Focal point Point that all parallel light with

LAWS/DEFINITION principal axis are converge to.

Focal length of Distance between focal point
lens and the optical center
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS Focal length of Distance between pole and the
concave mirror principal focal point
Sensitivity Ability of instrument to detect Snell law. Sin i
small change of quantity ------- = constant
measured. Sin r
Accuracy Ability of instrument to give
reading closer to actual value. Refractive index Sin i
Consistency Ability of instrument to give -------
constant reading every time Sin r
the measurement is made
Parallax error When eyes is not Refraction of light. Light change its speed and
perpendicular to the scale direction when travel through
when take the reading different medium
Zero error When the instrument give
reading when it is suppose to
be zero
6. WAVES

Monochromatic Light that has one wavelength

2. FORCES AND MOTION light only
Constructive When trough meet
Weight (N) Gravitational force (N) interference trough//when crest meet crest
Gravitational Acceleration due to Destructive When trough meet crest
acceleration, g (10 gravitational force. interference
ms-2) Frequency Number of oscillation in 1s
Elasticity Property of matter that enables Wavelength Distance between 2
an object to turn to its original consecutive trough/crest/wave
size and shape when the forces front
acting on it are removed. Diffraction Wave phenomenon when wave
Inertia Tendency of object to remain travel through obstacle of
at rest or moving with gap/slit
constant velocity Coherent sources Two sources that have same
Impulsive force Rate of change of momentum frequency and same phase.
Impulse Change of momentum
7. ELECTRICITY
3. FORCES AND PRESSURE
Ohms Law Current is directly proportional
Pressure Force acting normally to the to the voltage when physical
unit of surface area. condition and temperature is
Archimedes A body that is wholly or constant,
Principles partially immerse in liquid, the 9V battery The battery supply 9J of
buoyant force = weight of electrical energy to transfer 1C
liquid displaced of charge
Bernoulli principle Pressure of the fluid is lower 9W, 12V bulb The bulb use 9J of electrical
when speed of the fluid is energy in 1s when connected to
higher 12V power supply
8A 8C of charges has been transfer
in 1s
4. HEAT Emf The work done by a source in
driving a unit of charge around
a complete circuit.
Thermal When net rate heat transfer
Potential Work done to transfer 1C of
equilibrium between two bodies is zero
difference//voltage charge from one point to
Heat Type of energy
another
Temperature Degree of hotness
Power Amount of energy use in 1C
Specific heat Energy required to increase the
capacity temperature of 1 kg substance
by 1oC. 8. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Heat capacity Energy required to change
temperature of object by 1oC
Electromagnetic Production of induced current
Thermal Net heat transfer between two
induction in solenoid when the solenoid
equilibrium bodies is zero.//temperature of
cut the magnetic field
two body touching each other
is equal. Catapult field Non-uniform magnetic field.
Electromagnet Soft iron winding with solenoid,
has magnetic field when
5. LIGHT current flow through the
magnet and lost it when no
current flow.
Critical angle Angle of incidence when angle
of refraction=90o
Lenz Law Induced current produced in
the solenoid always oppose the
effect causing it
Determine the Use Fleming Left Hand Rule
direction of force
produced by
current carrying
conductor in
magnetic field
Determine pole of Use right hand grip rule.
solenoid
Determine the Use Flemings Right Hand Rule.
direction of
current produced
by generator

9. ELECTRONICS

Thermionic Electron release by a hot metal

emission surface
Logic gates Electronic switch that have one
or more inputs but have only
one output

10. RADIOACTIVITY

Radioisotope The isotope with unstable

nuclei that emit radioactive
radiations.
Nuclear fission A process of breaking up heavy
nucleus into lighter nucleus
Nuclear fusion A process of merging lighter
nuclei into heavy nucleus.
Half life Time taken for un-decay nuclei
become half from its original
amount.
Beta particle Fast moving electron.
Alpha particle Helium nucleus
Gamma ray An electromagnetic wave

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Precautionary steps during experiment

Eye must be perpendicular to the scale of
ammeter/voltmeter/meter rule when take the
reading.
All connection must be tight enough.
Take several reading and find the average.
For each value of manipulated variable, take
several reading of responding variable and find
the average
Do not on the switch for longer time.
Turn off the switch when not take the reading.