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Civil Engineering General Question and Answer

What is a Waffle slabs?

What is a mat foundation?

What is a waffle pod concrete slab?

How thick is the slab of a house?

What is ribbed floor?

What is the difference between raft and


footing?

What is the raft foundation?

What is a slab of concrete?

What is meant by suspended slab?

How thick is a concrete floor?


How thick is the foundation of a house?

What is a flat slab?

What is a flat plate slab?

What is footing in civil engineering?

What is a concrete raft slab?

What is a foundation pad?

What is a slab foundation?

What is a frost wall?

What is a concrete mud slab?

What is a slab in civil engineering?

How thick is the concrete in a garage floor?


How deep does the foundations need to be?

How deep are footers for a house?

What is a floating concrete slab foundation?

What is a suspended floor?

What is meant by one way slab?


What is a coffer slab?
What is a continuous footing?

What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a stem wall?

What is meant by punching shear?

What is a hollow core slab?

What is lift slab construction?


What is meant by PT slab?

What is a flat plate of the abdomen?

What is a flat plate collector?

What are the foundations of a building?

What is a foundation in engineering?

What is meant by footing in construction?

What is a spread foundation?

What is a waffle slab?

What is a mat foundation?

What is a waffle raft slab?

What is the use of pile foundation?


What is a slab on grade?

What is open foundation?

What is the difference between raft and


footing?

What is the use of plinth beam?

How thick is a concrete foundation slab?

What does on a grade mean?

What does monolithic slab mean?

What is the meaning of slab on grade?

What is a slab of concrete?

What is the meaning of suspended slab?

What is span in civil engineering?


What is the meaning of suspended slab?

What is a beam and column?

How thick does a concrete slab need to be


for a garage?

Can you put concrete on concrete?

How thick does a concrete floor need to be?

What is the raft foundation?

How deep does a footing need to be for a


block wall?

What is a frost wall?

What is a floating foundation?

What is floating in concrete?

What is a suspended floor construction?


What is a footing in construction?

What is a pile mat?

What is Coffering used for?

What is a waffle slab?

What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a continuous footing?

What is a strip foundation used for?

What is the foundation wall?

How deep should the footing be?

What is punching shear in flat slabs?

What is two way shear?

What is hollow core plank?


What is meant by prestressed concrete?

What is slip form construction?

What is a tilt up?

What is post tensioning of concrete?

What is the function of a foundation?

What is the combined footing?

What is a ribbed slab?

What is a flat slab?

What is a spread footing?

What is a deep foundation?


What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a frost wall?

What is a suspended floor?

What is the single span bridge?

What is the slump in concrete?

What is a caisson pile?

What is a suspended floor?

What is a ribbed slab?

What is a strip foundation?

What is meant by punching shear?

What is a hollow core slab?


What is Slipform paver?

What is meant by shallow foundation?

What is a pier in construction?

What is the slump test?

What is the slump value of concrete?


Civil Engineering General Question and Answer

Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing andslab system constructed on ground. They consist of a perimeter
footing (edge beam) and a series of narrow internal beams (strip footings) at one metre nominal centres running
each way. The whole footing and slabsystem is constructed on top of the ground.
A mat foundation, according to the Dictionary of Construction, is a continuousfoundation with a thick
slab that supports a whole structure. The foundation is shallow and poured over reinforcing mats.
The Waffle Pod Slab System is a better way of building concrete slabs for new homes, extensions or
commercial industrial
Around the edge buildings.
of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perhaps 2 feet deep. The rest of the slab is
4 or 6 inches thick. A 4- or 6-inch layer of gravel lies beneath the slab. A 4-millimeter sheet of plastic lies
between the concrete and the gravel to keep moisture out.
Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually supported directly by columns.They are either
one-way spanning systems known as ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system known as a waffle slab.
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the entire contact area of the
structure like a thick floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure is low or where the
columns and walls are so close that person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each other.
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can support a
number of columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a large part of it
which lowersslab
A concrete the is
contact pressure
a common compared
structural to the
element of traditionally used strip
modern buildings. or trench footings.
Horizontalslabs of steel
reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often
used to construct
Suspended slabsfloors and ceilings, while
are above-ground level thinnerslabs
slabs which are are not
alsodirectly
used for exterior with
in contact paving.
the earth. They are
commonly used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-
constructed wallsshould
A concrete floor to form
beaabout
ground4 floor.
inches thick if it is in a residential home or building. For a building
supporting heavy loads, 5 to 6 inches is the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floor will
have even thickness throughout.
Poured concrete foundation walls that are less than 8 feet tall and have soil outside that is 6 or 7 feet deep
against the wall can often be 8 inches thick and function quite well. As soon as you go higher or have
greater depths
A flat slab is a of soil pushing
two-way against
reinforced the wall,
concrete slabyou need
that to increase
usually thehave
does not thickness
beamstoand
10 girders,
inches. and the
loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns. For more detailed definition: Flat
Slab Floor System : Definition & Description.
The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes. The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either
drop panels
The term or column
footing capitals
is used at columns
in conjunction to shallow
with resist heavier loads commonly.
foundations and thus permit longer
Afooting is spans.
a foundation unit
constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or a column for the purpose of
distributing thereinforced
A raft slab is load overconcrete
a large area.
slab that is strengthened with integral concrete beams in both directions.
Usually used as the foundation for new houses and extensions, raft slabs in Australia are designed to
comply with Australian standard AS2870.
Pad foundations are generally shallow foundations, but can be deep depending on the ground
conditions. They are a form of spread foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes circular
concrete 'pads' that support localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or
framed structures.
Slab-on-grade foundation. As the name suggests, a slab is a single layer of concrete, several inches
thick. The slab is poured thicker at the edges, to form an integral footing; reinforcing rods strengthen the
thickened
A frost walledge.
is a The
type slab normally
of wall rests
that adds noon a bed ofintegrity
structural crushedtogravel to improve
the building, but drainage.
acts as an insulator. It is
typical to see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothing more than
cement and brick, which does not provide much insulation.
mud slab (plural mud slabs) (construction) A layer of concrete, typically 2 to 6 inches thick, poured below
the structural
Concrete slab,slab but common
a very above a layer of wet or structural
and important muddy soil.element, are constructed to provide flat, useful
surfaces. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. The
depth of a concrete slab floor is very small compared to its span.
The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so that water runs away from the area
instead of pooling on your garage floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or water heater in
the garage. Step 5: Pour and level the concrete. A standard garage floor is typically 4 inches thick.
The projection of the footing on either side of the wall is supposed to be no greater than the depth of the
footing. The bottom of the footing should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surface of the
ground).
As you canIt may
see,need tohouses
heavy be deeper. It must
on weak soilbeneed
below the frost
footings line.wide or more. But the lightest buildings
2 feet
on the strongest soil require footings as narrow as 7 or 8 inches. Under an 8-inch-thick wall, that's the
same as saying
A concrete you slab
floating haveisnoa footing.
slab that is not anchored to the ground but instead merely sits on top of
it. Floating concrete slabs provide solid foundations for structures as sheds, garages, home additions,
and even manufactured homes.
A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid concrete Floor, a system of sleeper walls
and
1) Onetimber
wayjoists,
slab upon which sits
is supported a supported
by beams timber
in only floor.
2 sides. 2) The ratio of longer span panel (L) to shorter
span panel (B) is equal. or greater than 2. Thus, L/B >= 2. 3) Main reinforcement is provided in
only one (or
A coffer direction for one
coffering) way slabs.is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or
in architecture,
octagon in a ceiling,
A strip footing soffitoforshallow
is a type vault. foundation which is provided for the load bearing wall and for
economy purpose, in row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or
nearly touch each other. Strip footing is also know as continuous footing.
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-
bearing wall across an area of soil. It is the component of a shallow foundation.
Basement Slab. Basics. The foundation is the part of the structure that contacts the earth. ... Recreational
home built in the mountains or on the beach are often constructed on pier foundations. There are four
popular
Punching types of foundations
shear is a type of that areofused:
failure Basements,
reinforced crawlspaces,
concrete Monolithic
slabs subjected to highslab and stem
localized wallInslab.
forces. flat
slab structures this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear: Piper's Row Car Park,
Wolverhampton, UK, 1997 (built in 1965).
Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph of a concrete plank roof. A hollow
core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast slab of
prestressed concrete typically
Lift slab construction used in
is a method of the construction
constructing of floorsbuildings
concrete in multi-story apartment
by casting buildings.
the floor or roof slab on
top of the previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slabup with hydraulic jacks, so being cheaper and
faster as not requiring boxing and supports for casting in situ.
Construction of post-tensioned slabs on grade is very similar to using reinforcing steel, except for the
tensioning step. Cables are arranged as indicated by the engineer and chaired to run through the center of
the
Flatslab.
plateFor residential
of the abdomen, construction,
KUB, plaintendons at 48
film of the inches onCommon
abdomen. center are common.
Use: To visualize and assess
the abdominal organs for obstruction or abnormality related to mass, trauma, bleeding, stones, or
congenital anomaly.collector
A typical flat-plate Area Of Application:
is a metal boxKidneys,
with a ureters,
glass or bladder, and abdomen.
plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-
colored absorber plate on the bottom. The sides and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to
minimize heat (or,
A foundation loss.more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectural structure which
connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally
considered either shallow or deep.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. ... It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and
Geotechnical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction. It is also called
as ground are
Footings sill, an
which transfers
important partloads to the ground.
of foundation It is generally
construction. Theybroken into two
are typically categories.
made of concrete with
rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support
the foundation
Spread Footings.andSquare
preventorsettling.
rectangular shaped blocks of reinforced concrete that typically support a
single column or wall of a building. The allowable bearing pressure on the soil determines the size of
the spread footing.
Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle slabs are reinforced concrete floors and
roofs that use a square grid of deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, parking garages,
commercial and industrial
Mat Foundations. buildings, bridges,
A mat foundation residences
looks like it sounds.and
It isother structures
a mat requiring
of concrete that extra
sits onstability.
or just
below the ground; in other words, a shallow foundation. You may have heard it referred to as a
slab foundation,
Waffle a common choice
raft slab construction is quiteamong home
different frombuilders.
stiffened raft and footing slabstructures. The slab ribs
are formed on top of the ground using a grid of polystyrene void forms. These are laid out on a levelled
area. The construction
Pile foundation is ideallyFoundations
systems[edit] suited to veryrelying
reactive
on clay sites.
driven piles often have groups of piles connected
by a pile cap (a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads
which are larger than one pile can bear.
Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engineering practice whereby the
concrete slab that is to serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the ground.
The
Openconcrete is thenisplaced
Foundation intopreparation
a tertiary the mold, leaving
programnooffered
space by
between the ground
the University and the structure.
of Newcastle for people who
have been out of the education system for some time, and who hope to study in an undergraduate degree
program in the future.
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the entire contact area of the
structure like a thick floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure is low or where the
columns and walls are so close that person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each other.
You can see here the beam is constructed at ground level. The void between the foundation
and plinth level is filled with compacted soil. Brick or stone masonary is usually constructed below
the plinth beam. The plinth beam needs to be strong, but need not be made up of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) all the time.
Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perhaps 2 feet deep. The rest of the slab is
4
Inor 6 inches
real estate, thick.
aboveAgrade
4- or 6-inch
meanslayer of gravel
the portion oflies beneath
a home that the slab. the ground. The term is usually
is above
used to describe a room or square footage. For example, 3 bedrooms above grade means 3 bedrooms
that are not slabs
Monolithic in a basement.
are foundation systems constructed as one single concrete pour that consists of a
concrete slab with thickened portions of the slab under load bearing walls and all perimeter edges that
take the place of footers.
A slab-on-grade means no basement, no basement walls, just one slab of concrete on which you build
your house. They aren't suitable for all building sites, which we will get into later, but for now let's assume
you can build
A concrete on one.
slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontalslabs of steel
reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (10 and 50 centimeters) thick, are most often used
to construct floors
Suspended slabsand
are ceilings, while thinnerslabs
above-ground are also
level slabs which are used for exterior
not directly paving.
in contact with the earth. They are
commonly used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-
constructed walls to form a ground floor.
Span is the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure, e.g. a beam or a bridge.
A span can be closed by a solid beam or by a rope. The first kind is used for bridges, the second one for
power lines, overhead telecommunication lines, some type of antennas or for aerial tramways.
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above
ground level. Suspended slabs are grouped into two types: one way slabs which are supported on two
sides. two way slabs which are supported on all four sides.
If you keep it horizontally it is called a Beam which carries the loads by bending, simply called flexure. If
you keep it vertically forms a Column which carries load by undergoing compression. If you keep it in an
inclined fashion it is called a Strut which carries horizontal and vertical components of forces.
The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so that water runs away from the area
instead of pooling on your garage floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or water heater in
the garage. Step 5: Pour and level the concrete. A standard garage floor is typically 4 inches thick.
Yes, you can pour new concrete over top of the old, but here are some things to keep in mind. If your
new slab will be larger than the old building, you need to be careful about cracks mirroring through around
the perimeter
A concrete of should
floor the old be
building.
aboutI4would
inchesrecommend
thick if it isusing some extrahome
in a residential rebarorinbuilding.
these areas.
For a building
supporting heavy loads, 5 to 6 inches is the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floor will
have even thickness throughout.
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can support a
number of columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a large part of it
which lowers the contact pressure compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.
The first step in building a block wall is pouring a concrete footing for the blocks to rest on. The footing has
to be below frost line and as level as you can make it. For a foundation wall with 7 courses (rows) of block,
the footing
A frost wallwas
is a30
typeinches below
of wall that grade,
adds no24structural
inches wide and to
integrity 12the
inches deep.
building, but acts as an insulator. It is
typical to see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothing more than
cement
FLOATING and FOUNDATION-:
brick, which doesA not provide
floating much insulation.
foundation is the foundation of a building that does not use
footings,The foundation actually does float on the earth and moves as the temperatures compact and
expand the soil.
A concrete floatItisisaalso
tool known
used toasfinish
a slabfoundation.
a concrete surface by making it smooth. Afloat is used after the
surface has been made level using a screed. In addition to removing surface imperfections, floating will
compact
Suspended the Timber
concrete as preparation
Ground for further
Floors consist of thesteps.
finished timber floorboards being attached to floor joists,
which are suspended above the subfloor of the foundation. These floor joists are raised above the
subfloor on small supporting walls called tassel walls (or sleeper walls).
Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of concrete with
rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support
the foundation and prevent settling. Footingsare especially important in areas with troublesome soils.
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or
unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a
building, typically
A coffer (or a multi-story
coffering) building,isstructure
in architecture, or sunken
a series of support panels.
base forinheavy equipment.
the shape of a square, rectangle, or
octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault.
Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle slabs are reinforced concrete floors and
roofs that use a square grid of deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, parking garages,
commercial and industrial buildings, bridges, residences and other structures requiring extra stability.
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-
bearing wall across
A strip footing is a an area
type of soil. Itfoundation
of shallow is the component
which isofprovided
a shallow
forfoundation.
the load bearing wall and for
economy purpose, in row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or
nearly touch each other. Strip footing is also know as continuous footing.
Deep Strip foundations are the least expensive and are used. when ground conditions are good. A
concrete strip, sometimes reinforced with steel mesh, supports the walls. The trench depth is variable but
in most cases should be at least 1m with a width of 600mm. The concrete should have a minimum depth
of 225mm.
If typical continuous concrete footings are used, they usually support a foundation wall that acts either as
a retaining wall to form a basement or as a frost wall with earth on both sides. Foundation walls can be
built of reinforced
The projection concrete
of the footingoron
masonry, particularly...
either side of the wall is supposed to be no greater than the depth of the
footing. The bottom of the footing should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surface of the
ground). It may need to be deeper. It must be below the frost line.
Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high localized forces. In flat
slab structures
However thisshear
two way occursisatpunching
column support points.
shear and The failure
its effect is two is dueIt's
way. to shear.
also called flat slab shear. You
can press your Palm with pen to visualize two way shear. Pen tries to punch and hence two way shear is
called punching
A hollow shear.
core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a
precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment
buildings.
Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be used
to produce beams, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete.
It is often used in commercial and residential construction as a foundation slab.
Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform construction is
a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously movingform. Slip forming is used
for tall structures (such as bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as horizontal structures, such as
roadways.
Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete. Though it is a
cost-effective technique with a shorter completion time, poor performance in earthquakes has mandated
significant seismic retrofit requirements in older buildings.
Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. ... Prestressing simply means that the steel is
stressed (pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast,
prestressed
Foundation concrete is actually
is the lower pre-tensioned-the
portion of steel
the building usually is pulled
located belowbefore the level,
ground concrete
whichis transmits
poured. the
loads of the super structure to the supporting soil. A foundationis therefore that part of the structure which
is in used
It is directwhen
contact
thewith
two the ground
column aretosowhich
closeloads areother
to each transmitted.
that their individualfootings would overlap.
A combined footing is also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a
spread footing would be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the property line.
They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and
hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs
spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth.
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have beams and girders, and the
loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns.
role in building foundations. in soil mechanics. ... Spread foundations may be either of the spread
footing (made with wide bases placed directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (consisting
of slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, which underlie the entire area of a building),
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from
the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a vertical
structural element of adeep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site.
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-
bearing wall is
A frost wall across
a typeanofarea
wallofthat
soil. It isno
adds thestructural
component of a shallow
integrity foundation.
to the building, but acts as an insulator. It is
typical to see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothing more than
cement and brick, which does not provide much insulation.
A suspended concrete floor is a floor slab where its perimeter is, or at least two of its opposite edges
are, supported on walls, beams or columns that carry its self weight and imposed loading. The floor spans
between supports and will normally deflect under load to a dimension that is limited by the design used.
A 'span' in engineering parlance means 'the gap between two supports' This bridgeis single span:
A single
The span slump
concrete slab is test
a slab that is supported
measures at either
the consistency of end.
fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to
check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can
also
A pilebemachine
used asinanAmsterdam,
indicator of the
an improperly mixed
Netherlands. Alsobatch.
called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-
drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) or Cast-in-Situ piles, a borehole is drilled into the ground, then concrete
(and often some sort of reinforcing) is placed into the borehole to form the pile.
A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid concrete Floor, a system of sleeper walls
and timber joists, upon which sits a supported timber floor.
They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and
hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs
spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth.
Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing capacity. The key sizes of a strip
foundation for concrete cavity wall construction and timber frame cavity wall construction are similar. ...
The depth of a strip foundation must be equal to or greater than the overall width of the wall.
Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high localized forces. In flat
slab structures this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear.
Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph of a concrete plank roof. A hollow
core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast slab of
prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings.
Slipform paving is defined as a process used to consolidate, form into geometric shape and surface
finish a PCC mass by pulling the forms continuously through and surrounding the plastic concrete mass.
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the
surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
Pier, in building construction, vertical loadbearing member such as an intermediate support for adjacent
ends of two bridge spans. In foundations for large buildings,piers are usually cylindrical concrete shafts,
cast in prepared
The slump holes,
test is whileofinassessing
a means bridges they
the take the formofoffresh
consistency caissons, which
concrete. It are sunkindirectly,
is used, into position.
as a
means of checking that the correct amount of water has been added to the mix. The test is carried out in
accordance withhaving
Very dry mixes; BS ENslump
12350-2,Testing
0 25 mm arefresh concrete.
used in road making, low workability mixes; having slump 10
40 mm are used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes; 50 - 90 for normal
reinforced concrete placed with vibration, high workability concrete; > 100 mm.

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