02 Piping Training Materail PAD

Material for Technical Training- Piping
(Subject : Piping Arrangement Design)
Instructor:
Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd

This material is made for training.
1
Contents
1. Piping Arrangement Design Process (Flow Chart & Activity List)
2. Power Plant System Configuration
3. Mechanical Piping Design Required Information
4. General Routing Practice for Combined Cycle Power Plant Piping
5. Work Limits
6. Human Factor Guidelines
7. Clearance & Accessibility
8. Pump Piping
9. Drip Pots for Steam Line
10. Design of Safety Valve Installation
11. Instrumentation
12. Drain and Vent Piping
13. Rack Piping
14. Tank Piping
15. Heat Exchanger Piping
16. Underground Piping
17. Valve Installation
18. Orientation of Instrument Connection - Horizontal Pipe
19. Sampling Piping
20. Connection Locations for Steam Surface Condenser
21. Check List for Piping Arrangement
2
Standard No.
AL-PAD-001-R0
Sheet of 3
ACTIVITY LIST
Deliverable : Piping Arrangement Design

Phase : Project Execution
Activity I.D. Description Prerequisites Checking and Determining Deliverable Reference Program
PAD 100 Make Conceptual Main 1. Contract 1. Checking Conceptual Main Similar PDS, PASCE,
System Piping Arrangement System Piping Project's AutoCad,
Dwg 2. Plot Plan 1.1 Floor Elevation Arrangement Dwg Piping GA Macrostation
3. G.A Dwg 1.2 Termal Movement
4. Design Condition 1.3 Pipe Rack Elevation
5. Design Criteria 1.4 Flexibility
6. Steel Structure Dwg 1.5 Maintenance
7. S.A Information 1.6 Supp't Location & Loading
8. Equipment Dwg 1.7 Pipe Rack Elevation
9. P&ID 1.8 Equipment Location
10. PDS/PASCE Spec.
2. Determining
2.1 Piping Route
2.2 Piping Branch
2.3 Safety V/V Location

Standard No.
AL-PAD-001-R0
Sheet of 3
ACTIVITY LIST

PAD 200 Make Piping Arrangement 1. Conceptual Dwg 1. Checking Piping Arrangement Similar PDS, PASCE,
Dwg for Larage Bore Dwg For Large Bore Project's AutoCad,
2. Vendor Information 1.1 Piping Interference Piping GA Macrostation
3. Cable Tray Dwg 1.2 Operation
4. Insulation Spec. 1.3 Maintenance
5. Design Checklist 1.4 Instrument Information
6. PMC 1.5 Drip Pot Location
7. Piping Design STD 1.6 Removal Space
1.7 Piping Obstacle
1.8 Support Interference
2. Determining
2.1 Removal Piece
2.2 Piping Branch
2.3 Test and Cleaning
Connection
Standard No.
AL-PAD-001-R0
Sheet of 3
ACTIVITY LIST

PAD 300 Make Piping Arrangement 1. G.A Dwg 1. Checking Piping Arrangement Similar PDS, PASCE,
Dwg for Small Bore 2. Insulation spec. 1.1 Vacuum and empty Dwg For Small Bore Project's AutoCad,
3. Design Criteria 1.2 Hammering Piping GA Macrostation
4. P&ID 1.3 Cavitation
5. Equipment Dwg 1.4 Notation of Dwg
6. Vendor Information 1.5 Connection Point
7. Steel Structure Dwg Rating and tupe
8. Drawing format 1.6 Piping Erection
9. Piping Design std 1.7 Maintenance
10. Design Condition 1.8 Thermal movement
11. Design Checklist 1.9 Flexibility
12. Cable Tray Dwg 1.10 Removal space
13. Design Condition
14. Civil Dwg 2. Determining
15. Architectural Dwg 2.1 Piping route
16. S.A Information 2.2 Piping Trench
17. Large Bore General 2.3 Piping Branch
Piping System Arrg't 2.4 Drain pit
Dwg 2.5 Piping span
2.6 Valve maintenance
2.7 Control Valve Location
2.8 Piping Drain and Vent
2.9 Removal piece
2.10 Test and Cleaning
Connection
2.11 Piping route grouping
LNG GOVERNOR STATION
() FUEL GAS HEATER
()
NATURAL GAS TANK

()
TREATED OIL TANK

OIL HEATER ()
()
Technical Training for Piping
OIL TRANSFER PUMP OIL TREATMENT FORWARDING PUMP

() () () HRSG
LIGHT OIL TANK
()
TRANSMISSION TOWER
( )
( ) GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER
( ) HP DRUM LP DRUM
() IP DRUM ()
Gas Turbine ()
AUX. TRANSFORMER ()
() REHEATER
()
DIVERTER DAMPER
()
HP IP LP
COMPRESSOR SUPERHEATER SUPERHEATER SUPERHEATER
154KV
GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD STARTING MOTOR GENERATOR COMBUSTION CHAMBER ( ) ( ) ( )
() BYPASS STACK MAIN STACK
(154KV SWITCHGEAR) () () AIR INLET TURBINE
() ()
() ( )
GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER

345KV ()
GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD
(345KV SWITCHGEAR)
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
() STEAM TURBINE
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER ()
TRANSMISSION TOWER ()
FEED WATER PUMP
( )
( )
TO No.2
HRSG
FORM No.2
HRSG
CIRCULATING WATER PUMP LP STEAM IP STEAM HP STEAM
SEA WATER LIFT PUMP GENERATOR ()
() () ()
() ()
SUBJECT: POWER PLANT SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
SEA
()
TO No.2
Piping Arrangement
HRSG
CIRCULATING WATER PUMP
INTAKE CHANNEL CONDENSER COMDENSATE PUMP
() ( )
1. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
DEMI WATER PLANT

()
CONDINSATE STORAGE TANK DEMI WATER STORAGE TANK
() ()
DISCHARGE
()
This document contains proprietary data and may not be reproduced or disclosed without permission of Doosan.
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2. LAYOUT OF COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
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3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF FOSSIL THERMAL POWER PLANT
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4. LAYOUT OF FOSSIL THERMAL POWER PLANT
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SUBJECT: MECHANICAL PIPING DESIGN REQUIRED INFORMATION
1. PURPOSE
To provide mechanical piping design required information.
2. KEY POINT SUMMARY
2.1 Read and understand contract.
2.2 Identify Clients & Doosan Project Managements Expectations.
2.3. Identify all applicable codes, design criteria and standards that will apply to project pipe design.
2.4 Evaluate HRSG contract, P&IDs and division of responsibility (DOR) as it pertains to the project piping
and layout issues.
2.5 Evaluate Combustion Turbine contract/P&IDs and DOR as it pertains to the project piping and layout
issues.
2.6 Evaluate Combustion Turbine Generator contract/P&IDs and DOR as it pertains to the project piping and
layout issues.
2.7 Evaluate Steam Turbine contract/P&IDs and DOR as it pertains to the project piping and layout issues.
2.8 Evaluate Steam Turbine Generator contract/P&IDs and DOR as it pertains to the project piping and
layout issues.
2.9 Evaluate preliminary general arrangements.
2.10 Evaluate preliminary P&IDs.
2.11 Define Scope for project piping.
2.12 Develop Piping Plan for the project.
2.13 Schedule/Budgets
2.14. Evaluate Vendor Supplied Equipment.
2.15. System Design
3. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
3.1 Project description/contents
Example: MAPNA
3.2 Project requirements
Example: approved vendor list
3.3 Site specific requirements
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Example: frost depth 30, wind loads, average rainfall, minimum ambient temperature etc.
3.4 Specific System requirements
Example: slope all steam lines 1/4 per foot.
3.5 General requirements
Example: the use of 1-1/4, 5 pipe not allowed.
3.6 Applicable codes and standards
Example: all power cycle piping to be in accordance with ASME B31.1
3.7. Clients expectations
Example: maintenance and operational requirements operators per shift able to bring unit up in 4 hrs.
4. CLIENTS & DOOSAN PROJECT MANAGEMENTS EXPECTATIONS
4.1 Clients expectations may be determined by extracting info the contract document.
4.2 Clients expectations may be determined by a visit to the clients existing model facility.
4.3 Clients expectations may be determined by input from expected operating and maintenance personnel.
4.4 Clients expectations may be determined by contract or meetings with client.
4.5 Clients expectations may be determined by input from Doosan project management/engineering.
4.6 Doosans project management expectations may be determined by project execution plan.
4.7 Doosans project management expectations may be determined by direct communication.
5. IDENTIFY ALL APPLICABLE DESIGN CODES, DESIGN CRITERIAS AND STANDARDS
5.1 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in contract.
5.2 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in design criteria.
5.3 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in piping line specifications.
5.4 Design criteria can be founded in contract.
5.5 Determine what design criteria applies (usually Doosan standard) if client did not specify in contract.
5.6 Determine what standards apply (usually Doosan standard) if client did not specify in contract.
6. EVALUATE HRSG CONTRACT, P&IDs AND DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY
6.1 Terminal points can usually be determined by contract, P&IDs.
- Turbine exhaust gas duct (inlet flange of inlet expansion joint, outlet of exhaust stack)
- Structural Steel work
- SCR ammonia injection system skid (ammonia inlet, plant air inlet, atomizing air inlet)
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Piping Arrangement
- Steam (HP, LP and Reheat steam)
- Feedwater (HP and IP feedwater)
- Safety valve (HP & IP header and HP & IP Drum)
- Start-up vent
- Instrument air
- Nitrogen blanketing
- Chemical Feed
- HRSG blowdown vents and drains & HRSG piping drains
- Steam and water sampling
- Continuous and intermittent blowdwon.
- Fan cooling water and return
- Fuel gas (if duct burner is available)
- Fuel oil (if duct burner is available)
- Atomizing steam (if duct burner is available)
7. EVALUATE COMBUSTION TURBINE CONTRACT, P&IDs AND DIVISION OF

RESPONSIBILITY
- Combustion turbine enclosure exhaust ductwork

- Structural Steel work
- Bleed air
- Cooling water supply and return
- Fuel gas
- Fuel oil
- Instrument air
- Wash water
- Wash water drain
- Oil water drain
- Inlet air filter
- Water injection
8. EVALUATE COMBUSTION GENERATOR CONTRACT, P&IDs AND DIVISION OF

RESPONSIBILITY
- Lube oil supply & return

- Generator drains
- Service gas
9. EVALUATE STEAM TURBINE CONTRACT, P&IDs AND DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY
- HP, IP, LP and Aux. steam

- Gland steam
- Condensate water
- Instrument & service air
- Steam and water drain
- Lube oil
- Circulation water
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- Chemical Feed
- Steam and water sampling
- N2 gas
10. EVALUATE STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR CONTRACT, P&IDs AND DIVISION OF

RESPONSIBILITY
- Lube oil supply & retrun

- Generator drains
- Service gas
11. EVALUATE PRELIMINARY GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS
11.1 Identify construction cranes access and other needs.
11.2 Identify maintenance crane access, jib cranes, monorails, removal spaces, laydown & storage ares.
11.3 Compare against major equipment suppliers and Doosan P&IDs for accountability of all equipment.
11.4 Compare against any contract information pertinent to layout issues.
11.5 Identify pipe/utility racks.
11.6 Define/locate any existing or offsite supply piping terminal points.
11.7 Consider equipment which will create hazardous area and which equipment will be affected.
11.8 Consider lowest possible steam drain origin and determine if there is sufficient elevation to maintain
proper slope (be conservative).
12. EVALUATE PRELIMINARY P&IDs
12.1 Identify missing cross reference flags.
12.2 Identify existing or offsite supply piping terminal points.
12.3 Compare against major equipment suppliers P&IDs.
12.4 All equipment accounted for on auxiliary cooling water system.
12.5 Compare against any contract information pertinent to piping systems.
12.6. Compare against any applicable design criteria for compliance.
13. DEFINE SCOPE FOR PROJECT PIPING
Systems Designed/Modeled 2-1/2 & above 2 & Under Engineer Hangers Criteria Hangers
MP, LP Steam Yes Yes Yes No

.
.
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14. DEVELOP PIPING PLAN FOR THE PROJECT
14.1 Identify pipelines to be buried.

- See underground piping design guidelines.
14.2 Identify pipelines to be on pipe/utility racks.

- See pipe/utility rack layout design guidelines.
14.3 Estimate size of pipe/utility racks.

- See pipe/utility rack layout design guidelines.
14.4 Define laning system in plant & on pipe/utility racks.

- Coordinate with structural electrical, & HVAC disciplines for there requirements on the project.
14.5 Define hazardous area evaluate layouts to determine and document which equipment may be effected.
- Huge error if pipe design ends up putting boiler feed pumps in hazardous classification area and
explosion proof motors where not specified/purchased.
15. SCHEDULE/BUDGETS
15.1 Begin to evaluate schedule as to the piping systems needing to be designed first.
15.2 Begin to expedite information for piping systems first on the schedule.
15.3 Check budgets for project to see if a different approach (sacrifice) needs to be taken to stay within.
15.4 Typical Doosans piping schedule
1. All major steam system

- Due to potential impact on layout.
- Large amount of room need for expansion and flexibility
2. Main Feedwater Critical pipe
3. Circulating Water Large non standard piping
4. Undergrounds Usually the first pipe needed for field installation.
5. Auxiliary cooling water Possible large header sizes.
6. Balance of plant piping
16. VENDOR EQUIPMENT REVIEW
16.1 Look for any required BOP service (air, water, steam, drains etc.)
16.2 Look for any mismatches in sizes/schedule/material of piping connections.
16.3 Review equipment to assure it matches vendor P&ID.
16.4 All terminal points defined and located.
16.5 Equipment is tagged correctly.
17. SYSTEM DESIGN CONCERNS
17.1 Main steam, hot reheat, cold reheat, HP, LP, process, auxiliary steam, gland steam
- Large pipe
- Large thickness of insulation
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- Large amount of thermal growth
- Pipe slopes
- Need to account for flexibility
- Engineered hangers
- Large in size & often needed maintenance of valves/desuperheating valves
- Safety valves/silences
- Flow nozzles
- Steam blow
- Code pipe
- Turbine water induction
- Interface points on turbine
- Allowable forces and moments on turbine & HRSG Header nozzles
17.2 Main HP & LP feedwater
- Large pipe
- Large thickness of insulation
- Large in size & often needed maintenance of valves
- Safety valves/silences
- Flow nozzles
- Steam blow
- Code pipe
- Interface points on BFP
- Allowable forces and moments on BFP & HRSG Header nozzles
17.3 Circulating water
- Large non standard pipe

- Large in size & often needed maintenance of valves
- Flow model of system configuration
- Thrust blocks in yard.
17.4 HRSG blowdowns
- Large thickness of personnel protection insulation

- Large amount of small pipe interfaces to headers which must slope for drainage.
- HP flash tank and LP blowdown tank location
- Blowdown valve locations
17.5 Steam drains
- Large thickness of personnel protection insulation

- Large amount of small pipe interfaces to headers which must slope for drainage.
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- Location of condenser nozzles to provide slope for drainage
- Drain valve locations
17.6 Fuel gas
- Governed by codes
- Limit hazardous classification area vendor skid equipment may have already been pruchased which
may not be rated for hazardous area.
- Large number of miscellaneous vents/reliefs
17.7 Fuel oil
- Environmental concerns
- Guard pipe or containment may be required.
- Should not run above hot steam lines if need be drip shields above steam lines should be used.
17.8 Turbine Lube oil
- Guard pipe or containment may be required.
- Should not run above hot steam lines if need be drip shields above steam lines should be used turbine
lube oil
17.9 Control & Instrument air
- Sloped headers
- Coverage
- Defining all users
17.10 Ammonia, Chemical feed
- Guard pip or containment may be required.
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SUBJECT: ROUTING PRACTICE FOR POWER PLANT PIPING SYSTEM
1. PURPOSE
Because pipe costs are a significant portion of a power plant's total investment, the construction, operation
and maintenance provisions that will optimize these costs are an important aspect of the design process. Over
looking key requirements in piping systems that are critical to plant operations can lead to considerable field,
startup, and maintenance problems. Therefore, at the outset of piping and plant layout, it is essential that the
designers have a clear basis for proceeding.
This standard assembles information that should assist piping engineers and designers in arriving at logical
and consistent approaches in developing the physical arrangements of piping systems. It should be used in
conjunction with other Burns and Roe, Inc. Technical standards applicable to piping systems and their
components.
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Piping Arrangements
2.1.1 Representative Standards
Requirements for drains, drip pans, drip pots, instrumentation and rack piping, underground piping etc. are
given in the other technical materials.
Other standards dealing with pipe stress analysis and pipe support design are found in other piping training
section.
2.1.2 General Routing Criteria
2.1.2.1 Route all pipe to facilitate filling, venting, draining, flushing, initial cleaning, testing, and maintenance.
Locate drains for piping systems at low points and vents at high points.
2.1.2.2 Coordinate floor and wall penetration provisions with the structural and architectural design.
2.1.2.3 Route pipe (excluding that for main steam and other primary systems that require continuous sloping)
with one elevation for north-south pipe runs and another elevation for east-west pipe runs. Run pipe as
straight, direct and uniformly spaced as possible, forming right angles to or extending parallel with walls or
other pipe.
2.1.2.4 Plan pipe chases for vertical pipe runs, especially in potentially congested areas, such as the heater bay.
Pipe chases facilitate concentrating the vertically routed pipes in one area.
2.1.2.5 In general, run pipe, in the vicinity of heat exchangers and tanks, above the maintenance hoist beam.
For pipe connected to a heat exchanger, approach the heat exchanger from the side below the maintenance
hoist beam, and drop down only at the nozzle connection. Locate isolation, bypass, and control valves on
either side of heat exchangers and tanks. Arrange pipe around this equipment accordingly.
2.1.2.6 To avoid air pockets, arrange horizontal suction pipe and discharge pipe for horizontal-split case and
end suction pumps so that the top of the pipe is even and at the same elevation as the top of the pump nozzle.
2.1.2.7 For overflow pipe from tanks, minimize number of bends to limit friction losses. Size the overflow
pipe larger than any tank influent pipe.
2.1.2.8 Allow for the installation of pipe supports and make full use of existing structural steel and concrete.
Locate pipe supports so that no large overhangs exist. Do not locate supports for overhead pipe on the floor
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below unless there is no capability to otherwise support, or the pipe is routed just above the floor. Coordinate
piping layouts with provisions for auxiliary platforms, temporary scaffolding, or floor stands for operation of,
and or maintenance access to, valves. For additional guidelines for the location of pipe supports see Standard
DPE-A-12-004.
2.1.2.9 Use flat top eccentric reducers for horizontal water lines, and flat bottom eccentric reducers for
horizontal steam lines, except where specific system requirements state otherwise. Use long radius elbows
where elbows are required. For high pressure pipe (main steam and hot reheat), or when nonstandard
schedules are specified, bends shall generally be 5 pipe diameters, unless the project criteria document allows
the use of 3 pipe diameter bends. The use of 3 pipe diameter bends may be considered in selected instances as
a solution to arrangement problems.
2.1.3 Clearances
2.1.3.1 Route pipe so that clearances around the pipe are adequate to meet installation and field welding
requirements, and valve, instrument, and support maintenance requirements. Provide adequate clearance for
ultimate system expansion to the hot condition and allow for seismic displacements, where applicable.
2.1.3.2 Route pipe to reserve space for electrical trays between the bottom of the floor steel and the top of the
pipe (or the top of the pipe insulation) taking into account the worst condition, either hot or cold. Space
allocation shall be agreed between the respective squad leaders in the planning stages of the project. To
prevent interference with pipe supports, the electrical designers should be alerted to not route trays directly
over the top of any pipe, except where cable tray runs cross pipe runs.
2.1.3.3 Where possible, keep floors around rotating equipment, such as pumps, sufficiently clear of pipe to
permit operating and maintenance access to the equipment. Where not possible, clear both ends and one side
and provide a minimum clearance of 3 feet between the other side of the equipment and the pipe. Do not
locate pipe over the top of rotating equipment, except in the space above the maintenance hoist beams.
2.1.3.4 Keep heat exchanger tube bundle or shell removal areas clear of pipe, conduit, cable trays and other
obstructions that may jeopardize maintenance operations.
2.1.3.5 Consider insulation thickness for clearance purposes when routing pipe. Select pipe wall penetration
sleeves to provide l to 2 inches of clearance beyond insulation for maximum pipe movement.
Provide the following minimum headroom clearances under all pipes, taking into account covers, and
appurtenances, and both hot and cold positions
2.1 m over walkway areas

3.8 m over yard areas and maintenance aisles
6.0 m over roads or any truck access
7.0 m over railroads
2.1.4 Materials and Temperature Considerations
2.1.4.1 Materials
2.1.4.1.1 Several materials, as defined in Standard DPE-A-12-001 - piping classifications -ASME B31.1 and
ASME Section I, can be, and are, used for power plant piping. Most are straight-forward in their application.
Cast iron and fiberglass are noted herein to emphasize their special requirements.
2.1.4.1.2 For cast iron pipe, do not design on the basis of fitting to fitting between pieces of equipment.
include flanged joints and at least one spool piece in the layout to permit adaptation to final erected
equipment locations differing slightly from those shown on the design drawings.
2.1.4.1.3 The properties of fiberglass and thermoplastic pipe differ greatly from that of metallic pipe;
therefore, in routing pipe made of these materials, take into account the manufacturer's design instructions
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with regard to:
-allowable design pressures

-thermal expansion provisions: loops, anchors, and guides.
-hangers: spacing and choice of support at the pipe.
-buried pipe: bedding, filming, and thrust blocks.
2.1.4.2 Temperature Considerations
Consider flexibility in the design and routing of pipe with design temperatures of 250F or higher (hot
systems); or with design temperatures less than 250F, where large diameters, long straight runs, solar
exposure, or other conditions might cause thermal expansion or contraction leading to excessive stresses.
Provide relief valves in process lines subject to temperatures in excess of design operating temperature (ie
solar, ambient).
2.2 Piping Components
2.2.1 Valves
2.2.1.1 General
2.2.1.1.1 Where possible, show valves and fittings welded together to minimize use of spool pieces, unless
valve operators interfere with one another.
2.2.1.1.2 All motor operated valves, control valves and frequently operated manual valves shall be accessible
from or near a floor, above or below or from a platform. The use of extension stems and floor stands are
permitted for manual valves. All valve operators and appurtances, ie, positioners limit switches, etc., shall be
accessible for maintenance, calibration, removal and reinstallation.
2.2.1.2 Isolation and Check Valves
2.2.1.2.1 Do not divert pipes from an overhead run down to a floor simply to make an isolation valve(also
referred to as "shut-off" or block" valve in this document)or check valve accessible. Use a supplementary
platform, a remote manual operator, or a combination of both. Orient remote manually operated valves in the
pipe system taking into account location and support of the operator. Consider chain wheel operators only as
a last resort for a maintenance valve, i.e. a valve which is normally open at all times. If a chain wheel operator
is necessary, locate the valve so that the chain may be fastened out of the way, eg, against the building
column.
2.2.1.2.2 Position all manual valves with stems in the vertical (upward) position, unless other orientations
eliminate the need for remote operating devices or platforms, without degrading the performance of the valve.
2.2.1.2.3 Use swing and either spring loaded or non-spring loaded lift check valves for general service. Use
non-slam check valves for all pump and air compressor discharge service.
2.2.1.2.4 Locate swing and non-spring loaded lift check valves in the horizontal position; and non-slam and
spring loaded lift check valves in either the horizontal or vertical position. Locate non-slam check valves in
the riser originating at the pump discharge.
2.2.1.2.5 Locate "T" pattern or "Y" pattern globe valves such that:
In cold water service, flow is under the seat wherever possible.
In hot water service (500 and over) and any steam service, flow is over the seat at all times, except at
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economizer inlets, where flow is under the seat.
For tight shutoff at equipment, pressure is over the seat when valve is in closed position.
2.2.1.2.6 When a butterfly valve is included for throttling service, use a high grade pipe material for a
distance of approximately 5 feet downstream of the valve to resist cavitation erosion.
2.2.1.3 Safety and Relief Valves
2.2.1.3.1 Run vent pipe individually, straight, and as short as possible. If necessary, shift steel and equipment
to accomplish this purpose. Do not offset vent pipe more than 30 degrees.
2.2.1.3.2 Keep the distance between the centerline of the safety valve and the vertical centerline of the
discharge elbow to a minimum (24 inches maximum). If it appears that greater than 24 inches is required, the
cognizant group supervisor should be consulted.
2.2.1.3.3 Orient each valve to discharge parallel to the axial centerline of the pipe it is protecting.
2.2.1.3.4 Locate safety valves as close as possible to the equipment. Run safety valve vents separately, do not
manifold.
2.2.1.3.5 Locate safety valves a minimum of 10 pipe diameters downstream of the tangent point of any bend
or elbow, or extension nozzle of main run.
2.2.2 Pressure, Temperature, Flow and Level Instrumentation
For installing pressure, temperature, flow and level instrumentation refer to Instrument Installation Details,
installing instrumentation in piping systems.
3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Arrange piping in accordance with the Standard P&ID for each system referred to in this section.
3.1 Main, Hot and Cold Reheat Steam Systems
3.1.1 General
3.1.1.1 Locate one drain with drip pot in each main pipe, as close as possible to the turbine.
3.1.1.2 Locate the safety valves in a horizontal run of pipe and as close to steam generator connections as
possible but at least 10 pipe diameters from nozzle (see section 2.2.1.3.5). Where two leads are used, arrange
safety valves in pairs having identical pressure settings with one of each pair located in each lead. Elbows of
1-1/2 pipe diameters may be used, rather than bends, in the main pipe upstream of valves to facilitate location
of the valves and other pipeline specialties in the pipe run. Keep the distance from the vent stack centerline to
the valve centerline as short as possible.
3.1.1.3 Change pipe direction through the use of bends rather than fittings, except where fittings are
specifically recommended or where available space does not allow for a bend. Tangent lengths for bends shall
be per Piping Fabrication Institute Standard ES-24.
3.1.1.4 Originate branch connections from either the top of horizontal mains or from vertical mains. Design
branch connections to be self-draining, where possible.
3.1.2 Main and Hot Reheat Steam Piping
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3.1.2.1 In cases where two leads are planned, use identical pipe sizes and approximately equal lengths before
merging the two leads into one header, so that the pressure drop in each lead is approximately equal.
3.1.2.2 For steam generators with vertical steam outlet connections elbows may be used rather than bends to
change orientation from the vertical run out of the secondary super heater and reheater outlet connections to
the first horizontal run to the turbine. This allows maximum utilization of that portion of the horizontal run
over the steam generator proper for the location of required pipeline specialties such as the instrumentation,
safety valves, and electromatic relief valves. Run this pipe horizontally just above steam generator support
steel but under the steam generator roof support steel.
3.1.2.3 If shutoff valves are required in the main steam leads, locate them only in horizontal runs of pipe just
downstream of the safety valves, and as close to the superheater outlet as possible. Select a motor operator
that strokes the valve to full open in 30 seconds. Provide a valved bypass around the shutoff valve.
3.1.2.4 If the turbine has two or more stop valves, run pipe branching from the single header so that the pipe
lengths to each stop valve are similar. Locate pipe drains in the branches just upstream of the stop valves or,
in the case of the reheat stop valves, just before the sweep up into the valves.
3.1.3 Cold Reheat Steam Piping
3.1.3.1 Provide two sets of cold reheat pipe isolation spectacle flanges. install one set as close to the turbine
outlet as possible while maintaining accessibility and space to swing the spectacle. Locate the blowout steam
inlet connections just downstream of these flanges. Locate the second set as close as possible to the steam
generator reheater inlet with the blowout steam connections just upstream of the flanges.
3.1.3.2 Locate the desuperheater section as close as possible to the steam generator connections in either a
vertical or horizontal run of pipe.
3.1.3.3 Depending on the location of the cold reheat piping inlet connection on the steam generator, the safety
valve vent stacks must rise past parts of the steam generator which may contain a number of retractable
sootblowers or other equipment. Therefore, locate the safety valves so that the vent stacks can be
routed as straight as possible, avoiding offsets of more than 30 degrees.
3.2 Extraction Steam Systems
3.2.1 General
3.2.1.1 Extraction Piping
3.2.2.1.1 Route the extraction line from the cold reheat leads to highest pressure heater in a manner such that
the valve station containing the motor operated isolation valve, and the reverse flow check valve, forms the
high point in the system; with the pipes connecting to the extraction line sloping towards the cold reheat leads
and the pipe downstream of the valves sloping towards the heater.
(see sketch no. 1 for an acceptable piping arrangement that eliminates the need for drains.)
3.2.1.2 Exhaust Piping From Turbine Driven Steam Generator Feed Pump
3.2.1.2.1 Run the steam generator feed pump drive-turbine exhaust pipe as direct as possible to the condenser.
Install balanced pressure, flanged, 90 expansion joint in the 90 turn from the vertical pipe out of the turbine
exhaust connection to the horizontal run of the condenser shell. slope pipe downstream of the 90 joint
towards the condenser connection. Butt weld and install the motor-operated butterfly shutoff valve in the pipe
just downstream of the joint. Make no other turns in the pipe run, if at all possible.(See Sketch No. 2 for an
acceptable piping arrangement.)
3.2.2 Heater Piping
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Piping Arrangement
3.2.2.1 Heaters Located Above Turbine Outlets
3.2.2.1.1 Route pipe from turbine connection downward, turning to provide a horizontal section just long
enough to accommodate a motor-operated block valve, a reverse flow check valve, and two drains, and then
run pipe up and into the heater. never install any of the main valves vertically.
3.2.2.1.2 Locate all valves close to each other and as near the turbine connection as possible with the drains
upstream and downstream. Provide drip pots at each drain. Route the pipe from the turbine connection to the
heater so that the valve station becomes the only low point.
(See Sketch No. 3 for an acceptable piping arrangement)
3.2.2.1.3 Install the block valve with the operator vertical and upright. The block valve may be welded
directly to the reverse flow check valve. If there is interference with the reverse flow check valve
counterweights and the block valve body, specify bending of the counterweight shafts until the
counterweights clear, or order the valves with long enough spindles so that the counterweights clear with
straight shafts.
3.2.2.1.4 For large, low pressure extraction lines, consider ball valves in lieu of gate valves.
3.2.2.1.5 Take all branch connections from the top or side of pipe.
3.2.2.1.6 Where the turbine extraction outlet connection originates within the condenser neck; consider, for
flexibility purposes, the pipe routed inside and outside the condenser neck as two separate systems, each
anchored at the condenser shell.
3.2.2.2 Heaters Located Below Turbine Outlets
3.2.2.2.1 Route all pipe from turbine connection downward, turning to provide a horizontal section just long
enough to accommodate a block valve and reverse flow check valve. Locate these valves as close as possible
to the turbine connection. ;
3.2.2.2.2 Provide a drain with a drip pot upstream of the valve station. Slope the pipe downstream of the valve
station towards the heater inlet. (See Sketch No. 4 for an acceptable piping arrangement.)
3.2.2.2.3 Install the block valve with the operator vertical and upright. The block valve may be welded
directly to the reverse flow check valve. If there is interference with the reverse flow check valve
counterweights and the block valve body, specify bending of the counterweight shafts until the
counterweights clear, or order the valves with long enough spindles so that the counterweights clear with
straight shafts.
3.2.2.2.4 For large, low pressure extraction lines, consider ball valves in lieu of gate valves.
3.2.2.2.5 Take all branch connections from the top or side of pipe.
3.2.2.2.6 Where the turbine extraction outlet connection originates within the condenser neck; consider, for
flexibility purposes, the pipe routed inside and outside the condenser neck as two separate systems, each
anchored at the condenser shell.
3.3 Steam Generator Feedwater System;
3.3.1 Steam Generator Feed Pump Suction Piping
3.3.1.1 Vertical Pipe
3.3.1.1.1 Provide a single discharge pipe from the deaerator storage tank. Split this horizontally, with separate
runs to each steam generator feed pump inlet, if two pumps are used.
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Piping Arrangement
3.3.1.1.2 Run the pipe as near vertical as possible down to the horizontal runs to the steam generator feed
pumps. Use shallow offsets (not more than 30 degrees) for any deviations from the vertical.
3.3.1.1.3 Terminate the bottom of the single discharge pipe so that the horizontal pipe runs to each steam
generator feed pump are as near equal in length as possible.
3.3.1.1.4 Locate the preoperational chemical cleaning deaerator connection and deaerator isolating
spectacle flange as close to the deaerator storage tank as possible. Provision should be made for temporary
scaffolding for access to the preoperatlonal chemical cleaning connection and to operate the spectacle flange.
3.3.1.1.5 Locate the operatlonal chemical injection connections at any convenient spot on the deaerator single
discharge pipe, with the isolatlon valves for these services as close as possible for easy accessibility.
3.3.1.2 Horizontal Pipe
3.2.1.2.1 Select runs to each steam generator feed pump as nearly identical in length as possible.
3.3.1.2.2 Keep the pipe as low as possible. Locate it under the floor directly over the steam generator feed
pumps. Do not use horizontal runs near the deaerator storage tank outlet.
3.3.1.2.3 If horizontal runs cannot be achieved, slope pipe downward continuously towards the steam
generator feed pumps.
3.3.1.2.4 If required locate eccentric reducers as close to the vertical suction main as possible. Provide
separate drain connections for the pockets caused by the eccentric reducers. Use pump casing drains on the
steam generator feed pump barrels for main system drain.
3.3.1.2.5 Route horizontal runs of pipe over the steam generator feed pumps between the maintenance hoist
beam and the structural steel of the floor above.
3.3.1.2.6 Locate the steam generator feed pump suction isolation valve, strainer, and minimum flow
recirculation control flow nozzle, in the horizontal runs. (temporary scaffolding will be used for strainer
basket removal, flow nozzle inspection, and valve maintenance). Use an extension stem from the floor above
to operate the isolation valve.
3.3.1.2.7 Follow manufacturer's requirements for upstream and downstream straight pipe around the flow
nozzle. For preliminary planning, use lengths of straight pipe equal to 5 pipe diameters, downstream of the
nozzle; and equal to 15 pipe diameters, upstream of the nozzle. Do not use straightening vanes.
3.3.1.2.8 Route last sections of suction pipe to the steam generator feed pump suction nozzle at right angles to
the feed pump axial centerline.
3.3.1.2.9 Locate the relief valve in the final pipe drop to the steam generator feed pump. Route the relief valve
vent line down to just above the pump base.(See Sketch No.5, Sheets No.1 and No.2, for a typical routing of
horizontal pipe for a steam generator feed pump application.)
3.3.2 Steam Generator Feed Pump Discharge Piping
3.3.2.1 At Pump Outlet
3.3.2.1.1 Use a non-slam check valve and, for a top discharge pump, install it in the vertical pipe run directly
out of the pump but after the pump recirculation take-off connection. Install a motor-operated inclined-stem
globe isolation valve in the individual pump discharge line before joining the common discharge header,
preferably close to the pump discharge connection. Orient the valve so that the main header pressure is above
the seat with the valve in a closed position and the pump shut down.
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Piping Arrangement
3.3.2.1.2 Run the common discharge header as low in the plant as possible; if space permits under the same
floor elevation as the pump suction header, taking into account the pump isolation valve location. If resulting
piping arrangement becomes congested, congestion can be relieved by locating the discharge header a floor
above suction header.
3.3.2.1.3 Route horizontal pipe runs over the pump between the maintenance hoist beam and the structural
steel of the floor above.
3.3.2.2 At Feedwater Heaters
3.3.2.2.1 Route feedwater heater inlet and outlet pipe for high pressure heaters such that the inlet and outlet
isolation valves are located on the heater floor on the channel side of the feedwater heater with their
centerline parallel to the heater shell centerline. Orient motor-operated inclined-stem globe isolation valves so
that main header pressure is above the seats with the valves in the closed position (heater out-of-service) and
the bypass-valve open. Set bottom of feedwater inlet pipe 1 feet above heater floor and determine required
heater elevation to suit arrangement giving minimum length and number of fittings for connecting to
feedwater heater inlet nozzle. Do not route feedwater pipe directly in front of heater, behind heater, or
overhead parallel to and on centerline of heater.
3.3.2.2.2 To ensure flexibility, give special attention to the bypass piping configuration. This is normally a
dead leg (no flow), and thus, it is a cold pipe in a hot system. (See Sketch No.6 for an acceptable piping
arrangement around high pressure feedwater heaters.)
3.3.3 Steam Generator Feed Pump Recirculation Piping
3.3.3.1 Route each feed pump recirculation line separately to the deaerator storage tank.
3.3.3.2 Depending on the type of the recirculation control valve used, locate the recirculation control valve on
the deaerator storage tank floor, or on the pump deck adjacent to the pumps. Do not locate the recirculation
control valve for this service above the deaerator storage tank minimum water level in order to prevent water
hammer upon restarting a pump after a period of standby condition. Arrange the recirculation control valve
neatly on the floor against the deaerator storage tank, if up on tank deck; and with sufficient clearance for
pump maintenance, if on pump deck. Anchor recirculation control valve, or pipe just adjacent to control valve,
to structure.
3.3.3.3 Provide a 10 pipe diameter long straight section downstream of the recirculation control valve.
See Sketch No.8 for an acceptable piping arrangement.
3.3.4 Desuperheating Water Supply Piping
3.4.4.1 To Superheater
3.3.4.1.1 Locate valve stations as close to terminal point as possible, arranged neatly on the floor or on a
platform.
3.3.4.1.2 Locate system isolation valve at the takeoff from steam generator feed pump main discharge header.
3.3.4.1.3 Locate flow nozzle in any convenient position in the common supply line. Follow nozzle
manufacturer's requirements for straight pipe upstream and downstream of nozzle. For planning purposes, use
15 pipe diameters upstream and 5 pipe diameters downstream of the nozzle.
3.3.4.2 To Cold Reheat Steam System
3.3.4.2.1 Install the required tilting-disc check valve and the pump isolation inclined-stem globe valve at the
interstage discharge connection of each pump. Locate the check valve upstream of the isolation valve and in
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Piping Arrangement
the vertical run of pipe directly out of pump.
3.3.4.2.2 Locate control and shutoff valves as close to terminal points as possible, arranged neatly on the floor
or on a platform.
3.4 Condensate System
3.4.1 Condensate Pump Suction Piping
3.4.1.1 Route suction pipe out of the condenser hotwell in a checkered-plate covered trench to the
below-the-floor condensate pump suction connection.
3.4.1.2 Run suction pipe as short and direct as possible.
3.4.1.3 Locate the shutoff valve, strainer, and expansion joint as close to the pump as possible with the
expansion joint connected directly to the pump flange. Provide an opening for the valve-operator in the
checkered-plate covering.
3.4.1.4 For basket strainers, or tee bathtub strainers with the tee upward, allow sufficient room overhead for
the erection of rigging to pull the baskets. If the tee strainer has the tee on its side, increase the trench width
locally to allow for basket removal.
3.4.2 Condensate Pump Discharge Piping
3.4.2.1 Provide a block valve, a bevel gear manually-operated gate valve, and a tilting disc check valve
the pump discharge. Install the check valve in a horizontal run of pipe connected to the pump discharge, and
located below the hotwell low water level in order to prevent water hammer upon restarting a pump after a
period of standby condition. Immediately downstream of the check valve, route the pipe vertically upwards,
locating the gate verve in the riser so that the lowest portion of the gear operator provides the required
headroom. If the design calls for individual pump recirculatlon, insert a tee fitting between the check valve
and the pump discharge connection. Run the discharge piping from each individual pump directly into the
pump discharge header and at 90 to the header.
3.4.2.2 Use bevel gear manually-operated gate isolation valves for the main piping to the deaerator. Where
isolation valves are located in an overhead header, provide operating access from an auxiliary platform or
with an extension stem and floor stand from the floor above the pipe. Do not install isolation valves with
operators hanging downward in horizontal runs of pipe.
3.4.2.3 Continuous sloping is not required; horizontal runs of condensate pipe may be routed to achieve a neat
layout without concern for pockets or direction.
3.4.2.4 Arrange each set of cold condensate connections as a group with block valves neatly maniforded and
accessible from one of the lower floors or, if necessary, an auxiliary platform. Position the valves against a
wall, turbine foundation, tank or heat exchanger, avoiding blocking of passageways. There are several
services in the plant requiring cold condensate acquired from connections in the pump discharge header, ie.
upstream or downstream of the condensate polisher, the location depending on the service. In addition, there
are a few connections to the header, just downstream of the polisher, feeding chemicals to the system.
3.4.2.5 Use manufacturer's requirements for the amount of straight pipe upstream and downstream of the
condensate control flow meter. For planning purposes, allow 5 pipe diameters downstream and 15 pipe
diameters upstream. For any installation requiring an ASME turbine test, plan for a 25 feet run of removable
(flanged at each end) straight pipe just upstream of the deaerator storage tank for insertion of the turbine
manufactureres calibrated flow meter section.
3.4.3 Condensate Piping At Feedwater Heaters
3.4.3.1 7The channel end of feedwater heaters mounted in the condenser neck is generally in one of the most
congested areas in a power station. To alleviate congestion, locate the inlet and outlet isolation and bypass
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Piping Arrangement
valves elsewhere. To achieve a neat condensate system piping arrangement, group these valves against one of
the turbine foundation legs on the basement floor.
3.4.3.2 Route condensate inlet and outlet pipes for floor mounted low pressure feedwater heaters such that all
the valves, including the bypass valve, are located along the heater shell, below the floor. This arrangement
requires extension stems and floor stands on the heater floor. Do not route condensate pipe either directly in
front of a heater, directly behind a heater, or directly over the centerline and parallel to the heater. Weld
valves and fittings together to minimize number of spool pieces. (Use piping arrangement similar to that
shown on Sketch No. 7.)
3.4.4 Control Valve Stations
3.4.4.1 Locate control valve stations originating from overhead pipe on the floor with the control valve stem
perpendicular to the floor, allowing sufficient clearance for control valves requiring maintenance through the
bottom. If floor space allows the valves to be in line, weld the control valve, reducers if any, and isolation
valves together such as to minimize number of spool pieces without the necessity of rotating valves to get
best arrangement. Interference of operators normally does not arise with the use of bevel gear manually
operated isolation valves.
3.4.4.2 Where floor space is not available, install the isolation valves in the riser leading to the control valve,
allowing sufficient space for the bottom of the operators to clear the headroom. Weld the elbows leading to
the risers directly to the control valve or, in cases where the control valve is smaller than the line size, weld
the elbows directly to reducers which in turn are welded directly to the control valve. If interference is a
problem, spool pieces may be considered. Do not locate the control valve station by-pass valve in a straight
pipe run connecting the inlet and outlet risers to and from the control valve station.
3.4.4.3 Arrange control valve stations originating from under the floor pipe with all the valves horizontal to
the floor, and with all interferences eliminated and maintenance clearances provided as noted above.
3.4.4.4 Arrange control valve station bypasses clear of the main valves to permit thermal flexibility and
operation and maintenance access.
3.4.4.5 Place control valve stations feeding water to the condenser hotwell, such as condensate system
makeup from the condensate storage tank, as close to the condenser as possible. This minimizes the potential
for water hammer and flashing downstream of the control valves when the valves open to an empty pipe
under vacuum. The condensate make-up and return line shall run below grade from the condensate storage
tank all the way to a point local to the connection on the condenser.
3.4.4.6 Locate control valve stations operating off the hotwell to permit viewing the gauge glasses mounted
on the hotwell while operating the control valve bypass valve.
3.4.4.7 See Sketches No. 9 and No. 10 for acceptable piping arrangements for condensate system control
valve stations with approach from above.
Also, see Sketches No. 11 and No. 12 for acceptable piping arrangements for condensate system control valve
stations with approach from below.
3.5 Feedwater Heater Drain Systems
3.5.1 Cascading Drains
3.5.1.1 Arrange drain pipe with the drain control valve located as close as possible to the inlet nozzle of the
heater receiving the drains. Arrange the drain control valve so that the flow is above the seat. Wither inline or
angle type drain control valves are acceptable, but inline valves are preferable for ease of arrangement.
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Piping Arrangement
3.5.1.2 Directly downstream of the control valve, increase line size to heater drain inlet nozzle size.
3.5.1.3 From downstream of the control valve to the heater inlet, change direction using a tee with flow
through the branch. For the open end of the run of the tee, use a flange and a blind flange cover with a 1/8
inch thick stainless steel plate inserted between them. Show a valved telltale connected through the blind
flange.
3.5.1.4 Place the complete drain control station directly over the top of the heater receiving the drains. Weld
together in the horizontal, the control valve, upstream isolation valve, the reducer to control valve size, the
increaser to heater drains inlet size, and the tee required for the turn down towards the heater nozzle. Install
the control valve downstream isolation valve in the vertical drop towards the heater inlet nozzle. See Sketch
No.13 for drain control station arrangement.
3.5.1.5 Route heater drain pipe as simple and as direct as possible. Coordinate routing with pressure drop
calculations.
3.5.2 Drains To The Condenser
3.5.2.1 Use an inline control valve for drain routed into the condenser. Locate this valve, with its upstream
and downstream block valves for each heater drain pipe, as close as possible to the condenser drain inlet
connection, with a straight pipe run from the control valve to this connection.
3.5.2.2 Locate any required pressure breakdown orifices at the condenser drain inlet connection.
3.6 Auxiliary Steam System
3.6.1 Piping
3.6.1.1 Slope all pipe in direction of flow, towards drain points. Reverse slopes are not permitted in either hot
or cold condition.
3.6.1.2 Do not put shutoff valves in any vertical run of pipe. Install shutoff valves in horizontal runs of pipe
with operator vertically upwards. Utilize bevel-gear operators, and special adaptors utilizing extension stems
and gearing, If required, to operate these valves while maintaining the vertical upright orientation of the valve
operator. Rolling a valve operator from the vertical to a maximum angle of 45 is permissible.
3.6.1.3 Take all branch takeoffs from any header from the top or side of the pipe. Top connections are
preferred.
3.6.2 Control Valve Stations
3.6.2.1 Locate control valve stations at a high point in the auxiliary steam piping system so that they may be
self-draining, eliminating the need for drip pots and traps.
3.6.2.2 Precede the control valve with a strainer the same size as the control valve, and locate isolation valves
on each side of the control valve/strainer assembly.(See Sketches No. 14 and No. 15 for acceptable piping
arrangements.)
3.6.2.3 Locate the supply steam pressure reducing station from the steam generator drum to the auxiliary
steam header at the high point in the auxiliary steam piping system. The station is then self-draining,
eliminating the requirement for costly high pressure traps.
(See Sketch No. 16 for an acceptable piping arrangement.)
3.7 Service Systems
Typical of these systems would be water treatment, waste treatment, lube oil, component cooling water, seal
water, chemical feed, instrument and service air, service water system, etc.
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Piping Arrangement
3.7.1 Outdoor Piping
3.7.1.1 Insulation
3.7.1.1.1 When outdoor piping requires insulation apply insulation with metal jacket so that it stays as dry as
possible. In general, locate and/or seal all joints in the lagging against ingress of water. This may be
accomplished by: Using insulation guards and stirrup type supports with rollers. Do not use clamp type pipe
supports. Wherever possible, locating all valves and instruments indoors. For all water pipe, taking branch
connections from the bottom of distribution headers. (water-proof the breech in the lagging for all steam pipe
branch and instrument connections, and for all water pipe instrument connections which must come from the
top of distribution headers.) For outdoor valves in a horizontal run of pipe, locating the operator in an upright
position. (carry insulation and lagging on globe and gate valves over the bonnet and past the gland, with
check valves completely covered, and all waterproofed. The portion from bonnet to gland must be removable.
Fit a hood over top of yoke around valve stem so that it fits down over lagging at gland.) in general, avoiding
inclined-stem globe valves outdoors because of the difficulty associated with waterproofing the insulation.
3.7.1.1.2 Freeze Protection
Provide appropriate devices, if necessary, to above ground pipe to ensure freeze prevention.
For freeze protection of underground pipe provide sufficient depth of cover above the top of pipe, depending
on site climate.
Consider all possible live and dead loading conditions when establishing depth of pipe and extent of
protection for pipe under roads and railways. (Observe the requirements of American Water Works
Associated Standard C101 and the "Welded Steel Water Pipe Manual" published by the Steel Plate
Fabricators Association, Inc.)
3.7.2 Fire Protection Piping
3.7.2.1 Comply with the requirements of local and/or state fire protection code, whichever takes jurisdiction.
3.7.2.2 Comply with the requirements of NFPA standards no. 13 and no. 15 for sprinkler pipe routing.
3.7.2.3 Comply with the requirements of NFPA standard no. 14 for fire protection standpipe routing.
3.7.2.4 When pipe is below grade, provide depth of cover and anchoring (for fire mains) in accordance with
the requirements established by the national fire protection association standard for outside protection, NFPA
standard no. 24.
3.7.2.5 Comply with the requirements of NFPA standard 20 for centrifugal fire pump installation and NFPA
standard 22 for water tanks.
3.7.2.6 Comply with the requirements of NFPA standard code for piping of the following systems:
Foam Extinguishing - NFPA 11, 11A and 11B

Halon NFPA 12A and 12B
Carbon Dioxide NFPA 12
Water Spray Fixed NFPA 15 and 16
Locate valve manifolds or piping specialties, etc. to provide installation access for vertical and
horizontal supports and restraints.
3.7.2.8 To preclude freezing, do not route any portion of a fire system in front of air intake louvers, or
windows, and/or adjacent to uninsulated walls.
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Piping Arrangement
3.7.3 Roof, Floor and Equipment Drain Piping
3.7.3.1 Comply with the requirements of local and/or state plumbing code, whichever takes jurisdiction.
The Building Officials and Code Administrators International, inc. publishes the BOCA basic plumbing code
which should be referred to for further guidance.
3.7.3.2 Comply with the requirements of NFPA Standard Code No. 92M for waterproofing and drainage of
floors.
3.7.3.3 Provide for proper expansion and contraction of roof drainage pipe.
3.7.3.4 Make changes in pipe size on roof and floor drainage with reducing fittings.
3.7.3.5 Coordinate floor drains and roof drains details with architectural and structural drawings.
3.7.3.6 Unless local and/or state plumbing codes require otherwise, observe the following requirements for
cleanouts:
size - same as pipe; plugs are not larger than 4 inches.
In horizontal lines of 4 inches or less - do not locate the cleanouts more than 50 feet apart; with larger pipes,
not more than 100 feet apart.
Rod both ways, if possible.
Make all underground cleanouts, except where flush with grade level, accessible by manhole with metal
covers.
Locate cleanouts at each change of direction of more than 45 degrees.
Provide cleanouts for all traps at base of vertical stacks.
For wall-concealed pipe, extend through and terminate flush with, finished wall or floor.
3.7.4 Steam Trap Discharge Piping
3.7.4.1 Wherever possible, run steam trap discharges individually to the receiver.
3.7.4.2 If steam trap discharges must be ganged into a condensate return header, observe the following:
Arrange steam traps discharging into one header to achieve a pressure variation of not more than ten percent
from lowest to highest.
Arrange steam trap discharges of varying pressures to enter the header in descending order of pressure, with
the highest discharge pressure farthest from the receiver.
Arrange steam trap discharges to enter the header at a 45 angle in the direction of flow.
3.7.4.3 Steam Trap Stations
3.7.4.3.1 As a general rule, locate steam traps and condensate return headers lower than the piece of
equipment or pipe they are draining. This precludes the possibility of flooding and subsequent freezing of
equipment when located outdoors.
3.7.4.3.2 Slope the condensate return headers towards drains receivers and avoid the creation of pockets. If
pockets are unavoidable, bridge any pocket with an overhead 1/2 inch air release pipe.
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Piping Arrangement
3.7.4.3.3 Drain each steam heating coil through its own individual steam trap, including heating coils in
multiple coil arrangements.
3.7.4.3.4 Provide vacuum breakers for trapped discharges from heating coils
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Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.1
EXTRACTION STEAM PIPING FROM COLD
REHEAT TO THE HIGHEST PRESSURE HEATER
MOTOR OPERATED
ISOLATION VALVE
REVERSE FLOW
CHECK VALVE *
FLOOR
SLOPE
HEATER EXTRACTION LINE
FLOOR
SLOPE SLOPE
COLD REHEAT LEADS
ELEVATION
* NOTE : FOR RESOLUTION OF POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE

REFER TO PARAGRAPH 3.2.2.1.3 OF THIS STANDARD.
Page : 16 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.2
EXTRACTION STEAM PIPING TO HEATER
MOUNTED ABOVE TURBINE OUTLET CONNECTION
SLOPE
HEATER
TURBINE
MOTOR OPERATED
EXTRACTION LINE ISOLATION VALVE
REVERSE FLOW
CHECK VALVE
SLOPE * SLOPE
DRIP LEG DRIP LEG
DRAIN CONTROL
VALVE
TO CONDENSER TO CONDENSER
ELEVATION

Page : 17 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.3
EXTRACTION STEAM PIPING TO HEATER
MOUNTED BELOW TURBINE OUTLET CONNECTION
TURBINE
MOTOR OPERATED
ISOLATION VALVE
REVERSE FLOW
CHECK VALVE
SLOPE * SLOPE
DRIP LEG
EXTRACTION LINE
DRAIN CONTROL
VALVE
HEATER
ELEVATION

Page : 18 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.4 (SHEET 1 OF 2)

ARRANGEMENT OF STEAM GENERATOR FEED PUMP
SUCTION PIPING
FEEDWATER STORAGE
TANK OUTLET
"A"
HOIST BEAM ABOVE
FEEDWATER BOOSTER
PUMP
"A"
PLAN
Page : 19 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.4 (SHEET 2 OF 2)

ARRANGEMENT OF STEAM GENERATOR FEED PUMP
SUCTION PIPING
DEAERATOR
FEEDWATER STORAGE
TANK
DEAE. FLOOR
PREOPERATIONAL
CHEMICAL CLEANING
CHEMICAL CLEANING CONNECTION
SPECTACLE FLANGE
OPERATIONAL
CHEMICAL INJECTION
CONNECTIONS
ISOLATION VALVES
ISOLATION VALVE
OPERATING FLOOR
STRAINER
MEZZANINE FLOOR
HOIST BEAM
E
SL O P
FEEDWATER BOOSTER
PUMP
BASEMENT
ELEVATION "A- A"
SKETCH NO.5
ARRANGEMENT OF BOILER FEED PIPING
AT FEED WATER HEATER
TO BOILER
"B"
OUTLET
FEEDWATER
HEATER NO.6
MOTOR
OPERATED INLET
VALVES
BYPASS
FEEDWATER
HEATER NO.5
"A" "A"
"B"
PLAN
MOTOR OPERATED BYPASS

Piping Arrangement
FEEDWATER
VALVES HEATER NO.5 NO.6 NO.5
BYPASS
FLOOR FLOOR
FROM BOILER
FEED PUMP
SECTION "A- A" SECTION "B- B"
Page : 20 of 28
SKETCH NO.6
ARRANGEMENT OF CONDENSATE PIPING
AT FEED WATER HEATER
DOWN TO NO.4
"B"
FEEDWATER
HEATER NO.3
FEEDWATER
HEATER NO.2
"A" "B" "A"

PLAN
OUTLET
OUTLET OUTLET
NO.3 NO.2
FEEDWATER
HEATER NO.2
FLOOR FLOOR
Piping Arrangement
GEAR OPERATED VALVES

INLET WITH EXTENSION STEMS INLET
BYPASS INLET
APPROACH FROM BELOW BYPASS BYPASS
(SAME ARRG'T IF APPROACH
IS FROM ABOVE)
TO HEATER NO.4
SECTION "A- A" SECTION "B- B"
Page : 21 of 28
Page : 22 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.7
ARRANGEMENT OF FEEDWATER
PUMP RECIRCULATION CONTROL VALVES
DEAERATOR MINIMUM OF 10 PIPE

DIAMETERS STRAIGHT
RECIRCUALTION
CONTROL PUMP
L.W.L
RECIRCULATION VALVE
TO BE RIGIDLY MOUNTED
ON STEEL
DEAERATOR L.O
STORAGE TANK
DEAE. FLOOR
FEED PUMP
DISCHARGE PIPING
MINIMUM OF 10 PIPE
DIAMETERS STRAIGHT
MOTOR OPERATED
VALVE
LOCATION OF RECIRCULATION
VALVE ONLY IF REQUIRED
BY VALVE MANUFACTURER
STEAM GEN.
FEED PUMP L.O.
PUMP DECK
ELEVATION
Page : 23 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO'S 8 & 9

ARRANGEMENTS OF CONTROL VALVE STATIONS
WITH APPROACH FROM ABOVE
BYPASS
INLET OUTLET
ECC. RED.
(F.O.B) *
FLOOR
ELEVATION
SKETCH NO.8 (PREFERRED)
INLET OUTLET "A"

BYPASS BYPASS
BYPASS
VALVES
ECC. RED.
(F.O.B) * FLOOR FLOOR
ELEVATION "A" VIEW "A- A"
SKETCH NO.9 (ALTERNATE)
Page : 24 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO'S 10 & 11

ARRANGEMENTS OF CONTROL VALVE STATIONS
WITH APPROACH FROM BELOW
* ECC. RED.
(F.O.T) FLOOR
BYPASS
BYPASS
BYPASS
INLET OUTLET
ELEVATION
SKETCH NO.10 (PREFERRED)
* ECC. RED. BYPASS VALVE

(F.O.T)
"A"
FLOOR
OUTLET

BYPASS
"A"
ELEVATION VIEW "A- A"
SKETCH NO.11 (ALTERNATE)
Page : 25 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.12
DRAIN CONTROL STATION ARRANGEMENT
FOR CASCADING DRAINS
CONTROL VALVE
TEE
1/8" S.S PLATE
BLIND FLANGE
CASCADING DRAIN TELLTALE

FROM HIGHER
PRESSURE HEATER
CL FEEDWATER HEATER
Page : 26 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO'S 13 & 14

ACCEPTABLE ARRANGEMENTS OF AUXILIARY STEAM
CONTROL VALVE STATIONS
*
ECC. RED.
(F.O.B)
FLOOR
STRAINER WITH
BYPASS BLOWOFF
DO NOT TRAP.
SLOPE TO
SLOPE SLOPE EQUIP. CONN.
BYPASS
AUXILIARY STEAM
MAIN ELEVATION
SKETCH NO.13
BYPASS VALVE
"A"
* ECC. RED.
(F.O.B)
FLOOR
BYPASS "A"
VIEW "A- A"
AUXILIARY
STEAM MAIN
ELEVATION
SKETCH NO.14
* ECCENTRIC REDUCER, FLAT ON BOTTOM
Page : 27 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.15
AUXILIARY STEAM SUPPLY FROM STEAM GENERATOR DRUM
ARRANGEMENT OF CONTROL VALVE STATION
ISOLATION
BLOCK VALVE VALVE
"A"
BYPASS
REDUCER
BYPASS
"A"
SLOPE
STEAM GENERATOR DRUM TO AUX. STEAM

CL HEADER
OR HEADER
BYPASS
VIEW "A- A"
Page : 28 of 28
Piping Arrangement
SKETCH NO.16
STEAM GENERATOR FEED PUMP EXHAUST SYSTEM
SLOPE
SLOPE
CONDENSER
MOTOR OPERATED
TURBINE GENERATOR BUTTERFLY VALVE
PEDESTAL LEG
FEED PUMP DRIVE

TURBINE PEDESTAL LEG
STEAM GENERATOR FEED

PUMP DRIVE TURBINE EXHAUST ABOVE
CL
TRANSITION
SECTION BALANCED PRESSURE
EXPANSION JOINT
PLAN
Page : 1 of 2
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: WORK LIMITS
1. PURPOSE
This section covers the scope of design and supply for piping connected equipment/components and
instruments etc.
2. EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT CONNECTIONS
2.1 Flanged Connection
Equipment or Components
- Vessel
- Pump
- Drum
- Header
- Heat Exchanger
- Condenser
- Turbine Piping
- Piping
- Etc.
2.1.1 Piping discipline to provide flanges with gasket/bolt nut and receiver to provide counter flanges unless
otherwise specified in drawings or specifications of equipment or components
2.1.2 To comply with the specification of equipment or components nozzle flange if it is different form piping
specification such as class, faces etc.
2.2 Welding Connection
2.2.1 Weld end preparation shall be matched in accordance with piping material specification at the terminal
points.
2.2.2 Receiver to execute the connection welding.
2.2.3 Supplier is responsible for fixing coordinates.
Page : 2 of 2
Piping Arrangement
3 ISTRUMENT CONNECTIONS
Note: To install instruments except drum gauges according to instrument installation detail (Hook-
Up) drawings which is prepared by I&C Department. Root valves to be provided by Piping
discipline unless otherwise specified.
Page : 1 of 3
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: HUMAN FACTOR GUIDELINES
1. VALVE HANDWHEEL VERTICAL
Page : 2 of 3
Piping Arrangement
2. VALVE HANDWHEEL - HORIZONTAL
3. VALVE HANDWHEEL - NOTES
3.3.1 Whenever other design considerations permit, valves are best installed with the stem pointing straight
up (vertical stem), since this position greatly facilitates in-place maintenance (lubrication of screw, inspection,
repacking).
3.3.2 Valves may be rotated as the horizontal position with no great decrease in maintenance convenience.
But should not be installed with the stem downward since the bonnet acts as a trap for abrasive sediment and
water which may freeze under adverse climatic conditions.
3.3.3 Safety requires that valves be placed over height (3m or more) platform rather than adjacent to them.
Page : 3 of 3
Piping Arrangement
4. OTHERS
Page : 1 of 7
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: CLEARANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY
1. CLEARANCE
Clearance
Item Description Remark
HORI. VERT.
Access Headroom height over stairs, platforms, walkways, 2300
Walkway passageways and working areas
Headroom height for projections over platforms, 2100

walkways, passageways and working areas
With of stairways(back to back of stringer) 750
With of landings(in direction of stringer) 900
With of walkways(at grade or elevated) 750
Maximum vertical rise of stairways(one flight) 5500
Maximum length of dead-end platform in escape 6000

routes(note 1)
Platform Maximum variance in platform elevations without 300
(Notes 2,3) intermediate step
Minimum clearance width of platform 750
Width of manhole platforms on vertical vessels shall be 750 or one

the greater of nom.
Manhole
dia+300
Ladders Maximum vertical rise of operational ladders(single run) 9000
(Notes 4,5,6,7)
Maximum allowable slope of ladders from vertical 15
Toe clearance from centerline of rung to obstruction 175
Clear climbing space for 90pitch ladders(note 8) 750
Clear climbing space for 76pitch ladder (note 8) 900

Operation and Access to equipment, valves,
Maintenance instruments and manholes located note 9
within 2150mm to 3600mm above grade
Roads Headroom for primary access roads (where major 4900
maintenance vehicles are excepted to pass) (notes
18, 19)
Headroom for electrical transmission and distribution 6700
lines
Page : 2 of 7
Piping Arrangement
1. CLEARANCE (Cont.)
Clearance
HORI. VERT.
Paving grading Freeboard height of curbs and dike walls 150
surfacing (notes
Maximum height of dikes above the interior grade of 1500 18, 19)
dike areas
Railroads Headroom over through railroads (from top of rail) 6700
Headroom over dead-end and sidings(from top of rail) 4900
Clearance from track centerline to obstructions 2450

Safety Distance of platform below the top of any stack or 3600 Fig. 1
Clearances continuously operating vent in other than steam or air
service(Note 10,11)
Distance of platform or flat roof below the outlet piping 3600 Fig. 2
from generalized relief and safety vents operating in
other than steam or air service (Note 10,12,13,14)
Height of air intake stacks for buildings (note.11) the

grater of :
a. distance above Grade 9000
b. distance above the vertical extent of the hazardous area 1500
Horizontal distance of sewer box and sump vents from

furnace walls 15000
Distance of top of sewer box and sump vents above

grade or adjacent operating level(note 16) 3000
Horizontal distance of sewer box and sump vents from

platforms 4600
Distance separating fired process heaters(Furnaces and

open flame equipment) (note 17):
a. where there is potential for a pool fire (liquid

combustible in tubes and/or liquid fuel) and no measures 7600
are taken to prevent the pool fire from contacting the
adjacent furnace.
b. where there is no potential for a pool fire or where a

firewall and/or drainage prevents a pool fire from As
contacting the adjacent furnace. required
for
maintena
nce etc.
Page : 3 of 7
Piping Arrangement
Clearance
HORI. VERT.
Safety Distance from fired process heaters(furnace and open
Clearances flame equipment) to equipment containing flammable
fluid :
a. where fluid is above its autoignition temperature. 7600
b. Where fluid is below its autoignition temperature and 7600

its vapor pressure is less than 0.015 psia.
c. Where fluid is below its autoignition temp. and its 15000

vapor pressure is greater than 0.015 psia.
Distance from fired process heaters (furnaces and open

flame equipment) to equipment containing flammable
gases:
a. Where the density ratio [(ambient air)/(gas) at 1 7600

atm] is grater than 1.5
b. Where the density ratio is less than or equal to 1.5. 15000
Distance from fired process heaters(furnace and open 15000

flame equipment to switchgear room, control rooms,
compressor house and critical remote operated valves
Page : 4 of 7
Piping Arrangement
Restricted access
45 Platforms Only
Allowed Plume (see note 10)
Dispersion Area
3600
3600
3600
Platform Top of stack
(natural/atmospheric
21500 discharge)
Unrestricted access
allowed in this area
Grade
Figure 1
Platform location limitation for stacks
Restricted access
45 Platforms Only
Allowed Plume
(see note 10)
Dispersion Area
3600
3600
Platform 3600
Top of outlet piping
(pressurized discharge)
20xDo
Unrestricted access Do=Nom. Dia. of outlet

allowed in this area
Grade
Figure 2
Platform location limitation for relief and vent outlet
(Pressurized System)
Page : 5 of 7
Piping Arrangement
Notes:
1. Dead-end platforms greater than 6m long are prohibited where such dead-ends are in escape routes or
where it may be reasonably anticipated that. Because of confusion arising from an emergency or panic
situation, an individual might select an escape path which would lead to such a dead-end.
2. Toe plates shall be provided on the edges of all platform areas and around platform openings except at the platform
entrance and exit location.
3. Standard handrailing shall be provided on open sides of all platform areas and stairways.
4. Ladders shall generally be arranged for side exit. However step-through ladders are permissible.
5. Ladders which are located at or extend 6m or more above grade shall be provided with safety cages. Ladders which are
located at or extend less than 6m above grade shall be provided with top rail hoops only. Ladders which are located at or
extend less than 2150mm above grade do not require a top rail hoop.
6. Self-closing gates and top rail hoops shall be provided across ladder opening at all landings except for ladders located at
or less than 2150mm above grade.
7. The clear climbing space requires for ladders that deviate in pitch between 75and 90. (See note 8)
8. Clear climbing space is defined as the climbing area clearance for ladders, and shall be provided throughout the length for
the ladder.
9. Operation and Maintenance :

One 1800mm height mobile stair stand shall be available for each 1000 square meters of process area for access to
equipment, valves, instruments and manholes located within 2.15m to 3.6m above grade.
10. Only restricted access platforms are permitted within the allowed plume dispersion area shown in Figure 1 and 2.
Restricted access platforms are defined as those which prevent personnel from entering the allowed plume dispersion area
while the plant is operating but may be used for maintenance or servicing during turnaround.
11. Within a horizontal 21.5m radius from the outside edge of the stack platforms allowing unrestricted access located
outside of this radius shall be at least 3.6m below a line extending upward 45from the horizontal(projected top of the
stack) at the end of the 21.5m radius.
12. Within a horizontal 20 x Do radius(1.5m min., 10.7m max.) from the outside edge of pressurized relief or vent outlet
piping, platforms or flat roofs allowing unrestricted access located outside of this radius shall be at least 3.6m below a line
extending upward 45from the horizontal(projected top of the vent) at the end of the 21.5m radius.
13. Figure 2 is applicable for generalized vents only where there is concern for safety. Toxicity or fire radiant flux
specialized calculations shall be performed to determine the horizontal radius distance from the vent.
14. The discharge of steam, air or similar non-flammable vapors from relief valves, and continuously operating vents shall
be located to prevent hazard to personnel.
15. Control houses and switch rooms shall generally be considered to be in a safety area if located 15m or more from the
nearest source of flammable hazard. When not located in a safety area, they shall be of pressurized design with the air intake
stack located in safe area or height.
Page : 6 of 7
Piping Arrangement
Notes:
16. Sumps or sewer boxes under or adjacent to yard racks shall have vents run to a safe place above the yard.
17. Distance from furnace to equipment shall be measured from the outside of the nearest of the furnace walls to the nearest
part of the equipment considered.
18. Dikes when used around storage tanks in process units to retain spilled liquids shall provide sufficient volumetric
capacity to contain the liquid that can be released from the largest tank in the enclosed area plus freeboard with other
contained equipment and tankage in place.
19. The drainage system for diked areas shall be provided with a valve on the outside of the dike wall to control the
drainage.
Page : 7 of 7
Piping Arrangement
2. ACCESSIBILITY
Access Provided Item of Equipment
1 Check valves - all sizes (at vessels)

2 Gate and glove valves - NPS 3" & smaller
(at vessels)
3 Gauge glasses and trycocks
Permanent Ladder 4 Handholes
5 Pressure instruments on vessels
6 Temperature instruments on vessels (see item 30)
7 Level controls between 2150mm and 3600mm above
Grade
8 Furnace observation doors between 2150mm and
3600mm above grade
9 Control valves - all sizes
10 Heat exchanger units
11 Manholes *
Platform 12 Process blinds *
(items located 13 Relief valves (vertical vessels) NPS 4" & larger
over platform) 14 Clean out points
15 Furnace soot blowers
16 Furnace burners when inaccessible from grade
17 Furnace observation doors *
18 Furnace sample ports *
19 Gate and globe valve - NPS 4" & larger(at vessels)
20 Motor operated valves
21 Relief valves(vertical vessels) inlet size 3" and
Platform Smaller
(items located 22 Relief valves(horizontal vessels) - all sizes
at edge of 23 Level controllers
platform) 24 Sampling devices on vessels *
25 Groups of valves at battery limits in elevated
pipe racks
Mobil Stair 26 All servicing between 2150mm and 3600mm above grade except as noted herein
27 Nozzles on vessels
28 Block valves in yard banks
29 Metal temperature measuring points on vessels
No Permanent 30 Temperature and pressure points in piping
Access 31 Orifices in lower yard banks
32 Check valves not at vessels
33 Silencers
34 Exhaust Heads
Temporary Platform 35 Furnace header boxes containing removable plugs
Supports
* more than 3600mm above grade
Page : 1 of 5
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: PUMP PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This standard covers the general design requirements for the piping layout of pump area.
2. PUPM TERMINOLOGY
2.1 Net Positive Suction Head: NPSH is on of the most important terms a plant layout designer needs to
understands when developing and equipment layout that includes pumps and vessels. The required net
positive suction head is measure of the pressure drop of the liquid as it moves from the inlet of the pump to
the eye of the impeller. It is a characteristic of the pump that is generally determined by testing and is
expressed in feet of water by the pump manufacturer.
2.2 Available Net Positive Suction Head: The available NPSH is the net pressure available in a given system,
based on vessel pressure and static head, minus the liquid vapor pressure and functional losses in the system.
The goal is to maintain equipment heights and minimize pump suction piping to ensure that the available
NPSH is greater that the required NPSH. In sufficient NPSH can reduce pump capacity and efficiency and
lead to cavitation damage.
2.3 Allowable Nozzle Loading: The allowable nozzle loading is the maximum amount of stress that the
piping configuration may impose on the pump suction and discharge nozzles, as set by the vendor, client, or
code. The pipe stress engineer is responsible for working within this tolerance by coordinating the piping
design early in a project and rechecking all calculations before formal fabrication issues of piping drawings
are made.
2.4 Vapor Pressure: When the pressure in the pump suction line falls below the vapor pressure of a liquid, the
liquid flashes, or changes to vapor. Because no ordinary liquid pump can pump only vapor, liquid flow to the
pump falls off and the unit is said to be vapor bound.
2.5 Cavitation: The rapid collapse of vapor bubbles that can produce noise, result in a loss of head and
capacity, and create a severe erosion of the impeller and casing surfaces in the adjacent inlet areas.
2.6 API (American Petroleum Institute) Pumps: This term refers to the horizontal, single-stage pumps found
in the petroleum industry. The standard developed by vendors, contractors, and users entitled API 610
Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service is used to specify pumps for purchase. To a plant layout
designer, an API pump is a large, refinery-type pump.
3. PIPING LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
Before initiating a piping layout in a pump area, the plant layout designer must consider several factors that
are critical to optimum design. The first factor concerns the support of the pump piping, which often includes
large expansion loops for flexibility. If the pumps are located under a pipe rack or structure, support is
relatively easy. If not the plant layout designer must consult with the stress engineer for the best location for
equipment such as stops and hangers. Pumps in an open area often require a much large structure for pipe
supports. Allowable loading on a pump nozzle is very low, the piping must be properly supported to avoid
overstressing the nozzles. Vendors may void pump warranties if the allowable loads are exceeded.
Client pump and driver maintenance procedures must also be known at this stage, especially those regarding
how each item is to be physically removed by a cherry picker. Uniformity of design in piping, supports, and
steel shall be considered ahead. A pump layout should be viewed not on an item-by-item basis but as a whole
area. The designer must also be aware of all operation and maintenance concerns with all pump layouts.
When expansion loops are required between pumps, it is necessary to partially run the lines over the pump
and driver. Every effort must be made to minimize maintenance obstructions by running the piping either
Page : 2 of 5
Piping Arrangement
outside the area directly over the pumps, or at a high enough elevation to permit the removal of the pump or
driver.
Orientation of block valves must minimize the plot area required. Elevation of the valves should generally be
as low as possible and common in both lines when practical.
3.1 Pump Suction Piping Design
3.1.1 Avoiding cavitation in a pump is a concern in all services but particularly when the liquid operates close
to the vapor pressure. Boiler feed pumps generally operate close to the vapor pressure of the feed water. As a
result, it is imperative that changes in direction be minimized. Designer may add flexibility to the suction line
when it is convenient to support it, but this may disrupt the flow and increase the possibility of caviation. The
preferred arrangement has a maximum straight drop out of the deaerator down to where the flexibility loop is
required. Although support may be more difficult, optimizing the operation of the pump is of primary concern
and should take precedence.
Air pocket and vibration shall not be permitted in a pump suction line.
3.1.2 Pump Suction Straight Run: When side suction nozzles are used on centrifugal pumps, a minimum of
five diameters of straight run (min. 2D) is added to the line before it enters the nozzle. This distributes the
liquid evenly because the flow is coming in perpendicular to the impeller.
EXhibit 3-1
Page : 3 of 5
Piping Arrangement
3.1.3 Temporary Basket Strainer: The temporary strainer catches any foreign matter that may heave collected
in the piping during construction. After the suction and discharge valves have been shut off, the blind flange
is unbolted and put aside and the strainer is pulled out. This strainer is used only for start-up. The spool shall
be designed for easy basket removal.
Exhibit 3-1
3.1.4 Duplicate piping configurations should be considered.
3.2 Pump Discharge Piping Design
3.2.1 It should be configured so that the elevation of the block valve handwheel must be within the reach of
plant operations personnel.
Exhibit 3-2
Page : 4 of 5
Piping Arrangement
4. REDUCTION AT PUMP SUCTION
NOTES;
1. Final reductions or increases in line size shall be as close as possible to pump suction nozzle.
2. Entire length of all suction lines shall be free of directional changes or reductions that create high points where
entrapped gas or air could accumulate. Centrifugal pumps have been used for illustration, but those rules also apply to
other types of pumps, i.e., reciprocating, rotary, inline, vent., etc.
3. Drains are indicated at desired locations, specific type per job instruction.
4. This distance can include inline items, i.e., reducer or valves or straight run of pipe.
Page : 5 of 5
Piping Arrangement
5. PUMP PIPING SUPPORTS
A plant layout designer must have some basic knowledge of stress and pipe supports to generate a sound
pump piping arrangement that will not be radically redesigned by a stress/support engineer. Some simple
rules, if followed, enable the designer to satisfy two of the most important considerations: supporting the
suction line under the elbow and supporting the discharge line with five diameters of the to elbow.
5.1 The suction line is commonly supported under the elbow adjacent to the pump nozzle. This may be a hard
support (i.e., pip or a structural steel member), adjustable type, or spring supports for high-temperature pumps.
If pumps are located in poor soil areas or where differential settlement may occur, extending the pump block
foundation may be necessary to pick up the base support. The stress/support engineer and civil engineer need
to be part of the decision.
5.2 Discharge line should be supported as close to the top elbow as possible and should be within five
diameters of the elbow. Pump nozzle loading falls under the API-610 code. There are two ways of supporting
the discharge line. One is to sit the spring support on the steel with a rod hanger and clamp; the other version
is to place a base spring on the steel with the discharge line resting directly on the load flange of the spring.
5.3 Loading on steam turbine nozzles falls under the NEMA-SM-21 code, which is different from the
allowable nozzle loads on pumps.
Exhibit 5-1
Page : 1 of 2
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: DRIP POTS DESIGN FOR STEAM LINE
1. PURPOSE
This standard establishes the sizing of steam line drip pots for fossil fuel and combined cycle plants
2. DRIP POT TYPES AND SIZES
Page : 2 of 2
Piping Arrangement
Table 21. Drip Pot Dimension

Drip Pot Dimension (inches)
Header size (in) 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Drip Pot Size (in) 2 3 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12
Blowdown va Size(in)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Note 6
Dimension "A" (mm) 250 350 360 400 420 450 470 490 510 540 560 600
Note:
1. Drip pot size should be of the same size of steam header for 6" & smaller.
2. Block valve may not be required if steam trap station is within 3m from the drip pot.
3. Generally, the set point of level switch High High is located at 1D from the header centerline. Above
take off is based on Do"-25mm, but not less then 80mm form the welding line of tee. [Do = Header
NPS (B)]
4. If above take off is from the header centerline, the set point of level switch High High is located at
190mm from the header centerline.
5. Double block valve shall be used on all drain and instrument connection piping with pressure-
temperature rating of ASME Class 600 and above.
6. Drains for Main Steam, Hot Reheat and Cold Reheat Piping (Refer to ASME TDP-1)
- Main Steam Piping: Drain line just upstream of the turbine stop valve should have an inside diameter of no less
then 1 inch to minimize risk of plugging by foreign material.
- Hot Reheat Piping: A minimum 3 inch connection approximately 9 inch long should be installed to provide for
gravity drainage at low loads. This 4 in. pipe should be reduced to minimum of 1-1/2 inch nominal pipe size.
- Cold Reheat Piping: The drip pot should fabricated from 6 inch or larger diameter pipe. Each pot should be
provided with a drain line of nominal 2inch minimum size.
Page : 1 of 2
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATION
1. PURPOSE
This standard provides the drip pan design of safety valve discharge. The design of the safety valve
installations should be in accordance ASMEE B31.1 Appendix II Nonmandatory Rules for the Design of
Safety Valve Installations unless otherwise specified.
2. Discharge Installation - Drip Pan Type
Exhibit 7-1
Table 2-1. Drip Pan and Discharge Pipe Dimension Table (mm)
NPS(B) A B C D E F G Remark
2-1/2 65 95 80 150 80 405 356
3 76 114 110 150 80 454 406
4 51 102 150 220 150 552 457
6 76 152 230 220 150 682 457
8 102 203 230 220 150 733 508
10 127 254 230 220 150 784 508
Note: 1. Recommended Lmax 4D0

2. Recommended Fmax 6D0
3. Check the interference between drip pan and safety valve.
4. Give a sufficient clearance (E) between the exhaust pipe and drip pan by taking reaction and displacement
due to thermal expansion into consideration
5. Provide full or half offset when thermal expansion movement is big.
6. Where, D0 = Outside diameter of the discharge pipe
7. Check the weld end connection for butt weld type safety valve since the safety valve size may be different
from the nominal pipe size.
8. Distance of platform or flat roof below the outlet piping form generalized safety valve vents shall not be
less than 3.6m
Page : 2 of 2
Piping Arrangement
3 Discharge Installation - Expansion Joint Type
Table 3-1. Expansion Joint and Discharge Pipe Dimension Table (mm)
Disch. Exhaust Allowable
A B C D E Remark
NPS(B) NPS(B) Movement
2-1/2 6 95 100 168 356 250 41
8 95 100 168 356 250 41
3 6 114 100 168 356 233 32
8 114 100 168 356 233 32
4 8 102 100 219 406 303 41
10 102 100 219 406 303 41
6 10 152 100 273 457 356 41
12 152 100 273 457 356 41
8 12 203 100 324 508 408 41
14 203 100 324 508 408 41
10 14 254 100 356 508 418 31
16 254 100 356 508 418 31
Note: 1. Recommended Lmax 4D0

2. B & 100mm Dimension shall be determined after checking of the amount of vertical movement.
3. Check the interference between Drip Pan and safety valve (Hot & Cold).
4. Provide full or half offset when thermal expansion movement is big.
5. Where, D0 = Outside Diameter of the Discharge Pipe
Page : 1 of 4
Piping Arrangement
SUBJECT: INSTRUMENTATION
1. Purpose
This standard covers the general requirements for the layout of instruments.
2. Required Straight Length for Orifice Plates, Nozzles and Venturi Nozzles
Page : 2 of 4
Piping Arrangement
3. Orifice Plate Installation
FLOW
Exhibit 3-1
4. Orientation of Orifice Tap
Note 1. For liquid and steam services, pipeline elevation should be taken into account sensing instrument location
because the instruments are lower than the pipeline.
2. Field instrument locations should be determined and installed by I&C Dept..
Page : 3 of 4
Piping Arrangement
5. Location of Orifice Flanges and Venturi Tubes
Medium Orifice Flanges Venturi Tubes

Clean Liquid Horizontal or Vertical(1) Horizontal or Vertical(3)
Liquid with Solids Vertical(2) Horizontal or Vertical(3)
Steam Horizontal or Vertical(2) Horizontal or Vertical(3)
Dry Gas or Air Horizontal or Vertical(3) Horizontal or Vertical(3)
Wet Gas or Air Horizontal or Vertical(2) Horizontal or Vertical(3)
(1) Upward Flow only

(2) Downward Flow only
(1) Upward or Downward Flow
6. Pressure and Temperature Tap Locations
6.1 An allowance of at least six (6) pipe diameters should be made for the inclusion of the pressure tap after a
control valve or a pipe intersection, as illustrated in Exhibit 6-1.
6.2 Pressure gages in piping systems at such equipment as pump discharge lines must be located as close to
the equipment as possible.
6.3 To secure maximum mixing of two or more incoming streams and to promote accurate readout,
temperature connections are located a minimum of eight (8) pipe diameters downstream from the stream
intersection, as illustrated in Exhibit 6-2.
6.4 Generally, pressure and temperature gauge should be accessible from grade or a platform or at least from
a portable ladder. In both cases, the gauge must be readable from the operating level without a portable ladder.
6.5 The location of temperature instruments must provide adequate clearance for probe and dial or
thermocouple head removal.
6.6 On small piping systems (e.g., less then 3 inches diameter), it may be necessary to increase the size of the
line near the insertion point of the probe or to locate the instrument in an elbow to maintain adequate
clearance between the end of the probe or well and the inside the pipe.
PI PI TI
000 00 00
6D Stream 1 8D
(Min.) (Min.)
Stream 2
Exhibit 6-1 Exhibit 6-2
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7. Control Valve Station (For Reference)
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SUBJECT: DRAINS AND VENTS PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This section covers general requirements for the design of the drains and vents piping.
2. DRAIN AND VENT ARRANGEMENT
2.1 All piping high points shall be vented and all piping low points shall be drained. Drains and vents shall be
equipped with valves. Drains shall be run to funnels set in open hub drain connections.
2.2 Drain and vent points must be at every low and high point in the piping.
Exhibit 2-1
2.3 Steam lines to be drained must have under any operating condition, a sufficient slope in the main steam
direction of 1~2% towards the drain point. For only short piping parts a drain against the steam flow can be
discussed. Steam trap should be provided.
2.4 Pockets and loops in pipe routing are to be avoided, since, even with an adequate drain, a potential risk of
excessive condensate accumulation remains.
2.5 Pipe leading to closed valves must have drains. This applies especially to pipe which are under pressure
during normal operation, such as stop valves before steam bypass.
2.6 Thermal expansion should be considered. Any malfunctioned drain by being reverse slope due to thermal
expansion must be avoided.
2.7 All drain pipes and manifolds being connected to condenser shall be located on the top of the highest
water level in hotwell.
2.8 The drain pipes flowing into manifold shall be connected to the 45 direction to manifold axis.
2.9 Drain connections on the atmospheric tank drain manifold shall be in descending order of piping. The
higher pressure is further away from the tank and the lowest pressure is closest.
2.10 The flow sectional area of drain manifold shall be more than 10 times the diameter of all drain pipes
connected.
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2.11 If capping drip leg bottom, the cap shall be opened after steam blowing to remove foreign substances.
2.12 The arrangement of formed pipe connections such as T-pieces, expansion bellows, orifices, etc., must be
arranged such as to avoid accumulation of condensate. These components are therefore normally placed in a
vertical piping element.
2.13 Valve casing, reducer, and flow element part shall be installed to avoid standing water.
2.14 The material of drain lines should be the same as the material of the main header.
2.15 In drain pipe routing, the slope shall direct toward drain tank or condenser to become gravity drain.
2.16 During the period of suspension in the power plant, the fluid in pipe inside must be discharged
completely.
2.17 Upon hydraulic test at site, there shall be no air collecting in the highest position of pipe.
2.19 In pipe routing, drain and vent shall be grouped properly to minimize the quantity of line.
2.20 All kinds of high temperature/pressure vent piping and PSV discharge shall be discharged to the
outdoors or a safe place in a suitable manner.
2.21 All kinds of oil/gas vent piping shall be installed out to the building roof or a possible high position in
outdoor to prevent from fire explosion. Minimum 15 ft (4.6 m) must be separated form the equipment.
2.22 It should be checked that the drain line capped to P&ID needs to extend to the pit of ground floor.
2.23 Long sections of pipe (longer and 5m) which normally have no continuous steam flow but are still under
pressure are to be avoided. Otherwise circulation heating lines must be provided.
2.24 Lines (i.e., bleed-off line, drain line) requiring the check of drain completion shall be selected as open
funnel type.
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SUBJECT: RACK PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This section covers general requirements for the design of the rack piping.
2 PIPE RACK COMPOSITE
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3. RACK PIPING ARRANGEMENT
3.1 Usually, pipe racks carry process lines on the lower level or levels, and the utility lines on the top level.
3.2 Instrument and electrical trays are integrated on the utility level if space permits or on a separate level
above all pipe levels.
3.3 Any pipe rack design should provide for 20% future growth.
3.4 If the electrical conduit trays are located on the top level and a row of motor driven pumps is located
beneath the rack at grade, a 150 mm slot should be provided to allow the conduit to run in the most direct
manner and avoid running to the outside of the rack and back to the pumps.
3.5 When flanges or flanged valves are required on two adjacent lines, the flanges are staggered.
3.6 Thermal expansion or contraction must be accommodated. The location of the branch connection must be
considered thermal expansion or contraction. Expansion loop should be studied in advance.
3.7 Pipeline elevation should be taken into account an amount of slope.
3.8 When locating lines in the rack, the plant layout designer should run the largest lines near the outside
where possible to reduce the overall load on the supporting beams.
3.9 Meter runs should be installed directly next to the columns so that access is available by potable ladder or
mobile platform. Meter runs are located in the pipe rack only when absolutely necessary.
3.10 The designer should avoid locating the line over the centerline of the column for support so that the
columns can be extended for future rack expansion.
3.11 Operating valves must be accessible from platforms or by chain operators. The location of the valve
must also permit the chain to fall free of obstructions that would hamper operation.
3.12 Battery limit valving are staggered on either side of the catwalk/platform.
4. CONSIDERATIONS OF VERTICAL SPACING BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER LEVEL
4.1 Sum of turning length of the largest lines.
4.2 Minimum installation space of the piping and cable tray
4.3 Installation of the drip leg for steam piping
4.4 Whether the operating or maintenance platform are required or not.
4.5 General Spacing: 1m, 1.5m, 2m, 2.5m, 3m, etc.
5. CONSIDERATIONS OF LOWER LEVEL OF PIPE RACK
5.1 Road crossing and headroom clearances
5.2 The height of equipment in unit
5.3 The height of equipment to be located beneath the rack at grade
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5.4 General Height: 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m, etc.
6. CONSIDERATIONS OF HORIZONTAL SPACING OF PIPE RACK
6.1 Piping installation space (Span, Insulation thickness, and thermal expansion etc.)
6.2 The width of instrument cable trays
6.3 The width of electrical cable trays
6.4 Future growth (10 ~ 20%)
6.5 Customers requirements
6.5 Site conditions
6.7 Economical efficiency etc.
6.8 General Horizontal Spacing: 2m, 3m, 4m, 6m, 9m, 12m, etc
7. FLEXIBILITY CHECK STEPS
7.1 Establishing potential flexibility problems: The lines that would most likely require expansion loops
should be defined. Steam headers in the top level of the pipe rack are such examples.
7.2 Determining line growth: The growth of such utility headers should be determined by multiplying the
coefficient of expansion by the length of the line. The coefficient of expansion is based on a particular
material operating at a specific temperature.
7.3 Determining whether on anchor point will suffice: Assuming that an anchor is located in the center of the
header, the designer should calculate the growth of various branches to determine whether they have enough
flexibility to absorb the header growth. If not two anchor points approximately one-quarter (1/4) of the
distance from each end of the header should be tried.
7.4 Arranging lines in proper sequence
7.4.1 The line that requires the largest leg must be located on the outside of the loop.
7.4.2 Placing the headers along one side of the pipe rack allows the expansion loops to sit with a slight
overhang along the adjacent side of the pipe rack.
7.4.3 As a result of imposing stop loads on a particular bent, bracing may be required to grade, prohibiting the
location of any equipment in that particular bay.
7.4.4 A means of removing condensate build-up must be provided on either side of the expansion loop. The
most common way to accomplish this is to add drip legs and traps.
7.4.5 The movement of a line must not be restricted by an adjacent line or column, because it will act as a line
stop and could cause a problem.
Technical Training for Piping)
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SUBJECT: TANK PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This section covers general layout requirements for the design of the tank area piping.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 Dike: A dike is a barrier designed to contain liquid spills within a given area for safety reasons. Earthen
dike, Concrete Dike, Double containment Diking Method, Earthen and Concrete Combination Dike etc.
2.2 Diversion dike: This is a barrier designed to divert spills from other storage tanks: it uses natural terrain to
direct liquids to a sump area.
2.3 Flame arrester: In the event of lighting or another source of vapor ignition, a flame arrester in the vent line
of a storage tank prevents flames form flashing to the vapor inside the tank.
2.4 Sleeper: Sleepers are steel or concrete supports usually located in 450 mm of grade for piping systems
commonly found in off sites.
2.5 Sump: This is the low point within an area used to collect liquids for removal.
2.6 Tank farm: A location with many storage tanks is often called a tank farm.
3. TANK PIPING LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 Where ground subsidence is expected, it shall be discussed with the Civil Engineering Dept. whether the
concrete foundation for support is integrated into the Equipment Foundation. Flexible hose or expansion loop
may be considered where ground subsidence is expected.
3.2 If installing pad on tank for pipe support, support load and positions shall be informed to the tank design
team to reflect this work.
3.3 Lines penetrating concrete dike walls may be secured against leakage by using commonly available seal.
The pipe sleeve sizes and locations shall be informed to the civil engineering department to reflect this work.
3.4 Gravity piping design should be considered from the tank outlet to the pump suction.
3.5 The optimum piping arrangement in a tank farm, as elsewhere in a process facility, is the most direct route
between two points allowing for normal line expansion and stress.
3.6 Valve access catwalks should be considered to give operations personnel adequate access to primary tank
valves.
3.7 Tank outlet piping can either penetrate the dike or pass over. The latter approach would usually be
considered if the maximum dike height were 1.8m and if the minimum liquid level in the tank would not
cause damaging cavitation in the pump. The designer must carefully examine each layout before employing
this design.
Technical Training for Piping)
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Exhibit 3-1
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SUBJECT: HEAT EXCHANGER PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This section covers general layout requirements for the design of the heat exchanger area piping.
2. EXHANGER CONSTRUCTION
2.1 Common Heat Exchanger
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2.2 Typical Shell and Tube Exchanger Construction
2.3 Plate Exchanger Construction
2.4 Spiral Exchanger Construction
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2.5 Double Pipe Exchanger Construction
2.6 Air Cooler Exchanger Construction
3. TYPICAL PLOT PLAN OF SEVERAL EXHANGER APPLICATIONS
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4. EXHANGER INSTALLATIONS
4.1 Sample Single and Paired Exchanger Installation
4.2 Parallel and Series Exchanger Installation
4.3 Sample Structure-Mounted Exchanger Installation
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5. EXHANGER PIPING LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Heat exchanger piping should be taken into account economic pipe runs, flexibility, process requirements
and operator and maintenance access.
5.2 Piping at shell and tube exchangers is positioned to allow adequate space for removal of channel heads
and shell covers. Piping must not be routed within reserved area for tube removal.
5.3 The free space at the side of horizontal shells can be used for placement of control valve stations.
5.4 Piping is elevated a minimum distance from grade or platform to provide operator headroom clearances,
to offer ease of support, and to meet designated pip rack elevations.
5.5 Piping connected to channel head nozzles should be furnished with break flanges to facilitate the removal
of the channel head.
5.6 Piping at air coolers is not routed over tube banks or fans and should be kept clear of the designated space
for motor maintenance.
5.7 Piping must be routed symmetrically to prevent a drift between neighboring exchangers.
5.8 If running pipe under foundation or in foundation bearing area verify pipe will not be crushed.
5.9 To prevent nozzle damage due to thermal expansion, expansion joints can be considered adjacent to the
nozzles.
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Exhibit 5-1
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Exhibit 5-2
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SUBJECT: UNDERGROUND PIPING DESIGN GUIDELINES
1. PURPOSE
The following design guidelines are intended to set a standard of planing and exucuting the underground
piping portion of projects which have no specified design criteria setforth in the project contract document.
2. RESPONSIBILITY
2.1 It is the piping designers responsibility to adhere to any contract requirements setforth in the Project
Contract Document.
2.2 It is the piping designers responsibility to adhere to any specified Project Design Criteria.
2.3 It is the piping designers responsibility to adhere to Local Codes.
2.4 The above 3 items are usually known to the project lead designer and his responsibility is to disseminate
this information. No piping designer should proceed without knowing this pertinent information.
2.5 It is the piping designers responsibility to produce a design which represents the P&IDs.
2.6 It is the piping designers responsibility to coordinate with other disciplines and produce and interference
free design.
2.7 It is the piping designers responsibility to obtain needed information from the civil department for trench
criteria.
2.8 It is the piping designers responsibility to obtain expected settlement and to consult engineering as to
where expansion joint may be required.
2.9 It is the piping designers responsibility to obtain stress analysis calculation/verification for the following
conditions.
- Pipelines beneath roads which may see heavy vehicular traffic.

- Pipelines beneath railroad tracks.
- Pipelines above 200 degrees.
- Pipelines underneath equipment or building foundations.
- Mechanical joint pipe may result in thrust blocks/tie rods.
- Pipelines with long vertical risers aboveground.
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Invert Elevation: the elevation of the inside bottom of the sewer line. Because of the wide range of
materials used in drainage piping systems with varying wall thickness, it is the constant that is used to set the
elevation on construction drawings.
3.2 Trench: This is usually a three-sided concrete trough located in the ground whose top is flush with grade.
It is used to house piping systems below grade and may require heat tracing or operator access.
3.3 Drain Hub: Usually a 4-in open pipe connection located approximately 100mm above grade or platform in
a concrete structure, a drain hub is used to collect drips or effluent from pumps, piping, or equipment drains.
3.4 Catch Basin: This device is used to collect surface drainage, with and outlet liquid seal and sediment trap.
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3.5 Cleanout: A cleanout is a piping connection in a sewer system that is located at grade level for inspections
or for cleaning the system.
4. UNDERGROUND PIPE ROUTING
4.1 Underground piping headers should be run together in on trench to minimize the amount of trenches
required. (Fig.1)
4.2 Plan pipe trenches not to undermine any building or equipment foundations. (Fig. 1)
4.3 If undermining a foundation is unavoidable resolution by construction sequencing may be possible, the
alternatives of trench boxes/sheet piling is undesirable. (Fig.1)
4.4 Set piping elevation at frost depth plus 6 (for grade irregularities) to top of largest pipe in trench. (Fig.1)
4.5 Set piping elevation at frost depth plus 12 (check local codes) to top of fire protection pipelines. (Fig.1)
4.6 Verify in shallow frost depth areas the minimum depth per type of pipe to prevent crushing of pipe before
determining elevation/minimum cover. (Fig.1)
4.7 Line up the bottom of the pipes. (Fig.1)
4.8 Maintain 8 minimum separation between pipes in trench for tape wrapping of pipe at butt weld joints.
(Fig.1)
4.9 Maintain 24 minimum separation between cooling water supply and return lines to prevent heat transfer.
4.10 Maintain 8 minimum separation between pipes in trench and pipe or ductbanks passing perpendicular to
minimize hand backfilling and compaction. (Fig.2)
4.11 Maintain 18 minimum separation between edge of pipe and building or equipment foundations to
minimize hand digging and foundation formwork clearance. (Fig.2)
4.12 Maintain 18 minimum separation between edge of fuel gas pipe and building foundations code
requirement (verify). (Fig.2)
4.13. If running pipe under foundation or in foundation bearing area verify pipe will not be crushed. (Fig.2)
4.14 Maintain horizontal or vertical separation when running potable water and process piping lines (check
local codes) (Fig.3 & 4)
4.15 Do not locate in-line instruments, and valves etc. in trench.
4.16 Insulating flange kits are required to prevent corrosion of the piping when underground meets above
ground
4.17. Protective coatings applied for the purpose of external corrosion should:
- be applied on a properly prepared surface;
- mitigate corrosion;
- have sufficient adhesion to the metal surface and be free of voids so as to effectively resist underfilim
migration of moisture;
- be sufficiently ductile to resist cracking;
- have sufficient strength to resist damage due to handling and soil stress;
- be impact resistant.
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4.18 Unless it can be demonstrated by investigation, tests, or experience that cathodic protection is not need, a
cathodic protection system should be installed for all new buried carbon steel, alloy, ductile iron, cast iron,
aluminum or other metallic piping.
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GENERAL PIPE LINE
FIRE PROTECTION PIPE LINE

(FIRE PROTECTION CODE NFPA 24)
.0
FROST DEPTH + 12"
FROST DEPTH + 6"
COMPACTED SOIL BACKFILL
MARKING TAPE
(HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)
200
PIPE O.D
200
FINE SAND FILL

Min. 200(Typ.)
GENERAL PIPE LINE
FIRE PROTECTION PIPE LINE

(FIRE PROTECTION CODE NFPA 24)
0
FROST DEPTH + 12"
FROST DEPTH + 6"
COMPACTED SOIL BACKFILL

MARKING TAPE
(HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)
100 PROTECTION STEEL COVER(6t)

(TYP.)
200
PIPE O.D
200
FINE SAND FILL

Min. 200(Typ.)
TYPICAL BURID PIPING INSTALLATION

FIG. 5
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ROAD
CL
GL.0
1000 CONCRETE TRENCH OR GUARDED PIPE
FINE SAND FILL
GL.0 ROAD
CONCRETE TRENCH
OR GUARDED PIPE
FINE SAND FILL
TYPICAL BURID PIPING INSTALLATION (ROAD CROSSING)

FIG. 6
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5. ATTACHMENTS
5.1 Procedure for Polyethylene Coating;
PROCEDURE NO.1
EXTERNAL CLEANING AND COATING OF

UNDERGROUND CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
(POLYETHYLENE COATING)
A. Scope
This procedure defines the requirements for external surface treatment and coatings for underground carbon
steel and stainless steel pipes. It also covers material, inspection, testing, and handling procedures and
subsequent repair of damage or defective areas on coatings. This procedure is limited to; shop or field
Polyethylene or owner accepted equal cleaning and coating; field applied sheet wrapping (hand wrapping) of
joints and field sheet wrapping repair or Polyethylene or equivalent coated pipe.
B. General Instructions
1. This procedure covers all sizes of plain carbon steel and stainless steel piping subassemblies. The
temperature of the fluid carried with not exceed 60. No pipe shall be coated or wrapped that was cleaned on
a previous shift. Pipe primer coat shall cover the entire pipe surface without voids or cracks. Primed surfaces
that become dusty or that remain uncoated for more than 48 hours shall be reprimed.
2. Pipe coating and wrapping shall provided a complete cover for the pipe, without holes, gaps, breaks or
bubbles. Sheet shall be applied with enough tension to make it adhere to the pipe wall. Pipe ends shall be left
free of coating and wrapping a distance of 150mm to allow for connection.
3. Shop and field welds shall be coated only after acceptance of hydrostatic tests.
C. Exterior Pipe Surface Preparation
1. The exterior pipe surface shall be free of all loose mill scale, rust, corrosion products, dirt, grease,
moisture, or other foreign material. Grease or Heavy oil shall be removed with a volatile solvent in
accordance with SSPC-SP-1. Loose rust, mill scale, or dirt shall be removed from steel piping by wire
brushing or by grit or sandblasting in accordance with SSPC-SP-6.
2. Where possible, all surfaces shall be coated immediately following cleaning and before any visible
rusting occurs.
3. Cleaned pipe intended for subsequent coating shall be stored, when necessary, in such a manner that it
shall remain free from recontamination. In the event of surface contamination, pipe shall be recleaned in
accordance with paragraph C.1.
D. Materials
1. Materials for Polyethylene Coating or equivalent
1.1 Materials used for coating, priming and wrapping pipe shall conform to applicable portions of code of
KSD 3589, 3607 or Owner accepted equal.
1.2 Primer and sheet wrapping produced by the same manufacturer shall be used to assure compatibility.
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E. Pipe Treatment
1. Polyethylene coating
1.1 Polyethylene layer in accordance with KS D3589 or D3607 and the following procedure;
1.1.1 The Polyethylene shall be mechanically applied to clean dry surfaces. Thickness and uniformity of the
film shall be determined by visual inspection.
1.1.2 All materials shall be held in constant tension when wrapped. A continuous ring of coating material
shall be visible at each edge of the wrappings as evidence that the bonding coat covers completely.
1.1.3 A sufficient distance shall be left at each end approximately 150mm of the pipe to permit the proper
installation of fittings or the welding of joints without damaging the coating and/or wrapping or interfering
with the welding.
2. Coating and wrapping of field joints or field repair of Polyethylene coating.
2.1 After the separate pipe lengths have been connected and hydrostatic testing is complete, the bare pipe
sections shall be cleaned in accordance with Section C.
2.2 Apply one coat of primer to the clean, dry, outside surface of the pipe by brush or spray. The primer
coverage shall not exceed 10 square meter per liter. Adequate drying time shall be allowed before tube
application. Dependent upon ambient temperature, a dry to touch time of a few minutes to an hour shall be
allowed, per the manufacturers recommendation.
2.3 Apply heat contraction tube or tape wrapping to the primed surface with edge overlap of 13mm minimum.
2.4 Joint shall be over-wrapped on the original wrapping by at least one sheet width.
2.5 Pipe wrapping or coating shall completely cover the pipe, without holes, gaps, breaks, or
bubbles. Pipe ends shall be left free of coating for a distance of 150mm to allow for hydrostatic testing and
connection of adjacent pipe lengths.
F. Testing and Inspection
1. Testing of materials
When tests are required on materials used in pipe coating or wrapping, then tests will be performed by Owner
at his expense and under his directions. Samples of materials to be tested shall be obtained from the shop
stock by Owners inspector.
2. Testing of coating
2.1 After completion of coating, all surfaces excluding flanges shall be inspected for voids, employing a high
voltage type holiday detector. Flanges shall be visually inspected for voids.
2.2 The electrical equipment used to test the Polyethylene or sheet wrapping shall be the portable, low
amperage, adjustable voltage, pulse-type holiday detector, Model AP or EP as manufactured by the Tinker
and Rasor Company of San Gabriel, California (or equal approved by Owner). The holiday detector shall be
furnished with a coil spring electrode for the larger coated areas, and a suitable brush type electrode for the
smaller coated bolt and structural surfaces.
2.3 The operating voltage of the detector shall be in accordance with KS D 3589, KS D 3607. Due to
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variables, such as relative humidity and temperature, the detector voltage shall be adjusted twice daily; once
just before starting work in the morning, and again just before starting work in the afternoon.
2.4 The operating voltage of the detector shall be determined by the following procedure.
2.4.1 Select a coated and wrapped portion at the overlap of the sheet approximately 380mm from the end of
one pipe length. This location represents the maximum thickness of the coating and wrapping on the pipe.
2.4.2 Deliberately puncture the coating and wrapping with a sharp knife point, awl, ice pick, or a similarly
sharply pointed tool.
2.4.3 Move the detector electrode back and forth over the puncture and reduce the voltage until the detector
does not indicate the known holiday.
2.4.4 Place a strip of Polyethylene, pipeline sheet over the known holiday, move the detector electrode back
and forth over the felt strip and slowly increase the Voltage until the detector starts to indicate the known
holiday under the sheet strip.
2.5 After the voltage has been properly adjusted, as outlined above, the electrode shall be passed over the
coated and wrapped surfaces on time only at the rate of approximately 11.5m to 16.4m per minute.
2.6 Any evidence of holidays or missed places will be indicated by and electric spark between the electrode
and the metal surface. All holidays or missed places so indicated shall be marked by chalk or crayon and
repaired in accordance with Section F and retested in accordance with Section E.
3. Shop and Field Inspection
3.1 Shop and/or field inspection of all piping placed underground are required by Owner. Shop and field
inspection will be performed by and at the expense of Owner. No treated piping shall be processed or buried
without inspection by Owner or its authorized representative, unless specifically waived by Owner. The
contractor shall notify Owner at least 24 hours in advance of the time pipe processing or underground
installation will commence so that inspection can be provided.
G. Pipe Coating Repairs
1. All coatings not meeting the specifications shall be repaired and retested according to KS D3589 or KS
D3607, this specification, and the satisfaction of Owners inspector. Repair to pipe coating defects shall be
done at the Contractors expense.
2. Repair of Polyethylene or equivalent
2.1 Shop repair using Polyethylene or equivalent
2.1.1 The repair process shall provide a finished area that is free from all damage and holidays. Surface
prepared for repairs shall be coated before rust appears, otherwise surface must be reworked.
2.1.2 The damaged areas shall be removed by cutting. The edge cut shall be tapered approximately 45 degrees.
The area shall then be cleaned by wire brushing removing all loose coating materials.
2.1.3 The damaged area shall be repaired using specified materials and following the same sequence as the
original coating.
2.2 Field repair of Polyethylene or equivalent coating using primer and tube or tape. If a Polyethylene coating
requires repair using the primer/tube or tape materials system, remove the polyethylene coating a distance of
75mm back from the area to be repaired. The pipe shall then be cleaned and primed per Section C and E.2.1
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except that primer shall also cover the portion of the shop coating that is to be covered with tape. Wrapping
shall be applied per Section E.2.2 and E.2.3 extending at least 75mm from the damaged area over the sound
shop coating.
H. Pipe Handling
1. Handling of coated and wrapped pipes in the shop
1.1 Wrapped pipe shall be handled in a manner to protect the pipe cover from damage. Damage to the pipe
cover from any of the Contractors operations, including transportation, loading, and unloading shall be
repaired by the Contractor at not cost to Owner.
2. Handling of coated and wrapped pipe in the field
2.1 Site operations involving handling, storage and installation of treated pipe shall be done in a manner
which will not damage the pipe cover.
2.2 No operation shall be employed which slides or drags the pipe over any surface whatever. No cable or
chain sling or choker shall be used to lift the pipe. Forklifts used to lift or transport treated pipe shall be
adequately covered to prevent cuts or abrasions to the pipe cover.
2.3 Treated pipe to be stockpiled or stored shall be placed in a shaded area on wooden supports. The wooden
surface in contact with the pipe shall be not less than four inches wide and shall be spaced sufficiently close
together to prevent pipe sagging. Treated pipe stacked in layers shall have wooden supports between layers.
Pipe shall not be stacked higher than following:
Size Wrapped and Treated Pipe
DN 25 and DN 50 10 layers
DN 80 5 layers
DN 100 3 layers
DN 150 2 layers
Over DN 150 1 layers
2.4 In Placing treated pipe in trenches and during backfill operations, extreme care shall be used to protect the
pipe cover. In rocky or hard ground, pipe trenches shall be over-excavated in depth and a 75mm bedding
layer or sand placed to receive the pipe. Backfill material, to a point 150mm above the pipe, shall be selected
sandy material free from rocks or broken concrete, etc. Tampers used to compact material around and over
pipes shall be of wood and used with care. Shovels, picks or other sharp tools shall be kept away from
surfaces of treated pipes. In lowering pipe into the trench it shall not be allowed to slide over any hard,
sharp or abrasive surface or to strike sharp objects protruding from the sides of the trench.
2.5 Treated pipe shall not be bent or kinked in any way sufficiently to produce a permanent change in pipe
alignment. Pipe bent in this manner shall have the treatment removed from the affected area and then replaced.
2.6 Treated pipe subjected to welding or other excessive heating shall have the treatment removed from the
affected areas and shall be retreated.
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5.1 Procedure for Coal Tar Coating;
PROCEDURE NO.2
SHOP/FIELD PROCEDURE FOR BURIED CARBON STEEL PIPE

USING COAL TAR AND WRAPPING METHOD
A. Scope
This procedure defines the requirements for external surface treatment and coatings for underground carbon
steel pipes. It also covers material, inspection, testing, and handling procedures and subsequent repair of
damage or defective areas on coatings. This procedure is limited to; Cleaning and Coating for shop or field
hot coal tar enamel; field applied tape wrapping (hand wrapping) of joints and or repair of hot coal tar enamel
coated pipe.
B. General Instructions
1. This procedure covers all sizes of piping subassemblies. The temperature of the fluid carried with not
exceed 65. pipe primer coat shall cover the pipe surface without voids or cracks. Primed surfaces that
become contaminated or exceed the primer manufacturers recommended open time shall be reprimed prior to
overcoating.
2. Pipe coating and wrapping shall provided a complete cover for the pipe, without holes, gaps, breaks or
bubbles. Tape shall be applied with enough tension to make it adhere to the pipe wall. Pipe ends shall be left
free of coating and wrapping a distance of 150 mm to allow for connection. Where a fiberglass material is
used, it shall be applied with enough tension to embed in the hot enamel but not to penetrate to the pipe wall.
3. 6 Inches Shop and field welds shall be coated only after acceptance of hydrostatic tests.
4. The hot applied coal tar enamel shall not be used on pipe that has been previously internally lined without
first verifying that the internal lining will not be damaged by the heat from the coal tar application.
C. Exterior Pipe Surface Preparation
1. The exterior pipe surface shall be free of all mill scale, rust, corrosion products, dirt, grease, moisture, or
other foreign material. Grease or Heavy oil shall be removed with a volatile solvent . Rust, mill scale, or dirt
shall be removed by wire brushing or by grit or sandblasting in accordance with SSPC-SP-6.
2. all surfaces shall be coated as soon as possible following cleaning and before any visible rusting occurs.
3. Cleaned pipe intended for subsequent coating shall be stored, when necessary, in such a manner that it
shall remain free from recontamination. In the event of surface contamination, pipe shall be recleaned in
accordance with paragraph C.1.
D. Materials
1. Materials for coal tar enamel coating.
1.1 Materials used for coating pipe shall conform to applicable portions of AWWA-C-203 including
appendix A2. Materials shall be or accepted equivalent to the following:
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Primer-Koppers Company Jet Set(AWWA-C-203 Type B)
Enamel-Koppers Compant 70 B(AWWA-C-203 Type B)
Primer and enamel shall be obtained from the same manufacture to assure compatibility.
Wrapping material shall be or equivalent to the following:
Johns-Manville Blue Flag fiberglass 20mil pipe wrapping
Johns-Manville #15 felt.
2. Materials for priming and tape wrapping field joints and field repair of hot coal tar enamel coating.
2.1 Primer
2.1.1 Tapecoat Company TC Cold Prime
2.1.2 Polyken #928
2.2 Tape(35 mils)
2.2.1 Tapecoat Company CT Tape Coat
2.2.2 Polyken #930-35
2.3 Primer and tape wrapping produced by the same manufacturer shall be used to assure compatibility
E. Pipe Treatment
1. Coal tar enamel coating
Coating shall be applied using a double wrap process which includes primer, coal tar enamel, fibrous-glass
mat, and bonded asbestos-felt wrap in accordance with AWWA-C-203 including Appendix A, Section A1.5,
and the following procedure:
1.1.1 One coat of primer shall be applied cold by brushing or spraying. Primer shall be thoroughly dry before
applying coal tar enamel; however, elapsed time before application of enamel shall not exceed 14 days.
Apply first coat of hot coal tar enamel, 2.4mm 0.8mm thick. The coating shall average 2.4mm. An enamel
coating which consistently runs 1.6mm in thickness (0.8mm under nominal), does not meet this specification.
The enamel shall be mechanically applied to clean dry surfaces. Thickness and uniformity of the film shall be
determined by visual inspection. When flanges air provide, the enamel shall be applied up to the back side of
flanges.
1.1.3 Apply one wrap of bonded fibrous-glass mat over the hot coal tar enamel. A spiral wrap shall be used
with edges lapping 25mm minimum.
1.1.4 Apply a second coat of hot coal tar enamel 0.8mm minimum thickness.
1.1.5 Immediately apply one wrap of coal tar saturated asbestos felt over the hot enamel.
A spiral wrap shall be used with edges lapping 12.7mm minimum. The wrapper shall be free of wrinkles and
all end laps shall be cemented down with hot enamel to assure a firm wrapping. All torn, abraded or mutilated
spots in the pipe coating shall be repaired by the original application procedure.
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1.1.6 One coat of whitewash coating applied to the outside of the completed felt wrap within 48hours. The
whitewash coating shall be mixed of ingredients in the following proportions:
50 gal. water
1 gal. Boiled linseed oil
150 lbs. Processed quick lime
10 lbs. salt
Lime and oil shall be slowly added simultaneously to the water and mixed thoroughly. The mixture shall be
allowed to stand for not less than 3 days before using. Alternatively commercially produced white wash
coating may be used with prior buyer acceptance and the coating shall be applied as per manufacturers
instructions.
1.1.7 Where additional protection is deemed necessary other than protection only from heat buildup due to
sunlight exposure, then a kraft paper wrap shall be used instead of whitewash or prior to applying the
whitewash. Apply a spiral wrap of heavy kraft paper over the felt wrap using hot enamel to tack the kraft
paper to the felt. The kraft paper shall be 75lb. 100 percent sulfate.
1.2 All materials shall be held in constant tension when wrapped. A continuous ring of coating material shall
be visible at each edge of the wrapping as evidence that the bonding coat covers completely.
1.3 A sufficient distance shall be left at each end(approximately 150mm of the pipe to permit the proper
installation of fittings or the welding of joints without damaging the coating and/or wrapping or interfering
with the welding
1.4 The coated pipe shall be handled at all times in such a manner and with such equipment as will prevent
damage to the protective coating.(see section 4 of AWWA-C-203). All torn, abraded, or mutilated spots in the
pipe coating shall be repaired in accordance with section H.2.
2. Primer and tape wrapping for field joints and field repair of hot coal tar enamel coating.
2.1 The cold applied tapes specified in section D.2 are permitted for application to special sections,
connections, and fittings in lieu of coal tar coatings. All such items shall be identified and a list submitted for
acceptance. The tapes specified are primarily intended for hand wrapping.
2.2 Apply one coat of primer to the clean, dry, outside surface of the pipe by brush or spray. Adequate drying
time shall be allowed before tape application. Depending on the ambient temperature, a drying time of a few
minutes to an hour shall be allowed, per the manufacturers latest printed recommendations. The tape shall be
applied while the primer is still tacky. The surface shall have an additional coat of primer applied if the first
coat becomes dry prior to the application of the tape wrap. The primer coverage shall not exceed 400 square.
ft. Per gallon and shall be in accordance with the primer manufacturers latest printed instructions.
2.3 Apply tape to the primed surface in a single spiral wrap, with edge overlap of 12.7mm
2.4 Pipe wrapping or coating shall completely cover the pipe, without holes, gaps, breaks, or bubbles. Apply
tape with enough tension to make it adhere to the pipe wall. Pipe ends shall be left free of tape or coating for a
distance of 150mm to allow for hydrostatic testing and connection of adjacent jpipe lengths.
3. Coating of pipe joints
3.1 After the separate pipe lengths have been connected and hydrostatic testing is complete, the bare pipe
sections shall be cleaned in accordance with section C an wrapped as follows:
3.1.1 Joints shall be wrapped in accordance with section E.2, overlapping the original wrapping by at least
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one tape width.
3.1.2 When pipe is coal tar enamel coated, assembled in the field, and then must be field coated to cover bare
pipe sections. Kraft paper shall be removed from coal tar enamel coated pipe a distance sufficient to allow full
contact between the repair material and the existing sound coal tar enamel primer shall be applied per section
E.2 except that application shall extend over the portions of the coal tar enamel coating that are to be covered
with the tape. Wrapping shall be applied per section E.2.22 and E.2.3 extending at least 74mm over the coal
tar enamel coating.
3.2 A protective coating shall be applied to weldneck flanges and uncoated irregular surfaces using a 3 or 4
inch wide brush. TC Mastic shall be applied in two heavy coats of approximately 30wet mils each. No
waiting time is required between coats.
3.2.1 The coated pipe shall not be buried for at least 24 hours after coating application. Care shall be taken
that sharp rocks, stones or other foreign material do not come in contact with the finished coating.
3.2.2 Coating material shall be kept away from heat and open flame. Do not allow coating material to come in
contact with potable water. The container shall be kept tightly closed when not in use.
3.2.3 Apply coating in areas adequately ventilated and avoid prolonged breathing of vapor. Avoid prolonged
or repeated contact with skin.
F. Testing and Inspection
1. Testing of materials
When tests are required on materials used in pipe coating or wrapping, then tests will be performed by the
buyer at his expense and under his directions. Samples of materials to be tested shall be obtained from the
shop stock by purchasers inspector.
2. Testing of coating
2.1 After completion of coating, all surfaces excluding flanges shall be inspected for voids, employing a high
voltage type holiday detector. Flanges shall be visually inspected for voids.
2.2 The electrical equipment used to test the coal tar enamel or tape wrapping shall be the portable, or
amperage, adjustable voltage, pulse-type holiday detector, Model AP or EP as manufactured by the Tinker
and Rasor Company of San Gabriel, California. The holiday detector shall be furnished with a coil spring
electrode for the larger coated areas, and a suitable brush type electrode for the smaller coated bolt and
structural surfaces.
2.3 The operating voltage of the detector shall be within the range of 8,000 to 10,000 volts. Due to variables,
such as relative humidity and temperature, the detector voltage shall be adjusted twice daily; once just before
starting work in the morning, and again just before starting work in the afternoon.
2.4 The operating voltage of the detector shall be determined by the following procedure.
2.4.1 Select a coated and wrapped portion at the overlap of the felt or tape approximately 15 inches from the
end of one pipe length. This location represents the maximum thickness of the coating and wrapping on the
pipe.
2.4.2 Deliberately puncture the coating and wrapping with a sharp knife point, awl, ice pick, or a similarly
sharply pointed tool.
2.4.3 Move the detector electrode back and forth over the puncture and reduce the voltage until the detector
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does not indicate the known holiday.
2.4.4 Place a strip of dry 15 pound coal tar saturated, asbestos pipeline felt over the known holiday, move the
detector electrode back and forth over the felt strip and slowly increase the Voltage until the detector starts to
indicate the known holiday under the sheet strip.
2.5 After the voltage has been properly adjusted, as outlined above, the electrode shall be passed over the
coated and wrapped surfaces one time only, at the rate off approximately 35ft. to 50ft. per minute.
2.6 Any evidence of holidays or missed places will be indicated by and electric spark between the electrode
and the metal surface. All holidays or missed places so indicated shall be marked by chalk or crayon and
repaired in accordance with Section E and and/or G and retested in accordance with Section F.
3. Shop and Field Inspection
The buyer requires shop and/or field inspection of all piping placed underground. Shop and field inspection
will be performed by and at the expense of buyer. No treated piping shall be processed or buried without
inspection by buyer or its authorized representative, unless specifically waived by buyer. The seller shall
notify buyer at least 24 hours in advance of the time pipe processing or underground installation will
commence so that inspection can be provided.
G. Pipe Coating Repairs
1. All coatings not meeting the specifications shall be repaired and retested according to AWWA-C-203-86,
this specification, and the satisfaction of buyers inspector. Repair to pipe coating defects shall be done at the
sellers expense.
2. Repair of coal tar enamel coating.
2.1 Shop repair using coal tar enamel.
2.1.1 The repair process shall provide a finished area that is free from all damage and holidays. Surface
prepared for repairs shall be coated before rust appears, otherwise surface must be reworked.
2.1.2 The damaged areas shall be removed by cutting. The edge cut shall be tapered approximately 45 degrees.
The area shall then be cleaned by wire brushing removing all loose coating materials.
2.1.3 The damaged area shall be repaired using specified materials and following the same sequence as the
original coating.
2.2 Field repair of hot coal tar enamel using primer and tape. If a coal tar enamel coating requires repair using
the primer/tube or tape materials system, remove the kraft paper or damaged tape from the coal tar enamel
coating a distance sufficient to allow full contact between the repair material and the existing sound coal tar
enamel. The pipe shall then be cleaned and primed per Section C and E.2.1 except that primer shall also cover
the portion of the shop coating that is to be covered with tape. Wrapping shall be applied per Section E.2.2
and E.2.3 extending at least 75mm from the damaged area over the sound shop coating.
H. Pipe Handling
1. Handling of coated and wrapped pipes in the shop
1.1 Wrapped pipe shall be handled in a manner to protect the pipe cover from damage. Damage to the pipe
cover from any of the sellers operations, including transportation, loading, and unloading shall be repaired by
the seller at not cost to the buyer.
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2. Handling of coated and wrapped pipe in the field
2.1 Site operations involving handling, storage and installation of treated pipe shall be done in a manner
which will not damage the pipe cover.
2.2 No operation shall be employed which slides or drags the pipe over any surface whatever. No cable or
chain sling or choker shall be used to lift the pipe. Forklifts used to lift or transport treated pipe shall be
adequately covered to prevent cuts or abrasions to the pipe cover.
2.3 Treated pipe to be stockpiled or stored shall be placed in a shaded area on wooden supports. The wooden
surface in contact with the pipe shall be not less than four inches wide and shall be spaced sufficiently close
together to prevent pipe sagging. Treated pipe stacked in layers shall have wooden supports between layers.
Pipe shall not be stacked higher than following:
Size Wrapped and Treated Pipe
DN 25 and DN 50 10 layers
DN 80 5 layers
DN 100 3 layers
DN 150 2 layers
Over DN 150 1 layers
2.4 In Placing treated pipe in trenches and during backfill operations, extreme care shall be used to protect the
pipe cover. In rocky or hard ground, pipe trenches shall be over-excavated in depth and a 75mm bedding
layer or sand placed to receive the pipe. Backfill material, to a point 150mm above the pipe, shall be selected
sandy material free from rocks or broken concrete, etc. Tampers used to compact material around and over
pipes shall be of wood and used with care. Shovels, picks or other sharp tools shall be kept away from
surfaces of treated pipes. In lowering pipe into the trench it shall not be allowed to slide over any hard,
sharp or abrasive surface or to strike sharp objects protruding from the sides of the trench.
2.5 Treated pipe shall not be bent or kinked in any way sufficiently to produce a permanent change in pipe
alignment. Pipe bent in this manner shall have the treatment removed from the affected area and then replaced.
2.6 Treated pipe subjected to welding or other excessive heating shall have the treatment removed from the
affected areas and shall be retreated.
I. Submittals
The suppliers acceptable detailed procedures for surface preparation, materials application, touch-up and
repair, and inspection of all processing shall be submitted for the buyers review prior to use.
The Coating manufacturers latest published instructions shall be submitted with the suppliers procedure.
Conflicts between the manufacturers printed instructions and this specification shall be brought to the
buyers attention for resolution.
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SUBJECT: VALVES INSTALLATION
1. PURPOSE
This section covers general requirements for the installation of valves.
2. VALVE LOACTIONS
2.1 All motor operated valves, control valves and frequently operated manual valves shall be accessible from
or near a floor, above or below or from a platform.
2.2 Valve operators and appurtenances, i.e., positioners, limit switches, etc., shall be accessible for
maintenance, calibration, removal and reinstallation.
2.3 Position all manual valves with stems in vertical upward position, unless other orientations eliminate the
need for remote operating devices or platforms, without degrading the performance of the valve.
2.4 When locating control valves with valve positioners, the layout designer must allow adequate clearance
between structural columns and vessels.
2.5 Do not locate lift check valves in the vertical position.
2.6 Pipe fitting near valves produce instability because of velocity profile distortion. Locate check valves and
control valves and safety valves a minimum of 10 diameters downstream of the tangent point of any bend or
elbow, or extension nozzle of main run.
2.6 Valve location should be considered in accordance with the purpose of installation. (Isolation, Stop etc.)
2.7 When locating big size valves, the layout designer must allow adequate clearance with structural columns,
vessels, maintenance aisle and piping etc.
2.8 The drain MOV, continuous blowdown and blowoff valves shall be installed in the immediate vicinity of
the flash tank or its inlet header. One of the reasons for this requirement is that there shall be no column of
cooled water downstream from MOV, which would be accelerated towards the flash tank by the drained hot
water causing shocks and vibrations. Especially avoid the rising pipes downstream from the drain control
valves.
2.9 For condensate pump discharge piping, install the check valve in a horizontal run of pipe connected to the
pump discharge, and located below the hotwell low water level in order to prevent water hammer upon
restarting a pump after a period of standby condition.
2.10 Place control valve stations feeding water to the condenser hotwell, such as condenste system makeup
from the condensate storage tank, as close to the condenser as possible. This minimizes the potential for water
hammer and flashing downstream of the control valves when valves open to an empty pipe under vacuum.
2.11 Locate control valve stations at a high point in the auxiliary steam piping system so that they may be
self-draining, eliminating the need for drip pots and traps.
2.12 Do not feed water pump recirculation control valve above the deaerator storage tank minimum water
level in order to prevent water hammer upon restarting a pump after a period of standby condation.
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SUBJECT: ORIENTATION OF INSTRUMENT CONNECTION-HORIZONTAL PIPE
1. PRESSURE, FLOW AND DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Preferred
LIQUID PROCESS
Alternative
STEAM OR VAPOR
Preferred
Preferred
Alternative
AIR AND NON-CONDENSABLE

GASES
This side alternate is used, the connecting nipple

shall slope down to the process pipe.
Note: Pipe tap locations for all pressure sensing instruments for "LIQUID PROCESS" and "STEAM OR
VAPOR" above must be above the location of the instrument. If the instrument is in an instrument cabinet the
pipe tap location must be above the top of the cabinet. This means that no tap location should be lower than
approximately eight feet(2.4 m) above ground level.
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2. PRESSURE, FLOW AND DIFFERETIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS BY PITOT TUBE
10 10 LIQUID OR STEAM
45
Alternative 70
Preferred
Preferred
Alternative (70)
10 10 AIR OR GAS
Note: Tap orientation for steam service below 20 psia should be same as air service.
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3. ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT
Alternative
LIQUID OR SLURRY
Preferred
Preferred
Alternative
STEAM, VAPOR, AIR OR GAS
4. Temperature Measurement
Preferred
Alternative
ALL FLUID
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SUBJECT: SAMPLING PIPING
1. PURPOSE
This practice covers the sampling of steam and water.
2. NOZZLE TYPE
2.1 Steam Sampling: Refer to para. 3.1 for multi port nozzle.
2.2 Water Sampling: Refer to para. 3.2
3. SAMPLING NOZZLE INSTALLATION
3.1 Multi Port Nozzle
Vertical installation is preferred. Take-off orientation on horizontal pipe shall be directed as follows:
preferred; side, alternative; top.
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3.2 Water Sampling Nozzle:
Sampling Probe
45
1/3 of Inside Diameter

(max. 2 Inches)
FLOW
Sampling 45
Probe
Vertical Process Line Horizontal Process Line
4. SAMPLING PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION
Sampling Pipe should be used stainless steel, TP316, TP304L or TP347.
5. SAMPLING PIPE DIAMETER
1/4 inch sampling pipe is recommended for sampling.
6. MATERIAL FOR STEAM SAMPLING NOZZLE
Header or Link Sampling Nozzle

Remark
Material Specification
A-515 70, A-210, A-105
A-106 B or C A-105
A-53 B
A-213 T11 or T12
A-182 F11 A-182 F11 or F12
A-335 P11 or P12
A-387 12 Cl.2 or 11 Cl.2
A-213 T21 or T22
A-335 P22 A-182 F22
A-387 22 Cl.1, A-369 FP22
A-335 P91 A-182 F91
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SUBJECT: CONNECTION LOCATIONS FOR STEAM SURFACE CONDENSER
1. PURPOSE
This practice covers the preferred nozzle locations on the condenser shell.
2. CONNECTION LOCATIONS
The tabulation below indicates the preferred location for some categories of connection usually installed on
the condenser shell; numbers indicate the order of preference, space permitting.
Below Bottom Tube

Above Top Tube or in Between Top and Bottom
and Above Maximum
Transition Section Tube(d)
Water Level
Low Temperature Drains(a)
1(e) 2 NR
Requiring Deaeration
Low Temperature Drains (a) Not
2 3 1
Requiring Deaeration
Make-up 1 2 NR
Condensate Recirculation 1(e) 2 3
Boiler Feed Pump Turbine
1 3 2
Exhaust
Gland Seal Drain 1 2 NR
High Temperature Steam Drains
(Higher Flows) 1 2 1(c)
(Lower Flows) 1 2 1
High Temperature Water Drains 1 2 1
Steam Pumps 1 2 1(c)
Continuous Feedwater Heater
Drains(location dependent upon
1(e) 2 NR
flashing and deaeration
capability)
Water Dumps 1(e) 2 NR
Control or Instrument
As required As required As required
connections
Miscellaneous Drains and Vents Determine location
Determine location from Determine location from
from similar application
similar application above similar application above
above
Note:
a. Low Temperature refers to flows with a maximum temperature of 100 over Ts(saturation)
b. 1 = first preference, 2 = second, 3 = third, NR = not recommended
c. When using this location, consideration must be given to available space and to the effect of water level disturbances and
water pick-up
d. Any drains requiring deaeration should be located above the tube bundle centerline
e. Locate approximately in the lower 1/3 of exhaust neck
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Piping Arrangement
3. REFERENCE
HEI Code Clause 5.3, Connection locations
Check List for Piping Engg & Design
Project; Training System/Dwg no.; Checker; Date;
A. Piping Engg & Arrangement Design
1. General
1) Have the following contract requirements been checked?

Types of approved data, scope, and schedule within a supply and demand program;
Is there any interpretation (e.g. all) not taken seriously in the contract requirements?
Is it specified in contract that all drains and vents be discharged into trench or air?
2) Are all kinds of forms, numbering system, or other things commonly applicable to PJT used in a
unified manner?
3) Are P&ID, design criteria, contract, code, and relevant specifications understood fully, and important
matters taken notes of?
4) Are all the materials for commission supplied? (ex, temporary strainer for BFP)
5) Is the design schedule made out in consideration of the purchase schedule of long delivery item (valve,
spring supports, foreign pipe)?
6) Are the following checklists recorded and maintained?
Holds List
List of Allowable Load & Thermal Exp. Movement at Eq. Nozzle
Actuator (MOV, Control Valve) and Hand Wheel Layout
Connection List (including Eq. Base Plate El.)
Check List by Design Activity as Applied.
7) Are the coordinates of plot plan consistent with those of plant G/A?
8) Do the piping design drawings (plot plan, G/A, etc.) set equally the plant north?
9) Do G/A and foundation drawings set equally EL 0.00?
10) Is basis of EL 0.00 marked on the piping arrangement drawing (PAD)?
11) Is the drawing scale compatible with plant G/A?
12) Is it arranged to ensure that machines are placed along the system flow direction and there is no
volume increase as pipe lines come and go?
13) In early design stage where connection design is in unsatisfied progress, is PAD first issue planned to
set as 2D and then perform 3D after fully developing with 2D?
14) Is there any interference by underground pipe passing under a building or foundation?
15) Is it against the Fire Services Acts, the Road Traffic Law, or relevant laws?
16) Has the erection note drawing been made?
17) Are column spacing and ID number consistent with the steel-frame drawing?
18) Does the equipment location conform to G/A drawing?
19) Do the foundation and grout heights of equipment conform to the foundation drawing?
20) Do the nozzle orientation, elevation, and nozzle number of equipment comply with the equipment
drawing?
21) In case excessive support beams are required owing to the short support span by using 1/2 pipe, are
1
considerations taken to the cost reduction on all over the pipes and supports by increasing pipe size?
22) Are considerations taken to secure a cable tray space by arranging support position in a line?
23) Where splice plate bolts are in the upper part of pipe rack structure beam, it is not possible to install
shoe supports. Is it checked?
24) Are vendors own product dimensions applied to valve, weldolet, and special pieces?
25) Are MOV and control valve installed on horizontal pipes?
26) Is an anti-freezing measure considered?
27) Where ground subsidence is expected, is it discussed with the Civil Engineering Dept. whether the
concrete foundation for support is integrated into the Equipment Foundation?
28) If installing a check valve in the vertical line of low-pressure air, gas, and vent piping, fluid in low
pressure doesnt move upward since condensate is stood in the upper of check valve disc. So, is the
check valve installed in horizontal line?
29) Is inter-department DOR checked with TG Island and HRSG island?
30) Where field welding is difficult, is FW point designated on system Isometric?
31) Is there any material difficult to purchase? For example, if selecting A234-WPBW for a fitting
exceeding 24 aperture, supplier usually doesnt have the mold. Instead, it is desirable to design weld
fabricating by B31.1 reinforcement calculation.
32) In the design of air and gas (including fuel gas) pipe line as well as steam line, are considerations
taken to chemical/water weights while these lines are going on chemical cleaning/water pressure test?
33) Is the request of Lifting Plan Procedure issue made?
34) For the convenience of drawing control in the field, is Iso Dwg Index drawing made out and then
updated according to the revised drawing release?
2. General Arrangement
1) Is equipment list prepared and the personnel who determine structure design data (location, dimension,
elevation, etc.) identified?
3. Piping Arrangement
1) Is it reviewed whether pulling down the top-arranged piping to the lower part for isolation or check
valve installation, or mounting access platform?
2) When making 2D PAD drawing in 3D modeling, are only major dimensions except details marked?
3) Is piping arranged in a straight, parallel, and perpendicular line as much as possible?
4) Is pipe routing arranged well and grouped if possible?
5) In pipe routing, are considerations taken to the position and type of supports?
6) Are pipe group width, height, span, and the number of rows adequate for piping installation and
maintenance?
7) Is piping arranged at different heights between east-west and north-south directions not to cross each
other?
8) Is a cable tray installation space reserved early in design?
9) Is pipe chase planned for vertical pipe spacing and efficient supports in a densely area like heater bay?
10) Is the wall or edge of building utilized properly and is the appearance considered?
2
11) Is parallel piping pitch arranged narrowly if possible, and are valve and flange installed in zigzags not
to be overlapped each other?
12) Are economical efficiency, stability, erection, operation, and maintenance facility reviewed?
13) As long as interference doesnt occur, are valve and fitting directly connected to reduce the number of
spool?
14) Does vacuum or empty space exist in pipe inside?
15) Are all kinds of lug (insulation, supports, etc.) sized properly?
16) Is there a place to require warming line?
17) In spray type DESH piping arrangement, is a water head provided on the downstream of stop valve in
accordance with ASME B31.1, Fig. 122.4.
18) Is it possible to check block valve leakage by installing bleed valve between control valve and stop
MOV of DESH spray water line?
19) Is the lining/coating pipe set to the spool length that enables lining and doesnt require field welds?
20) Sampling lines need a tubing that enables to install flexible loop easily in the field to absorb thermal
expansion. Is the tubing applied?
21) Are the following considerations taken to prevent vibration?
Is drain control valve installed in the immediate vicinity of flash/blowdown tank to prevent the
vibration by water hammer downstream from drain valve and the erosion by flushing?
(The drain MOV shall be installed in the immediate vicinity of the flash tank or its inlet header.
One of the reasons for this requirement is that there shall be no column of cooled water
downstream from MOV, which would be accelerated towards the flash tank by the drained hot
water causing shocks and vibrations. Especially avoid the rising pipes downstream from the drain
control valves.)
In case of discharging lots of steam through start-up vent, is noise prevention taken by attaching
PSV under the silencer?
In case of HRSG start-up vent, are the supports position adequacy and the interpretation results
reviewed carefully?
In water line design, is guide prepared fully to prevent vibration besides earthquake and wind?
In the supports of steam blowing line, are almost all supports installed as guide for anti-vibration?
In the supports of gauge root valve and vent/drain valve, are they designed to stand the effects (i.e.
thermal expansion, vibration) of main pipes and it a drawing for root valve installation provided?
If horizontal piping is formed lengthy, there is a possibility of inducing pulsation or vibration. Is
the horizontal part made as short as possible?
Is vibration induced due to excessive flow (excessive velocity) for pipe diameter? Are these parts
(i.e. the downstream of such as CV and flow orifice) expanded to reduce the flow?
22) Installing a check valve in the immediate trailing edge of elbow where turbulent flow exists or in the
next to the throttling valve may cause a disc flutter/chatter or no full flow. So that the check valve
should be installed in the leading edge with at least 4D straight pipe spacing. (Refer to Adward
catalogue G15~G17 Page.)
4. Design Improvement Cases by Field Works Supervision)
1) After making and revising an Iso Dwg Index drawing, is the drawing released with the release of
revised drawings?
3
2) In order to review the adequacy of interference and maintenance in PDS modeling, are the following
items input in actual measurements?
z Control valve body size (The size of valve lower part should be considered in actual measurement,
and especially in case the lower part is a flange type, the valve should be installed in a place where
there is no steel-frame beam under the valve to remove the lower part if necessary.);
z Control valve wheel direction (for accessibility review);
z NRV bonnet size (for interference review);
z TE length of thermowell
3) For the convenience of field works, are the followings specified in detail in Iso drawing?
z Valve material, class, etc. shall be described in detail on BOM to the extent that operator can
identify the specification and actual object.
z The coordinates of piping installation standard shall be marked in several middle points for long
pipe length as well as the starting point to enable operator to identify the midway process.
z The last welding DOR at terminal point shall be indicated to make clear of responsibility.
z For the convenience of works at terminal point, field adjustment length shall be provided.
z Since large gaskets are different greatly in size between flange A and B series according to the
standard, an adequate size shall be identified and marked.
z Materials shall be identified and recorded because KKS No. only is written on the description for
specialties items, and thus workers know what kinds of items are used only when checking P&ID.
Materials shall be identified and recorded because KKS No. only is written on the description for
specialties items, and thus workers know what kinds of items are used only when checking P&ID.
z If the Dept. or the Part supplying instrumentation items (control valve, flow meter, and other
materials for instrumentation) being installed in piping are indicated on the Iso drawing, the item
could be found easily for installation without any confusion in operation. (For example, in case of
flow meter being supplied to the fuel oil pipes, there are many difficulties in finding the item
because who supplies the item is not mentioned, though KKS No. is given. If Supplied by
Electrical Dept. is marked, there would be no confusion.)
4) Special attention should be paid to the selection of insulation kits being supplied for fuel oil pipe
insulation. Because there are many unacceptable products.
5) There is a case that the gun to attach the base plate anchor bolt for pipe supports is not inserted
because pipe trench width is too small. It is necessary to request the embedded plate installation to the
Civil Engineering Dept., or make trench wide enough to insert anchor bolt gun.
6) The under type sliding support base-plate may drift away from the supporting beam due to
hammering. To prevent this drift, additional reinforcement with guide plate is needed to the
supporting beam.
7) The workability of threaded joint and galvanized pipe.
z Where instrument air or service air pipe is a galvanized type, thread coupling is mainly supplied to
the pipe connection part. In case that interference with other adjacent pipe or structures occurs in
pipe installation, and if union is supplied, the interfered pipe part is cut and then simply connected
with the union as supplied. But, if thread coupling alone is supplied without union, the work is
more complicated by disconnecting the thread-connected pipe and reworking from the starting
point. Therefore, special care should be taken not to rework by supplying extra union to the whole
or especially branch pipes.
z Teflon in the galvanized pipe connections may cause leakage. For reference, hemp (seal plus
sealant) usually used instead of Teflon.
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8) In case of mounting pipe support in the ground, grout of about 100~140mm TOC El. Shall be
installed to prevent corrosion that may occur as rain water or other harmful liquids contact the support
beam. Grout installation is essential to all ground supports.
9) The globe type valve being installed for cleaning in drip pot drain is inconvenient to remove foreign
substances. Instead, gate valve shall be used.
10) If the method to process the end edge of vent and drain pipe is not decided early, there are many
difficulties in meeting the schedule because additional pipes or valve materials are required urgently
later. Therefore it is recommended to conclude clearly in the early stage of PJT, proceed design with
P&ID marked, and promote according to fluid characteristics as follows:
z Steam, gas, air; it is rarely that high point vent is used except hydro test, so that installation by
valve alone or end edge pipe capping without valve is recommended.
z Water, oil; during test run or maintenance, it is necessary to remove air or foreign substances, or
connect with pit to prevent fluid from running down.
11) GRP in underground use has many advantages, whereas in ground use it has some disadvantages and
requires complementary measures as follows:
z Short support span requires more support materials..
z Support shall use clamp and rubber sheet for GRP reinforcement. Flange shall be a flat face, and
the throat of flange is thicker than that of ANSI flange and is manufactured differently among
makers. Accordingly, advance check is needed from maker, and the bolt for flange tightening shall
be supplied considering the bolt length with sufficient allowance.
z Flange-type valve being installed in GRP shall be mounted in the lower part of valve flange to
protect GRP piping, not support GRP.
z When connecting GRP (flange tightening) and steel (piping, valve, instrument item), steel washer
shall be attached to GRP-side flange for GRP protection.
12) For the pipes being connected to instrument and equipment, for example, the pipe to be connected to
pump, the dimension based on pump configuration and pump center is not indicated on the Iso
drawing, and consequently in many cases it is not confirmed whether pump height and position is
correct when connecting to pipe. Similarly, in case that pump maker supplies nozzle, since the pump
nozzle is not indicated on the pipe Iso drawing, it is also not checked whether worker installed
correctly.
13) Pump alignment is carried out by finally connecting pump nozzle and pump after hydraulic test with
pump nozzle connected with pipe. Connecting within the allowable range of about 0.2mm may cause
to cut the pipe again and perform alignment, and make spring hanger or flexible route around the
pump inlet and outlet for the convenience of alignment.
5. MS, HR and CR Piping
1) Is it reviewed which of bending or elbow is profitable to HR and CR line?

2) Is it reviewed to supplement reducer materials if using a reducer in HDR connecting point and adjust
reducer position if exceeding the required stress by S.I.F. increase?
3) Is it confirmed whether vibration, hammering, impact, or thermal shock exists?
4) In main steam piping (MS, HR, CR) between BLR and TBN, is one low point arranged and positioned
at the immediate vicinity of TBN shut-off valve?
5) Is the drip pot for MS lead sized same as main pipe and the drain pipe min. 1 I.D., and is the drip pot
for other leads set to min. 6 and drain pipe 2?
6) The leading and trailing edge seat drain pipe diameter of shut-off valve being supplied by turbine
5
maker should stand the volume expansion due to the critical pressure drop that may occur when
passing drain valve. Is MS sized to the same as that of turbine maker and HR to double the turbine
makers size unless otherwise specified?
7) Are the drain pipes of both piping and turbine makers separated and then connected to manifold?
8) Is the main steam drain pipe connected to one manifold?
9) Is the pipe of seat leading and trailing edges in HP stop valve connected to one manifold?
10) Does the cross-over drain pipe form its own manifold?
11) The drain pipes at the leading and trailing edges of cross-over steam stop valve may form manifold
with first stage turbine drain.
12) CR piping from HP TBN exhaust to BLR is positioned one low point at the immediate vicinity of
TBN shut-off valve.
13) Is the drip pot size of HR sized to min. 4 diameter and about 9 (230mm) long, and is the drain pipe
set to min. 2?
14) High pressure pipes or non-standard thickness pipes use 5D bent pipe in principle, and if it is possible
to become an issue on arrangement, may use 3D bent pipe within the range not affecting the system.
15) Is ANSI B31.1 Appendix II Non-mandatory Rules for The Design of PSV Installations considered
for PSV?
16) Is PSV positioned so that PSV vent pipe can be arranged vertically up to the top of roof?
17) Is inlet size increase considered to reinforce PSV inlet nozzle?
18) Is it checked whether supports for trust force are installed in the bottom of PSV discharge elbow?
19) Are PSV outlet flanges, discharge elbow, and the supports at bottom selected same as PSV inlet and
main pipe materials? (Main pipe P22 should use P22/WP22 as material. Because the carbon steel
being used for PSV outlet flange doesnt permit P1 temperature at the downstream of PSV discharge
elbow. It is available to use carbon steel for discharge elbow, and preferably alloy steel in bulk)
20) PSV installation should be located at least 8 pipe diameters (based on I.D.) downstream from any
bend in a high velocity steam line to help prevent sonic vibrations. PSV installation should not be
located closer than 8 pipe diameters (based on I.D.) either upstream or downstream from fittings.
(ANSI B31.1, 5.2.1)
21) The recommended pipe length of discharge for the safety valves, vent valves & rupture disks in LP
steam line for the personal protection or safety;
- If possible, the steam ventilation from discharge pipe shall be arranged in the direction of the sage
area where there is no buildings or road, maintenance area for equipment.
- Horizontally, the terminal point of discharge line shall be apart from the edge of pipe rack by 1m
as minimum.
- Vertically, the top point of discharge lines shall be apart from the platform level of pipe rack by
3m as minimum.
- The each vent line shall be installed at the interval of 1.6m as minimum.
22) Is it considered to install heavy pipes at the bottom of rack if possible and CR pipes as reverse slope?
23) Is the branch pipe of steam pipe diverged from the top or side of main pipe?
24) Is the slope amount and direction of pipe suitable not to accumulate condensate in steam pipe?
25) In case of thermal expansion and vibration occurrence, is there any interference with peripheral
equipment? (Are pipe intervals selected considering the amount of movement and the thickness of
insulation material?)
26) Is the connection orientation of pressure, flow, and temperature measurements being installed in
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horizontal pipes, designed in accordance with the ORIENTATION OF INSTRUMENT

CONNECTION-HORIZONTAL PIPE.
6. Turbine Steam Seal System
1) Are all pipes arranged at 1/4 per foot (20/1000) slope away from turbine?
2) Steam seal system pipes between turbine and gland supply heater shall be at 1/4 per foot (20/1000)
slope to drain naturally into header, and if low point exists, they shall be drained into condenser by
3/4 continuous drain orifice.
3) Is the size of drain pipe and shut-off valve port above 3/4?
7. Condensate/Feed Water Piping
1) In the condition that pipe is connected below the water level in condenser and feed water storage tank
and valve is closed, water remains up to the water level in valve upstream. Such remaining water shall
be checked for operational or hammering problem, and if any problem exists, the valve (mainly,
control valve or MOV) shall be installed in the top of water level or the upper part without condensate
accumulation.
2) The valve to be installed in the pipe that is connected directly to condenser shall use a water-sealed
type, and considerations shall be taken to condensate/water supply line.
3) Is thermal expansion considered to the deaerator and condenser nozzle to which pipe is connected?
4) BFP discharge pipes shall be designed economically by setting flow rate at relatively high velocity of 7
~ 8m/s and selecting small diameter of thick pipe.
5) Hydraulic requirements as required by system design, for example the net positive suction heads
(NPSH) of pump, shall be considered.
6) Generally, piping around tank and heater is located above the hoist beam for maintenance use. When
connecting pipe to heater nozzle, the pipe shall approach horizontally to the vicinity of connection part
starting from hoist beam upside, and then drop down. Are valves positioned in parallel to the central
line of heater in both sides of equipment?
7) Like a condensate make-up system from condensate storage tank, the control valve supplying water to
condenser shall be located in the immediate vicinity of condenser. (This is to prevent water hammering
or flushing downstream from control valve if valve is opened in vacuum condition.)
8) In piping arrangement, is lower space of condenser utilized?
9) The following hammering or cavitation preventive shall be reviewed.
The MOV of drain pipe being connected to blowdown tank shall be located in the vicinity of tank
to prevent vibration due to the vortex flow downstream from MOV.
Control valve in high pressure shall be located near the equipment in downstream
In order to position the control valve on line returning condensate after heating steam supplied from
low pressure heating system, are the followings reviewed and requested to the system Dept.?
z Is it better to locate near the tank or header returning condensate to prevent flashing downstream
from control valve? (This position has an advantage when control valve upstream is in high
pressure.)
z Is it better to locate upstream from the return line against a possible control valve damage by
hammering resulting from condensate flashing due to the loss of line pressure when return line
is long? (This position has an advantage when control valve upstream is in low pressure.)
Pump suction, discharge, and min. flow line shall be arranged in a straight line because there are
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many possibilities of vibration occurrence if they are long and thin.

The first hanger at the nearest position to the pump being installed in pump suction, discharge, and
min. flow line shall be installed with variable spring hanger, and guide for anti-vibration shall be
sufficiently considered.
After the flow orifice of Min. flow bypass line, is a measure taken against cavitation erosion?
The Min. flow orifice being installed to pump discharge piping shall be located at the nearest
possible place from the equipment such as tank, drum, or condenser.
Where cavitation is expected due to decompression around the valve outlet, anchor shall be
installed to prepare against vibration.
The control valve of piping being connected to condenser shall be located at the nearest possible
place from the condenser.
10) BFP suction line strainer shall use a Y-type or basket type and be installed after FE, avoiding a T-type
strainer.
11) The first valve or fitting of BFP suction line shall be installed about below 10D from Deaerator
nozzle not to occur flushing by pressure drop at static head.
12) In pump suction piping, the suction part shall slope downward fairly to prevent air from entering, the
downstream from elbow shall be 5D straight (a length needed to restore to the original condition of
local low pressure part), and reducer shall be installed with FOT for cavitation prevention.
13) Considerations shall be taken to piping arrangement and support design not to pocket pump suction
piping due to thermal expansion.
14) Pump discharge piping of top-discharge type shall install the non-slam titling disc check valve after a
recycling branch pipe.
15) Is it reviewed whether pump inlet or outlet requires expansion joint? (Antivibration effect)
16) Arrangement that the header piping common to several pumps may hinder pump removal, for
example an arrangement causing a trouble in pump removal by placing header across the top of pump
nozzle, shall be avoided.
17) Is platform installation considered to operate valves around BFP?
18) Water pipe needs not make a slope for neat piping arrangement.
19) Water pipe shall be branched from the lower part and considered to prevent clogging with foreign
substances.
20) In case of installing gate valve of 12 #150 or above, the steam shall be installed horizontally not to
form air pocket around bonnet.
8. Drain & Vent Piping
1) All drain pipes and manifolds being connected to condenser shall be located on the top of the highest
water level in hotwell.
2) The drain pipes flowing into manifold shall be connected to the 45 direction to manifold axis.
3) Drain pipes shall be arranged near the condenser shell in the lowest pressure order.
4) The flow sectional area of drain manifold shall be more than 10 times the diameter of all drain pipes
connected.
5) If capping drip leg bottom, the cap shall be opened after steam blowing to remove foreign substances.
Is this content indicated on the maintenance manual?
6) Is it reviewed whether vent/drain is needed to the top/bottom of tee piece?
8
7) Valve casing, reducer, and flow element part shall be installed to avoid standing water.
8) Vent and drain shall be located on the uppermost top and the lowest bottom, respectively.
9) Steam trap shall be near the drain leg or the run pipe.
10) In drain pipe routing, the slope shall direct toward drain tank or condenser to become gravity drain.
11) Drain piping shall be as short as possible and the slope shall be 2% or over (1% as minimum).
12) Expansion bellows and orifice shall be installed in vertical piping to prevent standing water.
13) Is there any malfunctioned drain by being reverse slope due to thermal expansion?
14) During the period of suspension in the power plant, is it possible to discharge completely the fluid in
pipe inside?
15) Upon hydraulic test at site, there shall be no air collecting in the highest position of pipe.
16) In pipe routing, drain and vent shall be grouped properly to minimize the quantity of line.
17) All kinds of high temperature/pressure vent piping and PSV discharge shall be discharged to the
outdoors or a safe place in a suitable manner.
18) All kinds of oil/gas vent piping shall be installed out to the building roof or a possible high position in
outdoor to prevent from fire explosion.
19) Platform upper passage shall be secured by boring a hole to pass through pipe in module upper beam
to have Econ. header vent line of HRSG upper part in common in the platform bottom, or by making
vent line in common in platform bottom after passing pipe between height difference by adjusting the
beam size of module middle part
20) Is it checked whether drain line (i.e., stack drain) not indicated on P&ID is required?
21) Is it checked whether the drain line capped to P&ID needs to extend to the pit of ground floor?
22) Is it reviewed whether only one line drain valve of high pressure pipe line requiring double valve may
be installed if valve exists on the main line of the upstream of line drain branch?
23) Lines (i.e., bleed-off line, drain line) requiring the check of drain completion shall be selected as open
funnel type.
9. Attentions to Branch Line or Small Diameter Piping Arrangement Design
1) In supports design, the thermal expansion amount at branch point shall be indicated on the Iso drawing
of small bore piping
2) Water line and steam/air line shall branch off at the bottom or side and the top or side, respectively.
3) Since it may occur unexpected vibration around the branch of large diameter piping, the branch area
shall be reinforced sufficiently.
4) In the arrangement design of small bore piping like drain and vent being branched from large bore
piping, considerations shall be given to where and how to install clamp in main piping and then
support rigidly with angle/U-bolts in order to support excessively-concentrated load (ex. MOV, CV).
5) In small bore piping arrangement design, first supports position shall be selected considering the
thermal displacement of main piping.
6) In the small bore piping (connection pipe of recirculation pump, drip pan drain pipe & soot blower
drain pipe of PSV) arrangement design on the part having much thermal displacement, line shall be
designed by spring supports or letter shape to absorb thermal displacement.
7) Branch point of small bore piping shall be located in a position where thermal displacement of large
bore piping is as little as possible, and the position shall be decided as anchor point to be used for
9
routing and stress analysis.

8) In MS bypass branch line design, considerations shall be taken to the back pressure of bypass valve.
9) Piping being connected to main steam bypass valve and desuperheater spray-water stop valve shall
form U-siphon or water head so that high temperature of main steam may not be transmitted to these
valves (mainly carbon steel valve). (See ANSI B31.1, Fig. 122.4.)
10. Reviews of Standards
1) Routing Practice for Power Plant Piping System

2) Drip Pots for Steam Line
3) Instrumentation in Piping System
11. Branch
1) Is branching position selected properly to distribute fluid uniformly?

2) Is there a place where foreign substances are accumulated in the lower point of pipe line?
3) To clear deposits in pipe inside, flange shall be installed in a place where deposit is accumulated or
drain connection in drip leg bottom.
4) The junction point of pipe shall be in a place where fluid flow meets smoothly.
12. Interference
1) When modeling PDS/PASCE equipment, is removal space input together?

2) Piping shall not be impeded when carrying equipment in and out of the building.
3) Piping shall not interfere the doorway to access door for workers or equipment inspection or the
opening and closing of access door.
4) Removable piece shall be inserted to make equipment removal easier if necessary.
5) Is there a pipe obstructing the rail roads, hoist traveling or crane moving position when removing
equipment?
6) Considerations shall be given to the case that it is expected to pass through line in hoist upper part.
7) Pipe arrangement installed on the floor or walkway shall not cause inconvenience according as
workers step on the pipe or the path of pedestrians is blocked.
8) Any piping shall not impede equipment removal area (condenser tube, H/EX tube, MOV, CV, etc.).
9) Valves and equipment shall be located in a place operational and repairable, and checked whether
platform and ladder need to be installed.
10) Does valve have an obstacle on its operation?
11) Is there an interference with stop valve (MOV) adjacent to NRV?
12) Considerations shall be taken to the pipe rack height setting and the removal space in the top of large
valve.
13) Is actuator (MOV, control valve) and handwheel layout list being made out? (In a project, revisions
occurred since the handwheel of MS stop valve was bigger than expected.)
14) In case HRSG is 2 units and a mirror type, the operating clearance spacing of gear type valve shall be
secured sufficiently.
13. Clearance
10
1) In the event where it is difficult to prepare a space for operation and maintenance between piping and
equipment, 0.9m clearances as minimum shall be given between one side of equipment and piping and
the other side and both ends be left empty.
2) Stair shall be 1.2m wide.
3) Wall-through sleeve diameter shall have a clearance of 25~50mm for the pipe displacement and
insulation thickness.
4) Minimum headroom clearances shall be as follows:
Walkway areas; 2.1m or over
Outdoors & maintenance passage; 3.0m or over
Road & access road for construction work vehicles; 5.0m or over
Rail road; 6.9m or over
5) Is minimum spacing maintained for RT and UT?
14. Test & Commissioning
1) Pertinent procedures shall be checked closely to identify the materials required (flange, etc.) for the
isolation and blank of line and equipment not included in hydraulic test.
2) Is a temporary piping considered for the facilities to be removed upon steam blowing and chemical
cleaning?
3) Steam Blowing
Consider installing the foundation for supports early in design.
Install spool pieces just around HP turbine nozzle and boiler of CR line.
4) Chemical Cleaning
Install spectacle flange in FW pump suction at the vicinity of deaerator.
Chemicals in use shall have no vulnerable part or material. Especially, is it checked whether TP 316
as flow nozzle material has no problem? (For example, A312 TP 316 of flow nozzle material has
been judged not suitable for hydrofluoric acid as a chemical cleaner, so that spool piece was
provided to remove the flow element in chemical cleaning. Such spool shall be reflected on and
from the early stage of estimate/implementation design.)
15. Pipe
1) Are the followings checked to ID pipe vendor?

Nominal ID or OD, Thickness and Tolerance
C Dimension
Actual or Average Weight for Stress Analysis
2) The material of condenser drain manifold being connected to MS bypass drain line shall be selected
under the design condition of MS bypass drain line.
3) Alternative availability of welded pipe instead of seamless pipe shall be identified.
Deviation shall be taken to whether A335P22 materials of 24(DN600) or over can be substituted
with A691 CL22 21/4 Cr and A234WP22 welded type.
CR is NBEP and shall use positively A672 B60/A672 B70 material instead of A106B/A106C.
Yard piping for fuel, water, and air shall utilize a welded pipe type to the utmost
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4) A335P12 material shall be avoided if possible. Instead, A335P22 or P11 is recommended. (Because of
having disadvantages in purchasing and compatible use.)
5) Sampling line shall use tube instead pipe in possible.
16. Valve
1) As the allowable force of DN2000 butterfly valve installed in LP exhaust line is only about 30%
against pipe, the valve shall be located in a place having little stress, and if not, a case of high-priced
expansion joint supplement may happen.
2) Spare parts being supplied in accordance with contract shall be provided with products including the
purchase specifications.
3) Manual valve stem shall be erected in vertical upright position if possible.
4) Blow-off valve shall be a type having no dam and pocket (Blow-off or angle). (Y-globe shall be
installed in vertical line if possible, and in case of mounting in horizontal line, the bottom part of seat
shall be at least 25% or less downward of inside diameter. General Y-globe doesnt satisfy this
requirement. Refer to the Blow-off Valve in Yarway Catalogue.)
5) If valve requires interference check, valve list shall be issued early to obtain vendors drawing in
advance.
6) Casting valves of #600 or over shall not use bolted bonnet, but pressure seal bonnet. (No price
difference)
7) The valves installed in line being connected to condenser shall use water seal or vacuum valve
(vacuum tested) type to maintain the vacuum of condenser.
8) Bleed valve shall be installed only in the upstream of control valve. It shall use DN20 for cost
reduction.
9) Are the tilting check valve requirements checked?
10) If full port requirements exist, is deviation taken? (The inside diameter is taken as the minimum
diameter of the flow passage but not less than 90% of the basic inside diameter at the valve end.)
11) All gate, globe, Y-type and angle valves intended for manual operation and falling under the
following categories shall be equipped with a gear operator for ease of operation and to ensure fast
and tight closure:
ANSI Pressure Rating Valve Sizes for Which Gear Operation Is Required
Class 300 and below 350NB(14) and larger
Class 600 and above 200NB(8) and larger
12) Gear operators will be supplied for all manual operated valves when the lever pull of the valve is
greater than 20kg at the maximum operating torque requirements.
13) The check valve of large-diameter water line should use a dual plate disc instead of swing type for
cost reduction, and wafer connection instead of flange connection. (According to the owner, there was
a case that a project didnt approve the use of wafer type in the aspect of being separated from pipe
line if loosening bolts for the purpose of connection stability and maintenance. Therefore, make sure
in advance that the approval is required. Vendors drawing shall be checked because the machine bolt
length of wafer type is different from that of flange type.)
14) Check valve for sea water line shall use an internal rubber-lined dual plate disc wafer type instead of
swing type as stainless material to reduce cost.
15) A flanged type valve should be used for oil and fuel gas line.
16) Are the following items included in valve list and date sheet?
12
Type of check valve (ex. swing, lift, tilting, etc.)

Tag numbering method by unit
Maximum Pressure Drop
17. Instrument
1) Pressure instrument tap orientation on horizontal pipe shall be directed as follows?

Liquid Process: preferred; Side, Alternative; 45 downward from side
Steam: preferred; Side, Alternative; 45 upward from side
Air & Non-condensable Gas: preferred; Upward, Alternative; Side or 45 upward from side
Air & Non-condensable Gas: preferred; Upward, Alternative; Side or 45 upward from side
2) Temperature instrument tap orientation on horizontal pipe shall be directed as follows: preferred;
upward, alternative; 45 upward from side
3) Piping drawing review shall be requested to the P&ID and I&C Dept. to check whether instrument is
located in its proper place according to the use. (If installing without considering the use, it is not
possible measure correctly temperature or pressure on the part required by performance test.)
4) Followings about flow element shall be considered.
Followings about flow element shall be considered.
Small diameter pipe shall be supplied in assembled condition by FE vendor to maintain the length
of upstream/downstream straight pipe as required when installing in the field.
Scope of supply of upstream/downstream straight pipe by the I&C Dept.
Possibility of vertical line installation
In case of installing in horizontal line, drain line shall be installed to prevent condensate from
standing at the leading edge of FE.
A temporary spool of flanged connection shall be prepared for equipment to be installed after steam
blowing and chemical cleaning.
FW and CD system should consider flange joint to facilitate temporary spool removal and FE re-
mounting work.
5) Followings about pressure gauge should be considered.
Pressure gauge shall be installed in a close and good place which to watch PSV to perform PSV
popping test with pressure gauge.
The takeoff connections shall not be less than NPS 3/4 for design conditions which exceed 900psi
or 425C.
The pressure gauge adjacent to thermometer shall be positioned at the upstream of thermometer.
For an accurate pressure measurement, pressure gauge shall be not located in an unusual flow
section like as the downstream of elbow.
Pressure test point(PP) shall be within 500mm from equipment to be measured, and female screw
nipple be supplied to connect test gauge.
Minimum interval between adjacent taps shall be maintained. (IBR; L > d1 +d2, 50mm or 4xMWT,
RT1/2)
6) Followings about temperature gauge shall be considered.
If installing temperature gauge after branch or elbow, , the straight pipe length required shall be
maintained.
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If installing after water spray, the straight pipe length required by vendor shall be maintained
Temperature test point shall be within 500mm from equipment to be measured.
18. Test and Commissioning
1) Consideration shall be given to flange spool to connect a temporary pipe for steam blowing.
19. Piping Accessories & Specialties
1) Steam and water sampling nozzle shall be designed in accordance with the Code, Design Standard or
Owners Specification.
2) Strainer
Type and position of strainer shall meet the specification proposed by pump vendor.
Removal piece shall be provided for temporary strainer removal
Strainer Installation Direction
(i) Water Line; vertical or horizontal
(ii) Steam Line; Vertical installing may cause water hammering due to the accumulation of
condensate, so that horizontal installing and steam trap are needed to remove
condensate.
Simplex or duplex basket type strainer shall be checked for vent line installation on the top.
3) Gasket and bolt/nuts shall be included in B/M for flange joint
20. Terms Used as Same Meaning
1) Valve
Self-sealing taps (or lid covers) = Pressure Seal bonnet
(Body) Overpressure Protection Fittings or Tap = (Valve) Inner Drain or Equalizing Valve: 4 &
larger, ANSI #900 & above, Gate
21. Management
1) Is it planned to submit FC drawing with small bore piping added after owners approval, without
including the small bore piping in the piping arrangement drawing before the approval of owner?
2) In a place where heavy equipment is located, for example a deaeraor floor, lay-down area and lifting
device shall be considered. In case that DA floor and ST building are merged into one building,
whether to utilize the outer steel frame of ST building shall be reviewed to reduce the amount of
material.
3) Condenser nozzle arrangement shall be prepared and discussed.
4) As valve materials of ASTM and ASME are identical enough to be used as ASME material for
stamping works, the materials on valve list shall be expressed as ASTM material.
5) Is it decided whether to correctly specify weights on the system Iso drawing or not?
6) Sample drawings should be submitted to owner in advance for discussion.
7) Schedule shall be made in the order of tracing back to manufacturing, purchasing, and detail design
schedules with delivery time as its starting point.
8) Loading data for pipe supports shall be sent to the Steel-frame Design Dept to reflect them.
14
9) In case of pipe routing by way of underground, trench, and culvert, is it requested to the Civil
Engineering Dept. to reflect this work?
10) If concrete foundation is needed for pipe support, is it requested to the Civil Engineering Dept. to
reflect this work?
11) If installing pad in equipment such as boiler or tank for pipe support, is it requested to the pertinent
Dept. to reflect this work?
12) Drain point position for pit drain in piping shall be notified to reflect on the plumbing pipe and pit
works of the Civil Engineering Dept. or the Construction Dept.
13) Valve pit needed to install the valve of underground pipe shall be requested to the Civil Engineering
Dept.
14) Where piping passes through building siding (enclosure), concrete wall/floor, or equipment dike,
opening size shall be notified considering the displacement of pipe thermal expansion, and sealing
plate and bellows shall be requested to install to protect from sleeve or rain to the Construction or
Architect Design Dept.
15) After the review of interference between cable tray and piping, tray race way shall be requested to
adjust.
16) When embedded plate such as concrete wall, S/T pedestal, or large-diameter pipe foundation is
needed for pipe support, it shall be requested to reflect on civil engineering works.
17) In case that the nozzle orientation of all kinds of equipment being jointed with piping is judged as
unreasonable, adjustment shall be discussed
18) The piping design data sheet (nozzle, Movement, etc.) of all kinds of equipment shall be updated.
19) If necessary, installing the platform, ladder, and catwalk for valve operation, repairs, or maintenance
shall be requested to the Steel-frame Dept..
20) Connection type and W.E.D. at the Terminal point being connected to other Dept. shall be met each
other
21) Piping load of ST nozzle shall be summarized to get the confirmation of turbine maker.
22) The following considerations shall be given to terminal point selection:
T.P. of vendor (including skid equipment) shall be one (1) point.
Even skid equipment, if installed in a room for exclusive use, terminal treatment like drain shall
be conducted by vendor.
If not using ANSI flange, vendor shall supply counter flange.
Whether pipe elevation is marked as BOP or COP shall be checked.
15

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02 Piping Training Materail PAD

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Material for Technical Training- Piping

(Subject : Piping Arrangement Design)

Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd

Deliverable : Piping Arrangement Design

3. G.A Dwg 1.2 Termal Movement

4. Design Condition 1.3 Pipe Rack Elevation

5. Design Criteria 1.4 Flexibility

6. Steel Structure Dwg 1.5 Maintenance

7. S.A Information 1.6 Supp't Location & Loading

8. Equipment Dwg 1.7 Pipe Rack Elevation

9. P&ID 1.8 Equipment Location

10. PDS/PASCE Spec.

2.1 Piping Route

2.2 Piping Branch

2.3 Safety V/V Location

Deliverable : Piping Arrangement Design

4. Insulation Spec. 1.3 Maintenance

5. Design Checklist 1.4 Instrument Information

6. PMC 1.5 Drip Pot Location

7. Piping Design STD 1.6 Removal Space

1.7 Piping Obstacle

1.8 Support Interference

2.1 Removal Piece

2.2 Piping Branch

2.3 Test and Cleaning

Deliverable : Piping Arrangement Design

NATURAL GAS TANK

TREATED OIL TANK

OIL TRANSFER PUMP OIL TREATMENT FORWARDING PUMP

GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER

DEMI WATER PLANT

2. LAYOUT OF COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF FOSSIL THERMAL POWER PLANT

4. LAYOUT OF FOSSIL THERMAL POWER PLANT

SUBJECT: MECHANICAL PIPING DESIGN REQUIRED INFORMATION

To provide mechanical piping design required information.

2. KEY POINT SUMMARY

2.1 Read and understand contract.

2.2 Identify Clients & Doosan Project Managements Expectations.

2.9 Evaluate preliminary general arrangements.

2.10 Evaluate preliminary P&IDs.

2.11 Define Scope for project piping.

2.12 Develop Piping Plan for the project.

2.14. Evaluate Vendor Supplied Equipment.

2.15. System Design

3.1 Project description/contents

3.2 Project requirements

Example: approved vendor list

3.3 Site specific requirements

Example: slope all steam lines 1/4 per foot.

3.5 General requirements

Example: the use of 1-1/4, 5 pipe not allowed.

3.6 Applicable codes and standards

Example: all power cycle piping to be in accordance with ASME B31.1

3.7. Clients expectations

4. CLIENTS & DOOSAN PROJECT MANAGEMENTS EXPECTATIONS

4.4 Clients expectations may be determined by contract or meetings with client.

4.7 Doosans project management expectations may be determined by direct communication.

5. IDENTIFY ALL APPLICABLE DESIGN CODES, DESIGN CRITERIAS AND STANDARDS

5.1 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in contract.

5.2 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in design criteria.

5.3 Applicable codes/standard can usually be found in piping line specifications.

5.4 Design criteria can be founded in contract.