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GIO TRNH QUN L D N

Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
GIO TRNH QUN L D N

Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Cc tc gi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

Phin bn trc tuyn:


http://voer.edu.vn/c/10d828a4
MC LC

1. Li ni u
1.1. Li ni u
2. Chng I. M u
2.1. Chng I. M u
2.2. Khoa hc qun l ni chung
2.3. S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l
2.4. D n l g
2.5. Qun l d n l g
2.6. Ngi qun l d n
3. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
3.1. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
3.2. Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n
3.3. Ti liu m t d n
3.4. Bng cng vic
3.5. c lng thi gian
3.6. Xc nh ri ro
3.7. Lp tin thc hin
3.8. Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn
3.9. Tnh chi ph cho d n
4. Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qun l d n
4.1. S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n
4.2. S lung cng vic
4.3. H s d n
4.4. K nng hp v trnh by
4.5. Xy dng t d n
5. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
5.1. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
5.2. Cc c im ca d n CNTT
5.3. Kim sot d n
5.4. Khon ngoi - Mua sm
5.5. Kt thc d n
5.6. Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n
5.7. Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin khai d n

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Tham gia ng gp

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Li ni u
Li ni u
Vi s pht trin v cng mnh m ca Cng ngh thng tin (CNTT), nhu cu pht trin
phn mm ngy cng tng, c bit l nhng phn mm ln, c phm vi ng dng rng
ri, xy dng trong nhiu nm, huy ng mt i ng ng o nhng chuyn gia phn
mm khc nhau.

Cc phn mm c thit k v xy dng trong khun kh nhng d n CNTT. Rt


nhiu bi hc thc t Vit Nam v trn th gii cho thy rng d n cng ln th
kh nng thnh cng cng t. Vic qun l d CNTT ngy cng chng t vai tr c bit
quan trng ca n, gp phn m bo thnh cng cho d n. Qun l d n, t ch l
mt ngh thut, c nghin cu, tng kt v pht trin thnh mt mn khoa hc.
y l mt mn hc mang nhiu yu t ca khoa hc x hi, c ng dng trong khoa
hc t nhin.

Gio trnh nhm gip cho nhng ngi qun l d n CNTT:

Nm c nhng cng vic cn chun b trc khi d n hot ng


Trang b nhng phng php lun, bi bn, tiu chun cho vic qun l d n
ni chung v qun l d n CNTT ni ring
Cc hot ng qun l v kim sot trong khi d n hot ng
Cung cp mt s kinh nghim, bi hc thc t ca qun l d n CNTT Vit
Nam

2. V tr ca qun l d n

Nhn theo quan im tng th, qun l d n CNTT va l mt b phn ca cng ngh
phn mm va l b phn ca qun l d n ni chung. Chnh v vy m qun l d n
CNTT s mang c cc yu t k nng cng (phng php k thut trong CNTT) v cc
yu t k nng mm (giao tip con ngi, lnh o, t chc con ngi lm vic). Ni
dung ca qun l d n CNTT c trnh by trong cc ti liu ging dy Cng ngh
phn mm sau nhng ni dung v quy trnh lm phn mm, cc m hnh pht trin phn
mm, phng php pht trin phn mm, phn tch thit k h thng, v.v... Trong gio
trnh ny, qun l d n CNTT c trnh by nh mt mn hc ring, mang mu sc
khoa hc x hi nhiu hn, vi vic b sung nhng kin thc sau:

Khoa hc qun l ni chung


Qun l d n ni chung
Mt s k nng trnh by vn , iu hnh cuc hp, i ph ri ro, ...

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Phng tin qun l d n ni chung

Qun l d n CNTT c trnh by nh mt p dng nhng kin thc chung v qun


l d n trong mt lnh vc hp, kt hp nhng c th ca lnh vc chuyn mn cng
ngh thng tin.

3. Phng php ging dy mn qun l d n CNTT

Cc phng php lun ca qun l d n CNTT c c kt thnh nhng nguyn l c


bn. Nhiu nh ngha khng c trnh by di dng cht ch, khng c m hnh ton
hc. Vic nm bt nhng kin thc thng c thng qua v d, trao i, tho lun trn
lp di s hng dn v gi ca ging vin. Vic hc tp cn i hi s tham gia
tch cc ca ngi hc.

trnh kh khan, nhm chn trong qu trnh dy v hc, c th p dng cc bin php
sau trn lp:

a/ Ging vin trnh by nhng vn chnh trn lp v nu ra cc tnh hung qun l

b/ Mi c nhn t chun b v trnh by gii php ca mnh cho cc tnh hung qun l
bng bi vit

c/ Tho lun tp th trong tng nhm hc vin xy dng gii php ca nhm

d/ i din ca tng nhm trnh by gii php ca nhm cho ton lp v c lp tho
lun ng gp kin

e/ Nhng ni dung trao i, tho lun c ly t thc t ca th gii v Vit Nam trong
lnh vc qun l d n.

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Chng I. M u
Chng I. M u

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Khoa hc qun l ni chung
Khoa hc qun l ni chung

Khi nim v qun l

Qun l (ni chung) l s tc ng ca ch th qun l ln i tng qun l nhm t


c nhng mc tiu nht nh trong iu kin bin ng ca mi trng.

=> C ch th qun l (ngi qun l)

=> C i tng qun l (ngi b qun l)

=> C mc tiu cn t c

=> C mi trng qun l

V sao cn qun l: t mc ch theo cch tt nht trong hon cnh mi trng lun
bin ng v ngun lc hn ch. Qun l to ra gi tr gia tng ca 1 t chc.

C th cn phn tch thm yu t qun l trong iu kin bin ng ca mi trng


thy s tng phn gia qun l c in v qun l hin i.

Chnh yu t bin ng ny dn ti vic qun l theo d n tr thnh trng tm cho


thi nay, i lp vi qun l hnh chnh quan liu c in.

V d:

i
Ch th Mc tiu cn t
tng Mi trng (c th bin ng)
Q/l c
Q/l
Qun l
sn xut
trong
mt nh
my
- Ban Cn
- Tng nng sut lao - iu kin lm vic trong nh my- iu
Gim b,
ng- H gi thnh kin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnh
c cng
sn phm=> Quy ra hnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nh
(ng nhn,

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u l
nhn cc ch tiu, con s hng ca th gii- nh hng ca t
Gim
vin c th nhin, kh hu
c)
Qun l
hc tp
trong
trng
hc
Ban
Gim - iu kin dy, hc trong trng- iu
- Gio
hiu Dy ttHc tt(Quy kin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnh
vin-
(ng ra cc ch tiu, con hnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nh
Sinh
u l s c th) hng ca th gii- nh hng ca t
vin
Hiu nhin, kh hu
trng)

Mt s khi nim khc nhau (u c chp nhn) v qun l t chc

- Qun l l ngh thut t mc ch thng qua n lc ca nhng ngi khc

(Khi nim nh tnh)

- Qun l l cng tc phi hp c hiu qu cc hot ng ca nhng cng s khc nhau


trong cng mt t chc

- Qun l l qu trnh lp k hoch, t chc, ch huy v kim tra cc ngun lc ca c


quan, nhm t c mc ch vi hiu qu cao trong iu kin mi trng lun lun
bin ng.

y l khi nim mang tnh kin thit, trong :

Lp k hoch: qu trnh thit lp cc mc tiu v nhng phng thc hnh


ng t mc tiu
T chc: qu trnh xy dng v bo m nhng iu kin t mc tiu
Ch huy: qu trnh ch o, thc y cc thnh vin lm vic mt cch tt nht,
v li ch ca t chc
Kim tra: qu trnh gim st v chn chnh, un nn cc hot ng m bo
cng vic thc hin theo ng k hoch

c im chung nht ca cc h thng qun l

a. c ch th qun l v i tng qun l

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Thng tin hot ngThng tin iu khin

- Ch th qun l: to ra cc tc ng qun l

- i tng qun l: tip nhn cc tc ng ca ch th qun l

b. Cc mc ch l thng nht gia ch th v i tng qun l

c. C s trao i thng tin nhiu chiu. Ch th qun l phi thu nhn thng tin t nhiu
ngun khc nhau

d. Tnh linh hot, thch nghi, iu chnh, i mi ca ch th qun l. Mi trng qun


l lun bin ng.

Kt lun: Qun l l 1 tin trnh nng ng.

Kt lun: Qun l l mt ngh thut, mt khoa hc, mt ngh

Qun l l mt ngh thut

V sao l ngh thut:

- S a dng, phong ph, mun mu mun v ca s vt, hin tng

- Qun l c quan hnh chnh qun l doanh nghip qun l trng hc qun l
d n

- Qun l d n A Qun l d n B

- Khng phi mi hin tng u mang tnh quy lut

- Khng phi mi quy lut u c tng kt thnh l lun

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- Qun l l s tc ng n con ngi, m con ngi th rt phc tp. i hi ngi
qun l phi kho lo, linh hot

- Hiu qu qun l ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi qun l, c tnh ca ngi


qun l, c may, vn ri

Qun l l mt khoa hc

V sao l khoa hc

- Tng hp v vn dng cc quy lut: kinh t, cng ngh, x hi

- Vn dng nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc, cng ngh trong qun l: cc phng php
d bo, tm l hc, tin hc

Qun l l mt ngh

V sao l mt ngh

- Phi hc mi lm c

- Mun thc hnh c, phi c c nhiu yu t ban u: cch hc, chng trnh hc,
nng khiu ngh nghip, ...)

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S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l
Hot ng qun l c t rt lu, nhng khoa hc qun l li rt mi m. C tn ti
nhiu ch thuyt khc nhau v qun l.

Thi Trung Hoa c i

- Khng t: c tr

Khng T: 551 TCN - 479 TCN (Thi Xun Thu)


"Nhn" l nguyn tc c bn, quy nh hot ng ca ch th qun l v quan
h vi i tng qun l. ng vin, khuyn khch.
Xut pht im ca con ngi: Thin. Cng-T thng nht
Khuyn khch ch ngha "qun t", ph ch ngha "tiu nhn"
Nhn mnh tm v c ca ngi qun l

- Hn Phi T: Php tr

Hn Phi T: 403 TCN - 221 TCN (Thi Chin Quc)


"Php" l nguyn tc c bn, quy nh hot ng ca ch th qun l v quan
h vi i tng qun l. Thng pht cng minh.
Xut pht im ca con ngi: c, v li. Cng-T mu thun.
ng h chuyn ch, c v c ti
Ba khi nim c bn trong qun l: "th" (quyn lc), ""php" (lut php),
"thut" (bin php qun l).

Trng phi c in trong thi k u ca pht trin cng nghip

S ra i: Th k 18, cng nghip bt u pht trin Chu u => ra i cc nh my,


cng ty => xut hin nhu cu qun l

L thuyt qun l mt cch khoa hc (Scientific Management)

- Freadrich Winslow Taylor (M), ...

- Quy trnh lao ng hp l, khng trng lp, tn t sc, nng sut cao

- Tiu chun ho cng vic, t ra nh mc, tr lng theo sn phm

- Chuyn mn ho lao ng

- Tin thng l ng c thc y sn xut

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L thuyt "qun l hnh chnh - t chc"

- Henry Fayol (Php), Max Weber (c),...

- Cc chc nng qun l: POSDCORB

P: Planning - Lp k hoch

O: Organizing - t chc (xc nh phn cp qun l)

S: Staffing - qun l nhn s

D: Directing - Ch o

CO: coordinating - Phi hp (=>hp)

R: Reviewing - Kim tra

B: Budgeting - Ti chnh, ngn sch

- Cc nguyn tc qun l

- Cc nguyn tc ra quyt nh

Trng phi tm l - x hi trong thi k hin i

Coi trng mi quan h con ngi


Xem xt qun l trn quan im tm l hc
Nng sut lm vic ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc yu t tm l, x hi ca i
tng qun l
Ngi qun l tm cch gia tng s tho mn tm l v nhu cu tinh thn ca
nhn vin
Coi trng mi quan h tt p gia cc thnh vin trong t chc

Trng phi nh lng v qun l

- C gng p dng cc b mn khoa hc khc phc v cho qun l

- Khng coi trng cc yu t tm l, x hi

- Cc b mn khoa hc c p dng cho qun l: L thuyt h tthng, l thuyt xc


sut, l thuyt thng k, l thuyt chn mu, l thuyt m phng, l thuyt xp hng, l
thuyt quyt nh, tin hc

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Mt vi t tng qun l ca x hi ng i (t 1960 n nay)

V d v mt m hnh mi qun l nh my, doanh nghip ca Nht

Nht Chu u
- Lm vic sut i - Lm vic theo hp ng, c thi hn
- nh gi v bt chm - nh gi v bt nhanh
- Cng nhn a nng - Cng nhn c chuyn mn ho
- C ch kim tra gin tip - C ch kim tra trc tip
- Quyt nh tp th - Quyt nh c nhn
- Trch nhim tp th - Trch nhim c nhn
- Quyn li ton cc - Quyn li ring

T duy v qun l theo d n pht trin mnh trong thi k ph cp cng ngh thng tin,
khi m mi trng kinh t tr thnh ton cu v mang tnh bin chuyn khng ngng.

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D n l g
Khi nim v d n

D n l mt tp hp cc cng vic, c thc hin bi mt tp th, nhm t c mt


kt qu d kin, trong mt thi gian d kin, vi mt kinh ph d kin.

=> Phi d kin i hnh thc hin (ngun nhn lc)

=> Phi c ngy bt u, ngy kt thc

=> Phi c t nht 1 con s, ni ln kinh ph cho php thc hin cng vic

=> Phi m t c r rng kt qu (output) ca cng vic. Sau khi kt thc cng vic,
phi c c ci g, vi nhng c tnh/c im g, gi tr s dng nh th no, hiu
qu ra lm sao?

=> Phi c 1 khon tin cp cho D n thc hin. Ngi (hoc n v) cp tin gi l
ch u t

=> Phi c mt t chc cht ch theo di v thu thp mi thng tin pht sinh trong qu
trnh thc hin d n gip cho cc cp lnh o v t d n theo di st sao vic thc
hin d n

V d

Cc tnh cht ca d n

Phn bit hot ng d n v cc hot ng nghip v

Hot ng d n Hot ng nghip v


To ra mt sn phm xc nh Cho ra cng mt sn phm
C ngy khi u v ngy kt thc Lin tc
i ng nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau=> Kh trao Cc k nng chuyn mn
i=> Ngi chia x thng tin ha
i hnh tm thi- Kh xy dng ngay 1 lc tinh thn T chc n nh- C iu
ng i- Kh c iu kin o to thnh vin trong kin o to, nng cp cc
nhm, trong khi cn phi sn sng ngay thnh vin trong nhm
D n ch lm 1 ln Cng vic lp li v d hiu

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Lm vic trong mt kinh
Lm vic theo k hoch trong mt chi ph c cp
ph thng xuyn hng nm
B hu nu khng p ng mc tiu, yu cu Phi m bo lm lu di
Chi ph hng nm c tnh
Ngy kt thc v chi ph c tnh theo d kin v ph
da trn kinh nghim trong
thuc vo s qun l
qu kh

Tnh duy nht ca kt qu d n

D n nhm t c mt kt qu m trc cha lm, hoc cha c

=> Kt qu ca d n c hnh thnh dn dn, tng bc, tng giai on. Lm c


n u th bit n .

V d:

Hot ng D n Hot ng nghip v


Nu c cho m ci Nu cm n hng ngy
Xy nh mi (c nhn, c Xy cc cn h chung c theo k hoch hng nm
quan) ca thnh ph
Nghin cu mt ti khoa Dy hc theo k hoch hng nm ca nh trng
hc mi Hng dn lun n sinh vin
Ch to bom nguyn t, tu v
Sn xut v kh hng lot
tr
Xy dng mt phn mm mi, p dng mt phn mm trong hot ng thng
do c quan t hng ngy (qun l k ton, nhn s, vt t, sn xut...)
Sn xut hng lot xe my theo thit k c sn,
Ch to mt loi xe my mi
theo k hoch c giao
Th nghim mt dy chuyn
sn xut theo cng ngh mi

Cc hnh thc kt thc d n


Hon thnh mc tiu ra v nghim thu kt qu (kt thc tt p) ng thi
hn
Ht kinh ph trc thi hn (Kt thc tht bi)

V d: nghin cu ch thuc cha bnh SIDA. Chi tiu ht s tin c cp m vn


khng tm ra li gii

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n ngy cui cng (nu tip tc na cng khng cn ngha)

V d: xy dng sn vn ng cho SeaGame

Cc tiu chun nh gi mt d n l tht bi


Khng p ng c cc mc tiu ra ban u
Khng p ng c thi hn
Vt qu ngn sch cho php (20-30%)
Cc l do khin d n tht bi
(17%) Khng lng c phm vi rng ln v tnh phc tp ca cng vic =>
d kin nhn lc, thi hn, kinh ph khng chnh xc
(21%) Thiu thng tin
(18%) Khng r mc tiu
(32%) Qun l d n km
(12%) Cc l do khc (mua phi thit b rm, cng ngh qu mi i vi t
chc khin cho khng p dng c kt qu d n, ngi b ra i, ....)

=> Khc phc

Xy dng ti liu nghin cu kh thi tht tt cho d n


Qun l d n tt

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Qun l d n l g
Qun l d n l g

Khi nim v qun l d n

Qun l d n (QLDA) l vic p dng cc cng c, kin thc v k thut nhm nh


ngha, lp k hoch, tin hnh trin khai, t chc, kim sot v kt thc d n.

Mt d n c qun l tt, tc l khi kt thc phi tho mn c ch u t v cc


mt: thi hn, chi ph v cht lng kt qu.

Lch s s lc

- Vic qun l d n c t thi xa: trong chin tranh, xy dng Kim t thp v cc
k quan th gii....

- Henry Gantt (u th k 20), a ra khi nim s Gantt => Qun l cng vic theo
thi gian

- Cui nhng nm 50': PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) v CPM
(Critical Path Method) => qun l cng vic trn nhng rng buc khc ( u tin,
kinh ph, ...)

- Sau ny, l lun v QLDA c b sung thm nhng tng v t chc, kim sot,
s dng ti nguyn (nhn mnh n tnh cht x hi ca khoa hc QLDA)

Phn bit hai loi cng vic: Qun l d n v thc hin d n

C th thm y hnh v s phn bit chc nng cng vic ca ngi qun l d
n v ngi qun l chuyn mn nghip v.

Cc phong cch qun l d n

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(1)- (3): Qun l b ng

V d:

- (1) Sau khi vch k hoch ri, ph mc cho anh em thc hin, khng quan tm theo
di. Khi c chuyn g xy ra mi ngh cch i ph.

- (2) Mt ti nghin cu khoa hc: Khng c sng kin mi, c quanh qun vi cc
phng php c, cng ngh c

- (3) Khng lo lng n thi hn giao np sn phm, n khi d n sp ht hn th mi


lo huy ng tht ng ngi lm cho xong

(4): Qun l ch ng, tch cc. Sut qu trnh thc hin d n khng b ng v kinh
ph, nhn lc v tin m bo (l tng).

Mt phong cch qun l d n th ng c nhng c tnh:

Ngi qun l lun ng sau cc mc tiu ca d n


Hp tp, b kch ng, ngh v tng lai ngn
Khi lm quyt nh, ch ngh n cc kh khn tr ngi tm thi, trc mt,
khng ngh n liu rng c phi l 1 bc i ng hay khng.
Khng kim sot c tnh th. Nhi khi phi thay i k hoch v t chc

Hu qu ca qun l d n th ng

Kt qu thu c khng n nh, phi sa li thng xuyn

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Tinh thn lm vic trong d n khng ci m, hp tc
Nng sut thp, cng vic khng chy
Ri lon trong iu hnh
Khng s dng hiu qu ngun ti nguyn, nhn lc
B ng trc nhng thay i: yu cu ca khch hng, bin ng v nhn s,
=> dn n tnh trng "ngi qun l d n b d n qun l" (the changes
manage the project managers, rather than the project managers managing the
changes)
H s d n km cht lng
Ni chung => d n b chm tin , tiu vt qu kinh ph. Cht lng d n
khng m bo, cht lng kh nghi.

Cc nguyn l chung ca phng php lun qun l d n

Linh hot, mm do

V d:

- Lp lch biu thc hin khng cng nhc

- i hnh thc hin khng cng nhc

- Cng c thc hin d n khng cng nhc

- Nguyn vt liu s dng khng cng nhc

Hng kt qu, khng hng nhim v (nhm tho mn n v th hng kt


qu d n)

V d:

- D n xy nh

Mc ch: xy nh p

Cc nhim v: mua vt liu, xy, trt, hon thin

- D n lm phn mm

Mc ch: c phn mm p ng yu cu

Nhim v: Thit k, lp trnh, kim th

Huy ng s tham gia ca mi ngi

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- K hoch khng phi l kt qu ca mt nhm ngi khn ngoan, c chn la,
nhng ngi c tri ph cho cc nng lc c bit.

- Cn dn ch ho" vic lp k hoch.

- Nhng ngi tham gia d n phi ng gp tch cc cho k hoch, trnh thi th
ng.

- Trnh nhng thi chng i, khng chp nhn hay khng tun th.

Lm r trch nhim ca mi thnh vin

V d:

- D n phn mm:

Trch nhim ca ngi phn tch, thit k, lp trnh, kim th

- D n xy dng:

Trch nhim ca ngi thit k, ngi thi cng

Ti liu c ng v c cht lng

- Vic lm ti liu l rt quan trng, nhng

- Qu nhiu ti liu tc l c qu t thng tin!!!

Kt qu quan trng hn cng c hay k thut (kha cnh thc dng)


To ra cc o tt ( c nh gi ng)

V d: D n lm phn mm. Cc o cho 1 nhn vin lp trnh

S dng lnh ca chng trnh


Thi gian hon thnh mt module chng trnh
S li pht hin ra khi kim th chng trnh
S trang lm ti liu thuyt minh cho chng trnh
Tc x l ca chng trnh
Tnh thn thin (d s dng) ca chng trnh? Khng phi l mt o tt
S d hiu, sng sa trong cch lp trnh? Khng phi l mt o tt
Suy ngh mt cch nhn xa trng rng

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Ngi qun l d n
Bng phn vai trong d n

Ngi qun l d n (PM-Project Manager): Chu trch nhim chnh v kt


qu ca d n. C vai tr ch cht trong vic xc nh cc mc ch v mc
tiu, xy dng cc k hoch d n, m bo d n c thc hin c hiu lc
v hiu qu
Ngi ti tr d n (PS-Project sponsor). Cp tin cho d n hot ng, ph
duyt d n, quyt nh cho d n i tip hay cho cht gia chng.
T d n (PT - Project team). H tr cho Ngi qun l d n thc hin
thnh cng d n. Bao gm nhng ngi va c k nng v nng lc
Khch hng. (Client): Th hng kt qu d n. Nu yu cu, c ngi h tr
d n. L ngi ch yu nghim thu kt qu d n
Ban lnh o (Senior Mangement): B nhim Ngi qun l d n v T d
n, tham gia vo vic hnh thnh v xy dng d n
Cc nhm h tr (c th c nhiu hay t, tu tng d n): nhm t vn, nhm
k thut, nhm th k, ...

Thc t Vit Nam: thng thng Ngi qun l d n l ngi ph trch ban iu l
hnh (cn gi Ban qun l d n)z

La chn nhn s cho Ban d n v cc nhm chuyn mn

Cc tiu chun cn c
Kin thc k thut
C chuyn mn c bit g phc v d n?
c kinh nghim vi d n tng t no cha?
Hin c tham gia d n no khc khng?
Nu c th khi no kt thc?
C th dnh bao nhiu thi gian cho d n?
Khi lng cng vic chuyn mn hin nay ca ngi ? c th gim bt? d
on thi gian ti? C th tham gia sut qu trnh d n c khng?
C hng hi tham gia nhm d n khng?
C truyn thng lm vic vi hiu qu cao khng?
C ngn np v qun l thi gian tt khng?
C tinh thn trch nhim khng?
C tinh thn hp tc khng?
Th trng ca ngi c ng h khng?
Nhng iu nn trnh
Tuyn chn nhng ngi ging mnh

20/137
Thiu ngi c sng kin hay ham hc hi
Hiu lm ni dung ca d n
Trch nhim khng r rng
Quyn hn khng r rng
Phn vic khng u, khng r rng
Khng xc nh c nhng ngi lin quan n d n
Mc tiu chung khng r
Thng tin khng thng sut
Thnh vin thiu tin tng nhau - nghi k nhau
quyn Li c nhn ca thnh vin khng ph hp vi cng vic ca d n
Khng cam kt thc hin k hoch
Khng c tinh thn ng i
Khng quan tm ti cht lng cng vic

Ni v ngi qun l d n

- Trch nhim ca ngi qun l d n

L ngi c nh hng ti mi ngi t ti cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n. C


nhng trng trch:

Nm vng nhng ni dung bao qut chung v cng vic, cu trc phn vic,
lch biu v ngn sch.
Trao i vi cc anh em

Bao gm cc bo co, biu mu, bn tin, hi hp, v th tc lm vic. tng l trao


i ci m v trung thc.

ng vin, khuy ng tinh thn lm vic

Bao gm khch l, phn vic, mi tham gia v u quyn.

Theo di cng vic

Bao gm theo di, thu thp hin trng v nh gi hin trng

H tr cho mi ngi
Xy dng tp th vng mnh, bng nhiu cch, bao gm:

B nhim ngi ph trch

Phn b trch nhim

Khuyn khch tinh thn ng i

21/137
Lm pht sinh lng nhit tnh

Thnh lp s thng nht ch huy

Qun l trch nhim

Cung cp mi trng lm vic tt

Trao i vi anh em

- Cc sc p trn vai ngi qun l d n

Nhng sc p lm cho ngi qun l thng ri vo phong cch qun l b ng. l


cc sc p:

T pha khch hng


Uy tn, danh d
Ti chnh
T th trng cp trn
Th tc hnh chnh
Nhn s (s ng thun, s hp tc, s "chung thu")
Th trng (cnh tranh)
Chun sn phm/bo m cht lng
Ngun nhn lc hn ch
Cng ngh

- Phm cht ca ngi qun l d n

Kh nng tm s, thng cm vi ngi khc. Ngi qun l d n phi c


kh nng quan h tch cc vi mi ngi. H phi tch cc nghe v c kh
nng thng cm vi nhu cu ca mi ngi.
Kh nng din t. Ngi qun l d n phi c kh nng trnh by cc
tng ca mnh di dng li v vit. Trnh by li thng xut hin vi cc
d n v k nng trnh by tt l tuyt i cn thit ng vin t. K nng
vit tt l cn thit chun b ti liu d n.
Tnh kin quyt. Ngi qun l d n phi khng trnh n vic a ra cc
quyt nh cng rn. Mt khc cng khng nn hp tp trong nh gi. Tuy
nhin cn a ra quyt nh ng lc v chp nhn trch nhim v cc hu qu.
Tnh khch quan. Ngi qun l d n nn khch quan, c bit khi nhn
nhng thng tin quan trng khng mun nghe.
Ton tm ton . Ngi qun l d n nn dn ton tm ton cho s thnh
cng ca d n. Sn sng cung cp nhng h tr cn thit v k thut, iu hnh
hnh v ti chnh hon thnh cc mc ch v mc tiu. Vic thiu nhit tnh

22/137
c th tr thnh ly lan sang nhng ngi tham d khc, lm cho nng sut c
th b gim.
u tu, gng mu, li cun. Ngi qun l d n cn c kh nng lm cho
mi ngi tham d vo d n v duy tr s tham d cho ti khi t c cc
mc ch v mc tiu. Nu ngi qun l d n khng th ng vin c anh
em th c nhm s khng thc hin tt cng vic
Trung thc. Nu ngi qun l d n khng t v mt ny, th vic qun l d
n s rt kh khn. S tin tng s b suy gim, gy n tng khng tt ca anh
em.
Nht qun. Ngi qun l d n khng th i chch tm nhn, ngoi tr nhng
hon cnh bt kh khng. Ngi qun l d n phi ra cc quyt nh t ti
cc mc ch v mc tiu d n. Tnh nht qun nui dng cho s n nh v
lm cho nhng ngi tham d thch ng vi hon cnh thay i. Vic thiu
nht qun hay dn n s bt ng.
Tm nhn xa trng rng. Ngi qun l d n phi c kh nng thy kt qu
cui cng, cho d n khng r rng trong nim ca nhng ngi khc. H
phi c kh nng hnh dung d n i ti u v bo m mi th xy ra t
ti tm nhn d n.
Phn ng tch cc. Ngi qun l d n khng i cho s vic xy ra ri mi
hnh ng. Phi a ra sng kin gi cho d n tin ln theo k hoch. Phi
chp nhn phc tp v s thay i. (Cha kho l qun l thay i ch khng
phi phn ng th ng).

Nhng tr ngi cho vic qun l d n

Vic a vo k lut qun l d n khng d dng. Mt s ngi chng li vic


thc hnh qun l d n bi v h cm thy n ng chm ti "c lp chuyn
mn" ca mnh, mun "giu ngh"
Mt s khc c cm gic lun b "sm soi", theo di pht
Mt s khc u tranh vi qun l d n bi v h cm thy n ngn cm s
sng to.
Mt s ngi chng li qun l d n v kh chu vi nhng phin phc hnh
chnh (hp hnh, bo co, ly ch k, ...). Thc ra l nhng vic cn thit
thc s

Vic ra quyt nh ca ngi qun l

Ra quyt nh l mt hnh ng quan trng ca ngi qun l.

Thc cht, qun l l mt qu trnh ra quyt nh

- Cc mc ra quyt nh: (tu vo tm nh hng ca quyt nh n mc tiu qun


l)

23/137
cp cao, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu chung
cp trung gian, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu c th, cc vn
chuyn mn, cng ngh
cp thp, cc quyt nh lin quan trc tip n s ch o thc hin v
nghip v trong hot ng

V d:

Qun l sn xut

Quyt nh tng thm/ ct gim 1 phn xng sn xut (cp cao)


Quyt nh tng lng ng lot, ci tin ch tin thng (cp cao)
Quyt nh ci tin 1 dy chuyn sn xut (cp trung gian hoc cp thp)
Quyt nh tin hc ho qun l (cp cao hoc cp trung gian)
Quyt nh tr lng 1 nhn vin vi phm k lut (cp thp)
Quyt nh cho ton b nh my ngh 1 ngy i picnic tp th

Qun l trng i hc

Quyt nh quy ch tuyn sinh (cp cao)


Quyt nh m thm 1 khoa mi (cp cao)
Quyt nh tng/gim 1 mn hc (cp cao hoc cp trung gian)
Quyt nh tng hc bng cho mt s hc sinh gii (cp trung gian)
Quyt nh thay i lch thi (cp thp hoc cp trung gian)

- Nguyn tc ra quyt nh:

Khng ra quyt nh v vn khng cn thch hp

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh vi vng, khi vn cha chn

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh thiu hiu lc thi hnh

V d:

Khng ra quyt nh thuc trch nhim, quyn hn ca ngi khc

V d:

24/137
Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
Chng II. Lp k hoch d n

25/137
Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n
n v ti tr d n

Cp tin cho d n hot ng, ph duyt d n, quyt nh cho d n i tip hay cho
cht gia chng.

B nhim ngi qun l d n


Thit lp cc mc tiu ca d n v m bo rng nhng mc tiu ny c
p ng
K cc hp ng php l, khi c yu cu
Xt duyt v gii quyt cc yu cu cp thm tin pht sinh
Xt duyt v gii quyt cc yu cu v quyt nh v thay i
C quyn k duyt nhng thay i lin quan n phc tho d n
K xc nhn nghim thu nhng kt qu ch cht nht
K xc nhn kt thc d n

Khch hng

Th hng kt qu d n. Nu yu cu, c ngi h tr d n. L ngi ch yu nghim


thu kt qu d n

Pht biu yu cu
H tr cho t d n thng tin m bo thnh cng
Xt duyt, nghim thu v k nhn sn phm bn giao

Ban lnh o (Ban ch o)

B nhim cc chc danh ca D n: Qun l d n, th k, cc trng nhm,


....
Xt duyt v gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n ch o cp cao
Xem xt tc ng ca d n ln cc d n khc v hot ng khc ca t chc/
n v
Kim im tnh hnh thc hin d n
m bo d n trong thc hin trong phm vi xc nh
Hng dn v cc vn c lin quan ti qun l ri ro
Xem xt v gii quyt cc yu cu
Xem xt v t vn v nhng yu cu thay i d n

26/137
T chuyn mn

Cung cp thng tin lp k hoch thc hin d n, cc cng vic phi lm,
cc sn phm chuyn giao, v cc c lng
Hon thnh cc cng vic nh c xc nh trong bn k hoch d n
Bo co hin trng cho ngi qun l d n
Xc nh nhng thay i ngay khi xut hin

Mt vi hng dn tr gip

- Nng lc qun l ca trng nhm v s ngi trong mi nhm

Trng nhmS nm kinh nghim


Chuyn mn T chc Lnh o
S lng ti a thnh vin trong nhm
6 4 3 72
5 3 1 42
4 2 0 21

+ Chuyn mn: Kinh nghim v cng vic (phn tch, pht trin/lp trnh, bo tr, ...)

+ T chc: Kinh nghim v t chc lm phn mm v phng php lun pht trin

+ Lnh o: Kinh nghim v ph trch

V d:

+ Mt trng nhm, nu cha c kinh nghim v lnh o, khng nn b tr ph trch


nhm nhiu hn 3 ngi

+ Mt nhm gm 7-9 ngi phi do 1 ngi ph trch c t nht 6 nm kinh nghim lm


thc t, trong 4 nm t chc v 3 nm ph trch

- Thnh phn, c cu

Loi D n Mi trng pht trin phn mm % ngi lnh ngh % phn tch vin
C C 25-33 25-33
C Mi 33-50 25-33

27/137
Mi C 33-50 33-50
Mi Mi 50-67 33-50

+ Loi d n v loi mi trng l c khi nhm pht trin phn mm c t nht 2 nm


kinh nghim v d n v mi trng thc hin d n

+ Ngi lnh ngh l ngi c trn 5 nm kinh nghim trong cc cng vic lin quan
n pht trin phn mm

+ Phn tch vin l nhng ngi c hc v tng hun luyn ngi khc v vic
xc nh bi ton v tm gii php cho ng dng.

Bin tng ca m hnh thc , th hin c th hnh ng kim th.

M hnh ng xon c

28/137
Mi vng m l mt giai on ca m hnh thc

Mi giai on c 4 phm vi hot ng

- Lp k hoch

- Xc nh mc tiu, rng buc v cc chn la

- c lng cc chn la, ri ro v cch ch ng

- Pht trin

Mi ng ly tm l mt c hi hp kim im

Lm hnh mu (prototype)

Li im

Va hc va lm
D i thoi vi ngi dng, li cun ngi dng vo vic
D lm r yu cu nghip v
Gim bt c cng vic bo tr sau ny

29/137
Nhc im

Ngi dng c th hiu nhm gia 1 hnh mu v sn phm cui cng


Pht sinh chi ph v thi gian cho vic lm hnh mu

30/137
Ti liu m t d n
Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n

Mc ch: (Goals) l nhng m t d n s t ti ci g. Mc ch ni chung khng o


c.

Mc tiu: (Objectives) l cc tp hp con (c th o c) ca mc ch. Vic t ti


mt mc tiu s ni ln rng vic t ti cc mc ch tng th ca d n i n mc
no.

Quan h gia mc ch v mc tiu

Mc tiu phi l:

Chi tit c th ca mc ch
Ph ho v nht qun cho mc ch
Khi tt c cc mc tiu t c, c ngha l mc ch t c

V d: D n xy cu

Mc ch:

Xy dng mt ci cu hin i qua sng Hng trong phm vi mt khong thi gian cho
php v trong phm vi ngn sch cho php

Cc mc tiu h tr cho mc ch ny:

Cu ch c xe t c ti trng ti a 15 tn

31/137
Trng lng cu cn nh hn 20% so vi cc cy cu hin nay c cng chiu di

Tui th ca cu phi m bo trn 50 nm

m bo cho 4 ln xe t chy, 2 ln xe my v 2 ln ngi i b

Kinh ph cp pht 5 triu la

Cu s xy xong trc ngy 2 thng 9 nm xxxx.

v.v...

Ch : Cha cn m t thit k k thut ca cy cu

V d 2: D n xy dng bnh vin tnh

Mc ch ca d n: Xy dng mt bnh vin a khoa hin i, phc v vic cha bnh


v chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn trong tnh

Cc mc tiu ca d n:

Bnh vin c khun vin 20 000 met vung


Bnh vin c 20 phng ni tr, vi 300 ging bnh
Bnh vin c cc Khoa: Tim/mch, xng, ....
Bnh vin c khong 50 bc s, 100 y t, 200 h l lm vic v phc v nhn
dn
Kinh ph d kin: 4 triu USD
Thi gian d kin: 2 nm

V d 3: n Tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh Nh nc, giai on 2001-2005

Mc ch d n: Xy dng v a vo hot ng h thng thng tin in t ca ng


v Chnh ph, nhm nng cao hiu lc, hiu qu iu hnh ca Chnh ph, Th tng
Chnh ph, Lnh o cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph v chnh
quyn a phng cc cp.

Cc mc tiu d n

a/ Nng cp mng Tin hc din rng Chnh ph

b/ o to tin hc cho lc lng cn b vin chc trong cc c quan qun l nh nc

c/ Xy dng cc c s d liu quc gia (C s d liu quc gia v h thng vn bn quy


phm php lut, C s d liu quc gia v cn b, cng chc, C s d liu quc gia v

32/137
dn c, C s d liu quc gia v ti nguyn t, C s d liu quc gia v ti chnh,
v.v...)

d/ Tin hc ho cc dch v cng: ng k kinh doanh, cp giy php xy dng, cp giy


chng nhn quyn s dng t, v.v...

Thi gian thc hin n : 5 nm 2001-2005

Kinh ph thc hin n: 1000 t VND

Ti liu m t d n

L ti liu xc nh ra phm vi ca d n v trch nhim ca nhng ngi tham d.

L c s thng nht kin trong s nhng bn tham gia d n. Khi thng nht v ni
dung ti liu m t d n , khch hng, ngi ti tr d n v ngi qun l d n coi
nh nht tr:

V cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n.
Ai chu trch nhim lm vic g

Thng thng, khi xy dng ti liu m t d n, ny sinh nhng bt ng kin.

Ti liu m t d n cn xem nh bn cam kt gia ngi qun l d n, ngi ti tr


d n v khch hng. Khi tt c cc bn k k c ngha l ng tun th theo ni
dung ca ti liu m t d n. Thm ch c th t iu kin rng vic khng tun th
sau ny s b pht.

- Ni dung ch yu ca ti liu m t d n

Gii thiu d n

M t ngn gn v d n

Gii thch ca d n v xc nh nhng bn tham gia chnh

C th bao gm mt s thng tin v bi cnh lch s

Mc ch v mc tiu
Phm vi d n

Xc nh ranh gii ca d n

Sn phm kt qu ca d n

33/137
Nhng g c a vo trong d n v nhng g b a ra ngoi khun kh d n

Nhng ngi lin quan chnh

L nhng c nhn hoc tp th chu tc ng trc tip ca d n.

Ngun nhn lc thc hin d n

Xc nh ngun nhn lc ch cht, cng vi trch nhim ca mi ngi (hoc nhm


ngi) s m nhn.

Khng nn ch xc nh cc ngun nhn lc bn trong 1 t chc

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng


Kinh ph

Nu c th, kinh ph c phn chia theo tng giai on

La chn cng ngh pht trin phn mm


Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh

Ghi li nhng im chnh sa so vi ln phc tho u tin

Ch k cc bn lin quan

- V d: M t d n "Gii to v Di dn xm liu Thanh Nhn"

Tn d n: Nh trn

Ngi qun l d n : ng Nguyn vn X

Danh sch Ban qun l d n:

- ng Nguyn Vn X, trng ban

- ng A (chc danh)

- B B (chc danh)

- ng C (chc danh)

Ch u t: UBND qun Hai B Trng - Tp Ha Noi

Gii thiu d n:

34/137
- Thnh ph chun b xy dng Cng vin tui tr trn din tch 12 ha. Cn gii phng
mt bng ti xm liu Thanh Nhn .......

Mc ch v mc tiu d n:

Mc ch: Di chuyn ton b dn c ti xm liu Thanh Nhn ri i ni khc, gii


phng mt bng.

Mc tiu: - Di chuyn 5000 dn thuc 800 h dn c trong cc cm dn c C1, C2,...


phng PPP, Qun QQQ

- Thi hn di chuyn: phi xong trc ngy 01 thng 6 nm 2001

- Ni nh c mi: Cc Khu Tp th Linh m, Php Vn, Trung Ho,...

Phm vi d n:

Lp k hoch di dn, la chn cc n v, cng ty h tr v phi hp v thc hin di


chuyn. Nhng dn c thuc cc din sau l nm trong phm vi ca d n

- Thuc cc cm C1, C2,...

- C h khu thng tr

- C cc loi giy chng nhn s dng t, s hu nh,

Nhng ngi lin quan chnh trong d n

- Nhng dn c thuc din n b

- Nhng dn c sinh sng trong phm vi gii to nhng khng thuc din n b

- .....

Ti nguyn d n (ngun nhn lc)

- Cng an qun, Cng an phng

- UBND Qun, phng

- Cty xy dng v pht trin nh TP H Ni

- Lc lng thanh nin xung phong tnh nguyn thuc trng H Kinh t Quc dn

35/137
- ......

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng

- Khi ng d n: thng 1 nm 2001

- Xong h s cng vic: thng 3 nm 2001

- Duyt danh sch nhng c nhn v h gia nh trong din gii to: thng 5 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 1 (30%): thng 7 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 2 (40%): thng 10 nm 2001

- Sp xp vo cc a ch mi - t 3: (30%): thng 2 nm 2002

- Gii quyt cc trng hp c bit : thng 4 nm 2002

- ....

Kinh ph. 40 t VND, c phn b vo cc thi im sau:

- Sau khi ph dut d n: 5 t

- Thng 5 nm 2001: 15 t

- Thng 11 nm 2001: 15 t

- Thng 3 nm 2002: 5 t

Hiu chnh/iu chnh

Cha c g

Ch k cc bn lin quan

n v ti tr d n

Ngi qun l d n

i din Cng An qun Hai B Trng

i din Cty xy dng v pht trin nh TP H Ni

36/137
- Ti liu m t cho d n cng ngh thng tin

M t d n

Bi cnh thc hin d n

Hin trng s dng CNTT trc khi c d n

Nhu cu phi ng dng phn mm

Mt s c im ca phn mm s xy dng

Xy dng t u hay k tha mt h thng tin hc c sn

Xy dng ton b h thng hay ch 1 b phn

Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n

Mc ch tng th ca phn mm: Tin hc ha hot ng g?

Mc tiu ca phn mm: (c gng c th ha cc mc tiu minh ha cho mc ch)

Khi lng d liu m phn mm phi x l

Nhng hot ng nghip v c tin hc ha

Li ch thu c sau khi p dng phn mm

....

Phm vi d n

Nhng ngi c lin quan n ng dng ca phn mm

Nhng hot ng nghip v c tin hc ha/cha c tin hc ha

Ngun nhn lc thc hin d n (s lng + tiu chun la chn)

Cn b nghip v

+ i din cho ngi dng

+ Am hiu nghip v

37/137
Ngi phn tch

Ngi thit k

Ngi lp trnh

Ngi kim th

Ngi ci t, trin khai

Ngi hun luyn cho ngi s dng

Ngi bo hnh, bo tr

....

Cc im mc quan trng

- Ngy nghim thu ln 1

- Ngy nghim thu ln 2

- Ngy a phn mm vo ng dng

- .....

Cc bc tin hnh khi lm ti liu m t d n

38/137
Lu

- Nhng im cn trnh trong vic xc nh d n

Ni dung khng y (c bit l cc rng buc i vi d n)


C nhng yu cu khng kh thi => sau ny khng th p ng c.
Trnh vit nhng cu vn khng r ngha => dn n hiu nhm
Kinh nghim thc t: Bn phc tho d n c cc bn k vo, nhng b
ct k v khng ai xem li. n khi thc hin d n c th c nhng thay i,
nhng khng ai c. Khng nn coi rng nhng thay i c cc bn
nht tr.

- Cng b v khai trng d n

Cng b quyt nh ph duyt d n


Hp khai trng d n

- Nu sau khi khai trng d n, khng kh li lng xung, nn lm g?

39/137
Lp tc triu tp cuc hp ngn vi cc t vin
ng vin, khch l cc t vin
Gii quyt mi t tng lo ngi, thiu tin tng, v khng hiu r v chng
trnh cng vic.
Hi cc thnh vin xem c vn g khng.
Nhc cc thnh vin phng v pht hin cc ri ro nh hng n d n.

La chn cng ngh thc hin d n

- Gip cho vic xc nh

Cc yu cu chuyn mn i vi nhng thnh vin

Mi trng pht trin phn mm

Cc cng vic cn chun b cho vic bo tr h thng

- Cn lm r nhng im sau

H thng phn cng, my tnh, thit b

H thng mng, website

H iu hnh

H qun tr c s d liu

C s d liu tp trung hay phn tn

Ngn ng v cng c pht trin phn mm

Phn mm xy dng l mt cng c tng qut hay l phn mm chuyn dng

Phn mm c nh hng nh th no i vi ngi s dng, c gy ra nguy him khng


(tnh quan trng ca vic kim th phn mm)

Mi trng vn hnh phn mm

40/137
La chn m hnh pht trin phn mm

M hnh thc

41/137
Bng cng vic
Cch thc hon thnh mc ch v mc tiu l to ra bng cng vic, xy dng cc
c lng thi gian, xy dng lch trnh thc hin, phn b lc lng, tnh chi ph, v
qun l ri ro.

Bng cng vic (BCV). Lit k phn cp cc sn phm, sn phm ph, cc cng vic
chnh/ph cn thit hon thnh d n. Mt BCV l cn c xy dng cc c lng
thi gian v chi ph c ch, lch trnh thc hin

c lng thi gian. c lng thi gian theo cc cng vic chnh/ph c lit k
trong BCV. C mt s k thut c lng c th p dng

Lch trnh thc hin. T BCV v cc c lng thi gian xy dng lch biu.

- Xc nh mi quan h logic gia cc cng vic

- p dng cc c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic

- Tnh ngy thng cho tng cng vic, c lu n cc rng buc i &vi d n. Qua
lch biu s thy r c nhng cng vic "cng thng" nhm hon thnh d n ng
hn.

Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn

- Ti nguyn ca d n: con ngi, cung cp, vt t, trang b v khng gian lm vic.

Sau khi duyt li cc ti nguyn, c th xc nh liu ti nguyn c hon thnh sn


phm hay khng.

Tnh chi ph

Bao gm chi ph cho tng cng vic v cho ton b d n.

Chi ph c tnh cui cng chnh l kinh ph cn cp. Trong khi thc hin d n, ngi
qun l d n theo di hiu qu chi ph so vi kinh ph.

Kim sot ri ro

Ri ro l mt s kin c th e do v cn tr d n thc hin nhng mong mun


c xc nh trong ti liu d n ca nhng ngi quan tm/hoc c quyn li i vi
d n. Khi mt ri ro thc s xy ra th phi lo m gii quyt.

42/137
Cn lng trc cng nhiu cng tt cc ri ro :

- Hn ch s xut hin

- Nu ri ro xut hin, hn ch thit hi cho d n

Khi nim v bng cng vic (BCV)

BCV l mt danh sch chi tit nhng g cn c hon thnh mt d n. Vic xy dng
BCV buc ngi qun l d n phi vt c ngh ra nhng g phi lm hon thnh d
n. Nu lm BCV tt, s xc nh chnh xc cc bc hon thnh d n.

BCV l c s c lng chi ph. T BCV s c 1 bc tranh chung v kinh ph d n

BCV l c s xc nh trch nhim gia cc c nhn

BCV l c s xy dng lch trnh thc hin d n.

Tham gia xy dng BCV: ngi qun l d n, khch hng, thnh vin t, ngi ti tr
d n v Ban qun l d n.

Cu trc BCV

C chiu hng trn xung. Bt u t sn phm ton b v chia n ra thnh nhng yu


t nh hn.

So snh: Chun b dn bi cho mt bi vn. Mi ch u c chia thnh nhng ch


con, v mi ch con li c chia thm na thnh cc phn nh.

Ch : Quan h gia m t cng vic v m t sn phm

Sn phm: danh t (bao gm: u vo, u ra, ng tc x l)

Cng vic: ng t, m t mt qu trnh hot ng, x l

BCV c th c phn thnh nhiu mc. Khng phi tt c "nhnh" ca BCV u cn


chi tit cng s mc. Mi mc cho php to ra lch biu v bo co tm tt thng tin ti
tng mc .

BCV ch vit "ci g", ch khng vit "nh th no";

Trnh t ca tng cng vic l khng quan trng. (Mc du quen c t tri sang phi).
Xc nh trnh t trong giai on lp lch trnh

43/137
BCV bao gm hai thnh phn chnh.

- Danh sch sn phm: DSSP (Product Breakdown Structure)

- Danh sch cng vic: DSCV (Task Breakdown Structure)

DSSP: m t theo trnh t t trn xung

Mc phn cp tu theo phc tp ca sn phm. Ni chung, sn phm cng phc


tp th s cc mc cng ln hn.

Sn phm ton b v tng sn phm con c m t bng danh t.

DSCV: xc nh cc cng vic cn thc hin xy dng tng sn phm con


v chung cuc xy dng nn sn phm ton b.

DSCV c chia thnh nhiu mc v m t t trn xung di.

Mi cng vic u c m t bng ng t (hnh ng) v mt b ng.

Kt hp c 2 danh sch sn phm v danh sch cng vic, ta c Bng cng vic chi tit

44/137
C phn DSSP v DSCV u c nh m duy nht. M s xc nh v tr, hay mc,
ca phn t trong BCV

Lu : Na trn ca BCV bao gm cc m t sn phm

Na di ca BCV bao gm cc m t cng vic ( ra c sn phm)

Cc bc xy dng BCV

Vic xy dng mt BCV tt, phi mt nhiu gi- thm ch hng ngy - lm vic ct lc
v sa cha.

Bc 1. Vit ra sn phm chung nht. Dng danh t hay thut ng m t trc tip 1
cch vn tt (v d: H thng phn mm qun l nhn s, Bnh vin a khoa, Cu mi,
....). Thng tin ly t ti liu "Phc tho d n"

Bc 2. To danh sch sn phm: Phn r sn phm chung nht thnh cc sn phm con
cc mc thp hn. Ni chung, khong 2-3 mc di l .

45/137
Bc 3. To lp Danh sch cng vic M t cc cng vic di mi sn phm mc
thp nht.

Sau phn r tng cng vic ra thnh cc mc thp hn.

Cu hi: Phn r chi tit cng vic n mc no?

Tr li: Nu mt cng vic cn lm nhiu hn 2 tun (hoc 80 gi) th nn phn r tip.

Bc 4. nh m cho mi ca Bng Cng vic.

Mc 0: nh m 0.0 cho sn phm chung nht

Mc 1: nh cc m 1.0, .2.0, 3.0 cho cc sn phm con

nh s tip mi trong BCV mt m s duy nht, theo cch sau:

- T trn xung di

- T tri sang phi

- Nu l 1.0. => nh s tip l 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ....

- Nu l 1.1 => nh tip l 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, ...

- Nu l 1.2 => nh tip 1.2.1, 1.2.2, .....

- Khng phn bit ni dung trong 1 l sn phm hay cng vic

V d:

0.0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3

1.1.1 1.1.2 3.2.1 3.2.2

Bc 5. Xt duyt li BCV

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch sn phm u c danh t (v c th tnh t i km),

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch cng vic c ng t ra lnh v b ng,

46/137
- Tt c cc u c m duy nht.

Bng cng vic cho d n CNTT

Trnh by bng cng vic theo trch nhim. V d:

47/137
48/137
Nhng im cn lu

- Cc cch dn dng khc nhau trn mt BCV

49/137
Dn dng theo trnh t, cng on

- Bt u bng sn phm chung nht, trn cng

- Lit k danh sch cc sn phm theo giai on

- Vit nt phn danh sch cng vic

V d:

BCV theo giai on

Dn dng theo phn s/trch nhim

- Bt u bng sn phm chung nht, trn cng

- Phn chia theo cc trch nhim khc nhau

- Vit nt phn danh sch cng vic

V d:

50/137
Cc cch trnh by khc nhau i vi BCV

Cng mt BCV c th c nhiu cch trnh by.

a/ Trnh by trn bng trng to, dng vi cc mnh giy dnh mu vng

Mi l 1 t dnh => d thay i, di chuyn

b/ V BCV trn bng trng to, v cho n khi no xong th thi, chp ra giy

c/ V trn giy. Khng thch hp i vi cc d n ln

d/ V trn my tnh. C th d dng sa i v lu li cc phin bn khc nhau

Trong mi cch trnh by, cui cng BCV bt buc phi in ra giy, theo mt quy nh
no .

Chng hn:

0.0 sn phm chung nht

1.0 sn phm con 1.0

1.1 sn phm con 1.1

1.1.1 m t cng vic 1.1.1

1.1.2 m t cng vic 1.1.2

51/137
1.2 sn phm con 1.2

2.0 sn phm con 2.0

3.0 sn phm con 3.0

v.v...

Cn phi vit trn my tnh .

Ngun thng tin xy dng BCV: Ti liu, v Con ngi

Ti liu:

Ti liu c lin quan ti d n: Phc tho d n, bo co nghin cu tin kh thi, bo


co nghin cu kh thi

Ti liu khng lin quan ti d n: cho cc thng tin ph tr. V d: s t chc c


quan, cc th tc hnh chnh, quy tc lm vic, ...

Con ngi: Nhng ngi c mi quan h trc tip, hay gin tip, vi d n.
Tiu chun ca mt BCV tt
Mi nhnh ca BCV c chi tit ti mc thp nht, (qui tc 80 gi)
Mi ca BCV c nh s duy nht.
Mi ca Danh sch sn phm c th hin bng danh t (v tnh t)
Mi ca Danh sch cng vic c th hin bng ng t v b ng.
Mi cng vic trong BCV, u c xc nh y
c phn hi v chp thun t mi ngi lin i n BCV

Lu : Mi ngi chp thun BCV khng c ngha l khng th thay i. Khi d n tin
trin, c th cp nht BCV, vi nhng phn xt tht kht khe.

t ti s ng thun (gim thiu s chng i)


Ly ch k ca nhng ngi c lin quan (trc tip hoc gin tip)
Chun b bn tho ca BCV, gi cho mi ngi c trc
Hp tho lun, i n nht tr v k
Kim sot cc phin bn ca BCV

Nguyn tc: khng bao gi nn vt b cc phin bn trc, cn bit c nhng rc


ri ny sinh do s thay i.

i khi c th quyt nh tr li bn gc ban u.

Cn ghi ngy thng cho tng phin bn nh s hiu phin bn.

52/137
c lng thi gian
c lng thi gian kh hn xy dng bng cng vic.
Nguyn tc: c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic nh, t c c s c
lng ton b thi gian cho d n (Bottom-up)
c lng thi gian s l c s nh gi tin ca qu trnh thc hin d
n.
Trong khi c lng thi gian, xc nh lun cng vic no quan trng hn
cng vic no, cng vic no phi lm trc cng vic no => l c s xy
dng lch biu thc hin d n

Cc k thut lm c lng thi gian

c lng phi khoa hc

- Da trn kinh nghim ch quan, cm tnh

- Nhanh v d dng,

- Kt qu thiu tin cy.

Ch nn dng trong cc trng hp

- i ng chuyn mn rt c kinh nghim, c k nng cao, i hnh c nh

- D n quy nh, bt buc phi theo

c lng PERT

Thch hp i vi nhng d n

- i hi tnh sng to

- coi trng cht lng kt qu cng vic hn l thi gian hon thnh d n

Cng thc PERT

- Cn lm ba c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic

- Kt hp li c con s cui cng.

53/137
c lng kh d nht (ML-Most Likely): thi gian cn hon thnh cng
vic trong iu kin "bnh thng" hay "hp l".
c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): thi gian cn hon
thnh cng vic trong iu kin "tt nht" hay "l tng" (khng c tr ngi
no)
c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): thi gian cn hon thnh
cng vic mt cch "ti nht" (y tr ngi)

c lng cui cng tnh theo cng thc:

(MO + 4(ML) + MP)/6

- V d: cc cng vic lin quan n lp mng ni b cho c quan

(EST: estimation - c lng thi gian lm d n)

n v tnh: ngy

Tn cng vic MO ML MP EST


V s v khoan tng 2 3 5 3.2
Lp cc ng gen 1 2 4 2.2
i dy 1 2 4 2.2
Lp cc hp ni 0.5 1 2 1
Lp cc my tnh, my ch, Hub 2 3 3 2.8
Kt ni cc my tnh, my ch vo h thng dy mng 1 2 4 2.2
Th xem mng thng cha 0.5 1 10 2.4
Tng thi gian 8 14 32 16

Sau , tng thm "mt t thi gian" cho mi cng vic (thi gian tiu ph gia chng).
Thng thng tng thm 7% - 10%

Tn cng vic EST % EST cui cng


V s v khoan tng 3.2 10% 3.52
Lp cc ng gen 2.2 10% 2.42
i dy 2.2 10% 2.42
Lp cc hp ni 1 10% 1.1

54/137
Lp cc my tnh, my ch, Hub 2.8 10% 3.08
Kt ni cc my tnh, my ch vo h thng dy mng 2.2 10% 2.42
Th xem mng thng cha 2.4 10% 2.64
Tng thi gian 16 10% 17.6

u im ca PERT

Buc phi tnh n rt nhiu yu t (nu mun c c MO, MP).


Buc Ngi qun l d n phi trao i vi nhiu ngi (t c s ng
thun)
Gi tr nhn c l gi tr cn bng gia 2 thi cc => c ngha v ng tin
cy
Lm cho vic lp k hoch tr nn chi tit hn. Nu gp mt c lng l qu
ln (vt qu 2 tun hoc 80 gi) => phi phn r cng vic

Nhc im ca PERT

- Mt thi gian (ca 1 ngi v ca c tp th), khi d n c qu nhiu cng vic. (Tuy
nhin: Th mt thi gian ban u cn hn mt thi gian sau ny)

- C th xy ra: tranh lun hng gi v gi tr bi quan nht cho cng vic => c nguy c
lm cho mi ngi chn nn. (Tuy nhin: cn phi xem li nhng ngi t ra chn nn:
trnh chuyn mn, tinh thn vt kh, ...)

- C th dn n nhng tng ton rt vn vt => lm cho Ngi qun l d n ch "thy


cy m khng thy rng". (Tuy nhin: c th dng EXCEL tr gip)

Nng sut ton cc

Gi thit l tng rng mi th u hon ho 100%

Xy dng bng "khim khuyt" i vi cng vic. Khim khuyt l nhng im c th


nh hng xu n tin cng vic. V d:

Khim khuyt Phn trm


Tinh thn thp 15%
K nng cha cao 5%
Cha quen lm trong d n 10%
Trang thit b khng tt 5%

55/137
M t cng vic m h 10%
Tng cng 45%

Nng sut ton cc

100% + 45% = 145%

T suy ra thi gian c tnh thc hin cng vic (quy tc tam sut). C th:

Thi gian l tng T gi 100%

Thi gian c lng x gi 145%

x = T x 145% (gi)

Nhn xt:

Rt n gin, mang tnh ch quan


Nhanh. Khi iu chnh bng "khim khuyt" => d dng tnh li thi gian.
Thun tin => hay c dng
Nghi ng v tnh chnh xc????

Cc bc khi lm c lng

1. Khng nh Bng Cng Vic (BCV) l tt


2. Lit k cc cng vic trong BCV, vit trong bng c lng, c dng

S hiu M t cng vic Gi Ngy


1.2.1 ........ .... ....

1. Xc nh nhng ngi cn trao i khi lm c lng (i vi tng cng vic)


2. Hp ring tng ngi
3. Thc hin tnh ton
4. Hp c nhm thng nht chung, c th chnh sa li s liu. Ghi li bin bn
v ly ch k

7. Phn pht bin bn cui cng cho mi ngi.

56/137
Nhng im cn lu

- Nhng tr ngi gp phi khi c lng, khin cho c lng l khng chnh xc

Thiu thng tin, thiu tri thc. V d: mt cng vic chuyn mn do nhng
chuyn gia k thut cao m nhim, lm th no bit c h thc hin
trong bao nhiu ngy?
Khng lng trc c nhng phc tp k thut
Khng lng trc c s ho thun hay bt ha ca nhng thnh vin khi
thc hin d n
Sau khi a ra mt c lng thi gian ri, c lng c th b nhng
kin khc gp : c tnh thu ngn li hoc dn di ra. => ly kin t vn
Sc p ca cp trn: thng mun thu ngn thi gian thc hin cng vic.
Thiu thi gian cn nhc, tnh ton. Thiu thi gian gp g, trao i vi
cc thnh vin d n, vi khch hng.
Hn hp v kinh ph => khng cho php d kin thi gian di d tho ng.
Nhng kh khn trong hp tc khi xy dng c lng thi gian: nhng ngi
khc (khch hng, thnh vin d n) khng cung cp (hoc che du) thng
tin.

57/137
Pht biu khng r rng v mc ch, mc tiu ca d n v kt qu (sn phm)
d n. nhng c lng v thi gian u ch l cm tnh m khng da trn
nhng cn c chnh xc.
Bng Cng Vic c xy dng khng tt
Trc khi c lng thi gian cho cng vic, nn xem li xem BCV vit
r rng, chi tit cha.
Vi cc cng vic gn ging nhau => c lng thi gian cng gn ging
nhau, khng qu chnh lch.
Khng bao gi c c c lng chnh xc hon ton. C gng sao cho c
c c lng hp l.
Vic c lng mang tnh ch quan. Do nu c th kt hp c vi nhng
kin nh gi c lp ca ngi khc chnh li c lng cho mnh. Tuy
nhin, nhng kin ca ngi khc ch tham kho, khng nn chp nhn
mt cch vi v.
Hy vit ti liu khi c lng. Ti liu ny l c s trao i vi mi ngi,
ng thi cng mang tnh cht mt bn cam kt (v tm l) ca nhng ngi
sau ny s tham gia cng vic.
Khi c lng thi gian qu cao
Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng
no b thi phng?)
So snh vi nhng d n tng t lm
C th thu hp phm vi cng vic
Tm cch tit kim thi gian (dng li nhng kt qu c trc y,
...)
Gim cht lng sn phm (!!!)
C gng tuyn chn nhng nhn vin k thut c trnh cao hn (chi
ph li cao hn!!!)
ngh cung cp thit b tt, mi (tuy nhin: nhn t quyt nh vn l
con ngi!!!)
Khi c lng qu thp
Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng no b
p xung?)
Tng ln mt cht (nhn thm 1 t l %), b p cho tnh "lc quan" trong khi
c lng
Thch thc nhng ngi tham gia cng vic: bt k cam kt !!!

Mt s hng dn tr gip c lng thi gian cho d n CNTT

- Chi ph thi gian ca lp trnh vin

(iu tra ca Bell Labs)

Vit chng trnh 13%

58/137
c ti liu hng dn 16%
Thng bo, trao i cng vic, vit bo co 32%
Vic ring 13%
Vic linh tinh khc 15%
Hun luyn 6%
Gi mail, chat 5%

(iu tra ca IBM)

Lm vic mt mnh 30%


Trao i cng vic 50%
Lm nhng cng vic khc, khng phc v trc tip cho cng vic 20%

S chung

Gii thch s : V d

+ Mc d vic phn tch yu cu l chnh yu trong giai on phn tch yu cu, nhng
nhng cng vic ny vn cn tip din trong cc giai on sau, vi mc t hn

59/137
+ Khi kt thc giai on ci t, khong

46% thnh vin tham gia khu kim th h thng

15% chun b cho kim th nghim thu

7% theo di v p ng cc thay i ca yu cu

12% phi thit k cc thay i

20% vit lnh mi, sa lnh c, v tch hp cc sa i vo phn mm

c tnh s tng trng ca m ngun

S tp trung n lc ca cc thnh vin

60/137
Kh khn trong vic c lng thi gian lm phn mm:

Phn mm cha lm bao gi (khc vi nhng d n k thut khc)


Kh dng li nhng kinh nghim ca cc d n trc y
Cng ngh thay i
Kh phn ranh gii r rng gia cc giai on. V d

Kim th c bao gm vic "bt rn" (debug) hay khng?

Thit k c bao gm vic v s cu trc chng trnh khng?

Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo mt vi yu t khc

Loi d n Mi trng p dng H s nhn d phng


C C 1
C Mi 1.4
Mi C 1.4
Mi Mi 2

+ Loi d n l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim

+ Mi trng p dng l c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim

61/137
Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo tay ngh ca nhm pht trin (nhm
lp trnh)

S nm kinh nghim H s nhn


10 0.5
8 0.6
6 0.8
4 1
2 1.4
1 2.6

Mt s phng cch c lng

+ Hi kin chuyn gia

+ So vi nhng d n tng t lm c s liu so snh. Tuy nhin iu ny khng


phi bao gi cng cho kt qu tt.

V d v mt c quan lm nhiu d n phn mm

(B.A. Kitchenham and N.R. Taylor, Software Project Development, Journal of Systems
and Software, 5/1985)

Thit k (%) Lp trnh (%) Kim th (%) Ngi*thng SLOC


D n 1 23 32 45 17 6050
D n 2 12 59 26 23 8300
D n 3 11 83 6 32 13300
D n 4 21 62 18 4 5900
D n 5 10 44 45 17 3300
D n 6 28 44 28 68 38990
D n 7 21 74 5 10 38600
D n 8 7 66 27 19 12760
D n 9 14 38 47 60 26500

62/137
T bng trn khng th rt ra quy lut g !!!

63/137
Xc nh ri ro
nh ngha ri ro

- Ri ro l mt s kin c th e do v cn tr vic thc hin d n theo tin thi


gian v trong khun kh ngn sch.

- Kim sot ri ro nhm ngn chn v gim thiu nhng tn tht do ri ro gy ra cho d
n

Xc nh v phng nga ri ro

- Xc nh ra nhng s kin khng mong mun c th xy ra (gi l nhng e do)

Ch : C 2 loi ri ro (e do):

Ri ro khng th d on trc (ho hon, c ngi cht t t, khng b, ....),


hoc xc sut xy ra qu thp
Ri ro c th d on trc

=> Ch nn ngh n nhng loi ri ro c th d on c

V d:

Mt n nhn vin ngh sinh con (d on trc c)


Mt trm (khng d on trc c)
Mt nhn vin c c quan b tr cho i hc nc ngoi trong nhiu thng
(on trc c)
Mt k s gii b sang c quan (hoc Cng ty) khc (phi d on trc)
Mt nhn vin no b tai nn giao thng, tai nn lao ng (khng d on
c)
My tnh b virus (phi lng trc)
Gi thu vn phng tng (d on c)
Th trng phi hp quc hi trong nhiu tun, khng ai k t trnh (d on
c)
Thay i b my lnh o, ban lnh o mi c th khng theo di d n t
u, khng to iu kin thun li (d on c???)
Hng ho, thit b v mun hn so vi d kin (d on c)
Tin mt gi (d on trc)
v.v...

Bng lit k mt vi loi ri ro

64/137
1. Ri ro "chnh tr"

- Ni chin, thay i chnh quyn

- Thay i lut php

- Thay i chnh sch

- Thay i ngi lnh o

2. Ri ro "th trng"

- Gi thnh vt t, nguyn liu

- Gi thnh sn phm

3. Ri ro "ti chnh"

- Li sut

- T gi hi oi

- Lm pht

4. Ri ro "cng ngh"

- Thay i cng ngh

5. Ri ro v t chc, nhn s

- Mu thun gia cc c nhn, cc tp th

- Gim ngi v nhiu l do khc nhau

6. v.v...

Bng phn loi nguy him ca ri ro

Tc ng n DAKh Tc ng Tc ng
Tc ng mcCao
nng Xy ra mcThp mcTrung bnh
Trung bnh Khng chp nhn
70- 90% Cao
(TB) (KCN)

65/137
Khng chp nhn
40-60% Thp Cao
(KCN)
10-30% Thp Trung bnh (TB) Cao

- nh gi (phn tch) ri ro

- Xc nh xc sut xut hin (thp, trung bnh, cao) i vi nhng e da

- M t tc hi n k thut, tin trin cng vic v ti chnh ca d n (c th quy ra


thi gian v tin bc th cng tt)

- Qun l ri ro: L vic xc nh cc bin php, phng sch cn tin hnh ngn cn
e do khi xut hin hay lm gim nh tc ng ca e do nu n xy ra.

Cc phng sch cn lm qun l ri ro:

Sa i li cc c lng thi gian v chi ph


xut k hoch d phng, kinh ph d phng
Tn dng s tham gia, phi hp ca mi ngi vo vic hn ch ri ro.
Tp trung vo kim sot nhng cng vic trng yu nht, c nh hng ln
nht n s thnh cng ca d n.
Lp bng "Qun l ri ro", c dng sau:

V d:

Tn d n "Xy dng h thng phn mm "Qun l nhn s" v "Qun l k ton" cho
doanh nghip XXXX

Cng Mc
vic nh Xc sut xy ra Mc nguy
(trong hng (kinh nghim him v
Nhng ri ro c th xy ra
bng (Cao, ca Ngi Bin php
cng TB, qun l d n) d phng
vic) Thp)
Xc
nh yu Xc nh yu cu khng r rng Cao 50% (KCN)
cu
ca th trung v ca nhn
-nt- Cao 10% (Cao)
vin l khc nhau

66/137
Ngi cn phng vn vng mt
-nt - Cao 20% (Cao)
(i hc tp trung)
C nhng yu cu v l, khng
lm phn mm c (v d: qun
-nt- Cao 40% (KCN)
l qu en, qun l quan h ring
t ca cn b, ...)
Thit k
K s thit k cha c kinh
phn Cao 20% (Cao)
nghim, phi chnh sa nhiu ln
mm
Thit k khng tng thch vi h Trung
-nt- 10% (TB)
thng lp bo co bnh
Trung
-nt- - K s thit k chnh sp ci v 99% (Cao)
bnh
Lp
trnh
- Mt nhn vin lp trnh sp i Trung
cho 50% (KCN)
lm MASTER Aust. bnh
phn
mm
- Trong thi gian ti s i chun
-nt - Thp 100% (TB)
ch Vit
- Trong thi gian ti, c th
Trung
-nt - khch hng s dng Linux + 50% (Cao)
bnh
MySQL
v.v...

- Lu :

D n cng ln th ri ro cng nhiu.


Vic d bo ri ro ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi Ngi qun l d n
Kim sot ri ro khng nhm loi b ri ro, ch nhm hn ch ti thiu thit hi
ca ri ro.
Khng th loi tr c trit
Khng phi c tp trung ht sc ngn chn v phng ri ro l tt, v c
th phi tr gi t, nu ri ro khng xy ra. Do , cn d bo ri ro chnh xc.

67/137
Lp tin thc hin
Bng Cng Vic cha c thng tin gip ngi qun l lp k hoch, t chc, kim
sot v kt thc d n ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. Cng c chnh gip bn hon
thnh iu ny l Lch biu v tin thc hin d n.

Mc ch ca lch biu:

Cho bit trt t thc hin (logic) ca cc cng vic


Cho bit ngy bt u, kt thc cho mi cng vic
Lm c s qun l v kim sot tin thc hin d n
p t mt k lut ln d n
Tng cng thc tp th: vic trc cha xong th cha th lm vic sau
Cho bit vic s dng ti nguyn trong tng giai on => Cn huy ng y
ti nguyn (ngi, vt t) trc khi mt cng vic bt u
Cho php xc nh cng vic no l ch cht/khng ch cht => tp trung sc
ngi v tin cho cc cng vic ch cht (khng tp trung trn lan)

- Ti sao mt s ngi qun l d n li khng xy dng lch biu

Li bing (Cch khc phc: Bt phi lm)


Thiu k nng, khng c hun luyn (Cch khc phc: bt i hc)
Thiu thi gian (Cch khc phc: phi thy rng th mt t thi gian lc u
cn hn mt nhiu thi gian v sau ny)
Thiu s hp tc, khng ly c thng tin t ngi khc. (Cch khc phc:
thuyt phc,...)
Khng nm c mc ch, mc tiu v cc yu cu ca d n

Phng php lp lch theo biu mng PERT

- Biu mng PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) hay CPM (Critical
Path Method)

Biu mi tn

L phng php truyn thng. S dng cc k hiu v m t bng li. Biu cha
nhiu nt trn v mi tn.

Nt biu din cho mt mc s kin (bt u hay hon thnh mt cng vic). Mt nt
cha mt m s duy nht.

68/137
Mi tn ni hai nt biu din cho mt hot ng (v d: hot ng "Thc hin cng
vic A").

Pha trn mi tn ghi m t v hot ng ny.

Ti cui mi tn l 1 cp s S-F (Start-Finish)

Biu hp (PDM - Precedence Diagramming Method)

Hp ch nht: biu th cho mt cng vic

Gc trn bn tri: ngy Bt u Sm (ES) v Kt thc Sm (EF)

Gc trn bn phi: ngy Bt u Mun (LS) v ngy Kt thc Mun (LF)

Gc di bn tri: m s ca cng vic

Gc di bn phi: thi gian thc hin cng vic

Gia hp: m t cng vic (ng t v b ng)

Mi tn: th hin th t cng vic: F-S, S-S, F-F

69/137
70/137
- Tnh ngy thng cho cc cng vic

Mt cng vic lin quan n 4 ngy

1. BS (bt u sm- Early Start):thi gian sm nht c th bt u cng vic


2. KS (kt thc sm - Early Finish): thi gian sm nht c th kt thc cng vic
3. BM (bt u mun - Late Start):thi gian mun nht c th bt u cng vic
4. KM (kt thc mun - Late Finish): thi gian mun nht c th kt thc cng
vic

- Thc hin D: BS = 5 => KS = 5

Tnh li cho BM, KM

- Thc hin D: KM = 5 => BM = 5

- Thc hin B: KM = 4 => BM = 2

- Thc hin C: KM = 4 => BM = 4

Nguyn l chung:

1. Ngy BS l ngy u tin ca hot ng


2. KS = BS + thi hn - 1.
3. BM = KM - thi hn + 1.

- th gin

KM - KS, hoc

KM - KS

Cng vic no c th gin = 0 => l ng gng (Critical path)

- ng gng

ng gng: lm khn trng, khng cho php lm sai k hoch

S Gantt: Biu din nh trong MS Project.

71/137
Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn
C 3 loi ti nguyn: lao ng, trang thit b, vt t.

- tng chung khi phn b ti nguyn

u tin cho cc cng vic trn ng gng.


u tin cho cng vic phc tp trong nhng cng vic cng c th gin

Hnh ti nguyn

- Hnh ti nguyn

1. Trc nm ngang: Trc thi gian (ngy, tun, thng, v.v...)


2. Trc thng ng: Thi gian lao ng (gi) (Cummulative Time)
3. ng ngang: Thi gian lao ng m mt nhn vin s lm vic trong mi thi
khong trn trc X.

- ngha ca hnh

Ch dng cao: nhn vin lm vic nhiu gi

Ch thp xung: nhn vin lm vic t gi (c thi gian ri)

Hnh khng bng phng => Chng t phn phi lao ng khng u => Ngi qun
l d n mt nhiu thi gian ly ngi, dn ngi => khng ngh c cc vic khc

72/137
Hnh c 1 s ch dng cao => Chng t Ngi qun l d n ph thuc vo 1 vi
nhn vin gii => h m b i th nh hng nghim trng ti d n

Nu buc phi chp nhn mt hnh khng bng phng => Phi c cch qun l:

Ti nhng ch dng cao, mi thm ngi ngoi vo lm trnh qu ti cho


anh em trong nhm
Tp trung n lc iu hnh ti nhng ch dng cao
Ti nhng ch thp/trng: tranh th cho anh em i hc, khuyn khch ngh
php, hoc b tr gip cho nhng ngi khc ang lm cc cng vic cng
thng

Cch xy dng hnh

Mi hnh tng ng vi 1 nhn cng (c th m rng: mi hnh tng


ng vi 1 ti nguyn).
Lp biu sau cho mi ngi/mi vic (da trn lch biu cng vic)

- Tp hp tt c cc biu lin quan n mt ngi v hnh .

- Gim bt s chnh lch trong hnh

Nhm to ra mt hnh bng phng

73/137
- Thay i trt t logic gia cc cng vic. (V d: quan h S - S thay bng quan h F -
S)

74/137
- Chn thi gian tr vo khong thi gian gia hai cng vic, hoc gim thi gian lm
vic trong 1 ngy (t 8 gi xung 6 gi)

- Hp ng ph vi cc nhm bn ngoi. Ch : nu khng cn thn th thi gian khng


gim i, v li mt thm thi gian chuyn giao sn phm/cng ngh t cc nhm bn
ngoi.

- Gim thi gian d kin hon thnh cng vic. (Lut Parkinson: mt cng vic s chim
trn vn thi gian d kin c hon thnh cng vic !) (Ch : lut ny khng hon
ton ng)

- Vic gin phng hnh s c kh nng ko di thi gian kt thc d n.

Cc hng dn b sung

- Nn lp k hoch s dng nhng ti nguyn khc

a. Thit b

75/137
b. Vt liu tiu hao

c. Khng gian lm vic

d. Cc dch v phc v cho cng vic (v d: in thoi, Internet, n tra, ....)

- Vic s dng my tnh trong vng i d n

76/137
Tnh chi ph cho d n
Phn loi chi ph

Tr cng lao ng (phn ln)


Hun luyn, o to li
My mc, trang thit b lm vic
i li, trao i
Tin nghi lm vic
Vn phng phm.
Thi gian
Thu thp thng tin

Cc cch tnh chi ph

- Chi ph c tnh (Estimate costs)

c tnh trc khi d n bt u.


L nhng khon tin d kin chi tiu cho mi cng vic v cho ton b d n.
Cch tnh

Lp bng tnh chi ph (Nn dng EXCEL)

M t Vn Thit b,
S hiu Tin cng, Thit Hun
cng phng ng/ vt Khc Tng
cng vic tin lng b luyn
vic phm liu

Tng

- Chi ph khc:

Tin nghi
Thng tin
i li (thu khch sn, cng tc ph, thu xe,...)
v.v.....

- Chi ph ngn sch

L phn b tin vo cc hng mc


Tng s tin chnh l bng Chi ph d kin

77/137
- Chi ph thc t

Pht sinh trong thc t thc hin d n.


Lp bng theo di chi tiu thc t, c cp nht lin tc
Bit c tnh trng chi tiu cho mi cng vic: lm chi (overrun) hoc chi cn
d (underrun)
Bng theo di c dng sau:

S Ngn
M t % hon c Thc Lm
hiu c sch
cng thnh php chi chi chi/chi Tng
cng tnh c
vic (today) (today) (today) cn d
vic duyt
( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
(4)x(5) (7)-(6) (4)+(8)
2.1.1 CV A 4,650 4,650 100% 4,650 5,000 350 5,000
2.1.2 CV B 3,950 3,950 75% 2,962 4,000 1,038 4,988
2.1.4 CV C 1,137 1,137 60% 682 1,200 518 1,655
...
2.2.2 CV F 5,804 5,804 60% 3,482 3,000 -482 5,322
Tng 15,541 15,541 11,776 13,200 1,424 16,965

Nu lm chi v chi cn d l nh: bnh thng


Nu lm chi v chi cn d l ln: phi tm nguyn nhn
V d v cc nguyn nhn tiu cc ca s tin chi cha ht: c lng sai, cht
lng cng vic km, lm u, ...

- Chi ph c lng khi hon tt

Tnh ton tin tiu v tin cn phi tip tc tiu, ti mi thi im gia chng ca d
n.

c tnh s tin phi chi khi hon thnh 100% cng vic, theo tc thc chi.

Chnh l ct (9) trong bng trn.

Dng tng di cng phn nh ton b d n

Chi ph d phng

78/137
- m bo an ton cho kinh ph.

- Thng thng: t 5% - 7% tng kinh ph d kin

- Kinh ph d kin c th dng vo bt k vic g m ngi qun l d n thy l cn


thit (trong phm vi cho php).

79/137
Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qun
l d n
S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n
S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n

T kha

Microsoft Project

Fast Track

ManagePro

TimeLine

MacProject

Gii thiu chung

Phi chn ra mt phn mm thch hp mua v s dng


Phi hc s dng phn mm sao cho thnh tho (mt mt thi gian ban u
hc)
Nn s dng 1 phn mm cho:
tt c cc my tnh trong d n
tt c cc cng vic m phn mm c th p ng (trnh dng cc phn mm
khc nhau)
Nn n cc phin bn nng cp ca phn mm
Phn mm ch tr gip, khng th thay th cho Ngi qun l d n. Nhiu
Ngi qun l d n cng dng 1 phn mm, nhng kt qu thnh cng khc
nhau. C rt nhiu cng vic phi lm bng tay v phi suy ngh rt cn thn
(xc nh bng cng vic, c tnh mt s tham bin, ...)
D liu cho phn mm phi thng xuyn c cp nht mi c ngha
Ngi cp nht phn mm: cng t cng tt. Ngi xem phn mm: cng nhiu
cng tt
Bit s dng thnh tho 1 phn mm cn hn l bit s dng khng thnh tho
nhiu phn mm
Mi d liu nhp vo phn mm ch l nhng d liu th thin, trong khi thc
t cn rt nhiu yu t khc khng m t c, khng nh lng c

80/137
Nn kt hp thm vi cc phn mm Word, EXCEL, Email

Gii thiu mt s phn mm tr gip qun l d n

Qun l cc d n nh

Microsoft Project

Fast Track

ManagePro

TimeLine

MacProject

c im:

D s dng i vi nhng nh qun l khng chuyn Tin hc

Phn nh tt vic lp k hoch d n (cng vic, thi gian, chi ph ti chnh, nhn lc)

Cn cha p ng tt cc yu cu khc di vi qun l: gim st, iu khin cng vic

- Qun l cc d n mc trung bnh

Project Management Workbench

SuperProject

- Qun l cc d n ln, phc tp

Primavera

Artimis

OpenPlan

Lu : Cc phn mm ch c th tr gip ngi qun l m khng th qun l d n!

Phn mm MS Project

Chc nng:

81/137
Lp k hoch d n (Thit k hoch thc hin d n): da trn cc d liu ban
u v
Cc cng vic phi lm
Rng buc i vi mi cng vic (thi gian, th t thc hin)
i ng thc hin d n
Kinh ph cn thit (tin lng cho anh em)
(Lu : cc d liu trn giy phi sn sng trc khi dng phn mm)
Xem tnh hnh thc hin d n: Nhiu cch xem (View) khc nhau
Trc thi gian: tng i hay tuyt i
Cc thng tin km theo s cng vic
Menu View
Xem theo Lch (Calendar)
Xem theo lc Gantt
Xem theo lc ng gng (PERT )
Xem theo tnh hnh phn b Ngi-Vic (Task usage)
Xem tnh hnh din bin thc t (Tracking Gantt)
Xem chi ph nhn cng (Resource Sheet)
Xem tnh hnh s dng nhn lc (Resource usage)
iu chnh k hoch lm vic
Thm, bt cc cng vic
Tng, gim thi gian cho mi cng vic
B tr li nhn s
Tng, gim tin lng
Cp nht tin cng vic
Xem bo co (Report)
Bo co tng hp (Overview)
Bo co theo cng vic (Current Activities)
Bo co ti chnh (Cost)
Bo co giao vic (Assignement)
Bo co v phn ti cng vic (Workload)

82/137
S lung cng vic
Tm tt:

- Cn phi xy dng mt s th tc lm vic trong d n.

- Mi th tc l mt quy nh/ni quy bt buc cc thnh vin d n phi tun theo.

- Mi th tc l mt bn vit r rng, pht cho anh em, khng ni bng li

Cc th tc d n

V sao phi p t cc th tc
To ra mt chun mc trao i, lm vic trong nhm mt cch hiu
qu
Tp trung suy ngh, hnh ng ca cc thnh vin trong t theo 1 hng
Tng nng sut cng vic (mi vic quy nh r rng, khng mt thi
gian hi nhau)
Mi th tc u phi tr li cc cu hi: lin quan ti ai, ci g, khi no, u,
th no v ti sao.
Vic xy dng cc th tc
Lu

Ch nn t ra cc th tc cho nhng ni dung chnh, quan trng (tu ngi qun l d


n quyt nh). Nn xy dng cc th tc cho:

Kim sot thay i


S dng thit b
Dng cc biu mu
Quy ch bo co
Trch nhim ca mt s ngi trong d n
Hp hnh
Mua sm vt t, thit b

M t lung cng vic

Minh ho bng hnh v cho cc th tc

83/137
Khi vung: X l. M t li, thng l mt ng t v mt b ng.

iu kin r nhnh: Cu hi, tr li "C" hoc "Khng"

V d: M t lung cng vic cho th tc "Xin cp vt t trong d n"

- Nhn vin vit yu cu a cho nhm trng

- Nhm trng k duyt, chuyn cho trng nhm Hnh chnh

84/137
- Vt t c sn ?=> pht cho nhn vin

- Vt t khng c sn ? => Vt t trn 200 nghn?

- Vt t di 200 nghn => Mua v pht cho nhn vin

Chuyn ho n cho k ton trng

- Vt t trn 200 nghn =>

ly 3 bo gi

chn bo gi tt nht

Mua v pht cho nhn vin

Chuyn ho n cho k ton trng

85/137
H s d n
H s qun l d n

H s qun l d n: bao gm tt c cc giy t, ti liu lin quan n qu trnh


hot ng ca d n.
Lu tr nhng g:

Chia thnh cc loi ti liu khc nhau

Th t trao i vi bn ngoi (th n, th i)


Cc c lng thi gian
Cc biu mu
Cc bn ghi nh
Cc bin bn cc cuc hp
Cc th tc
Cc bo co
Cc quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn trong d n
Cc cp nht lch biu
Bng cng vic
Cc ti liu khc c lin quan

- Ai thc hin vic lu tr, Tr l Ngi qun l d n: C trch nhim

Phn loi ti liu


To lp, thu thp, b sung h s
Cung cp ti liu khi c yu cu
Lu tr nh th no
Trn giy: (khng khuyn khch): T chc thnh cc cp ti liu
Trn my tnh (khuyn khch): T chc thnh cc folder chia s trn mng
(Nu D n tri rng trn nhiu tnh => Truy nhp qua Web)
Lun c mt "File list" (trn giy, trn my) c cp nht thng xuyn v
thng bo cho mi ngi
Ti sao phi t chc lu tr h s d n
Mt thi gian 1 ln, tit kim thi gian nhiu ln
To iu kin theo di d n
To iu kin thun li cho cp trn (hoc nh ti tr) kim tra d n
L c s lp cc bo co
L ch da Ngi qun l d n t bo v mnh
Chia s thng tin trong tp th thc hin d n

86/137
Cc biu mu

Ngi qun l d n cn quy nh mt s biu mu cho mt s bo co, ngh, t


trnh, ....

ngha ca cc biu mu
Thng nht cch trnh by v mt vn
D theo di, x l
V d v mt s biu mu
M t cng vic
c lng thi gian cng vic
Bn ghi hin trng cng vic
Kim sot thay i
B nhim nhn vin
D kin chi ph
Vn ny sinh
n mua hng
Theo di s dng lao ng (chm cng)
Bn ghi chi ph s dng ti nguyn thc t
Hnh ti nguyn
v.v...

- Lu :

Nn son biu mu trn my tnh (chia x v thng bo rng ri)


C hng dn cch khai (ngn gn, r rng)
Thit k thong, nhiu ch trng
Ch yu cu vit cc thng tin cn thit, trnh vit di, tha
Biu mu nn thit k sao cho d khai, mt t thi gian khai

Bo co

Bo co: l mt loi Biu mu (Form), c thit k cp di bo co ln cp trn.

Form cho bo co c thit k a dng, phong ph (li vn, hnh v, bng biu,...). C
gng sao cho bo co c th to ra trn my tnh.

Mt s v d v bo co c dng trong d n bao gm:

Biu mi tn
S thanh
Biu vic trc
Lch biu vic trc - sau

87/137
Lch biu d n
Tm tt trng thi d n
Chi ph ti nguyn
Vic s dng ti nguyn n ngy

Th vin d n, lu tr

Cc n bn ca ring c quan
Sch
Bo ch, tin tc
H s, ti liu d n
Cc th tc d n
Ti liu k thut

Cc bin bn

- L mt loi ti liu khng th thiu

- L mt dng ghi li nhng thng nht, cam kt

- Theo di v qun l cc cuc hp v cc s kin ca d n

- Lu

Bin bn cn c th, r rng, trnh s si


Ni trc tip vn , ngn gn (1- 2 trang)
Cu trc logic, hp l
Nn tp trung vo nhng im tha thun, thng nht

Vn phng d n

- Trung tm ch huy v kim sot ca d n. Phn ln cc hot ng v quyt nh qun


l d n chnh u xut hin ti vn phng d n

- Ni cung cp cc ti nguyn d n

- Ni t chc cc cuc hp quan trng

- Ni lm vic chnh thc ca Ban qun l d n

- Lu :

D n cng ln => Vn phng d n cng ln

88/137
Nn lp Vn phng d n cng sm cng tt
Vn phng d n cn c
Phn mm qun l d n t ng
Vn kin d n
H s qun l d n
Th vin d n
Trn tng ca Vn phng d n phi treo cc bng phng to
Cc s thanh (Gantt)
S t chc
Cc bn
Bng tin cng vic
Cc ni dung quan trng khc

89/137
K nng hp v trnh by
Khng nn v nn

- Khng nn

Hp khng hiu qu,


Qu di,
Khng tp trung,
B vi c nhn chi phi,
Ghi li kt qu khng y

- Nn:

Cng b cuc hp t trc


Chun b chng trnh hp, pht cho mi ngi v theo ng chng trnh .
Ghi li bin bn, kt qu cuc hp.
Mi tt c nhng ai c lin quan.
Khuyn khch mi ngi ng gp kin. Trnh vi ngi chi phi i
thoi.
Nu phi hp trn 1 gi => tm cch th gin

K nng trnh by

Chun b cho trnh by

Lu : Khng chun b tc l chun b cho tht bi

Chn ch

Thnh gi mun nghe

Ch mi m

Mnh nm vng

Phn tch thnh gi

Vng lai, t nguyn hay bt c d

Mc ch nghe ca thnh gi

90/137
Thi , lng tin ca thnh gi

Phn tch c hi

Thi gian thuyt trnh

a im thuyt trnh

Mong i ca tnh gi

Cu trc bi thuyt trnh

M u:

To ra s ch

Khi qut vn

Chng minh tm quan trng

Sp t tm trng v ging iu

Lu : Khng c c hi th hai gy n tng ban u

Thn bi

La chn nhng ni dung quan trng

Sp xp theo mt trnh t logic

n nh thi gian cho tng ni dung

91/137
Chia thnh cc phn d tip thu

Lu : Cn gii hn cc im chnh

Kt lun

Thng bo trc khi kt thc

Tm tt im chnh

Thch thc v ku gi

S ch ca ngi nghe

Ti liu h tr

Lm r

Tng hp dn

Tng n tng

Chng minh

Dng c v phng tin

Ti liu phn pht

My chiu, slide/PowerPoint

92/137
Khong 5-7 dng cho 1 slide

Ch to

Kh nng lu thng tin

Sau 3 gi Sau 3 ngy


Nghe 70% 10%
Nhn 72% 20%
Nghe v nhn 85% 65%

Lu : Trm nghe khng bng mt thy

3 b quyt thnh cng


Giao tip phi ngn t
Khi nim phi ngn t

Hu thanh V thanh
Ngn t T ni T vit
Phi Ging niTing th diKu laCht ging (m iu bDng vHnh
ngn t lng, cao, ...) thcNt mt...

Cc loi hnh ca thng ip phi ngn t


Ging ni

Gii tnh, tui tc, qu qun

m lng, cao, Cht lng

Tc , im dng, Nhn mnh

Dng iu v c ch
Mt (Mt l mt tin ca ngi nh thn th)
Mt (Mt l ca s tm hn)
Tay
Di chuyn, khong cch vi thnh gi
Trang phc

Lu : Cn biu l Nhit tnh trong mi thng ip phi ngn t

93/137
Sc mnh ca thng ip

- Lun tn ti

- C gi tr thng tin cao

- Mang tnh quan h

- Chu nh hng ca vn ha

c tnh ca thng ip phi ngn t

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***

S khc bit ca thng ip ngn t v phi ngn t

Ngn t Phi ngn t


n knh a knh
Khng lin tc Lin tc
Kim sot c Khng kim sot c
R rng Khng r rng

Lng nghe

- Khi nim chung

Li ch ca vic lng nghe


Thi lng s dng cc k nng

c: 16%

Ni: 30%

Vit: 9%

Nghe: 45%

- So snh cc hot ng giao tip

Nghe Ni c Vit

94/137
Phi hc u tin Th hai Th ba Cui cng
Phi s dng Nhiu nht Tng i nhiu Tng i t t nht
c dy t nht Tng i t Tng i nhiu Nhiu nht

- Cc kiu nghe

Nghe thng tin


Nghe c phn tch
Nghe ng cm

- Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu nghe

Ngi nghe

Nhu cu

Thi , lng tin

Mc ch

S thng minh

Thng ip

Cu trc ca thng ip

Knh truyn thng ip

S mi l, hp dn

Ngn ng, ng php

Ngi ni

S gn gi

S hp dn

S tin tng

Mc ch, ng c

Cch din t

95/137
a v, quyn lc

Mi trng

- Nguyn nhn nghe khng hiu qu

Nghe khng n lc, tp trung

Nghe phc kch

Nghe mt phn

Gi v nghe

Nhiu tm l

Nhiu vt l

Tai c vn

- K nng nghe hiu qu (1)

Nghe xong hy ni

Gc tt c cc vic khc li

Kim sot cm xc bn thn

Phn hi ng h ngi ni

Nhn vo ngi ni

Khng ngt li khi khng cn thit

Khng vi vng tranh ci hay phn xt

Hi hiu r vn

- K nng nghe hiu qu (2)

i din vi ngi ni

Ngi thng

96/137
Giao lu bng mt

- K nng nghe hiu qu (3)

Nhc li ni dung

Din gii ni dung

Tm ra chnh

Khng v on

Ghi chp thng tin chnh

97/137
Xy dng t d n
Bao gm nhiu t (nhm con), lm vic di s qun l ca ngi qun l d n, thng
qua cc t trng.

V cn n cc chuyn mn khc nhau, mi t d n c th tuyn ngi t cc phng


Ban khc nhau:

Lu :

1. Mt t khng nn ng qu (di 10 ngi)


2. Nu trn 10 => tm cch tch thnh 2 t
3. Xc nh r mi quan h "ai bo co ai":

4. Lp ma trn trch nhim

98/137
Cng vicTn Cng vic X Cng vic Y Cng vic Z ...
Ng Vn A A A A ...
L th B P I R
Cao vn C I P Khng
V vn D C R Khng
Phm vn E C
Trn th F R C P

Cc kiu trch nhim khc nhau trn cng vic

A (Approving): Xt duyt

P (Performing): Thc hin

R (Reviewing): Thm nh

C (Contributing): Tham gia ng gp

I (Informing): Bo cho bit

99/137
Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n

100/137
Cc c im ca d n CNTT
Lch s ca vic lm phn mm

Xu th

Trc y Ngy nay


D liu thun nht Thng tin khng thun nht (multimedia)
Mainframes Mng (cc b, din rng)
Lp trnh phn tn, lp trnh hng i tng, lp trnh
Lp trnh tun t
song hnh
Xy dng cc h thng th
Xy dng cc h thng ch ng
ng

c im ca vic xy dng nhng phn mm ln

10 000 n 100 000 dng lnh (SLOC - Source Line Of Code, hoc KSLOC =
1000 SLOC)
Nhiu thnh vin tham gia

101/137
Nhng chg trnh khng c php sai (v d: iu khin my bay, qun l
cc giao dch ngn hng, tnh ho n bn hng ...)

Phn loi d n

Phn loi Lp trnh vin Thi gian S dng lnh (SLOC)


Rt nh 1 1 thng 500
Nh 1 1-6 thng 1-2 K
Va 2-5 1-2 nm 5-50K
Ln di 100 2-3 nm 50-100K
Rt ln di 500 4-5 nm 1000 K
Cc ln trn 500 5-10 nm trn 1000 K

D n cng ln => kh nng thnh cng cng t.

S khng hong ca nhng d n phn mm vo u nhng nm 70

Phn mm nhiu li
Chy khng n nh
Tr hn
Vt qu kinh ph d kin
Kh bo tr
Phn cng ngy cng r => Nhu cu lm phn mm ngy cng tng

S khng hong vn cn d m n tn ngy nay

102/137
- Theo Kim tra k ton M (1979)

50% d n phn mm vt qu ngn sch


60% d n phn mm b tr hn
45% phn mm giao np nhng khng dng c ngay
22% phn mm phi thit k li
29% phn mm khng bao gi giao np

- Theo mt s ngun khc

Tom De Marco (1982) : 25% H mm ln tht bi


Copers Jones (1991) : trung bnh cc h thng tin qun l b tr 1 nm v vt
ngn sch 100%

- Mt vi v d

C quan Internal Revenue System ca M phi hy b d n hin i ha


h thng thu, sau khi chi ph 4 t USD
Bang California chi 1 t USD cho h thng c s d liu phc li x hi m
khng dng c
D n xy dng h thng kim sot khng lu ca Anh vi kinh ph 339
triu b tr 2 nm
D n tin hc ha Cc xut nhp cnh, Vng quc Anh, tr hn 9 thng
U ban Public Account ca Anh thng bo v h thng tin hc ci t ti
B Nng nghip ( qun l cc trang tri) c qu nhiu li phn mm, sau khi
kt thc 1 d n 12 triu
D n CNTT ti Cc Thu thu nhp Thi Lan: vay ngn hng th gii 41 triu
USD (phn cng) + 11 triu USD (phn mm) + 1,2 triu USD (o to) + 2
triu USD (truyn thng, in, nc,...). B nh gi l tht bi, ngn hng th
gii khng ng Chnh ph Thi Lan ko di d n!
D n "H thng in t x l thng tin ti SeaGames 22 ca VN": kinh ph
d kin 15 t VND, n thng 6/2003 chi ti 90 t VND (tp ch PC Word
B, 7/2003).

- Kh khn v pha ngi lm phn mm

c lng d n khng chnh xc


Thiu chun v o, khng nhn c tin cng vic
Khng lm ti liu tt

- Kh khn v pha khch hng

Khng hiu r CNTT


Ngh rng thay i yu cu l d dng

103/137
- Xu th tin b

Cc h mm ngy cng ln, c th ln n vi triu dng lnh, v cht lng


ngy cng cao
Nng sut lp trnh (tnh theo dng lnh) tng khong 6% / nm
Nhng ngn ng lp trnh ngy cng mnh
Phong cch lm vic theo Cng ngh phn mm pht huy tc dng
Phng php lun qun l d n pht huy tc dng

c th ring ca vic lm phn mm

Khng nhn thy c (invisibility)


Khng xc nh r th no l "xong" (conformity)
phc tp ln (complexity)
D (b) thay i (flexibility)

o ca d n CNTT

- L nhng g c th nh lng ho, nhm nh gi tin , n nh v cht lng


ca vic pht trin phn mm.

S liu khch quan: s lng gi lm vic ca cc thnh vin trong nhm,


SLOC, s li mc phi
S liu ch quan: ph thuc vo nh gi ch quan, v d: mc kh khn
ca bi ton, r rng ca cc yu cu,...

- Cc thng tin v khch quan v ch quan l b sung cho nhau.

Cc s liu ch quan l c s gii thch cho cc s liu khch quan


Cc s liu khch quan l ch da ngi ph trch xem li xem s nh gi
ca mnh, s hiu ca mnh v bi ton chnh xc cha
Nhng thng tin khch quan phn nh tin hoc tnh trng d n. V d: s
cc module lp trnh xong, s lng cc kim th thc hin. Nhng con
s ny s cho thy tin n u.

Thi
gian
Kiu Ngun ly
V d ly Mc ch
o o

o
Khi - Total SLOC (new, modified, reused)- Hng - Xem
Ngi qun l
lng Total modules/units- Total effort thng n nh ca

104/137
s tin trin
d n
- Lp trnh - n
vin- C th nh ca d
Lao Hng
- S gi lm vic- S gi my tnh thng qua n- Cn c
ng tun
phn mm lp k
chuyn dng hoch li
- Yu cu h thng (S lng cc yu
- Ngi qun - Tin d
cu chung, yu cu cha r)- Cc
Trng l- Lp trnh 2 n- n
Modules/Units thit k, lp trnh,
thi vin- Lp tun nh ca
kim th- SLOC- S lng cc kim
trnh vin cc yu cu
th
Li/
- Lp trnh Hng Cht lng
sa - S li- S cc thay i
vin tun cng vic
i

105/137
Kim sot d n
Cc yu t lm nh hng n nng sut v cht lng phn mm

Nng lc c nhn: Nng khiu, lng yu ngh, tnh sng to, tnh cn c

K nng trao i trong t, nhm

Ni mt cch thuyt phc

Mnh ni ngi khc hiu, ngi khc ni mnh hiu

Ni mt cch thuyt phc

phc tp ca phn mm

Nhiu dng lnh, thut ton phc tp, nhiu module

Ph thuc vo nghip v phc tp hay n gin

Cch tip cn h thng


Thi gian c php

Nu thi gian cng thng qu => phn mm b lm gp s nhiu li

Kh nng hiu thu vn , hiu nghip v, hiu cng c lp trnh


n nh ca cc yu cu
K nng i hi ca nhng cng ngh mi: Cng ngh client/server, cng ngh
Web
Mi trng lm vic, cng c
S o to, hun luyn ca t chc
K nng qun l
Cc ri ro xy ra

Nhng hn ch ca mt lp trnh vin mi

Kh nng din t vn
Hiu nghip v ca nhng lnh vc ng dng
Cha c thc v vic bo hnh, bo tr phn mm
Lm vic trong mt khun kh, bi bn ca qun l d n
Lm vic trong nhm

106/137
Thu thp, nh gi hin trng

Thu thp hin trng l: Dng mi phng sch xc nh xem cc cng vic (ni
ring) v ton b d n (ni chung) hin nay ang tin trin th no.

- Cc bc:

1. Thu thp cc d liu v hin trng theo nh k (1 hoc hai tun). Cng b cho
anh em bit
2. Thu thp d liu hin trng t mi thnh vin ca t d n.
3. Trnh a ra nh gi (vi v) khi thu thp d liu. (Cn phn tch k lng)
4. Lm ti liu tng hp (tt nht l tng hp t cc ti liu, bo co in t)

- Mc ch cui cng ca nh gi: Lm r s khc bit gia D kin v Thc t

Khc bit c th l xu hoc tt.

Khc bit khng nht thit l tt hay xu (tu tng trng hp c th)

Sai bit lch biu = Ngy bt u v kt thc theo k hoch -

Ngy bt u v kt thc thc ti

Sai bit ngn sch

Sai bit chi ph = Chi ph ngn sch - Chi ph thc t

- Nhim v ca ngi qun l d n: tr li cu hi

Ti sao c s khc bit?

S khc bit l tt hay xu?

C cn nhng hnh ng un nn, iu chnh d n hay khng?

Nu c, th l g?

Lp k hoch phng nga ri ro

- Da trn phn tch ri ro, lp biu sau:

M t Gi thit Xc sut nh hng Phn ng


[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

107/137
1. M t: Xc nh vn (ri ro)
2. Gi thit: Hon cnh c th lm xut hin ri ro
3. Xc sut: c lng kh nng xut hin (%)
4. nh gi nh hng i vi d n
5. Cch gii quyt (i sch)

- Cn lit k tt c cc gi thit nh hng ti quyt nh cch gii quyt. Nu sau ny


hon cnh khng cn hp vi cc gi thit na, c th thay i i sch.

- Cn c s ng h ca nhng ngi chu tc ng ca ri ro.

- Vi nhng "s c" xy ra m khng d kin c, cn ghi li nht k

M t quan trng Ngi chu trch nhim Ngy gii quyt


[1] [2] [3] [4]

1. M t, thut li s c
2. Tm quan trng ca s c.
3. Tn ngi gii quyt s c.
4. Thi gian vn c hay s c gii quyt.

Kim sot ti liu d n

- ngha ca kim sot ti liu

Ti liu l sn phm. Phn mm ch c hiu qua ti liu

Ti liu cng l cng c lm vic

Mi ti liu thuc mt loi no , nhm mc ch s dng no : c t yu cu, c


t thit k, bo co cng vic, bo co s c/ri ro, bo co ti chnh,...

Vit ti liu cng kh nh vit vn

Trong thc t: ti liu l khu thng b bi bc

Khng chuyn sang cng vic tip sau, nu ti liu khng st thc, y , d hiu, nht
qun

Kt lun: lm ti liu tt trong qu trnh thc hin d n l vn kh

108/137
- Cc tiu chun xem xt, nh gi ti liu

Tnh chnh xc

Ti liu vit c chnh xc khng?

C li no hin nhin khng?

Cc m t v ti nguyn, mi trng ca h thng c hp l khng?

v.v...

Tnh r rng

Ti liu c c trnh by sng sa, d hiu khng?

Nhng ch cn dng bng hoc biu thay li ni th c dng hay khng?

Tnh y

Nhng thng tin trong ti liu c ph hp vi mc ch ti liu khng?

C nhng im no quan trng b b st khng?

Trong trng hp mt ti liu l pht trin tip tc ca mt ti liu khc, nhng im


cn thit ca ti liu trc c c nhc li hay khng?

Tnh nht qun

Cch nh s cc chng, mc, iu khon trong ti liu c nht qun khng?

Cc k hiu c thng nht khng? Hoc c theo chun khng?

Mc chi tit

chi tit nh mc ch v yu cu ca ti liu khng?

Liu c phn no cn hon thin chi tit hn na khng?

- Mt s ti liu chnh cn c khi thc hin vng i ca d n

Xc nh, phn tch yu cu

Bao gm

109/137
a/ M t khi lc v h thng (su hn ti liu m t d n)

b/ Ti liu v yu cu v c t

c/ Ti liu v k hoch pht trin phn mm

Ch : Phi m bo nhng ni dung sau:

Nhu cu ca khch hng c din t theo mt cch thc r rng, chi tit, m
t h thng phi lm g.
Phi lm vic vi cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc chuyn mn hiu c cc
khi nim ngh nghip, hot ng nghip v
Nn tn dng nhng phn mm m khch hng trc y s dng (nu c).
Xem xt v tho lun trn nhng phn mm (v u/khuyt ca cc modules,
v quan im thit k, ...)
M t nhng loi d liu vo, ra
Cc ti liu trn phi c nh gi v thng qua trong 1 (hoc mt s) cuc hp
Thit k

Tn ti liu: Ti liu thit k chi tit, lm c s cho lp trnh

Ch : Phi m bo nhng ni dung sau:

Xc nh kin trc ca phn mm sao cho ph hp vi c t h thng


Phn r cc yu cu thnh cc h thng con
Chi tit ho kin trc phn mm (lm mn dn dn), c gng chi tit ti mc
gn nh c th lp trnh c
Thit k cc s theo chc nng hoc nh hng theo i tng
M t mi d liu c nhp bi ngi dng, cc kt qu cn cho (v d: trn
mn hnh, trn my in, ...)
Th tc, quy trnh vn hnh phn mm
M t tng n v chng trnh: chc nng, thut ton thc hin, giao din, d
liu vo, d liu ra
Ti liu trn phi c nh gi v thng qua trong 1 (hoc mt s) cuc hp
Lp trnh

a/ Ti liu ngoi chng trnh

c bit quan trng khi

Pht trin nhng phn mm ln, thuc nhng d n ln.

110/137
Phi xy dng nhng phn mm vi s tham gia ca nhiu ngi. S xy ra trng hp
mt ngi lp trnh phi g li v c nhng on chng trnh ca ngi khc vit.
Thm ch ngi ny chuyn sang c quan khc.

Vic vit ti liu cho chng trnh phi r rng bo tr chng trnh
Ti liu cho chng trnh khng lin quan n m lnh ca chng trnh.
Ni dung chnh: M t chung chng trnh, mc ch chung ca chng trnh, ai
vit, vit khi no, cc thut ton ring c s dng, chng trnh c thit k
v pht trin cho nhng h thng no, ngun d liu vo, nhng yu cu cn c
i vi d liu vo, format ca d liu vo, hnh thc ca kt qu a ra, v.v...
Ti liu cho chng trnh cn bao gm s cu trc ca chng trnh

b/ Ti liu trong chng trnh

L mt bi vit ngn t u chng trnh, di dng comment. Bi vit ny thng


cha nhng thng tin sau:

Tn tc gi, tn nhim v, ngy giao nhim v, ngy phi hon thnh


M t vn cn gii quyt
Cch tip cn gii quyt vn . M t vn tt thut ton, hoc tn thut ton
nu thut ton quen thuc i vi mi ngi. C th ch ra tn ti liu tham
kho lin quan n thut ton.
Cc yu cu khc i vi chng trnh: ngn ng s dng, chng trnh dch,
ngun ca d liu vo (vo bng tay, c t file,...)
Cc yu cu i vi chng trnh cn cha p ng c, hoc c th ci tin
cho tt hn
Cc li cn xut hin, cha g c
v.v...

c/ Ni dung ca chng trnh

Nhng kha cnh cn xem xt trong ni dung chng trnh

Cch t tn bin, tn hm, tn lp


nh l cho mi dng lnh
S sng sa ca chng trnh
Gii thch cho chng trnh (comment)
T chc chng trnh
Tnh kh chuyn

Kinh nghim thc t cho thy rng:

111/137
pht trin v hon thin mt chng trnh (c bit l cc chng trnh ln),
lp trnh vin mt 70% thi gian vo vic xem li v ci tin cc on chng
trnh c, ch 30% thi gian dnh cho vic vit m lnh mi.
Ngoi ra, rt nhiu tnh hung trong thc t i hi ngi ny phi c chng
trnh ca ngi kia ( g li, hoc m rng thm mt s chc nng)
Nhiu khi phi xem li m chng trnh sau hng thng, hoc hng nm.
Thng thng, lp trnh vin lm vic di mt sc p v thi gian, do
khng quan tm n hu qu ca nhng on m lnh sn sinh ra, min l
chng trnh chy c.
Kim th v Chp nhn phn mm

Tn ti liu: Ti liu kim th phn mm

K hoch v kch bn kim th (c vit da trn ti liu v yu cu v c t h thng)

Cc hot ng iu chnh

- Khi vic thc hin d n khng din ra theo k hoch, hoc cht lng sn
phm/cng vic cha t yu cu

iu chnh li lch biu thi gian: cho chnh xc hn


Tm thm nhn vin mi
Ch : thi gian lm quen vi d n, quan h vi cc thnh vin c, kinh ph
pht sinh)
Mua hay thu thit b tt hn, phn mm tt hn
Ch : tng kinh ph, mt thi gian anh em hc s dng
Hp l ho, ci tin phong cch lm vic
H thp yu cu cht lng cng vic (khng nn !!!)
Tp trung cho cc cng vic trn ng gng
Lm thm gi (khng nn ko di qu lu)
Hn ch ngh php (coi chng phn ng ca t vin!!!)
Khen thng/ph bnh
o to, hun luyn, nng cp nhn vin (ch thi gian v chi ph hun
luyn)
Xem li cch thc hp tc , trao i thng tin trong nhm

- Khi chi ph cho d n c nguy c tng ln

H thp yu cu sn phm (Ch : khch hng c th phn i)


Gim nhn vin: nhng ngi khng lm cc cng vic trn ng gng (ch
: nguy c mt ngi gii)
Thu lao ng r mt (nguy c "tin no ca ny!!!)
Dng thit b, vt t r tin

112/137
Rt bt thi gian hun luyn (ch phn ng tm l ca t vin)
Xem li: c cn lm thm gi?
Hp l ho hn na: Gim s cuc hp, gim cc ph chun, ...

- Khi cht lng cng vic/sn phm c nguy c gim

Tng cng kim tra cht lng sn phm


Thu thm t vn
Tp trung vo nhng khu trng yu nh hng n cht lng sn phm
Kim tra cho
Hun luyn, o to, nng cp nhn vin (c th hun luyn ti ch - training-
on-job)
Thng/pht

- Lut BROOKS

Khi mt d n phn mm b tr hn, vic b sung thm ngi (lp trnh


vin) ch lm cho d n tr thm m thi.
Nu 1 ng th cy c th cy 1 mu rung trong 3 ngy, 3 ng th cy c th
cy 1 mu rung trong .....
Nu 1 ph n c th sinh mt a b trong 9 thng, 9 ngi ph n c th sinh
mt a b trong ....

Kim sot thay i

Thc t cho thy: k hoch v thc t khng bao gi ging nhau.

- Ai gy ra/ ngh nhng thay i

Khch hng

Cc c quan/n v lin quan

T d n

Ngi ti tr

Chnh ngi qun l d n

v.v...

113/137
- Phn loi thay i: 3 loi

1. Thay i quan trng: lch biu, c tnh sn phm, ngn sch, v nhng g
c xem l quan trng cho d n. Lm thay i c bn kt qu ca d n.

V d: Nh ti tr tuyn b ct gim ngn sch (gy ra bi ngi ti tr)

Yu cu b sung thm mt s tnh nng ca phn mm (gy ra bi khch hng)

1. Thay i nh: khng lm thay i kt qu chung cuc ca d n, nhng c th


nh hng n s thnh cng ca d n.

V d: D n xy nh: Nhng pht sinh lt vt (t pha ch nh - khch hng)

D n lm phn mm: Yu cu lm thm mt vi module lp bo co (khch hng


ngh)

1. Thay i mang tnh sa cha/sa li: coi nh hoc b qua 1 im no ,


by gi phi b sung hoc khc phc

V d: D n xy nh: Qun cha i dy in thoi ngm trong tng, cn phi lp thm


h thng dy in ni (do ngi qun l d n hoc t d n ngh)

D n xy dng phn mm: Qun cha ln k hoch hun luyn cho ngi s dng
trc khi bn giao (do khch hng pht hin ra)

- S khc nhau gia ri ro v thay i

Ri ro: Tai ho, s c, bin c c d phng, lng trc

Thay i: Chnh lch so vi k hoch c ghi trong ti liu, c thng nht,


cam kt

- Lm th no khi ri vo phong cch qun l b ng? => Cn phi bit cch kim
sot cc thay i.

Kim sot thay i l: pht hin, phn tch, nh gi v thc hin nhng thay i lin
quan n m t sn phm, lch biu, ngn sch v yu cu cht lng.

- Xem xt tc ng ca thay i

nh hng ti cng vic, thi gian


nh hng ti kinh ph
nh hng ti con ngi: phi lm thm vic => phn ng tiu cc

114/137
nh hng ti cht lng sn phm ca d n

- Xt xem thay i no cn u tin thc hin trc

Lp danh sch nhng thay i


Xc nh mc u tin: cao, thp, rt thp, khng cn phi thay i
T c k hoch p ng: ngi, thi gian, tin,...

- Th tc kim sot thay i

Do ngi qun l d n t xy dng cho d n ca mnh. V d:

- Biu mu kim sot, theo di thay i

Hoc gi l "Nht k kim sot thay i"

Ngy M t Phn tch Mc Ngi Ngi chu ng Ngy


thng thay i tc ng u tin khi u trch nhim ? hiu lc
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

115/137
- i vi nhng d n lm phn mm, cn tp trung qun l thay i cc phin bn phn
mm

C bao nhiu phin bn ca sn phm


Cc phin bn khc nhau th no
Phin bn no ca sn phm c ci t v ng dng ch no
Ti liu no i vi mi phin bn
Phn cng no cn cho mi phin bn
Phin bn nhm khc phc li g

Chnh sa k hoch Lp k hoch li

- Khi no phi lm li k hoch

Pht hin ra nhng li lm trong k hoch ang thc hin


Gp nhng thay i qu ln, nu khng lm li k hoch th khng th i tip
c

- Khi lp k hoch li c th phi cu trc li mt phn hay ton b d n => yu cu


thi gian, kinh ph,...

- Lm li k hoch, tc l c th thay i li tt c nhng ni dung xy dng: mc


ch mc tiu, m t sn phm, c lng thi gian, kinh ph, lch biu,....

Cn tn dng nhng kt qu, kinh nghim c trong ln lp k hoch trc


=> c 1 k hoch tt hn
Xc nh r nhng l do, nguyn nhn phi lp li k hoch
Xc nh r nhng thay i cn c trong k hoch mi (khc vi k hoch c)
Phi c s ng thun ca Ban Qun l d n, nh ti tr (c th c ca
khch hng)
Thi gian chi ph cho vic lp li k hoch:

Nu nhiu qu: nh hng n tin d n

Nu t qu: => k hoch c th s si, tim n nhng sai lm

- Trnh phi lp li k hoch nhiu ln

116/137
Khon ngoi - Mua sm
Khon ngoi - cc vn chung

Ti sao cn khon ngoi cho bn th ba?

c c u th cnh tranh.
tn dng c tri thc chuyn gia cao cp v nhng kinh nghim thc t
cng nghip tt nht.
Dnh ngun lc nhn lc khan him cho vic kinh doanh ct li.
To iu kin thun li cho vic ti cu trc vn hnh v gim chi ph.
Nhiu c hi an ton v hp php ci tin hiu nng ti chnh.
Nng cao vic cung cp sn phm, ti sn a dng v thu nhp.

Dch v khon ngoi

a/ Thc hin cc chc nng nhn danh t chc

Hp ng vi cc nh cung cp dch v bn th ba thc hin cc chc nng


vn hnh ca t chc thay v tin hnh chng mt cch c ch .
Bao qut mt phm vi rng nhng thu xp, bao gm
thng tin li v x l giao tc
dch v Internet
trung tm dch v khch hng
dch v vn hnh trung tm d liu

b/ Cung cp sn phm v dch v m t chc lc u cha c

T chc cung cp sn phm v dch v cho khch hng qua bn th ba.


Chng hn, ngn hng c th i vo mi quan h th trng m ngn hng bn
cho khch hng cc sn phm khng mang tnh ngn hng.

c/ Vt ra ngoi cc thuc tnh ca t chc

T chc tn hiu hay ton b trng thi c qui nh cho sn phm v


dch v ca mnh thnh c ngun gc v/hoc c tin hnh bi ngi khc.
T chc cho php bn th ba tin hnh kinh doanh theo tn hiu ca mnh
mang tim nng d gy vn nht cho mi quan h vi bn th ba v thng
cp quyn kim sot gim st ph c ngha.

117/137
Ri ro lin quan ti khon ngoi

Da vo bn th ba c th lm tng ng k ri ro cho t chc, lm gim vic


kim sot qun l, v do i hi n lc gim st nhiu ca cp qun l.
Vic dng bn th ba ca t chc t ti mc ch ca mnh khng lm
gim i trch nhim ca cp qun l t chc m bo rng hot ng bn th ba
c tin hnh theo cch an ton v ng n v tun th vi lut nh.
Mi quan h vi bn th ba nn l ch cho cng vic qun l ri ro, an ninh,
ring t v nhng chnh sch bo v khc vn c trng i nu t chc tin
hnh cc hot ng mt cch trc tip.

Tin trnh qun l ri ro

Thm nh ri ro v lp k hoch chin lc


Tuyn chn bn th ba v trch nhim ngh nghip
Chun b hp ng
Gim st mi quan h bn th ba

Thm nh ri ro v lp k hoch chin lc

- Tch hp vi mc tiu chin lc ton th

Nhn din cc ch nh chin lc, ch li, kha cnh php l, chi ph v ri ro


lin kt vi hot ng bn th ba.
Xy dng hiu bit y v hin thc v mi quan h c th lm g cho t
chc.
T thm nh v nng lc li, sc mnh qun l v yu im.
Xy dng chin lc i ra thch hp v k hoch d phng trong trng hp
cn kt thc mi quan h vi bn th ba.

- Tri thc chuyn gia gim st v qun l hot ng.

Thm nh tri thc chuyn gia ni b nh gi v qun l hot ng v mi


quan h vi bn th ba.
Phi dnh ngun lc cn thit cho vic iu phi v o hiu nng.
Phn cng trch nhim r rng qun l mi quan h bn th ba.
Phi c tri thc k nng nh gi thit k, vn hnh v gim st mi quan
h bn th ba.

- Quan h chi ph/ li ch

o s n nh v tnh sng lu di so vi li nhun ngn hn hay tit kim chi


ph.
Gi cn bng tit kim chi ph vi quyn li lu di v gi st thch hp.

118/137
Phi c thm nh hiu nng theo k hoch tip din, nu khng s c nguy c
c lng thp chi ph hay c lng qu li ch ca khon ngoi.

Chn bn th ba v trch nhim ngh nghip

- Trch nhim ngh nghip nn bao gm vic nh gi k tt c thng tin v bn th


ba, v bao gm:

Kinh nghim trong vic thc hin v h tr cho hot ng c ngh.


Bn k ti chnh c kim nh.
Uy tn kinh doanh, tai ting v kin tng.
Trnh chuyn mn, kin thc kinh nghim v danh ting ca ngi u
nhim bn th ba.
Mi trng kim sot ni b v s kin kim nh

- Bt u, tip tc, khi phc kinh doanh v k hoch d phng.

- Chi ph pht trin, thc hin v h tr.

- Tn nhim v thnh cng gii quyt vi ngi thu li.

- Tin tc v bo him.

- Thng tin quan trng khc v iu khng thy c:

Chin lc v mc ch kinh doanh ca bn th ba


Chnh sch ngun lc con ngi
Sng kin cht lng
Chnh sch qun l chi ph v ci tin hiu qu

Vn hp ng

- Cp qun l phi m bo rng nhng trng i v ngha v ca tng bn c xc


nh r, c hiu r v thc thi c.

- Tnh mt v tnh an ninh

- Vic tip tc li kinh doanh v k hoch d phng

- Nhn din

- Bo him

- Gii quyt tranh chp

119/137
- Gii hn v trch nhim php l

- Khng tr c v kt thc

- Phn nn ca khch hng

- Nh cung cp dch v ngoi quc

Gim st mi quan h bn th ba

Sau khi tham gia vo hp ng hay tho thun vi bn th ba,

Cp qun l phi iu phi bn th ba theo cc hot ng v hiu nng ca bn


.
Cp qun l phi dnh nhn vin vi tri thc chuyn gia cn thit gim st
bn th ba.

iu phi tnh hnh ti chnh

c lng tnh hnh ti chnh ca bn th ba t nht cng theo hng nm, v


c lng thng xuyn hn khi ri ro cao.
m bo rng cc ngha v ti chnh ca bn th ba vi ngi k hp ng l
c p ng theo cch ng hn.
Xt duyt s thch hp ca bao qut bo him ca bn th ba.
So snh thu nhp/chi ph thc t vi cc d kin.

Kim sot iu phi

Thc hin cc cuc hp kim im m bo phm cht ti ch.


Ti tr cho vic kim nh c phi hp v kim im vi nhm ngi dng.
Kim im bo co kim nh. Theo di mi khim khuyt.
Kim im vic lp k hoch d phng tip tc nghip v ca bn th ba v
kim th m bo rng tt c cc dch v c th c khi phc trong thi
gian chp nhn c.
iu phi nhng thay i trong nhn s bn th ba ch cht c dnh cho
hp ng.

Lm ti liu

Nu t chc nh qun l mi quan h bn th ba thnh cng, th n phi lm t


liu ng n cho chng trnh gim st ca mnh.
Lp danh sch cc nh cung cp ln hay bn th ba khc m cp qun l chi
s tin ln, hay nhng ngi c cho l ch cht i vi vic ny.
Hp ng hp php, hin thi v y .

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Qun l ri ro u n v bo co hiu nng c nhn t bn th ba.
K hoch nghip v nhn din ra tin trnh lp k hoch ca qun l, v
trcnh nhim ngh nghip trong vic chn bn th ba.

Cht lng truy nhp ca dch v v h tr

Bo co kim im u n lm t liu v hiu nng ca bn th ba lin quan


ti tho thun mc dch v.
Lm ti liu v theo di cc vn hiu nng theo cch thc ng thi gia.
Xc nh vic hun luyn thch hp.
Duy tr ti liu v bn ghi lin quan ti vic tun th hp ng, ci bin, v gii
quyt tranh ci.
Hp thng k vi cc bn hp ng tho lun v vn hiu nng v vn
hnh

Khon ngoi - Hp ng v nh cung cp

Cu phn hp ng

Hp ng bao gi cng cp ti cc cu phn sau:

Ngi k hp ng ch yu: thc th tin hnh khon ngoi t ti mc ch


v l ngi ch ca sn phm cui.
Nh cung cp: thc th cung cp ngun lc v vt chuyn giao cho ngi k
hp ng ch yu.
Ngun lc: phng tin hay ti sn c dng t ti mc ch. Ngun lc
nh phn cng, phn mm hay nh ca c th c cc bn cung cp
Mc ch: l do ca ngi k hp ng ch yu v quan h vi nh cung cp.
Tho thun: hp ng nu i cng mi quan h gia ngi k hp ng ch
yu v nh cung cp, v Pht biu v cng vic hay Lnh lm vic xc nh tt
c cc vt phm chuyn giao v tiu ch chp nhn.
Trch nhim cng vic: tt c cc hot ng trong tin trnh chn nh cung
cp phi c tm tt v lm t liu nh mt phn ca tin trnh trch nhim
cng vic. Bn tm tt phi bao gm tt c cc nh cung cp c xt ti, kt
qu bn cho thu Request for Quote (RFQ), v vic kim tra kinh nghim lm
vic c dng i ti quyt nh.
iu khon v iu kin hp ng c lin quan: tt c mi tho thun u
phi c kim im qua tho lun php l thch hp v vic qun l hp ng/
ngun/s hu tr tu trc khi cam kt tng phn hay ton th.

Tho thun cp php v hp ng nh cung cp

121/137
Tho thun cp php v hp ng phi c thng lng trc cho chng
c sn khi cn ti cho hot ng sn xut.
Phn mm v ti liu c chuyn giao ra ngoi nc i hi c giy php xut
khu v giy php nhp khu hp l.
Tt c cc phn mm, nng cp v ti liu phi a qua cuc hp kim im
phn loi xut/nhp khu ca ban qun tr m bo vic cp php ng.
Nn c tho thun s dng hn ch v xc nh vic dng c thm quyn v/
hoc a ra sn phm.

Qun l hp ng

Tin trnh lm hp ng l nh sau:

1. D n xc nh r ch no i hi vic xy dng do bn ngoi thc hin.


2. Nhn din ngi k hp ng c kh nng lm khon ngoi. K kt cc pht
biu c gi b mt v gi bn cho thu Request for Quote (RFQ) cho tng
nh cung cp c th.
3. Phn tch kt qu RFQ, v chn ra ngi cung cp tun th theo chnh sch,
trch nhim cng vic thng c thc hin v xc nhn vo lc ny.
4. Xy dng bn hp ng vi nh cung cp c chn, v xy dng Pht biu
cng vic ban u c c cc ct mc v tiu ch chp nhn.
5. Xc nh cc trng i giao hng ca nh cung cp (c t chc nng, kt qu
kim th n v, etc..).
6. iu phi tin v vic pht trin bi ngi qun l d n v ngi qun l
pht trin.
7. Kim th cc sn phm cng vic chuyn giao ri chp nhn hay trnh li
sa cha hay g li.
8. Sn phm cng vic phn mm c chp thun da trn iu khon ca hp
ng v bn pht biu v cng vic SOW.
9. D n i vo phn bo tr nh c t ca bn tho thun.

Xc nh nhu cu phn mm

Cu phn phn mm c ti ch hin nay khng?


C sn phm ti ch m c th c sa i hay nng cao khp vi nhu cu
hin ti khng?
C gii php phn mm hng ch tng qut khng?
C gii php hng ch tng qut s c tc dng vi sa i no khng?
Nu khng c tt c cc kh nng trn, th phi xy dng phn mm. Nu thiu
k nng ti ch hay nhn lc khng sn c th s phi thu lm hp ng hay
khon ngoi cho phn vic ny.

Chn nh cung cp

122/137
Thit lp yu cu nghip v r rng.
Ti liu yu cu nghip v s tr thnh c s to ra bn cho thu Request
for Quote (RFQ).
Cn nhn din cc nh cung cp tim nng xem xt.
N lc qun l hp ng/ngun ti liu/s hu tr tu l mu cht lm ti
liu v nh cung cp v nh gi hiu nng ca nh cung cp.

Thng lng hp ng

V mt k thut, vic thng lng bt u khi ln u tin tip xc vi nh


cung cp tim nng ly thng tin.
iu mu cht l qun l s trng mong ca nh cung cp t u. H khng
c c thng tin ch dn rng h l nh cung cp c chn trc khi a ra
quyt nh cui cng.
Sau khi nhn c v phn tch bn d thu RFP, ngi qun l d n cng vi
s tr gip t CSIPM, s xc nh ra nh cung cp c a chung.
T thng lng bao gm ngi qun l d n, CSIPM, v c vn php lut.

Kim im nh cung cp

C hai kiu hp kim im qun l ch cht cho tng hp ng.

Kim im hp ng trn c s thng l (theo thng, theo qu) m bo


vic tun th cc iu khon v iu kin.
Hp kim im qun l cc hot ng ca nh cung cp khi thc hin cc
nhim v hp ng.

Qun l nh cung cp

Ngi qun l nh cung cp (VM) s c ch nh trong bn k hoch d n


cho tng nh cung cp c hp ng lm vic vi d n. Thng thng
chnh ngi qun l d n hay ngi qun l pht trin ca d n c bit.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi c cc th tc ti ch nh gi mc hiu
nng v cht lng ca nh cung cp trong c thi hn d n

Hiu nng ca nh cung cp nn c lp k hoch v theo di trong tt c cc pha ca


vng i pht trin d n.

Lp k hoch nh cung cp v bo co trng thi

Hp v kim im nh cung cp
Kim im sn phm cng vic ca nh cung cp
Kim sot thay i nh cung cp
Qun l cu hnh phn mm nh cung cp

123/137
m bo cht lng phn mm nh cung cp

K hoch ca nh cung cp v bo co trng thi

Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng th tc lp k hoch d n ca


nh cung cp tun th phng php pht trin ng dng phn mm ca t chc
(SDM).
Bn k hoch ca nh cung cp phi bao gm:
Ch bo hiu nng (kch c, chi ph, ngun lc my tnh)
Lch biu (ng gng v cc thnh tu ct mc)
Cc hot ng k thut
Thm nh ri ro lin kt vi chi phe, ngun lc, lch biu
Tun th an ninh
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng nh cung cp gi bo co trng
thi thng k (theo tun, thng).

Hp v kim im nh cung cp

Hp v trng thi
Cuc hp khi ng cho tt c cc thnh vin t xem xt v bn k hoch d
n, vai tr v trch nhim, th tc, k hoch ca nh cung cp.
Kim im cc yu cu phn mm vi t d n, cng ng doanh nghip/ngi
dng, v nh cung cp.
Cc cuc hp v trng thi din ra tip sau c t chc tho lun cc
vn , mi quan tm, trng thi cc hot ng, vic cn lm.
Xem nh mt hng dn, cuc hp kim im nh cung cp phi c t chc
sau khi hon thnh:
Pha lp k hoch
Pha xy dng (pht trin)
Pha n nh ho (kim th)
Pha trnh din / nh gi (kim th chp nhn ca ngi dng)
Hp kim im tnh sn sng bn giao ca nh cung cp nn c t chc
trc mi vic bn giao sang kim th tch hp hay sn phm.
Th tc v tiu chun chp nhn c xc nh cho phn mm v sn phm
cng vic khng l phn mm:
bn ghi nh bn giao ca nh cung cp
kt qu kim th ca nh cung cp
m ngun theo Qun l cu hnh (CM)
ti liu ngi dng
Ngi qun l nh cung cp a ra ch k chp nhn ch ra vic hon thnh
tho ng.
Hiu nng ca nh cung cp c nh gi theo tiu ch nh gi c
xc nh trong tho thun hp ng.

124/137
Vic nh gi hiu nng c th c tin hnh mt cch thng k
trong ton b thi gian ca hp ng, khng ch vo lc cui.
Mi ti liu nh gi nn c dng lm ci vo cho vic chn nh
cung cp tng lai.

Sn phm cng vic Khi no kim im


K hoch ca nh cung cp Pha lp k hoch
c t chc nng v giao din Pha lp k hoch
Ti liu phn tch v thit k Pha xy dng
K hoch v trng hp kim
Pha xy dng
th
Hp kim im tnh sn sng bn giao ca nh cung
Kt qu kim th
cp
Hp kim im tnh sn sng bn giao ca nh cung
Ti liu ngi dng
cp

Kim im sn phm lm vic ca nh cung cp

Vi mi cuc hp kim im, phi chun b bo co kim im v lu tr trong


b ti liu d n ca ngi qun l nh cung cp.
Nh cung cp phi c thng bo v bt k s khng tun th no bng vn
bn.
Nh cung cp phi to ra v thc hin bn k hoch hnh ng sa cha gii
quyt vn .
Ngi qun l nh cung cp theo di cc vic cn lm kt thc.

Qun l thay i vi nh cung cp

Mi thay i vi yu cu phn mm u phi c trao cho nh cung cp bng


vn bn vit.
Nh cung cp phi tun theo cc th tc kim sot thay i v nh gi tc
ng ca thay i.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi kim im vic phn tch thay i ca nh
cung cp v truyn t s chp thun cho tin hnh thay i.
S lng cc thay i phi c iu phi v lm t liu r rng.

Qun l cu hnh phn mm ca nh cung cp

125/137
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng cc th tc qun l cu hnh
phn mm l tun th theo phng php pht trin phn mm SDM ca t
chc.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp iu phi cc hot ng qun l cu hnh ca nh
ucng cp v thng bo cho nh cung cp, bng vn bn, v bt k s khng tun
th no.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng nh cung cp tin hnh cc
hnh ng sa ch nh c yu cu.

m bo cht lng ca nh cung cp

Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng cc th tc m bo cht lng


l tun th vi phng php pht trin phn mm SDM ca t chc.
T chc cc cuc hp kim im u n xc nh ngun lc m bo cht
lng phn mm SQA thch hp, cc k hoch m bo cht lng phn mm
v cc chun l thch hp cho vic iu phi hiu nng ca nh cung cp.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp iu phi cc hot ng ca nh cung cp v thng
bo cho nh cung cp, bng vn bn, v bt k s khng tun th no ca h.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng nh cung cp tin hnh cc
hnh ng sa cha nh c yu cu.

126/137
Kt thc d n
Nhp

Mt d n phi kt thc, sm hay mun. Cc l do kt thc d n

- hon thnh cc yu cu

- Cha hon thnh cc yu cu, nhng c cc yu t sau:

Kinh ph ht, khng th cp thm


Thi hn ht, khng cho php gia hn thm
Ban Qun l v nh ti tr quyt nh chm dt
Nhng l do c bit khc

- Trc kt thc d n, cn lm 1 s cng vic di y

Thng k li d liu

Thng k li cc s liu "lch s" v chi ph, thi gian thc hin, cht lng cng vic,
cht lng sn phm.

So snh gia k hoch v thc t


Tm nguyn nhn (k c trong trng hp mi s l hon ho)

Rt bi hc kinh nghim

- Gi v mt dn bi

- Gi 1 dn bi

I. Gii thiu chung v d n

A. Mc ch

B. Phm vi

II. Tnh hnh/hin trng trc khi thc hin d n

III. Tm tt ni dung cng vic ca d n

IV. Nhng im t c/thnh cng

127/137
A. Cc thnh cng

B. Tho lun v tng thnh cng

V. Cc vn gp phi trong khi thc hin d n

A. Tho lun v tng vn

B. Cch khc phc vn

VI. C hi cho cng vic tng lai

- Cc ngun ti liu tham kho vit ti liu

Yu cu kim sot thay i


Bn ghi chi ph
Phng vn vi cc thnh vin t, Ban lnh o v khch hng
Bin bn cc cuc hp
Lch biu thi gian
Phc tho d n v nhng sa i
Ti liu thng k

- Thi gian tt nht vit ti liu: liu ny: cui d n hoc hay ngay sau khi d n kt
thc. Cng mun cng khng hay.

- Ti liu ny l khng c li khi no?

Ngi qun l d n khng trnh , khng thng tin => vit ra mt ti


liu khng chnh xc.
Mc ch chnh tr ca ti liu: Ti liu khng phn nh s tht, hoc cng
kch ngi khc
Khng ph bin cho ai, hoc khng cho ai c

Kim im sau khi bn giao

- Mc ch: Kho st nng sut phc v ca sn phm v cc hot ng duy tr, bo tr,
h tr khch hng.

Xc nh xem mc ch v mc tiu ca d n c t c khng?


Khng nh sn phm c p ng nhu cu ca khch hng khng?
nh gi ch li thc s ca sn phm?
Khch hng c thc s tho mn?
Tho lun s h tr tip tc

128/137
- Cc lu khi hp kim im

Mi t vn c lp
Khoanh vng nhng ni dung cn hp bn, trnh i lan man, ci v
Cn khong 3-6 thng chun b cho cuc hp (tu ln ca d n)
Tng kt nhng im mi (sng kin, kinh nghim, ...) trong d n

ng d n

Trong giai on cui ca d n, trc khi kt thc, nn lm mt s vic:

Gim bt ngi, phn cng li cng vic


Xc nhn v cng b nhng c nhn/n v lm tt (ng vin tinh thn,
hoc km theo vt cht - d nhiu/t)
Ly xc nhn t pha khch hng (mt cch ngi qun l d n t bo v
mnh)

129/137
Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n
Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n

130/137
Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin
khai d n
1. Ngh nh 52/1999/N-CP ngy 08-07-1999 v vic ban hnh Quy ch Qun l
u t v xy dng
2. Thng t 06/2000/TT-BKHT ngy 24-11-1999 hng dn v ni dung Tng
mc u t, H s thm nh d n u t v Bo co u t.
3. Thng t 07/2000/TT-BKHT ngy 03-07-2000 Hng dn sa i, b sung
mt s ni dung Thng t s 06/1999/TT-BKH ni trn
4. Quyt nh 14/2000/Q-BXD ngy 20-07-2000 V vic ban hnh nh mc
chi ph t vn u t v xy dng
5. Ngh nh 88/1999/N-CP ngy 01 thng 9 nm 1999 v vic ban hnh quy
ch u thu
6. Ngh nh 14/2000/N-CP ngy 05-05-2000 v vic sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca Quy ch u thu
7. Thng t lin tch s 45/2001/TTLT/BTC-BKHCNMT ngy 18 thng 6 nm
2001 hng dn mt s ch chi tiu i vi cc nhim v khoa hc v cng
ngh
8. Phn ph lc ca ti liu " n Tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh Nh nc
2001-2005 trong hnh ng"

131/137
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: GIO TRNH QUN L D N
Bin tp bi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/10d828a4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Li ni u
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/16ab7fb9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Chng I. M u
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dd31f7c8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Khoa hc qun l ni chung


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e10760ce
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a0203412
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: D n l g
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/85decb71
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Qun l d n l g
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/48a313ef

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Ngi qun l d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/60d13cb8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Chng II. Lp k hoch d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/36bcf0a8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8e7e8206
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Ti liu m t d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2bb6ca06
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Bng cng vic


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9abde619
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: c lng thi gian


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/468f610b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Xc nh ri ro
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/16f382b1
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Module: Lp tin thc hin
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9e12f730
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4f0a966b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Tnh chi ph cho d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/fa450f0d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/6713319d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: S lung cng vic


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8447dc10
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: H s d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/528dc69e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: K nng hp v trnh by


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c95123b9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Xy dng t d n

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Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f9b1600b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2cfdc29d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc c im ca d n CNTT
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e2fe5cce
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Kim sot d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8b70ceb3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Khon ngoi - Mua sm


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/124bfdea
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Kt thc d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f73c3e31
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/fa140e54
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin khai d n


Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi

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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f6003014
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.

Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh


mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.

Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc


tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.

Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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