You are on page 1of 9

Solutions to Chapter 4 Forces

Level 1
3 4
1. A. Net force is zero. Upwards force = weight = mg = 5.0 x 10 x 9.81 = 4.9 x 10 N is not the resultant force.

2. A. At the junction, Fx = 0
o o
T1sin30 = T2sin60

3. B. The perpendicular distance from pivot to the line-of-action of the force B is the maximum.

4. D. From Archimedes principle and principle of floatation:


Upthrust = weight of fluid displaced = weight of floating object
Since the weight of water spilled out was equal to that of floating wood, hence all pails have the same
weight.

Spring force is a conservative force F = (dU/dr) U = kx


2
5. B.
Hence a quadratic graph of U against x should be obtained.

6. C. Initially, for the equilibrium system, 3T = W 3kx = W


After the middle spring is removed and the weight is increased to 3W,
2T = 3W = 3(3kx) = 9kx
kx = (9/2)kx x = 9x/2

7. D. Spring balance measure the tension:


Hence consider only the object,
Upthrust + tension = Weight
Z + tension = Y
Hence the spring balance reading is Y Z

The weighing machine measure the normal contact force of the object due to the weighing machine, N. Consider
the beaker and water,
Normal contact force = Weight of (water + beaker) + Weight of water displaced by object
Hence N = X + Z

8. B. Taking moment about the geometrical centre of the object, we can see that in (i), the moment
produced by the 20 N is not cancelled

In (iii), the vertical (up and down) forces form an anticlockwise couple and the horizontal (left and right) forces
form a clockwise couple. However, the magnitude of the anticlockwise couple is larger than that of the clockwise
couple due to a farther perpendicular distance from the geometrical centre.

o o
9. D. Taking moments about the pivot, 45(7 + 4 cos 50 ) = M( 4 cos 50 )
M = 168 N

o
10. C. Consider vertical equilibrium: Fcos = 800 + 600 cos 50 -------(1)
o
Consider horizontal equilibrium: Fsin = 600 sin 50 -------(2)
o
(2) / (1) = 21.19
Therefore, F = 1272 N

11. C. Taking moments about point P,


In Figure 1, M = F () + F () = F ()
In Figure 2, Moment = F () = M

12. C. Fx = 0

o o o o
FA sin50 = FB sin30 4500 sin50 = FB sin30 FB = 6900 N

1
13. B Density of stone > density of water.
More water needs to be displace when the stone is on the ice cube as compared to the case when the
stone is in the water.

14. C

15. C. Water pressure is the same at the same level.

16. D.
upthrust

Forward force
(due to water
current)
Drag
Weight

17. B. center of mass = 0


F1 (L/2 L/4) = F2 (L/2 L/8) F2 / F1 = 2/3

18. A. Take moments about the pivot: T(1.9) = 430(9.81)(2.5) + 85(9.81)(1.25)


T = 6100 N.
T

Pivot 430g

85g


o
19. B. TL sin60 = 500L(1/5) + 200L(1/2) T = 231 N.

20. C.

21. A. T + 0.6g + Weight of air = Upthrust


T + 0.6g + airVg = waterVg
T + 0.6(9.81) + 1.2(0.5)(9.81) = 1020(0.5)(9.81)
T = 4990 N
22. A.

23. B. Take moments about the other support: 5(50) = R(80) R = 3.1 N

24. C. Torque provided by vertical forces is anticlockwise, torque provided by horizontal forces is clockwise.
They are equal in magnitude only but in opposite sense.
9
25. D. Weight of oil = oilVg = 930 (34000)(22)(9.81) = 6.824 x 10 N.
9
By Archimedes principle, weight of water displaced to support it = 6.824 x 10 N
Displacement of water is done by the ship, ie.
9
6.824 x 10 = waterVshipg = 1030 (36500)(h)(9.81), where h = depth of sinking of ship in water.
h = 18.5 m.

26. (a) It is the product of a force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to a pivot.

(b) (i) Let x be the side of a box.


Take moments about axis through A:
Fx = W ( x )
F = 890/2 = 445 N

2
(ii) 445 N

(iii) To overcome the same anti-clockwise moment by the weight, the minimum possible force must
act perpendicular to the distance furthest away from pivot A.
Fmin (diagonal length AC) = W ( x )
Fmin (x2) = W ( x ))
Fmin = 4452 = 315 N

27. (a) (i) Direction of force F is upwards.


(ii) Replace the volume of object submerged with a liquid column of height d and uniform cross-
sectional area A.
Weight of liquid above = Vg = Adg
Pressure on bottom due to liquid, P = W/A = dg
(iii) Force F on object = (pressure at bottom pressure at top) A
= [(dg + Patm) Patm] A = Adg = Vg

(b) When the block is floating, F = Adg = mg, weight of block


When block is pushed down by x,
Magnitude of resultant force on block, FR = A(d + x) g mg = Agx

28. (a) When a body is completely or partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This upward force is known as the upthrust.

M =V = x 4/3 (r ) =
3 -2 3
(b)(i) 1.21 x 4/3 () (11.0 x 10 ) = 0.00674 kg = 6.74g

-3
(b)(ii) Upthrust = 6.74 10 g
-3
Force by scale on balloon = 1.55 10 g

-3
Wt of balloon and air = 1.30 10 g + mairg
Mass of air in balloon = 6.99 g

Reason: The increase in weight is larger than the upthrust. The mass of the air in the balloon is larger than the
mass which it has displaced as it is being compressed by the elastic balloon material so is at a higher pressure
and is hence denser.

(c)(i) At start assume velocity is momentarily zero so drag is zero

-3
Upthrust = 6.74 10 g

-3
2.10 10 g
-3
Wt of balloon and air = 8.29 10 g

-3 -3 -2
a = Fnet/m = [(8.29 + 2.10 6.74) x 10 x 9.81}/ [(6.99 + 1.30 +2.10) x 10 ] = 3.45 m s

(ii) As balloon descends, its velocity increases so drag force increases. The resultant force decreases, hence for
unchanging mass, acceleration decreases to zero.

(iii) Drag force + Upthrust total weight = 0


-3 -2
Drag force = (8.29 + 2.10 6.74) 10 9.81 = 3.58 10 N

(iv) 3.58 10-2 = CD x 1.21 x (11.0 x 10-2)2 [(2.00)2/2]


CD = 0.389
3
-3
(d)(i) Mass of helium = 0.166 x 5.57 x 10 = 0.925 g

6.74 g

1.30 g 0.925 g

Thus net downward force acting on balloon


= [Mass of balloon material + Mass of helium in balloon] g Upthrust
= (1.30 + 0.925) g 6.74 g = 0.443N

(ve sign indicates that the resultant force acting on the balloon is acting upwards. Thus the downward force needed to
hold the balloon at this height = 0.0443 N

4
Level 2
1. C.
7N

5
5N
8N By cosine rule, N
2 2 This is the correct
7 = 5 + 8 - 2(5)(8)cos 7
= 60
o o
angle, 120 .
WAIT!! The forces must N
act at one point in order to 8
be in rotational equilibrium. N

2. C. Either A or C. If CD is considered a 3D body (not a 2D line), then the top part of CD is


under compression, and the bottom part is under tension.

3. B

Let A be the cross sectional area of the rod, taking moments about the pivot,

Mrubberg(1.45L) = Mrubberg(0.55L) + Mwoodg(1.60L)

rubber(2.90L)A(1.45L) = rubber(1.10L)A(0.55L) + wood(L)A(1.60L)

3.600rubber = 1.60wood Ratio = 2.25

4. D. The rope must exert a vertical component of force to counteract the weight which acts
vertically downwards. The rope can only be horizontal in direction if the horizontal
components are infinitely large (i.e. impossible to achieve).

By conservation of momentum : (3)(5) + 0 = (3 + 2)vo vo = 3 m s


-1
5. B.
By conservation of energy : (3)(5 ) = (3 + 2)(3 ) + (60 000)(x ) + (60 000)(x )
2 2 2 2

x = 1.58 cm

6. D. Case I Isolate B: kxI = fB


Case II Isolate A: kxII = fA
Case III Isolate A & B: kxIII = fA + fB
Since fA > fB, we have xIII > xII > xI

5
7. (a) (i)

(ii) N + Uw = W
N + wVw g = mg
N = mg - wVw g
3 -6
N = (0.500) (9.81) (1.00 x 10 ) (47.6 x 10 ) (9.81)
N = 4.44 N

(b) Let the fraction of the nugget inside the mercury be x when it just started to float,
N + Uw + UHg = mg

Normal contact force = 0 N (when it just start to float)


Uw + UHg = mg
w [(1 x) Vn] g + Hg [x Vn] g = mg
3 -6 3 -6
(1.00 x 10 ) (1 x) (47.6 x 10 ) + (13.5 x 10 ) (x) (47.6 x 10 ) = m
-3 -3
(47.6 x 10 ) (47.6 x 10 ) x + (0.6426) x = 0.500
0.595 x = 0.4524
x = 0.760
3
Therefore volume of mercury displaced = xVn = 0.760 (47.6) = 36.2 cm

8. (a) Moment of a force about an axis is defined as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance
from the line of action of the force to that axis.
(b)
FB
FBy
FAy
2001 N
FBx o
20
A
FAx
1.72 m
1.72
tan 44.34o
1.76 m 1.76
Taking moments about A,
CWM = ACWM
o o o o o
(FBsin44.34 )(2.4cos20 ) = (FBcos44.34 )(2.4sin20 ) + 2001 (5cos20 )
FB = 9505 N

Fx = 0 +
FAx = 6798 N
o
9505 cos 44.34 + FAx = 0
4642 N FA
Fy = 0 +

2001 + 9505 sin 44.34 + FAy = 0 FAy = 4642 N
o
6798 N
FA = ( FAx + FAy ) = 8230 N
2 2

= tan (4642 / 6798) = 34.3


-1 o

6
9. (a) Floating occurs when weight of object = upthrust

7
Upthrust = Vg = (1030)(30 x 20 x 4.4)(9.81) = 2.67 x 10 N

Weight of rectangular board = mg


6
m = 2.72 x 10 kg

(b) (i)

Taking moments about A, A = mg (1.50 sin 70 ) = 276.55 Nm


o
(ii)

A m L 0.1 0.01
0.0117
A m L 20.0 1.50

A = 0.0117 (276.55) 3 Nm (1 s.f.)

Moment of weight of beam OA about A = (277 3) Nm

10. (a) Fwall = Ffriction= 300 N (Fwall: normal reaction of wall on ladder)
Fwall
At the point of slipping, and taking moments about the point where the ladder is
in contact with the ground,
o o o
Fwall 3sin60 = 20g(1.5)cos60 + 60gxcos60
x = 2.15 m
x

(b) Since friction at the wall provides an additional anti-clockwise moment about the 20g
60g
ground, he can go further up the ladder before the ladder slips.
Fwall 3sin60 + wall = 20g(1.5)cos60 + 60gycos60
o o o
i.e. Ffriction
Clearly y > x

7
11. (a) Moment of a force about a pivot is defined as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance
from the pivot to the line of action of the force.

(b)

30o
support
Fy cable

Fx
T

Fig. 1 30 o
60o T sin 30

400 N o
T cos 30

load

2000 N

(i) Taking moments about the hinge,


Clockwise Moments = Counter Clockwise Moments

400

L
sin 60o 2000 L sin 60o T sin30o L
2
T 3810N (3sf)

(ii) Fy 0
Fy T cos 30o 2400
Fy 900N
Fy 900N (downwards)
F x 0
Fx T sin300 1910N (right)

12.
(a) Upthrust is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid (due to the pressure difference in the
fluid). (The magnitude of upthrust is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced)
(b) F W U [1]
mg V fluid dg
mg Vobjdg [1]
m
mg dg
D
d
mg (1 )
D

8
(c) (i) By principle of moments:
Fstandardx = Fsamplex [1]
d d
ms tan dard g (1 ) msampleg (1 ) [1]
Ds tan dard Dsample
1.290 1.290
0.17851(1 ) msample(1 ) [1]
8493 940.0
msample = 0.17873 kg [1]

0.17873 0.17851
(ii) % error = 100% 0.123% [1]
0.17873

13. a(i) Using the conservation of momentum,


(53 000 + 35)(45) = 53 000 v + 35(230) [1]
-1
v = 44.9 km h [1]

a(ii) Using Archimedes principle, weight of carrier = weight of displaced water


53 000 000 = (d)(271)(37)(1025) [1]
d = 5.16 m
Thus height of deck above sea surface = 10 5.16 = 4.84 m [1]

b(i) Average force = Impulse / time = 35000 225000 1


[1]
3600 1.6
6
= 1.37 x 10 N [1]

b(ii) Kinetic energy of the fighter plane =


1
35000 225000 = 6.83 x 107 J = 68.4 MJ [1]
2 3600
Total energy that can be absorbed by 2 wires = 48 MJ
Total energy that can be absorbed by 3 wires = 72 MJ

Thus it is clear that the fighter plane can only afford to miss one arrester wire if all its kinetic energy is to be
absorbed by the arrester wires. [1]

14. i) FA = kAxA 0.6 = (6)(xA) xA = 0.1 m


FB = kBxB 0.6 = (3)(xB) xB = 0.2 m


-1
ii) Fnet = knetxnet 0.6 = (knet)(0.1 + 0.2) knet = 2 N m

You might also like