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Design of Self Powered Wireless Sensor

Network Using Hybrid PV-Wind System


Pankaj Rangaree Dr.G.M.Asutkar
Research scholar Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering & Technology
G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur ,India
Nagpur ,India g.m.asutkar@gmail.com
pankaj.rangaree@raisoni.net

Abstract:-The commercially available sensor nodes are battery- WSN nodes can gain and store energy
driven devices. A number of nodes together constitute a network from its surrounding environment. Harvesting of energy
called wireless sensor network. As days proceed, the batteries from single source has many limitations. Thus renewable
used in the WSN lose their charge and subsequently get isolated resources based on single source may not be effective in-
from the network. Many energy harvesting schemes have been terms as cost, reliability and efficiency for which hybrid
proposed to alleviate this problem which is to convert the
systems offer a better option. Solar panels usually generate
ambient energy from the environment into electricity to power
the sensor nodes. Energy harvesting from single source have maximum power during mid of days and gradually decrease
environmental limitations like if the sensor is installed inside a during the nights where windmill usually generates
building solar energy cannot be used and with wind generators maximum power during the nights. So reliability can be
is that they are too big, and are expensive if the size has to be achieved to an extent to makes these method more reliable a
decreased. Hence proposed system is design to provide power storage system such as battery can be added to the
multisource and self powered power supply to wireless sensor system so that when maximum power is generate above the
node which could stay charged by generating power on its own. demand instead of wasting that energy the power can be
Keywords: Energy Harvest, WSN, wireless sensors networks. stored and it can be discharged during the time where power
generation is below the actual need. Hence proposed system
is design to provide multisource and self powered power
I. INTRODUCTION supply to any wireless sensor node which could stay charged
by generating power on its own.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) are utilized in a
wide range of applications, including military applications II. RELATED WORK:
and the monitoring of oceans and wildlife. WSN comprise
many low cost devices called sensors, which monitor the Solar energy based energy harvesting scheme
status of the environment and send sensing data to the sink which works on the principle of photo-voltaic effect [1]. A
node. Wireless sensor nodes are becoming more and more recharging circuitry is also designed, that recharges the
popular due to the technological advancements in the field batteries of the nodes when the charge drops below a
of microelectronics technology and the development of threshold level. Solar energy harvesting through photo-
ultra-low power microcontrollers that can be used in the voltaic conversion technique provides the highest power
embedded system. Wireless sensor network (WSN) density. One of the major techniques adopted in this
consisting of several sensor nodes are used to monitor harvesting method is the Maximum Peak Power Tracking
various parameters. The wireless sensor networks are (MPPT)[2]. Maximum Power Point (MPP) is the point at
commonly deployed in civilian and military applications which the output power is the maximum at the given level of
such as natural disaster detection, healthcare system, traffic light intensity shown in fig 1.
control system, building security system etc.

Because of limitations on the energy supply,


available storage space and the computational capacity of
the sensor nodes, the data that are transmitted between a
sensor node and the sink node must been forwarded by other
sensor nodes. Rechargeable batteries are used to power the
sensor nodes. Frequent recharging and replacement of these
batteries become a burden in WSN.

Fig. 1. Maximum peak power tracking

To increase the performance of wireless sensors


solar power-based adaptive node-selection protocol
mechanism for a wireless sensor network to increase the
monitor performance of wireless sensors is adopted[3]. To Residential loads [9]. DC/DC converters are used to control
solve node-selection problem, an adaptive node-selection the power flow to the load and Maximum Power Point
mechanism (ANSM) scheme is proposed. Tracker (MPPT) is used for maximum power extraction
from the PV and WT and to compensate power fluctuation
of renewable energy [10]. When PV and WT generate power
is lower than demand power, the Battery is controlled to
discharge power to complete the difference of supply and
demand power. If PV and WT generate power is higher than
demand power, the Battery is charged [11].

III.Proposed Work

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a solution that


consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices. These
Fig 2. The EISS problem
devices possess sensor that monitor temperature, sound,
vibration motion or pollutants from different locations.
This scheme selects the least active node to reduce the Proposed system is design to provide multisource and self
overlapping of the sensor coverage but ensure constant powered power supply to any wireless sensor node which
coverage of the target area in solar-powered wireless sensor could stay charged by generating power on its own. Main
networks. goal of the system is to design a power generator which can
work in maximum possible weather situation and to take the
When the battery is fully charged there is a problem advantage from sun and wind both.
of utilizing extra energy. It is utilized to adaptively adjust
Block diagram of proposed work:
the redundancy level of erasure codes used in
communication so that the delivery reliability is improved
while the network lifetime is still conserved [4]. The fact
that a full battery cannot harvest more energy, there is an
incentive to spend energy to make room to harvest more
energy. As a result, the extra spending has no impact on the
node lifetime since this energy surplus would be wasted
otherwise [5]. By exploiting its inherent properties, we
propose an effective solution called Solar Code, which has a
constant approximation ratio [6].

Wind energy harvesting is particularly attractive


because of the ubiquitous availability of wind power and its
Fig 3 : Block diagram of proposed work
relatively high power density .The design of a wireless
sensor node which is powered by a micro wind turbine
generator adopts an optimal power management to make the Fig.3 shows the block diagram for the proposed
node working neutrally: never dies out of energy [7]. This system. Here Solar panel and wind turbine generator act as a
management consists of an AC-DC converter, an energy voltage source for all the component used in the circuit. The
storage element and a maximum power transfer tracking regulator circuit regulates the input voltage drown from
(MPTT) circuit to sustain the operation of wireless sensor solar panel to about 5 volt. In case where there is no solar
node over a wide range wind conditions. For an energy power ,wind turbine generator is used to recharge the circuit.
harvesting WSN (EH-WSN), the sensor nodes are integrated DC-DC convertor which in series with the generator, step up
with an energy-harvesting unit that harvest energy from the or step down the input voltage. Super capacitor work as a
wind, vibration, solar. energy storing element for both the sources.

A. Principle of Solar Panel


To determine if wind energy is viable for supplying
power to WSNs wind energy harvester (WEH) was
designed, and built[8] .The WEH consisted of a wind Photons in sunlight radiations hit the solar panel and are
generator and a power management unit to store and absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon.
condition the generated energy. The wind generator Electrons (negatively charged particles) are energized and
designed utilizes aero elastic flutter to convert wind energy flow through the material to produce electricity. Due to the
into electrical energy. The wind generator consisted of a special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only
frame to hold components of the generator together, a allowed to move in a single direction. The complementary
membrane to convert wind energy in to mechanical energy, positive charges that are also created (like bubbles) called
and an electromagnetic transducer to convert the mechanical holes flow in the direction opposite of the electrons in a
energy in to electrical energy. silicon solar panel.

Renewable resources based on single source may


not be effective in-terms as cost, reliability and efficiency
for which hybrid systems offer a better option[8] .There is a
novel way of using the hybrid solar and wind energy
effectively for pumping solution in rural parts of India. A
hybrid generation system consist photo voltaic (PV), wind
turbine (WT) and Battery to supply stable power to rural
amount of power can be drawn from the power generating
device. .Figure 6 illustrates a simplified schematic diagram
from energy generation to storage. The total system
efficiency enhancement seeks to maximize the power that is
transferred into the super capacitor, P charge.

Fig. 4: Photovoltaic-super capacitor energy system.

Fig. 6: Photovoltaic-super capacitor energy system.


B. Eero Elastic flutter generator:
Figure 7 shows the proposed hardware module in which
various component are assembled and the output can be
monitored through the laptop. Here the transmitter and
receiver section are shown along with solar panel and
windmill. The various steps of the functionality of the
system is stated as follows:

Fig. 5. The figure shows the designed aero elastic


flutter generator.

The wind generator shown in fig 5 consisted of a


frame to hold components of the generator together, a
membrane to convert wind energy in to mechanical energy,
and an electromagnetic transducer to convert the mechanical
energy in to electrical energy. Fig. 7: Proposed Hardware Module

C. Energy storage technologies Step 1: Wind energy and Solar energy is extracted by
Perhaps the most complex (and crucial) design windmill and solar panel respectively to power the WSN. To
decision involves the energy storage mechanism. The two increase the reliability of system battery is added such that
choices available for energy storage are batteries and extra harvested energy is stored into it which can be used
electrochemical double layer capacitors, also known as ultra when there is absence of sources.
capacitors. Batteries are a relatively mature technology and Step 2: Transmitter module send sensory information of
have a higher energy density than ultra capacitors, but ultra particular node to the receiver module wirelessly. X-bee is
capacitors have a higher power density than batteries and used for wireless transmission of data from source to sink.
have traditionally been used to handle short duration power Receiver is interfaced with Laptop/computer through the
surges. Recently, such capacitors have been explored for USB to serial cable for getting graphical analysis of
energy storage, since they are more efficient than batteries transmitted data through Matlab software.
and offer higher lifetime in terms of charge-discharge Step 3: Receiver module will process information and
cycles. display on LCD. Receiver module consists of Max 232, Zig-
bee module, LCD.
D. Super Capacitor: Step 4: Receiver is interfaced with the Laptop through the
USB to serial cable. Received data is computed in Matlab
The power efficiency becomes difficult when the and simulated result is obtained.
power comes from a renewable source such a solar cell or a
windmill. The output voltage and power of these power
IV.SIMULATION RESULT
sources are highly variable depending on the current draw.
In Fig.8 it is observed that voltage generated by solar panel
Moreover, the optimal current that maximizes the power
is approximately constant at 5V and slightly decrease at the
also changes with the environmental conditions (solar
end of the graph. Experiment is done when sunlight is very
irradiation or wind intensity). In general, the output
much sharp. Energy generated by solar is sufficient to
impedance of the renewable energy sources changes based
charge battery as it require voltage greater than 4.2 V to
on the surrounding environment. The maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) methods dynamically adjust the output charge. In contrast .Windmill produces output less than 4
current to match the output impedance so that the maximum volt which is below the actual need as well as it is very
much varying and unpredictable. Temperature sensor LM 35
sense the temperature of node which is 27 degree Celsius.
IV. Conclusion:

Hence proposed system is designed to provide hybrid


system of harvesting energy and self powered power supply
to wireless sensor node. Main objective of the system is to
develop a power generator which is able to sustain in
maximum possible environmental condition and to take the
benefit from sun and wind both. Reliability of system can be
increase by adding power storage system to store the
harvested energy which can be used when insufficient
sources are available. Two choices are available to store
generated energy i.e battery and super capacitor. We used
Fig.8 : Output of solar panel and output of WT when battery for storage as it has long term storage and super
sufficient sunlight is available capacitor has short term storage.

From Fig.9 it is observed that Voltage generated across solar


panel is less than 3 Volt and fluctuating .This much of References :
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Fig.9: Output of solar panel and output of WT when
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Fig.10 : Output of solar panel and output of WT when


both solar and wind energy sufficiently is available.

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