CORAL LARVAL DISPERSION DESIGN USING CMS FOR CORVA 2nd QUARTER

NEEDED INPUT/MODULE FOR CORAL DISPERSION IN CMS:

Buoyancy module
Vertical Migration module
Mass spawning module

Inputs for buoyancy module:

1. number of time steps (intervals) at which the particles properties will be changed
2. Time steps values of those intervals
3. Particle density (in 3 per interval), either range values or fixed values
4. Particle diameter (in meters per interval), either range values or fixed values

Example:

4
432000 864000 1728000 2160000
1010 1015 1020 1027
1012 1017 1022 1029
0.00025 0.00020 0.00015 0.00010
0.00027 0.00022 0.00017 0.00012

Line 1 = number of columns, which represents the time steps at which the partic
les properties will be changed
Line 2 = time (in seconds) that each property column is valid
Lines 3 and 4 = lower and upper boundaries of the particle density (kg/m3)
Lines 5 and 6 = lower and upper boundaries of the particle diameter range (mete
rs)
Inputs for vertical migration module:
1. number of columns which represents the vertical distribution of larvae that will
change along a simulation
2. number of rows which represents the depth levels to be used
3. Set maximum values of depth of each row in meters (more likely its ascending since
corals are more likely located in not-so deep areas then larval transport has a
probability of either going upward or downward)
4. Time (or duration) that is valid
5. Probability distribution of by .

Example:

11
7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
86400 86400 86400 432000 432000 432000 259200 259200 259200 259200 259200
20 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20 10 10 05 05 05 05 00 00 00 00
20 10 10 05 05 05 05 00 00 00 00
40 70 60 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
00 00 10 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50
00 00 00 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30
00 00 00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Line 1 = number of columns (x), representing how many times the vertical distribution
of larvae will change along a simulation
Line 2 = number of rows (y), representing the number of depth levels used
Line 3 = maximum depth of each row in meters
Line 4 = number of seconds each column of vertical distributions is valid
Lines 5 to 5+y-1 = array with probabilities (x by y). The sum of probabilities for eac
h column should be equal to 10

Typical issues:

Buoyancy module:
1. Choosing the egg density values per time interval
2. Choosing the egg diameter values per time interval
3. Choosing number of time steps (intervals) at which the particles properties will be
changed
4. Choosing time steps values of those intervals

Vertical migration:
1. Choosing number of columns which represents the vertical distribution of larvae that
will change along a simulation
2. Choosing number of rows which represents the depth levels to be used
3. Setting maximum values of depth of each row in meters
4. Choosing time steps (or duration) that is valid
5. Setting the probability distribution of by .
RESEARCH DESIGN FOR BUOYANCY MODULE:

1. Choosing the egg density values per time interval

Literature findings: Typical mean value of egg density used is 1025 kg/m3 (Rasmussen, 2009 and
Mies, 2012).

Remarks: Since this is the mean value of the egg density we can vary the values of the lower and
upper egg density value per time interval such that its average (or mean) is 1025. And to vary
the egg density through time (all time intervals) we can model it by a certain governing rule like
linearity of the density values through time.

Other literatures to consider:

Hatta et al. (Hatta2005) for egg density

2. Choosing the egg diameter values per time interval

Literature findings: Babcock et al. (Babcock,1986) gathered some empirical results in finding the
egg diameter.

Remarks: We can model our egg diameter values according to these findings

Other literatures to consider:

Szmant et al. (Szmant1986) for egg size and annual egg volume

3. Choosing number of time steps (intervals) at which the particles properties will be
changed

Literature findings: Babcock et al. (Babcock,1986) also enumerated the time steps per egg
diameter values

Remarks: We can use this scenario to choose the number of . The trade-off will be, more
number of would mean more computation. Thus, itll add burden to the computation speed in
the server.

4. Choosing time steps values of those intervals

Literature findings and Remarks: Same with number 3.

RESEARCH DESIGN FOR VERTICAL MIGRATION:

1. Choosing number of columns which represents the vertical distribution of larvae that
will change along a simulation

Remarks: Fully depends on us coz more values of x would mean more computing time in the
server. But we can base the probability distribution according to Tay et al.s findings.

Other literatures to consider:

Alessandro et al. (Alessandro, 2012) larval vertical distribution patterns were
statistically described by a vertical matrix (z,t) of probability density distributions in the
water column (z) through time (t) with stage-specific center of mass and vertical spread.
Onnolly et al. (Onnolly2010) mortality rates are high initially, decrease, and then
increase again late in larval life using generalized Weibull distribution () =
(1 [] )1 where > 0, > 0, < ( ) and is the last day on which
larval abundance was estimated. Depending on the values of the shape parameters and
, mortality rate may be increasing, decreasing, bathtub-shaped (decreasing then
increasing) or hump-shaped
Holstein et al. (Holstein2015) reef habitat and larvae produced deeper than 30 m were
classified mesophotic, and shallower were classified shallow. Because P. astreoides
are only found in low densities below 40 m, 50-m habitat was removed when modeling
this species, leaving 377 reef polygons as larval production and settlement habitat.
Mayorga-adame et al. (Mayorga-adame2017) - larvae at 50m continued to be passive in
their horizontal movement but were kept at xed depth for 20 days. At day 40, the larvae
migrated back to 3m depth to nd suitable reef habitat when reaching competency (50
days after spawning).
Paris et al. (Paris, 2006) - 2 types of migration patterns, the deep and shallow
ontogenetic vertical migrations (OVMs) analogous to those of damselfish

2. Choosing number of rows which represents the depth levels to be used

Remarks: Shallow and deep scenario. We can choose two (one for shallow and one for deep) or
any values to divide the vertical length.

3. Setting maximum values of depth of each row in meters

Remarks: CoRVA location water scenario. Depends how deep the water we shall model.

4. Choosing time steps (or duration) that is valid

Remarks: Same with number 1.

5. Setting the probability distribution of by .

Remarks: Same with number 1 and base the probability distribution according to Tay et al.s
findings.
ACTUAL CORAL LARVAL DISPERSAL DESIGN VALUES:

CASE 1. Pelagic Larval Duration (PLD): 25 days and OVM: 7

Buoyancy Module:
4
432000 864000 1728000 2160000
1010 1015 1020 1027
1012 1017 1022 1029
0.00025 0.00020 0.00015 0.00010
0.00027 0.00022 0.00017 0.00012

Line 1 = number of columns, which represents the time steps at which the partic
les properties will be changed
Line 2 = time (in seconds) that each property column is valid
Lines 3 and 4 = lower and upper boundaries of the particle density (kg/m3)
Lines 5 and 6 = lower and upper boundaries of the particle diameter
range (meters)

Vertical Migration Module:

11
7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
86400 86400 86400 432000 432000 432000 259200 259200 259200 259200 259200
20 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20 10 10 05 05 05 05 00 00 00 00
20 10 10 05 05 05 05 00 00 00 00
40 70 60 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
00 00 10 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50
00 00 00 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30
00 00 00 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Line 1 = number of columns (x), representing how many times the vertical distribution
of larvae will change along a simulation
Line 2 = number of rows (y), representing the number of depth levels used
Line 3 = maximum depth of each row in meters
Line 4 = number of seconds each column of vertical distributions is valid
Lines 5 to 5+y-1 = array with probabilities (x by y). The sum of probabilities for eac
h column should be equal to 10
CASE 2: Pelagic Larval Duration: 20 days and OVM: 5

Buoyancy Module:
4
432000 864000 1296000 1728000
1010 1015 1020 1027
1012 1017 1022 1029
0.00025 0.00020 0.00015 0.00010
0.00027 0.00022 0.00017 0.00012

Vertical Migration Module:

10
5
20 30 50 70 80
86400 86400 86400 432000 432000 432000 259200 259200 259200 259200
20 15 15 20 20 25 25 25 30 30
20 25 25 20 20 15 15 15 10 10
40 40 20 20 20 15 10 10 05 00
20 20 35 30 20 25 30 25 25 25
00 00 05 10 20 20 20 25 30 30

CASE 3: Pelagic Larval Duration: 20 days and OVM: 2

Buoyancy Module:
4
432000 864000 1296000 1728000
1010 1015 1020 1027
1012 1017 1022 1029
0.00025 0.00020 0.00015 0.00010
0.00027 0.00022 0.00017 0.00012

Vertical Migration Module (Deep and Shallow Scenario):

10
2
20 30 50 60 70
86400 86400 86400 432000 432000 432000 259200 259200 259200 259200
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
References:

Alessandro, E. D. (2012). Observed and modeled larval settlement of a reef fish to the Florida
Keys Observed and modeled larval settlement of a reef fish to the Florida Keys, (October
2014). https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09641

Babcock, R. C., & Heyward, A. J. (1986). Coral Ile [ s Larval development of certain gamete-
spawning scleractinian corals, 111116.

Hatta, D. P. . M., & Bergen, . M. L. . D. Van. (2005). Ex situ transportation of coral larvae
for research , conservation , and aquaculture, 510513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-
0498-y

Mies, M., Braga, F., Scozzafave, M. S., Eduardo, D., Lemos, L. De, Yukio, P., & Sumida, G.
(2012). EARLY DEVELOPMENT , SURVIVAL AND GROWTH RATES OF THE
GIANT CLAM TRIDACNA CROCEA ( BIVALVIA: TRIDACNIDAE ), 60(2), 127133.

Onnolly, S. E. A. N. R. C. (2010). Estimating dispersal potential for marine larvae: dynamic

models applied to scleractinian corals, 91(12), 35723583.

Rasmussen, L. L., Cornuelle, B. D., Levin, L. A., Largier, J. L., & Lorenzo, E. Di. (2009).
Effects of small-scale features and local wind forcing on tracer dispersion and estimates of
population connectivity in a regional scale circulation model, 114, 118.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004777

Szmant, A. M. (1986). Coral Reefs Reproductive ecology of Caribbean reef corals, 4353.

Tay, Y. C., Guest, J. R., Chou, L. M., & Todd, P. A. (2011). Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology Vertical distribution and settlement competencies in broadcast
spawning coral larvae: Implications for dispersal models. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 409(12), 324330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.09.013