Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformer
connections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,Delta
WyeandWyeDelta)
Threephasevoltagetransformationscanbeaccomplishedbyusingthree
phasetransformers,whicharesingledeviceswithallwindingsconstructed
onasingleironcore.
Threephasevoltagetransformationsalsocanbeaccomplishedbyusing
threesinglephasetransformersthatareconnectedexternallytoforma
threephasebank.
Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnectionsDeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeand
WyeDelta(onphoto:JeffersonElectrictransformer)
Threephasevoltagetransformations
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 1/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Whilethreephasedevicesareusuallythemorecosteffectiveoption,the
singlephaseoptionprovidesmoreversatilityandcanbeattractivefroma
reliabilityandmaintenancestandpoint.Ifseveralidenticaltransformers
areneededatonelocation,thesinglephaseoptioncanincludethepurchase
ofaspareunittoreduceoutagetimeintheeventofafailure.
Thispracticeoftenisseenwithcriticalautotransformerbanksandgenerator
stepuptransformersbecauselossofthetransformerforanextendedperiod
hasverysignificantimpacts.
Theconnectionsdiscussedinthisarticlewillbeimplementedusingsingle
phaseunits.
Whenconnectingsinglephasetransformerstoformathreephase
bank,thewindingpolaritiesmustbecarefullyobserved.Polarity
isindicatedusingadotconvention.Currentowingintoadotonthe
primarywindingwillinduceacurrentowingoutofthedotonthe
correspondingsecondarywinding.
Dependingonhowthewindingsareconnectedtothe
bushings,thepolaritiescanbeadditiveorsubtractive.
Thetwomostcommonlyusedthreephasewindingconfigurationsare
deltaandwye,namedaftertheGreekandEnglishletterthateach
resembles.Inadeltaconfiguration,thethreewindingsareconnectedendto
endtoformaclosedpath.Aphaseisconnectedtoeachcornerofthedelta.
Althoughdeltawindingsareoftenoperatedungrounded,alegofthedelta
canbecentertappedandgrounded,oracornerofthedeltacanbe
grounded.Inawyeconfiguration,oneendofeachofthethreewindingsis
connectedtoformaneutral.Aphaseisconnectedtotheotherendofthe
threewindings.Theneutralisusuallygrounded.
Thefollowingparagraphsdescribethreephasetransformerswhich
utilizethedeltaandwyeconnections.
1. DeltaDelta
2. WyeWye
3. DeltaWye
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 2/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
4. WyeDelta
Nextpartofthisarticlewilldiscussthreephasetransformersusingtheopen
deltaandopenwyeconnections,whereoneofthesinglephasetransformers
makingupthethreephasebankisomitted.Thelegofthetransformerwith
themissingtransformerisreferredtoasthephantomleg.
1.DeltaDelta
Deltadeltatransformers,asshowninFigure1,oftenareusedtosupply
loadsthatareprimarilythreephasebutmayhaveasmallsinglephase
component.
Figure1DeltaDeltaTransformer
Thethreephaseloadistypicallymotorloadwhilethesinglephase
componentisoftenlightingandlowvoltagepower.Thesinglephaseload
canbefedbygroundingacentertapononeofthelegsofthedelta
secondary,thenconnectingthesinglephaseloadbetweenoneofthephases
onthegroundedlegandthisgroundedneutral.
Figure2showsadeltadeltatransformerconnection.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 3/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Figure2DeltaDeltaTransformerConnections(clicktoexpanddiagram)
Theconnectiondiagramontheleftshowshowadeltadeltaconnectioncan
bemade,eitherwiththreesinglephasetransformersorwithonethree
phasetransformer.
Thedashedlinesindicatethetransformeroutlines.Thethreesinglephase
transformerimplementationcanbeseenbydisregardingtheouterdashed
outlineandthebushinglabelsshownatthatoutline,andconcentratingon
thethreesmaller(singlephasetransformer)outlines.
Thebushingsofthesinglephasetransformersareconnectedby
externaljumpersasshowntoaccomplishthedeltadelta
connection.Inthecaseoftheonethreephasetransformer
implementation,thethreeinneroutlinesaredisregarded,andthe
jumpersbetweenthewindingsaremadeinsidethetransformer
tank.Thesixbushingsonthethreephasetransformeroutlineare
availableforconnection.
Theschematicdiagramattheupperrightisperhapseasiertoanalyze,as
thedeltaconnectionscanclearlybeseen.
Thephasordiagramatthelowerrightshowsthegeometricrelationships
betweenthehighvoltagecircuitandlowvoltagecircuitcurrents,and
theequationsatthebottomcentershowthoserelationshipsmathematically.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 4/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Astheloadingonadeltadeltatransformer
becomesunbalanced,highcurrentscancirculate
inthedeltawindingsleadingtoavoltage
imbalance.Balancedloadingrequiresthe
selectionofthreetransformerswithequal
voltageratiosandidenticalimpedances.
Also,theamountofsinglephaseloadshouldbekeptlowbecausethe
centertappedtransformermustsupplymostofthesinglephaseload.Asthe
singlephaseloadisincreased,thecentertappedtransformerwillincreaseits
loadingmorethantheothertwotransformersandwilleventuallyoverload.
Ifoneofthesinglephasetransformersinthedeltadeltabankfails,thebank
canbeoperatedwithonlytwotransformersforminganopendelta
configuration.ThekVAratingofthebankisreduced,butthreephasepower
isstillsuppliedtotheload.
Gobacktocontents
2.WyeWye
Wyewyetransformers,asshowninFigure3,canserveboththreephase
andsinglephaseloads.Thesinglephaseloadshouldbedistributedas
evenlyaspossiblebetweeneachofthethreephasesandneutral.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 5/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Figure3WyeWyeTransformer
Figure4illustratesthewyewyeconnection,eitherasthreesinglephase
transformersorasasinglethreephaseunit.Bothbushinglabelsandpolarity
dotsareshown.
Figure4WyeWyeTransformerConnectionsDiagram(clicktoexpanddiagram)
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 6/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Oneprobleminherenttowyewyetransformersisthepropagationofthird
harmoniccurrentsandvoltages.Theseharmonicscancauseinterference
innearbycommunicationcircuitsaswellasotherassortedpowerquality
problems.
Anotherproblemisthatthepossibilityexistsforresonanceto
occurbetweentheshuntcapacitanceofthecircuitsconnectedto
thetransformerandthemagnetizingsusceptanceofthetransformer,
especiallyifthecircuitsincludeinsulatedcable.Becauseofthese
problems,wyewyetransformersmustbespecifiedand
implementedcarefully.
Addingathird(tertiary)windingconnectedindeltaalleviatesmanyofthe
concernsmentioned.
Gobacktocontents
3.DeltaWye
Thedeltawyeconnectionisthemostcommonlyusedthreephase
transformerconnection.Thewyeconnectedsecondaryallowssinglephase
loadtobedistributedamongthethreephasestoneutralinsteadofbeing
placedallononewindingaswithafourwiredeltasecondary.
Thishelpskeepthephaseloadingonthetransformerbalancedand
isespeciallyimportantwhentheamountofsinglephaseload
becomeslarge.Thestableneutralpointalsoprovidesagood
groundlocationtoallowcriticaldampingofthesystemtoprevent
voltageoscillations.
Ifoneofthesinglephasetransformersinthedeltawyebankfails,theentire
bankbecomesinoperative.
Also,sincethedeltawyetransformerintroducesa30phaseshiftfrom
primarytosecondaryascanbeseenbythephasingsymbolsinFigure5,it
cannotbeparalleledwithdeltadeltaandwyewyetransformersthat
producenophaseshift.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 7/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Figure5DeltaWyeTransformer
Figure6illustratesthedeltawyeconnection,eitherasthreesinglephase
transformersorasasinglethreephaseunit.Bothbushinglabelsandpolarity
dotsareshown.
Figure6DeltaWyeTransformerConnections
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 8/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Analyzingthedeltawyetransformerillustratesmanyimportantconcepts
regardingtheoperationofpolyphasetransformers.Theanalysiscanbedone
oneitheravoltageoracurrentbasis.Sincevoltage(potentialdifferenceor
thesubtractionoftwophasorquantities)isratherabstractanddifficultto
visualize,current(ortheflowofcharge)willbeusedasthebasisfor
analysis,sincecurrentiseasytoconceptualize.
Thecurrentsowinginthewindingsofadeltawyetransformerareshownin
Figure7.NotethatthearrowsindicateinstantaneousdirectionsoftheAC
currentandareconsistentwiththedotconvention.
Figure7DeltaandWyeWindings
Theanalysismustbegininoneofthetwoelectriccircuits,eitherthedelta
connectedhighvoltagecircuitorthewyeconnectedlowvoltagecircuit.
Sincecurrentisbeingusedasthebasisforanalysis,thewyeconnected
circuitisselectedasthestartingpoint,sinceinawyeconnectedcircuit,the
linecurrents(leavingthetransformer)andthephasecurrents(owinginthe
transformerwindings)areequal.Thisrelationshipbetweenlineandphase
currentssimplifiestheanalysis.
Theanalysisstartsbylabelingalllineandphasecurrents.Thisis
showninFigure8.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 9/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Figure8DeltaWyeTransformerwithCurrentsLabeled
Notethatlowercasesubscriptsindicatelinecurrentsinthelowvoltage
circuit,anduppercasesubscriptsindicatelinecurrentsinthehighvoltage
circuit.Inthelowvoltagecircuit,thephasecurrentsareidenticaltothe
correspondinglinecurrents,sotheyalsoarelabeledIa,Ib,andIc.Whenthe
transformerwindingsaredrawn,aparticularhighvoltagewinding
correspondstothelowvoltagewindingdrawnparalleltoit.
Inotherwords,ahighvoltagewindingandalowvoltagewinding
thataredrawnparalleltoeachotherconstituteasinglephase
transformerortwowindingsonthesamelegofthemagnetic
coreofathreephasetransformer.
Whenanalyzingatransformerusingperunit,n=1soitbecomes:
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_ 10/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Ia =Ia
So,
Ia =Ia (perunit)
Ib =Ib (perunit)
Ic =Ic (perunit)
(Eqs.1)
Next,Kirchhoffscurrentlawcanbeappliedtoeachnodeofthedelta:
IA =IaIb =Ia Ib
IB =IbIc =Ib Ic
IC =IcIa =Ic Ia
(Eqs.2)
Equationsaboveexpressthehighvoltagecircuitlinecurrentsintermsof
thelowvoltagecircuitlinecurrents.Atthispoint,numericalvaluescanbe
substitutedforIa,Ib,andIc.KeepinginmindthatIa,Ib,andIc representa
balancedsetofphasors,arbitraryperunitvaluesareselectedtorepresent
abcphasesequencing:
Eqs.3
Apositivephasesequencing(abc)mustbeused,sincethe
IEEEstandardsforpowertransformers(theIEEEC57series)are
basedonpositivephasesequencing.
SubstitutingEqs.3intoEqs.2:
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_C 11/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Eqs.4
ComparingIa totoIA,a3magnitudedifference
anda30angulardifferenceareapparent.
IEEEStd.C57.12.00definesthedirectioninwhichthephasoranglesshall
changefromoneelectricalcircuittotheother.Inastandarddeltawye(or
wyedelta)transformer,thepositivesequencecurrentsandvoltagesonthe
highvoltagesideleadthepositivesequencecurrentsandvoltagesonthe
lowvoltagesideby30.
Whenthehighvoltagephasorslagthelowvoltagephasors,the
connectionisconsideredtobenonstandard.Sometimes
nonstandardconnectionsarenecessarytomatchthephasingson
twodifferentsystemsthatmustbeelectricallytied,butnormally,
standardconnectionsarespecified.
Notethattheconventiontodetermineastandardconnectionrequiresthat
thehighvoltagephasorsleadthelowvoltagephasorsby30.Noreference
ismadetoprimaryorsecondary.Theprimarywindingsofatransformerare
thosewindingstowhichvoltageisapplied.Thesecondarywindingshavean
inducedvoltageimpressedacrossthem.
Usually,theprimarywindingsarethehighvoltagewindings,butthisisnot
alwaysthecase.Agoodexampleofanexceptionisageneratorstepup
transformer.
Gobacktocontents
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_ 12/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
4.WyeDelta
ThewyedeltatransformershowninFigure9issometimesusedtoprovide
aneutralonathreewiresystembutalsocanserveloadfromits
secondary.
Figure9WyeDeltaTransformer
Theprimarywyewindingsaretypicallygrounded.Ifthesecondaryisafour
wiredelta,thefourthwireoriginatingatacentertapononeofthelegsofthe
deltaisgrounded.
Figure10illustratesthewyedeltaconnection,
eitherasthreesinglephasetransformersor
asasinglethreephaseunit.Bothbushing
labelsandpolaritydotsareshown.
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_ 13/14
19/7/2017 Easyunderstandingof3phasetransformerconnections(DeltaDelta,WyeWye,DeltaWyeandWyeDelta)|EEP
Figure10WyeDeltaTransformerConnections(clicktoexpanddiagram)
Gobacktocontents
Willbecontinued
Reference//IndustrialpowerdistributionbyRalphE.Fehr
AboutAuthor//
Edvard Csanyi
EdvardElectricalengineer,programmerandfounderofEEP.Highly
specializedfordesignofLV/MVswitchgearsandLVhighpowerbusbar
trunking(<6300A)inpowersubstations,commercialbuildingsandindustry
fascilities.ProfessionalinAutoCADprogramming.PresentonGoogle+
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/3phasetransformerconnections?utm_source=Technical+Articles&utm_campaign=747a261e58RSS_EMAIL_ 14/14