount the Sensor

Ideally, horizontal and vertical measurements should be taken. However, where

Readings taken on foundations adjacent to the machine are not representative of

Care should be taken to ensure that the sensor is mounted on a substantial

4.7 Connecting the Sensor

Accelerometers are usually fitted with screened PVC cable encased in an

4.8 Monitoring Equipment

1. An industrial standard 4 to 20 mA signal that is an overall dc average of the

2. Accelerometers that give an ac voltage representation of the actual vibration