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Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
GIO TRNH QUN L D N
Bin tp bi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
Cc tc gi:
Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
1. Li ni u
1.1. Li ni u
2. Chng I. M u
2.1. Chng I. M u
2.2. Khoa hc qun l ni chung
2.3. S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l
2.4. D n l g
2.5. Qun l d n l g
2.6. Ngi qun l d n
3. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
3.1. Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
3.2. Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n
3.3. Ti liu m t d n
3.4. Bng cng vic
3.5. c lng thi gian
3.6. Xc nh ri ro
3.7. Lp tin thc hin
3.8. Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn
3.9. Tnh chi ph cho d n
4. Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qun l d n
4.1. S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n
4.2. S lung cng vic
4.3. H s d n
4.4. K nng hp v trnh by
4.5. Xy dng t d n
5. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
5.1. Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
5.2. Cc c im ca d n CNTT
5.3. Kim sot d n
5.4. Khon ngoi - Mua sm
5.5. Kt thc d n
5.6. Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n
5.7. Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin khai d n
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Tham gia ng gp
2/137
Li ni u
Li ni u
Vi s pht trin v cng mnh m ca Cng ngh thng tin (CNTT), nhu cu pht trin
phn mm ngy cng tng, c bit l nhng phn mm ln, c phm vi ng dng rng
ri, xy dng trong nhiu nm, huy ng mt i ng ng o nhng chuyn gia phn
mm khc nhau.
2. V tr ca qun l d n
Nhn theo quan im tng th, qun l d n CNTT va l mt b phn ca cng ngh
phn mm va l b phn ca qun l d n ni chung. Chnh v vy m qun l d n
CNTT s mang c cc yu t k nng cng (phng php k thut trong CNTT) v cc
yu t k nng mm (giao tip con ngi, lnh o, t chc con ngi lm vic). Ni
dung ca qun l d n CNTT c trnh by trong cc ti liu ging dy Cng ngh
phn mm sau nhng ni dung v quy trnh lm phn mm, cc m hnh pht trin phn
mm, phng php pht trin phn mm, phn tch thit k h thng, v.v... Trong gio
trnh ny, qun l d n CNTT c trnh by nh mt mn hc ring, mang mu sc
khoa hc x hi nhiu hn, vi vic b sung nhng kin thc sau:
3/137
Phng tin qun l d n ni chung
trnh kh khan, nhm chn trong qu trnh dy v hc, c th p dng cc bin php
sau trn lp:
b/ Mi c nhn t chun b v trnh by gii php ca mnh cho cc tnh hung qun l
bng bi vit
c/ Tho lun tp th trong tng nhm hc vin xy dng gii php ca nhm
d/ i din ca tng nhm trnh by gii php ca nhm cho ton lp v c lp tho
lun ng gp kin
e/ Nhng ni dung trao i, tho lun c ly t thc t ca th gii v Vit Nam trong
lnh vc qun l d n.
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Chng I. M u
Chng I. M u
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Khoa hc qun l ni chung
Khoa hc qun l ni chung
=> C mc tiu cn t c
V sao cn qun l: t mc ch theo cch tt nht trong hon cnh mi trng lun
bin ng v ngun lc hn ch. Qun l to ra gi tr gia tng ca 1 t chc.
V d:
i
Ch th Mc tiu cn t
tng Mi trng (c th bin ng)
Q/l c
Q/l
Qun l
sn xut
trong
mt nh
my
- Ban Cn
- Tng nng sut lao - iu kin lm vic trong nh my- iu
Gim b,
ng- H gi thnh kin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnh
c cng
sn phm=> Quy ra hnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nh
(ng nhn,
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u l
nhn cc ch tiu, con s hng ca th gii- nh hng ca t
Gim
vin c th nhin, kh hu
c)
Qun l
hc tp
trong
trng
hc
Ban
Gim - iu kin dy, hc trong trng- iu
- Gio
hiu Dy ttHc tt(Quy kin sinh hot, i li trong thnh ph- Tnh
vin-
(ng ra cc ch tiu, con hnh chnh tr, x hi ca nh nc- nh
Sinh
u l s c th) hng ca th gii- nh hng ca t
vin
Hiu nhin, kh hu
trng)
7/137
Thng tin hot ngThng tin iu khin
- Ch th qun l: to ra cc tc ng qun l
c. C s trao i thng tin nhiu chiu. Ch th qun l phi thu nhn thng tin t nhiu
ngun khc nhau
- Qun l c quan hnh chnh qun l doanh nghip qun l trng hc qun l
d n
- Qun l d n A Qun l d n B
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- Qun l l s tc ng n con ngi, m con ngi th rt phc tp. i hi ngi
qun l phi kho lo, linh hot
Qun l l mt khoa hc
V sao l khoa hc
- Vn dng nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc, cng ngh trong qun l: cc phng php
d bo, tm l hc, tin hc
Qun l l mt ngh
V sao l mt ngh
- Phi hc mi lm c
- Mun thc hnh c, phi c c nhiu yu t ban u: cch hc, chng trnh hc,
nng khiu ngh nghip, ...)
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S lc v s pht trin cc t tng qun l
Hot ng qun l c t rt lu, nhng khoa hc qun l li rt mi m. C tn ti
nhiu ch thuyt khc nhau v qun l.
- Khng t: c tr
- Hn Phi T: Php tr
- Quy trnh lao ng hp l, khng trng lp, tn t sc, nng sut cao
- Chuyn mn ho lao ng
10/137
L thuyt "qun l hnh chnh - t chc"
P: Planning - Lp k hoch
D: Directing - Ch o
- Cc nguyn tc qun l
- Cc nguyn tc ra quyt nh
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Mt vi t tng qun l ca x hi ng i (t 1960 n nay)
Nht Chu u
- Lm vic sut i - Lm vic theo hp ng, c thi hn
- nh gi v bt chm - nh gi v bt nhanh
- Cng nhn a nng - Cng nhn c chuyn mn ho
- C ch kim tra gin tip - C ch kim tra trc tip
- Quyt nh tp th - Quyt nh c nhn
- Trch nhim tp th - Trch nhim c nhn
- Quyn li ton cc - Quyn li ring
T duy v qun l theo d n pht trin mnh trong thi k ph cp cng ngh thng tin,
khi m mi trng kinh t tr thnh ton cu v mang tnh bin chuyn khng ngng.
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D n l g
Khi nim v d n
=> Phi c t nht 1 con s, ni ln kinh ph cho php thc hin cng vic
=> Phi m t c r rng kt qu (output) ca cng vic. Sau khi kt thc cng vic,
phi c c ci g, vi nhng c tnh/c im g, gi tr s dng nh th no, hiu
qu ra lm sao?
=> Phi c 1 khon tin cp cho D n thc hin. Ngi (hoc n v) cp tin gi l
ch u t
=> Phi c mt t chc cht ch theo di v thu thp mi thng tin pht sinh trong qu
trnh thc hin d n gip cho cc cp lnh o v t d n theo di st sao vic thc
hin d n
V d
Cc tnh cht ca d n
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Lm vic trong mt kinh
Lm vic theo k hoch trong mt chi ph c cp
ph thng xuyn hng nm
B hu nu khng p ng mc tiu, yu cu Phi m bo lm lu di
Chi ph hng nm c tnh
Ngy kt thc v chi ph c tnh theo d kin v ph
da trn kinh nghim trong
thuc vo s qun l
qu kh
V d:
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n ngy cui cng (nu tip tc na cng khng cn ngha)
15/137
Qun l d n l g
Qun l d n l g
Lch s s lc
- Vic qun l d n c t thi xa: trong chin tranh, xy dng Kim t thp v cc
k quan th gii....
- Henry Gantt (u th k 20), a ra khi nim s Gantt => Qun l cng vic theo
thi gian
- Cui nhng nm 50': PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) v CPM
(Critical Path Method) => qun l cng vic trn nhng rng buc khc ( u tin,
kinh ph, ...)
- Sau ny, l lun v QLDA c b sung thm nhng tng v t chc, kim sot,
s dng ti nguyn (nhn mnh n tnh cht x hi ca khoa hc QLDA)
C th thm y hnh v s phn bit chc nng cng vic ca ngi qun l d
n v ngi qun l chuyn mn nghip v.
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(1)- (3): Qun l b ng
V d:
- (1) Sau khi vch k hoch ri, ph mc cho anh em thc hin, khng quan tm theo
di. Khi c chuyn g xy ra mi ngh cch i ph.
- (2) Mt ti nghin cu khoa hc: Khng c sng kin mi, c quanh qun vi cc
phng php c, cng ngh c
(4): Qun l ch ng, tch cc. Sut qu trnh thc hin d n khng b ng v kinh
ph, nhn lc v tin m bo (l tng).
Hu qu ca qun l d n th ng
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Tinh thn lm vic trong d n khng ci m, hp tc
Nng sut thp, cng vic khng chy
Ri lon trong iu hnh
Khng s dng hiu qu ngun ti nguyn, nhn lc
B ng trc nhng thay i: yu cu ca khch hng, bin ng v nhn s,
=> dn n tnh trng "ngi qun l d n b d n qun l" (the changes
manage the project managers, rather than the project managers managing the
changes)
H s d n km cht lng
Ni chung => d n b chm tin , tiu vt qu kinh ph. Cht lng d n
khng m bo, cht lng kh nghi.
Linh hot, mm do
V d:
V d:
- D n xy nh
Mc ch: xy nh p
- D n lm phn mm
Mc ch: c phn mm p ng yu cu
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- K hoch khng phi l kt qu ca mt nhm ngi khn ngoan, c chn la,
nhng ngi c tri ph cho cc nng lc c bit.
- Nhng ngi tham gia d n phi ng gp tch cc cho k hoch, trnh thi th
ng.
- Trnh nhng thi chng i, khng chp nhn hay khng tun th.
V d:
- D n phn mm:
- D n xy dng:
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Ngi qun l d n
Bng phn vai trong d n
Thc t Vit Nam: thng thng Ngi qun l d n l ngi ph trch ban iu l
hnh (cn gi Ban qun l d n)z
Cc tiu chun cn c
Kin thc k thut
C chuyn mn c bit g phc v d n?
c kinh nghim vi d n tng t no cha?
Hin c tham gia d n no khc khng?
Nu c th khi no kt thc?
C th dnh bao nhiu thi gian cho d n?
Khi lng cng vic chuyn mn hin nay ca ngi ? c th gim bt? d
on thi gian ti? C th tham gia sut qu trnh d n c khng?
C hng hi tham gia nhm d n khng?
C truyn thng lm vic vi hiu qu cao khng?
C ngn np v qun l thi gian tt khng?
C tinh thn trch nhim khng?
C tinh thn hp tc khng?
Th trng ca ngi c ng h khng?
Nhng iu nn trnh
Tuyn chn nhng ngi ging mnh
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Thiu ngi c sng kin hay ham hc hi
Hiu lm ni dung ca d n
Trch nhim khng r rng
Quyn hn khng r rng
Phn vic khng u, khng r rng
Khng xc nh c nhng ngi lin quan n d n
Mc tiu chung khng r
Thng tin khng thng sut
Thnh vin thiu tin tng nhau - nghi k nhau
quyn Li c nhn ca thnh vin khng ph hp vi cng vic ca d n
Khng cam kt thc hin k hoch
Khng c tinh thn ng i
Khng quan tm ti cht lng cng vic
Ni v ngi qun l d n
Nm vng nhng ni dung bao qut chung v cng vic, cu trc phn vic,
lch biu v ngn sch.
Trao i vi cc anh em
H tr cho mi ngi
Xy dng tp th vng mnh, bng nhiu cch, bao gm:
21/137
Lm pht sinh lng nhit tnh
Trao i vi anh em
22/137
c th tr thnh ly lan sang nhng ngi tham d khc, lm cho nng sut c
th b gim.
u tu, gng mu, li cun. Ngi qun l d n cn c kh nng lm cho
mi ngi tham d vo d n v duy tr s tham d cho ti khi t c cc
mc ch v mc tiu. Nu ngi qun l d n khng th ng vin c anh
em th c nhm s khng thc hin tt cng vic
Trung thc. Nu ngi qun l d n khng t v mt ny, th vic qun l d
n s rt kh khn. S tin tng s b suy gim, gy n tng khng tt ca anh
em.
Nht qun. Ngi qun l d n khng th i chch tm nhn, ngoi tr nhng
hon cnh bt kh khng. Ngi qun l d n phi ra cc quyt nh t ti
cc mc ch v mc tiu d n. Tnh nht qun nui dng cho s n nh v
lm cho nhng ngi tham d thch ng vi hon cnh thay i. Vic thiu
nht qun hay dn n s bt ng.
Tm nhn xa trng rng. Ngi qun l d n phi c kh nng thy kt qu
cui cng, cho d n khng r rng trong nim ca nhng ngi khc. H
phi c kh nng hnh dung d n i ti u v bo m mi th xy ra t
ti tm nhn d n.
Phn ng tch cc. Ngi qun l d n khng i cho s vic xy ra ri mi
hnh ng. Phi a ra sng kin gi cho d n tin ln theo k hoch. Phi
chp nhn phc tp v s thay i. (Cha kho l qun l thay i ch khng
phi phn ng th ng).
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cp cao, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu chung
cp trung gian, cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc mc tiu c th, cc vn
chuyn mn, cng ngh
cp thp, cc quyt nh lin quan trc tip n s ch o thc hin v
nghip v trong hot ng
V d:
Qun l sn xut
Qun l trng i hc
V d:
V d:
V d:
V d:
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Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
Chng II. Lp k hoch d n
25/137
Xc nh vai tr trch nhim trong d n
n v ti tr d n
Cp tin cho d n hot ng, ph duyt d n, quyt nh cho d n i tip hay cho
cht gia chng.
Khch hng
Pht biu yu cu
H tr cho t d n thng tin m bo thnh cng
Xt duyt, nghim thu v k nhn sn phm bn giao
26/137
T chuyn mn
Cung cp thng tin lp k hoch thc hin d n, cc cng vic phi lm,
cc sn phm chuyn giao, v cc c lng
Hon thnh cc cng vic nh c xc nh trong bn k hoch d n
Bo co hin trng cho ngi qun l d n
Xc nh nhng thay i ngay khi xut hin
Mt vi hng dn tr gip
+ Chuyn mn: Kinh nghim v cng vic (phn tch, pht trin/lp trnh, bo tr, ...)
+ T chc: Kinh nghim v t chc lm phn mm v phng php lun pht trin
V d:
- Thnh phn, c cu
Loi D n Mi trng pht trin phn mm % ngi lnh ngh % phn tch vin
C C 25-33 25-33
C Mi 33-50 25-33
27/137
Mi C 33-50 33-50
Mi Mi 50-67 33-50
+ Ngi lnh ngh l ngi c trn 5 nm kinh nghim trong cc cng vic lin quan
n pht trin phn mm
+ Phn tch vin l nhng ngi c hc v tng hun luyn ngi khc v vic
xc nh bi ton v tm gii php cho ng dng.
M hnh ng xon c
28/137
Mi vng m l mt giai on ca m hnh thc
- Lp k hoch
- Pht trin
Mi ng ly tm l mt c hi hp kim im
Lm hnh mu (prototype)
Li im
Va hc va lm
D i thoi vi ngi dng, li cun ngi dng vo vic
D lm r yu cu nghip v
Gim bt c cng vic bo tr sau ny
29/137
Nhc im
30/137
Ti liu m t d n
Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n
Mc tiu phi l:
Chi tit c th ca mc ch
Ph ho v nht qun cho mc ch
Khi tt c cc mc tiu t c, c ngha l mc ch t c
V d: D n xy cu
Mc ch:
Xy dng mt ci cu hin i qua sng Hng trong phm vi mt khong thi gian cho
php v trong phm vi ngn sch cho php
Cu ch c xe t c ti trng ti a 15 tn
31/137
Trng lng cu cn nh hn 20% so vi cc cy cu hin nay c cng chiu di
v.v...
Cc mc tiu ca d n:
Cc mc tiu d n
32/137
dn c, C s d liu quc gia v ti nguyn t, C s d liu quc gia v ti chnh,
v.v...)
Ti liu m t d n
L c s thng nht kin trong s nhng bn tham gia d n. Khi thng nht v ni
dung ti liu m t d n , khch hng, ngi ti tr d n v ngi qun l d n coi
nh nht tr:
V cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n.
Ai chu trch nhim lm vic g
- Ni dung ch yu ca ti liu m t d n
Gii thiu d n
M t ngn gn v d n
Mc ch v mc tiu
Phm vi d n
Xc nh ranh gii ca d n
Sn phm kt qu ca d n
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Nhng g c a vo trong d n v nhng g b a ra ngoi khun kh d n
Ch k cc bn lin quan
Tn d n: Nh trn
- ng A (chc danh)
- B B (chc danh)
- ng C (chc danh)
Gii thiu d n:
34/137
- Thnh ph chun b xy dng Cng vin tui tr trn din tch 12 ha. Cn gii phng
mt bng ti xm liu Thanh Nhn .......
Mc ch v mc tiu d n:
Phm vi d n:
- C h khu thng tr
- Nhng dn c sinh sng trong phm vi gii to nhng khng thuc din n b
- .....
- Lc lng thanh nin xung phong tnh nguyn thuc trng H Kinh t Quc dn
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- ......
- Duyt danh sch nhng c nhn v h gia nh trong din gii to: thng 5 nm 2001
- ....
- Thng 5 nm 2001: 15 t
- Thng 11 nm 2001: 15 t
- Thng 3 nm 2002: 5 t
Cha c g
Ch k cc bn lin quan
n v ti tr d n
Ngi qun l d n
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- Ti liu m t cho d n cng ngh thng tin
M t d n
Mt s c im ca phn mm s xy dng
Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n
....
Phm vi d n
Cn b nghip v
+ Am hiu nghip v
37/137
Ngi phn tch
Ngi thit k
Ngi lp trnh
Ngi kim th
Ngi bo hnh, bo tr
....
Cc im mc quan trng
- .....
38/137
Lu
39/137
Lp tc triu tp cuc hp ngn vi cc t vin
ng vin, khch l cc t vin
Gii quyt mi t tng lo ngi, thiu tin tng, v khng hiu r v chng
trnh cng vic.
Hi cc thnh vin xem c vn g khng.
Nhc cc thnh vin phng v pht hin cc ri ro nh hng n d n.
- Cn lm r nhng im sau
H iu hnh
H qun tr c s d liu
40/137
La chn m hnh pht trin phn mm
M hnh thc
41/137
Bng cng vic
Cch thc hon thnh mc ch v mc tiu l to ra bng cng vic, xy dng cc
c lng thi gian, xy dng lch trnh thc hin, phn b lc lng, tnh chi ph, v
qun l ri ro.
Bng cng vic (BCV). Lit k phn cp cc sn phm, sn phm ph, cc cng vic
chnh/ph cn thit hon thnh d n. Mt BCV l cn c xy dng cc c lng
thi gian v chi ph c ch, lch trnh thc hin
c lng thi gian. c lng thi gian theo cc cng vic chnh/ph c lit k
trong BCV. C mt s k thut c lng c th p dng
Lch trnh thc hin. T BCV v cc c lng thi gian xy dng lch biu.
- Tnh ngy thng cho tng cng vic, c lu n cc rng buc i &vi d n. Qua
lch biu s thy r c nhng cng vic "cng thng" nhm hon thnh d n ng
hn.
Tnh chi ph
Chi ph c tnh cui cng chnh l kinh ph cn cp. Trong khi thc hin d n, ngi
qun l d n theo di hiu qu chi ph so vi kinh ph.
Kim sot ri ro
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Cn lng trc cng nhiu cng tt cc ri ro :
- Hn ch s xut hin
BCV l mt danh sch chi tit nhng g cn c hon thnh mt d n. Vic xy dng
BCV buc ngi qun l d n phi vt c ngh ra nhng g phi lm hon thnh d
n. Nu lm BCV tt, s xc nh chnh xc cc bc hon thnh d n.
Tham gia xy dng BCV: ngi qun l d n, khch hng, thnh vin t, ngi ti tr
d n v Ban qun l d n.
Cu trc BCV
Trnh t ca tng cng vic l khng quan trng. (Mc du quen c t tri sang phi).
Xc nh trnh t trong giai on lp lch trnh
43/137
BCV bao gm hai thnh phn chnh.
Kt hp c 2 danh sch sn phm v danh sch cng vic, ta c Bng cng vic chi tit
44/137
C phn DSSP v DSCV u c nh m duy nht. M s xc nh v tr, hay mc,
ca phn t trong BCV
Cc bc xy dng BCV
Vic xy dng mt BCV tt, phi mt nhiu gi- thm ch hng ngy - lm vic ct lc
v sa cha.
Bc 1. Vit ra sn phm chung nht. Dng danh t hay thut ng m t trc tip 1
cch vn tt (v d: H thng phn mm qun l nhn s, Bnh vin a khoa, Cu mi,
....). Thng tin ly t ti liu "Phc tho d n"
Bc 2. To danh sch sn phm: Phn r sn phm chung nht thnh cc sn phm con
cc mc thp hn. Ni chung, khong 2-3 mc di l .
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Bc 3. To lp Danh sch cng vic M t cc cng vic di mi sn phm mc
thp nht.
- T trn xung di
V d:
0.0
Bc 5. Xt duyt li BCV
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- Tt c cc u c m duy nht.
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48/137
Nhng im cn lu
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Dn dng theo trnh t, cng on
V d:
V d:
50/137
Cc cch trnh by khc nhau i vi BCV
a/ Trnh by trn bng trng to, dng vi cc mnh giy dnh mu vng
b/ V BCV trn bng trng to, v cho n khi no xong th thi, chp ra giy
Trong mi cch trnh by, cui cng BCV bt buc phi in ra giy, theo mt quy nh
no .
Chng hn:
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1.2 sn phm con 1.2
v.v...
Ti liu:
Con ngi: Nhng ngi c mi quan h trc tip, hay gin tip, vi d n.
Tiu chun ca mt BCV tt
Mi nhnh ca BCV c chi tit ti mc thp nht, (qui tc 80 gi)
Mi ca BCV c nh s duy nht.
Mi ca Danh sch sn phm c th hin bng danh t (v tnh t)
Mi ca Danh sch cng vic c th hin bng ng t v b ng.
Mi cng vic trong BCV, u c xc nh y
c phn hi v chp thun t mi ngi lin i n BCV
Lu : Mi ngi chp thun BCV khng c ngha l khng th thay i. Khi d n tin
trin, c th cp nht BCV, vi nhng phn xt tht kht khe.
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c lng thi gian
c lng thi gian kh hn xy dng bng cng vic.
Nguyn tc: c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic nh, t c c s c
lng ton b thi gian cho d n (Bottom-up)
c lng thi gian s l c s nh gi tin ca qu trnh thc hin d
n.
Trong khi c lng thi gian, xc nh lun cng vic no quan trng hn
cng vic no, cng vic no phi lm trc cng vic no => l c s xy
dng lch biu thc hin d n
- Nhanh v d dng,
c lng PERT
Thch hp i vi nhng d n
- i hi tnh sng to
- coi trng cht lng kt qu cng vic hn l thi gian hon thnh d n
53/137
c lng kh d nht (ML-Most Likely): thi gian cn hon thnh cng
vic trong iu kin "bnh thng" hay "hp l".
c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): thi gian cn hon
thnh cng vic trong iu kin "tt nht" hay "l tng" (khng c tr ngi
no)
c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): thi gian cn hon thnh
cng vic mt cch "ti nht" (y tr ngi)
n v tnh: ngy
Sau , tng thm "mt t thi gian" cho mi cng vic (thi gian tiu ph gia chng).
Thng thng tng thm 7% - 10%
54/137
Lp cc my tnh, my ch, Hub 2.8 10% 3.08
Kt ni cc my tnh, my ch vo h thng dy mng 2.2 10% 2.42
Th xem mng thng cha 2.4 10% 2.64
Tng thi gian 16 10% 17.6
u im ca PERT
Nhc im ca PERT
- Mt thi gian (ca 1 ngi v ca c tp th), khi d n c qu nhiu cng vic. (Tuy
nhin: Th mt thi gian ban u cn hn mt thi gian sau ny)
- C th xy ra: tranh lun hng gi v gi tr bi quan nht cho cng vic => c nguy c
lm cho mi ngi chn nn. (Tuy nhin: cn phi xem li nhng ngi t ra chn nn:
trnh chuyn mn, tinh thn vt kh, ...)
55/137
M t cng vic m h 10%
Tng cng 45%
T suy ra thi gian c tnh thc hin cng vic (quy tc tam sut). C th:
x = T x 145% (gi)
Nhn xt:
Cc bc khi lm c lng
56/137
Nhng im cn lu
- Nhng tr ngi gp phi khi c lng, khin cho c lng l khng chnh xc
Thiu thng tin, thiu tri thc. V d: mt cng vic chuyn mn do nhng
chuyn gia k thut cao m nhim, lm th no bit c h thc hin
trong bao nhiu ngy?
Khng lng trc c nhng phc tp k thut
Khng lng trc c s ho thun hay bt ha ca nhng thnh vin khi
thc hin d n
Sau khi a ra mt c lng thi gian ri, c lng c th b nhng
kin khc gp : c tnh thu ngn li hoc dn di ra. => ly kin t vn
Sc p ca cp trn: thng mun thu ngn thi gian thc hin cng vic.
Thiu thi gian cn nhc, tnh ton. Thiu thi gian gp g, trao i vi
cc thnh vin d n, vi khch hng.
Hn hp v kinh ph => khng cho php d kin thi gian di d tho ng.
Nhng kh khn trong hp tc khi xy dng c lng thi gian: nhng ngi
khc (khch hng, thnh vin d n) khng cung cp (hoc che du) thng
tin.
57/137
Pht biu khng r rng v mc ch, mc tiu ca d n v kt qu (sn phm)
d n. nhng c lng v thi gian u ch l cm tnh m khng da trn
nhng cn c chnh xc.
Bng Cng Vic c xy dng khng tt
Trc khi c lng thi gian cho cng vic, nn xem li xem BCV vit
r rng, chi tit cha.
Vi cc cng vic gn ging nhau => c lng thi gian cng gn ging
nhau, khng qu chnh lch.
Khng bao gi c c c lng chnh xc hon ton. C gng sao cho c
c c lng hp l.
Vic c lng mang tnh ch quan. Do nu c th kt hp c vi nhng
kin nh gi c lp ca ngi khc chnh li c lng cho mnh. Tuy
nhin, nhng kin ca ngi khc ch tham kho, khng nn chp nhn
mt cch vi v.
Hy vit ti liu khi c lng. Ti liu ny l c s trao i vi mi ngi,
ng thi cng mang tnh cht mt bn cam kt (v tm l) ca nhng ngi
sau ny s tham gia cng vic.
Khi c lng thi gian qu cao
Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng
no b thi phng?)
So snh vi nhng d n tng t lm
C th thu hp phm vi cng vic
Tm cch tit kim thi gian (dng li nhng kt qu c trc y,
...)
Gim cht lng sn phm (!!!)
C gng tuyn chn nhng nhn vin k thut c trnh cao hn (chi
ph li cao hn!!!)
ngh cung cp thit b tt, mi (tuy nhin: nhn t quyt nh vn l
con ngi!!!)
Khi c lng qu thp
Kim chng li khng nh tnh hp l ca c lng (c c lng no b
p xung?)
Tng ln mt cht (nhn thm 1 t l %), b p cho tnh "lc quan" trong khi
c lng
Thch thc nhng ngi tham gia cng vic: bt k cam kt !!!
58/137
c ti liu hng dn 16%
Thng bo, trao i cng vic, vit bo co 32%
Vic ring 13%
Vic linh tinh khc 15%
Hun luyn 6%
Gi mail, chat 5%
S chung
Gii thch s : V d
+ Mc d vic phn tch yu cu l chnh yu trong giai on phn tch yu cu, nhng
nhng cng vic ny vn cn tip din trong cc giai on sau, vi mc t hn
59/137
+ Khi kt thc giai on ci t, khong
7% theo di v p ng cc thay i ca yu cu
60/137
Kh khn trong vic c lng thi gian lm phn mm:
61/137
Cng sc v thi gian cn ph thuc vo tay ngh ca nhm pht trin (nhm
lp trnh)
(B.A. Kitchenham and N.R. Taylor, Software Project Development, Journal of Systems
and Software, 5/1985)
62/137
T bng trn khng th rt ra quy lut g !!!
63/137
Xc nh ri ro
nh ngha ri ro
- Kim sot ri ro nhm ngn chn v gim thiu nhng tn tht do ri ro gy ra cho d
n
Xc nh v phng nga ri ro
Ch : C 2 loi ri ro (e do):
V d:
64/137
1. Ri ro "chnh tr"
2. Ri ro "th trng"
- Gi thnh sn phm
3. Ri ro "ti chnh"
- Li sut
- T gi hi oi
- Lm pht
4. Ri ro "cng ngh"
5. Ri ro v t chc, nhn s
6. v.v...
Tc ng n DAKh Tc ng Tc ng
Tc ng mcCao
nng Xy ra mcThp mcTrung bnh
Trung bnh Khng chp nhn
70- 90% Cao
(TB) (KCN)
65/137
Khng chp nhn
40-60% Thp Cao
(KCN)
10-30% Thp Trung bnh (TB) Cao
- nh gi (phn tch) ri ro
- Qun l ri ro: L vic xc nh cc bin php, phng sch cn tin hnh ngn cn
e do khi xut hin hay lm gim nh tc ng ca e do nu n xy ra.
V d:
Tn d n "Xy dng h thng phn mm "Qun l nhn s" v "Qun l k ton" cho
doanh nghip XXXX
Cng Mc
vic nh Xc sut xy ra Mc nguy
(trong hng (kinh nghim him v
Nhng ri ro c th xy ra
bng (Cao, ca Ngi Bin php
cng TB, qun l d n) d phng
vic) Thp)
Xc
nh yu Xc nh yu cu khng r rng Cao 50% (KCN)
cu
ca th trung v ca nhn
-nt- Cao 10% (Cao)
vin l khc nhau
66/137
Ngi cn phng vn vng mt
-nt - Cao 20% (Cao)
(i hc tp trung)
C nhng yu cu v l, khng
lm phn mm c (v d: qun
-nt- Cao 40% (KCN)
l qu en, qun l quan h ring
t ca cn b, ...)
Thit k
K s thit k cha c kinh
phn Cao 20% (Cao)
nghim, phi chnh sa nhiu ln
mm
Thit k khng tng thch vi h Trung
-nt- 10% (TB)
thng lp bo co bnh
Trung
-nt- - K s thit k chnh sp ci v 99% (Cao)
bnh
Lp
trnh
- Mt nhn vin lp trnh sp i Trung
cho 50% (KCN)
lm MASTER Aust. bnh
phn
mm
- Trong thi gian ti s i chun
-nt - Thp 100% (TB)
ch Vit
- Trong thi gian ti, c th
Trung
-nt - khch hng s dng Linux + 50% (Cao)
bnh
MySQL
v.v...
- Lu :
67/137
Lp tin thc hin
Bng Cng Vic cha c thng tin gip ngi qun l lp k hoch, t chc, kim
sot v kt thc d n ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. Cng c chnh gip bn hon
thnh iu ny l Lch biu v tin thc hin d n.
Mc ch ca lch biu:
- Biu mng PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) hay CPM (Critical
Path Method)
Biu mi tn
L phng php truyn thng. S dng cc k hiu v m t bng li. Biu cha
nhiu nt trn v mi tn.
Nt biu din cho mt mc s kin (bt u hay hon thnh mt cng vic). Mt nt
cha mt m s duy nht.
68/137
Mi tn ni hai nt biu din cho mt hot ng (v d: hot ng "Thc hin cng
vic A").
69/137
70/137
- Tnh ngy thng cho cc cng vic
Nguyn l chung:
- th gin
KM - KS, hoc
KM - KS
- ng gng
71/137
Phn b lc lng, ti nguyn
C 3 loi ti nguyn: lao ng, trang thit b, vt t.
Hnh ti nguyn
- Hnh ti nguyn
- ngha ca hnh
Hnh khng bng phng => Chng t phn phi lao ng khng u => Ngi qun
l d n mt nhiu thi gian ly ngi, dn ngi => khng ngh c cc vic khc
72/137
Hnh c 1 s ch dng cao => Chng t Ngi qun l d n ph thuc vo 1 vi
nhn vin gii => h m b i th nh hng nghim trng ti d n
Nu buc phi chp nhn mt hnh khng bng phng => Phi c cch qun l:
73/137
- Thay i trt t logic gia cc cng vic. (V d: quan h S - S thay bng quan h F -
S)
74/137
- Chn thi gian tr vo khong thi gian gia hai cng vic, hoc gim thi gian lm
vic trong 1 ngy (t 8 gi xung 6 gi)
- Gim thi gian d kin hon thnh cng vic. (Lut Parkinson: mt cng vic s chim
trn vn thi gian d kin c hon thnh cng vic !) (Ch : lut ny khng hon
ton ng)
Cc hng dn b sung
a. Thit b
75/137
b. Vt liu tiu hao
76/137
Tnh chi ph cho d n
Phn loi chi ph
M t Vn Thit b,
S hiu Tin cng, Thit Hun
cng phng ng/ vt Khc Tng
cng vic tin lng b luyn
vic phm liu
Tng
- Chi ph khc:
Tin nghi
Thng tin
i li (thu khch sn, cng tc ph, thu xe,...)
v.v.....
77/137
- Chi ph thc t
S Ngn
M t % hon c Thc Lm
hiu c sch
cng thnh php chi chi chi/chi Tng
cng tnh c
vic (today) (today) (today) cn d
vic duyt
( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
(4)x(5) (7)-(6) (4)+(8)
2.1.1 CV A 4,650 4,650 100% 4,650 5,000 350 5,000
2.1.2 CV B 3,950 3,950 75% 2,962 4,000 1,038 4,988
2.1.4 CV C 1,137 1,137 60% 682 1,200 518 1,655
...
2.2.2 CV F 5,804 5,804 60% 3,482 3,000 -482 5,322
Tng 15,541 15,541 11,776 13,200 1,424 16,965
Tnh ton tin tiu v tin cn phi tip tc tiu, ti mi thi im gia chng ca d
n.
c tnh s tin phi chi khi hon thnh 100% cng vic, theo tc thc chi.
Chi ph d phng
78/137
- m bo an ton cho kinh ph.
79/137
Chng III. Cc phng tin phc v qun
l d n
S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n
S dng phn mm tr gip qun l d n
T kha
Microsoft Project
Fast Track
ManagePro
TimeLine
MacProject
80/137
Nn kt hp thm vi cc phn mm Word, EXCEL, Email
Qun l cc d n nh
Microsoft Project
Fast Track
ManagePro
TimeLine
MacProject
c im:
Phn nh tt vic lp k hoch d n (cng vic, thi gian, chi ph ti chnh, nhn lc)
SuperProject
Primavera
Artimis
OpenPlan
Phn mm MS Project
Chc nng:
81/137
Lp k hoch d n (Thit k hoch thc hin d n): da trn cc d liu ban
u v
Cc cng vic phi lm
Rng buc i vi mi cng vic (thi gian, th t thc hin)
i ng thc hin d n
Kinh ph cn thit (tin lng cho anh em)
(Lu : cc d liu trn giy phi sn sng trc khi dng phn mm)
Xem tnh hnh thc hin d n: Nhiu cch xem (View) khc nhau
Trc thi gian: tng i hay tuyt i
Cc thng tin km theo s cng vic
Menu View
Xem theo Lch (Calendar)
Xem theo lc Gantt
Xem theo lc ng gng (PERT )
Xem theo tnh hnh phn b Ngi-Vic (Task usage)
Xem tnh hnh din bin thc t (Tracking Gantt)
Xem chi ph nhn cng (Resource Sheet)
Xem tnh hnh s dng nhn lc (Resource usage)
iu chnh k hoch lm vic
Thm, bt cc cng vic
Tng, gim thi gian cho mi cng vic
B tr li nhn s
Tng, gim tin lng
Cp nht tin cng vic
Xem bo co (Report)
Bo co tng hp (Overview)
Bo co theo cng vic (Current Activities)
Bo co ti chnh (Cost)
Bo co giao vic (Assignement)
Bo co v phn ti cng vic (Workload)
82/137
S lung cng vic
Tm tt:
Cc th tc d n
V sao phi p t cc th tc
To ra mt chun mc trao i, lm vic trong nhm mt cch hiu
qu
Tp trung suy ngh, hnh ng ca cc thnh vin trong t theo 1 hng
Tng nng sut cng vic (mi vic quy nh r rng, khng mt thi
gian hi nhau)
Mi th tc u phi tr li cc cu hi: lin quan ti ai, ci g, khi no, u,
th no v ti sao.
Vic xy dng cc th tc
Lu
83/137
Khi vung: X l. M t li, thng l mt ng t v mt b ng.
84/137
- Vt t c sn ?=> pht cho nhn vin
ly 3 bo gi
chn bo gi tt nht
85/137
H s d n
H s qun l d n
86/137
Cc biu mu
ngha ca cc biu mu
Thng nht cch trnh by v mt vn
D theo di, x l
V d v mt s biu mu
M t cng vic
c lng thi gian cng vic
Bn ghi hin trng cng vic
Kim sot thay i
B nhim nhn vin
D kin chi ph
Vn ny sinh
n mua hng
Theo di s dng lao ng (chm cng)
Bn ghi chi ph s dng ti nguyn thc t
Hnh ti nguyn
v.v...
- Lu :
Bo co
Form cho bo co c thit k a dng, phong ph (li vn, hnh v, bng biu,...). C
gng sao cho bo co c th to ra trn my tnh.
Biu mi tn
S thanh
Biu vic trc
Lch biu vic trc - sau
87/137
Lch biu d n
Tm tt trng thi d n
Chi ph ti nguyn
Vic s dng ti nguyn n ngy
Th vin d n, lu tr
Cc n bn ca ring c quan
Sch
Bo ch, tin tc
H s, ti liu d n
Cc th tc d n
Ti liu k thut
Cc bin bn
- Lu
Vn phng d n
- Ni cung cp cc ti nguyn d n
- Lu :
88/137
Nn lp Vn phng d n cng sm cng tt
Vn phng d n cn c
Phn mm qun l d n t ng
Vn kin d n
H s qun l d n
Th vin d n
Trn tng ca Vn phng d n phi treo cc bng phng to
Cc s thanh (Gantt)
S t chc
Cc bn
Bng tin cng vic
Cc ni dung quan trng khc
89/137
K nng hp v trnh by
Khng nn v nn
- Khng nn
- Nn:
K nng trnh by
Chn ch
Ch mi m
Mnh nm vng
Mc ch nghe ca thnh gi
90/137
Thi , lng tin ca thnh gi
Phn tch c hi
a im thuyt trnh
Mong i ca tnh gi
M u:
To ra s ch
Khi qut vn
Sp t tm trng v ging iu
Thn bi
91/137
Chia thnh cc phn d tip thu
Lu : Cn gii hn cc im chnh
Kt lun
Tm tt im chnh
Thch thc v ku gi
S ch ca ngi nghe
Ti liu h tr
Lm r
Tng hp dn
Tng n tng
Chng minh
My chiu, slide/PowerPoint
92/137
Khong 5-7 dng cho 1 slide
Ch to
Hu thanh V thanh
Ngn t T ni T vit
Phi Ging niTing th diKu laCht ging (m iu bDng vHnh
ngn t lng, cao, ...) thcNt mt...
Dng iu v c ch
Mt (Mt l mt tin ca ngi nh thn th)
Mt (Mt l ca s tm hn)
Tay
Di chuyn, khong cch vi thnh gi
Trang phc
93/137
Sc mnh ca thng ip
- Lun tn ti
- Chu nh hng ca vn ha
Lng nghe
c: 16%
Ni: 30%
Vit: 9%
Nghe: 45%
Nghe Ni c Vit
94/137
Phi hc u tin Th hai Th ba Cui cng
Phi s dng Nhiu nht Tng i nhiu Tng i t t nht
c dy t nht Tng i t Tng i nhiu Nhiu nht
- Cc kiu nghe
Ngi nghe
Nhu cu
Mc ch
S thng minh
Thng ip
Cu trc ca thng ip
S mi l, hp dn
Ngi ni
S gn gi
S hp dn
S tin tng
Mc ch, ng c
Cch din t
95/137
a v, quyn lc
Mi trng
Nghe mt phn
Gi v nghe
Nhiu tm l
Nhiu vt l
Tai c vn
Nghe xong hy ni
Gc tt c cc vic khc li
Phn hi ng h ngi ni
Nhn vo ngi ni
Hi hiu r vn
i din vi ngi ni
Ngi thng
96/137
Giao lu bng mt
Nhc li ni dung
Tm ra chnh
Khng v on
97/137
Xy dng t d n
Bao gm nhiu t (nhm con), lm vic di s qun l ca ngi qun l d n, thng
qua cc t trng.
Lu :
98/137
Cng vicTn Cng vic X Cng vic Y Cng vic Z ...
Ng Vn A A A A ...
L th B P I R
Cao vn C I P Khng
V vn D C R Khng
Phm vn E C
Trn th F R C P
A (Approving): Xt duyt
R (Reviewing): Thm nh
99/137
Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
Chng IV. Qun l, kim sot d n
100/137
Cc c im ca d n CNTT
Lch s ca vic lm phn mm
Xu th
10 000 n 100 000 dng lnh (SLOC - Source Line Of Code, hoc KSLOC =
1000 SLOC)
Nhiu thnh vin tham gia
101/137
Nhng chg trnh khng c php sai (v d: iu khin my bay, qun l
cc giao dch ngn hng, tnh ho n bn hng ...)
Phn loi d n
Phn mm nhiu li
Chy khng n nh
Tr hn
Vt qu kinh ph d kin
Kh bo tr
Phn cng ngy cng r => Nhu cu lm phn mm ngy cng tng
102/137
- Theo Kim tra k ton M (1979)
- Mt vi v d
103/137
- Xu th tin b
o ca d n CNTT
Thi
gian
Kiu Ngun ly
V d ly Mc ch
o o
o
Khi - Total SLOC (new, modified, reused)- Hng - Xem
Ngi qun l
lng Total modules/units- Total effort thng n nh ca
104/137
s tin trin
d n
- Lp trnh - n
vin- C th nh ca d
Lao Hng
- S gi lm vic- S gi my tnh thng qua n- Cn c
ng tun
phn mm lp k
chuyn dng hoch li
- Yu cu h thng (S lng cc yu
- Ngi qun - Tin d
cu chung, yu cu cha r)- Cc
Trng l- Lp trnh 2 n- n
Modules/Units thit k, lp trnh,
thi vin- Lp tun nh ca
kim th- SLOC- S lng cc kim
trnh vin cc yu cu
th
Li/
- Lp trnh Hng Cht lng
sa - S li- S cc thay i
vin tun cng vic
i
105/137
Kim sot d n
Cc yu t lm nh hng n nng sut v cht lng phn mm
Nng lc c nhn: Nng khiu, lng yu ngh, tnh sng to, tnh cn c
phc tp ca phn mm
Kh nng din t vn
Hiu nghip v ca nhng lnh vc ng dng
Cha c thc v vic bo hnh, bo tr phn mm
Lm vic trong mt khun kh, bi bn ca qun l d n
Lm vic trong nhm
106/137
Thu thp, nh gi hin trng
Thu thp hin trng l: Dng mi phng sch xc nh xem cc cng vic (ni
ring) v ton b d n (ni chung) hin nay ang tin trin th no.
- Cc bc:
1. Thu thp cc d liu v hin trng theo nh k (1 hoc hai tun). Cng b cho
anh em bit
2. Thu thp d liu hin trng t mi thnh vin ca t d n.
3. Trnh a ra nh gi (vi v) khi thu thp d liu. (Cn phn tch k lng)
4. Lm ti liu tng hp (tt nht l tng hp t cc ti liu, bo co in t)
Khc bit khng nht thit l tt hay xu (tu tng trng hp c th)
Nu c, th l g?
107/137
1. M t: Xc nh vn (ri ro)
2. Gi thit: Hon cnh c th lm xut hin ri ro
3. Xc sut: c lng kh nng xut hin (%)
4. nh gi nh hng i vi d n
5. Cch gii quyt (i sch)
1. M t, thut li s c
2. Tm quan trng ca s c.
3. Tn ngi gii quyt s c.
4. Thi gian vn c hay s c gii quyt.
Khng chuyn sang cng vic tip sau, nu ti liu khng st thc, y , d hiu, nht
qun
108/137
- Cc tiu chun xem xt, nh gi ti liu
Tnh chnh xc
v.v...
Tnh r rng
Tnh y
Mc chi tit
Bao gm
109/137
a/ M t khi lc v h thng (su hn ti liu m t d n)
b/ Ti liu v yu cu v c t
Nhu cu ca khch hng c din t theo mt cch thc r rng, chi tit, m
t h thng phi lm g.
Phi lm vic vi cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc chuyn mn hiu c cc
khi nim ngh nghip, hot ng nghip v
Nn tn dng nhng phn mm m khch hng trc y s dng (nu c).
Xem xt v tho lun trn nhng phn mm (v u/khuyt ca cc modules,
v quan im thit k, ...)
M t nhng loi d liu vo, ra
Cc ti liu trn phi c nh gi v thng qua trong 1 (hoc mt s) cuc hp
Thit k
110/137
Phi xy dng nhng phn mm vi s tham gia ca nhiu ngi. S xy ra trng hp
mt ngi lp trnh phi g li v c nhng on chng trnh ca ngi khc vit.
Thm ch ngi ny chuyn sang c quan khc.
Vic vit ti liu cho chng trnh phi r rng bo tr chng trnh
Ti liu cho chng trnh khng lin quan n m lnh ca chng trnh.
Ni dung chnh: M t chung chng trnh, mc ch chung ca chng trnh, ai
vit, vit khi no, cc thut ton ring c s dng, chng trnh c thit k
v pht trin cho nhng h thng no, ngun d liu vo, nhng yu cu cn c
i vi d liu vo, format ca d liu vo, hnh thc ca kt qu a ra, v.v...
Ti liu cho chng trnh cn bao gm s cu trc ca chng trnh
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pht trin v hon thin mt chng trnh (c bit l cc chng trnh ln),
lp trnh vin mt 70% thi gian vo vic xem li v ci tin cc on chng
trnh c, ch 30% thi gian dnh cho vic vit m lnh mi.
Ngoi ra, rt nhiu tnh hung trong thc t i hi ngi ny phi c chng
trnh ca ngi kia ( g li, hoc m rng thm mt s chc nng)
Nhiu khi phi xem li m chng trnh sau hng thng, hoc hng nm.
Thng thng, lp trnh vin lm vic di mt sc p v thi gian, do
khng quan tm n hu qu ca nhng on m lnh sn sinh ra, min l
chng trnh chy c.
Kim th v Chp nhn phn mm
Cc hot ng iu chnh
- Khi vic thc hin d n khng din ra theo k hoch, hoc cht lng sn
phm/cng vic cha t yu cu
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Rt bt thi gian hun luyn (ch phn ng tm l ca t vin)
Xem li: c cn lm thm gi?
Hp l ho hn na: Gim s cuc hp, gim cc ph chun, ...
- Lut BROOKS
Khch hng
T d n
Ngi ti tr
v.v...
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- Phn loi thay i: 3 loi
1. Thay i quan trng: lch biu, c tnh sn phm, ngn sch, v nhng g
c xem l quan trng cho d n. Lm thay i c bn kt qu ca d n.
D n xy dng phn mm: Qun cha ln k hoch hun luyn cho ngi s dng
trc khi bn giao (do khch hng pht hin ra)
- Lm th no khi ri vo phong cch qun l b ng? => Cn phi bit cch kim
sot cc thay i.
Kim sot thay i l: pht hin, phn tch, nh gi v thc hin nhng thay i lin
quan n m t sn phm, lch biu, ngn sch v yu cu cht lng.
- Xem xt tc ng ca thay i
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nh hng ti cht lng sn phm ca d n
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- i vi nhng d n lm phn mm, cn tp trung qun l thay i cc phin bn phn
mm
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Khon ngoi - Mua sm
Khon ngoi - cc vn chung
c c u th cnh tranh.
tn dng c tri thc chuyn gia cao cp v nhng kinh nghim thc t
cng nghip tt nht.
Dnh ngun lc nhn lc khan him cho vic kinh doanh ct li.
To iu kin thun li cho vic ti cu trc vn hnh v gim chi ph.
Nhiu c hi an ton v hp php ci tin hiu nng ti chnh.
Nng cao vic cung cp sn phm, ti sn a dng v thu nhp.
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Ri ro lin quan ti khon ngoi
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Phi c thm nh hiu nng theo k hoch tip din, nu khng s c nguy c
c lng thp chi ph hay c lng qu li ch ca khon ngoi.
- Tin tc v bo him.
Vn hp ng
- Nhn din
- Bo him
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- Gii hn v trch nhim php l
- Khng tr c v kt thc
Gim st mi quan h bn th ba
Lm ti liu
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Qun l ri ro u n v bo co hiu nng c nhn t bn th ba.
K hoch nghip v nhn din ra tin trnh lp k hoch ca qun l, v
trcnh nhim ngh nghip trong vic chn bn th ba.
Cu phn hp ng
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Tho thun cp php v hp ng phi c thng lng trc cho chng
c sn khi cn ti cho hot ng sn xut.
Phn mm v ti liu c chuyn giao ra ngoi nc i hi c giy php xut
khu v giy php nhp khu hp l.
Tt c cc phn mm, nng cp v ti liu phi a qua cuc hp kim im
phn loi xut/nhp khu ca ban qun tr m bo vic cp php ng.
Nn c tho thun s dng hn ch v xc nh vic dng c thm quyn v/
hoc a ra sn phm.
Qun l hp ng
Xc nh nhu cu phn mm
Chn nh cung cp
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Thit lp yu cu nghip v r rng.
Ti liu yu cu nghip v s tr thnh c s to ra bn cho thu Request
for Quote (RFQ).
Cn nhn din cc nh cung cp tim nng xem xt.
N lc qun l hp ng/ngun ti liu/s hu tr tu l mu cht lm ti
liu v nh cung cp v nh gi hiu nng ca nh cung cp.
Thng lng hp ng
Kim im nh cung cp
Qun l nh cung cp
Hp v kim im nh cung cp
Kim im sn phm cng vic ca nh cung cp
Kim sot thay i nh cung cp
Qun l cu hnh phn mm nh cung cp
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m bo cht lng phn mm nh cung cp
Hp v kim im nh cung cp
Hp v trng thi
Cuc hp khi ng cho tt c cc thnh vin t xem xt v bn k hoch d
n, vai tr v trch nhim, th tc, k hoch ca nh cung cp.
Kim im cc yu cu phn mm vi t d n, cng ng doanh nghip/ngi
dng, v nh cung cp.
Cc cuc hp v trng thi din ra tip sau c t chc tho lun cc
vn , mi quan tm, trng thi cc hot ng, vic cn lm.
Xem nh mt hng dn, cuc hp kim im nh cung cp phi c t chc
sau khi hon thnh:
Pha lp k hoch
Pha xy dng (pht trin)
Pha n nh ho (kim th)
Pha trnh din / nh gi (kim th chp nhn ca ngi dng)
Hp kim im tnh sn sng bn giao ca nh cung cp nn c t chc
trc mi vic bn giao sang kim th tch hp hay sn phm.
Th tc v tiu chun chp nhn c xc nh cho phn mm v sn phm
cng vic khng l phn mm:
bn ghi nh bn giao ca nh cung cp
kt qu kim th ca nh cung cp
m ngun theo Qun l cu hnh (CM)
ti liu ngi dng
Ngi qun l nh cung cp a ra ch k chp nhn ch ra vic hon thnh
tho ng.
Hiu nng ca nh cung cp c nh gi theo tiu ch nh gi c
xc nh trong tho thun hp ng.
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Vic nh gi hiu nng c th c tin hnh mt cch thng k
trong ton b thi gian ca hp ng, khng ch vo lc cui.
Mi ti liu nh gi nn c dng lm ci vo cho vic chn nh
cung cp tng lai.
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Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng cc th tc qun l cu hnh
phn mm l tun th theo phng php pht trin phn mm SDM ca t
chc.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp iu phi cc hot ng qun l cu hnh ca nh
ucng cp v thng bo cho nh cung cp, bng vn bn, v bt k s khng tun
th no.
Ngi qun l nh cung cp phi m bo rng nh cung cp tin hnh cc
hnh ng sa ch nh c yu cu.
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Kt thc d n
Nhp
- hon thnh cc yu cu
Thng k li d liu
Thng k li cc s liu "lch s" v chi ph, thi gian thc hin, cht lng cng vic,
cht lng sn phm.
Rt bi hc kinh nghim
- Gi v mt dn bi
- Gi 1 dn bi
A. Mc ch
B. Phm vi
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A. Cc thnh cng
- Thi gian tt nht vit ti liu: liu ny: cui d n hoc hay ngay sau khi d n kt
thc. Cng mun cng khng hay.
- Mc ch: Kho st nng sut phc v ca sn phm v cc hot ng duy tr, bo tr,
h tr khch hng.
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- Cc lu khi hp kim im
Mi t vn c lp
Khoanh vng nhng ni dung cn hp bn, trnh i lan man, ci v
Cn khong 3-6 thng chun b cho cuc hp (tu ln ca d n)
Tng kt nhng im mi (sng kin, kinh nghim, ...) trong d n
ng d n
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Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n
Bc tranh tng th v Qun l d n
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Mt s vn bn php quy lin quan n t chc v trin
khai d n
1. Ngh nh 52/1999/N-CP ngy 08-07-1999 v vic ban hnh Quy ch Qun l
u t v xy dng
2. Thng t 06/2000/TT-BKHT ngy 24-11-1999 hng dn v ni dung Tng
mc u t, H s thm nh d n u t v Bo co u t.
3. Thng t 07/2000/TT-BKHT ngy 03-07-2000 Hng dn sa i, b sung
mt s ni dung Thng t s 06/1999/TT-BKH ni trn
4. Quyt nh 14/2000/Q-BXD ngy 20-07-2000 V vic ban hnh nh mc
chi ph t vn u t v xy dng
5. Ngh nh 88/1999/N-CP ngy 01 thng 9 nm 1999 v vic ban hnh quy
ch u thu
6. Ngh nh 14/2000/N-CP ngy 05-05-2000 v vic sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca Quy ch u thu
7. Thng t lin tch s 45/2001/TTLT/BTC-BKHCNMT ngy 18 thng 6 nm
2001 hng dn mt s ch chi tiu i vi cc nhim v khoa hc v cng
ngh
8. Phn ph lc ca ti liu " n Tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh Nh nc
2001-2005 trong hnh ng"
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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: GIO TRNH QUN L D N
Bin tp bi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/10d828a4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Li ni u
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/16ab7fb9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Chng I. M u
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dd31f7c8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: D n l g
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/85decb71
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Qun l d n l g
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/48a313ef
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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Ti liu m t d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2bb6ca06
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Xc nh ri ro
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/16f382b1
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Module: Lp tin thc hin
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9e12f730
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H s d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/528dc69e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Xy dng t d n
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Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f9b1600b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc c im ca d n CNTT
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e2fe5cce
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Kt thc d n
Cc tc gi: Vien CNTT DHQG Hanoi
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f73c3e31
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f6003014
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam
Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.
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