Case Study of Building Service in Public Buildings

CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICE IN
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
SUBANG PARADE
Taylors University Lakeside

School of Architecture Build & Design
TUTOR : AR. SATEERAH
ANG AVERLLEN 0321444
CHIN VIN YAN 0320311
HIRENDRAN SIVAGANAM 0319894
HOR MING JACK 0325145
JACK LEE HOR 0325810

CONTENT TABLE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Abstract 2
1.2 Acknowledgement 2
1.3 Methodology 3
2.0 Mechanical Ventilation 4

2.1 Smoke Control System 4-5
2.1.1 Component of Smoke control System 6-8
2.2 Basement Mechanical Ventilation 9-12
2.3 Kitchen Fume Exhaust 13-14
2.4 By-Law requirements 15-17
3.0 Air-conditioning System 18

3.1 Chiller 19-21
3.1.1 Condenser 21
3.1.2 Evaporator 21
3.2 Air Handling Unit 22-23
3.3 Diffusers 24
3.3.1 Supply Air Diffusers 24
3.3.2 Return Air Duct 25
3. 4 Cooling Tower 26
3.5 By-Law requirements 27
4.0 Fire Protection System 28

4.1 Literature Review 28
4.1.1 Components to Structural Fire 28
4.1.2 Active Fire Protection 29
4.1.3 Passive Fire Protection 29
4.2 Active Fire Protection 30
4.2.1 Water Based System 30-35
4.2.2 Non-water Based System 36-45
4.3 Passive Fire Protection 46

4.3.1 Fire Escape Plans 46-48
4.3.2 Emergency Exit Signage 48-49
4.3.3 Fire Escape Doors 49-50
4.3. 4 Fire Escape Staircase 50-52
4.3.5 Railings 53
5.0 Mechanical Transportation 54

5.1 Literature Review 54
5.1.1 Elevator 55
5.1.2 Escalator 56
5.2 Case Study 57
5.2.1 Elevator 57-67
5.2.2 Escalator 68-73
5.3 Conclusion 73
6.0 References 74
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Subang Parade was the first regional shopping centre in Selangor when it was opened in 1988. The
centre is located in the heart of Subang Jayas commercial district, a township which is 25 minutes
drive from Kuala Lumpur. Upon its completion it was the longest mall in South East Asia.
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABSTRACT
The research report will be looking into the workings of services system in the Subang Parade such as
the air-conditioning and ventilation system, fire safety system, electricity supply system and water
supply system. The report will aim at introducing the fundamentals of all the mentioned system as
well as an analysis of the system and the advantages and disadvantages that have been analysed
and synthesized to our own understanding and also based on the regulations of the buildings and its
services such as Uniform Building By Law and also Malaysia Standards Requirements and adherence
will also be analysed based on each service respected controlling arm.
1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like extend our gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted us to complete
this research report which without your involvement, this report would be insufficient and
unsatisfactory. A special thanks we would like to give to Ar. Sateerah for guiding us through each
tutorials and providing us with an aim to accomplish.
We would also like to thank the staffs at Subang Perade, especially Mr. Rahman for welcoming and
giving us an insight into the services system incorporated into the building and also for being patient
and understanding,
2
INTRODUCTION
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this report is to familiarize ourselves with the application of building systems,
which in future can be applied to our design proposals. Thus, demonstrating our understanding in
building operations.
The methodology are as follows:
1.Conduct preliminary research concerning the systems that encompasses building services
systems
Mechanical ventilation
Air-conditioning system
Fire protection system
Mechanical transportation
2. Arrange case study site visit to a multi-storey building of our choosing ( Subang Parade ) at
some time during the project
3. Document the systems in place and interview maintenance personnel concerning the details of
the system they have in place in their premise.
4. Make a report concerning our findings which includes our explanation of the functions as well as
analysis as we understand them throughout this project.
Project Limitations:
Not able to procure detailed floor plans

Management did have a copy on hand
We were able to get a diagrammatic floor plan from their website with relevant
information on it
Not able to visit the roof

It was raining therefore it wasnt safe to visit the cooling tower as well as the
smoke extraction fan in detail.
3
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
1.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION - Schedule 10
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air via ducts and fans rather than relying on the natural
airflow brought upon by physical holes in the fabric of the building in question
2.1 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM

Smoke control systems is an alternative method to natural smoke venting. In the event of a fire,
mechanical vent systems offers the ability to safely manage smoke as they remove smoke from the
building to aid the occupants means of escape and provide clear access for firefighting services.
The purpose of a smoke control system is as follows:
To prevent the migration of smoke from the ignition source (Compartmentalization)

Avoid smoke from mixing with air in escape routes ( to ensure reasonable conditions for
occupants to make an escape in the event of fire )
Maintaining a microclimate beyond the source of ignition( so that firefighters are able to
operate optimally )
Prevent property damage
The smoke control system functions in conjunction with other active fire protection systems in the
building to provide a safe and effective response in the event of a fire.
4
"Smoke Extraction". VENTS - manufacture of ventilation and air conditioning systems. N.p.,
2017. Web. 6 May 2017 provides an illustrated diagram regarding the effect a smoke control
system has during a fire event.
Fire in a Building Without a Smoke Control System
Fire in a Building Equipped with a Smoke Control System
Chart "A" clearly shows that at the fire origin where no fire control systems are present the smoke
fume volume rapidly becomes critical.
Chart "B" shows that a fire control extraction system helps to significantly reduce the content of
smoke in the gas environment which remains below the safety threshold during the entire duration of
fire.
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2.1.1 COMPONENTS OF SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM
EXTRACTION FAN
Figure 01 : Different types of smoke control fans
Smoke exhaust fans come in a variety of configurations mainly propeller, coaxial or centrifugal
each with its own suitable use cases. Extraction fans remove smoke,heated gasses and heat
away from an enclosure by creating an area of negative pressure which sucks out the smoke in the
given enclosure into its ductworks and finally dissipated to the atmosphere.Such fans are capable
of handling smoke and air mixtures with temperatures up to 600 .
DUCTWORK
Ventilation air ducts and shafts

are intended for transferring
smoke fumes from the
protected premises away from
the building. Air ducts are
typically made of non-metallic
materials ie non-combustible
(glass-fibre batt or
mineral-wool batt)
Top: example of ductwork indoors Bottom: exhaust

ductwork outdoors
6
FIRE DAMPERS
Figure 02: shows an example of fire dampers
Fire dampers are usually installed at compartment walls and function to prevent the migration of
fire from one enclosure to another via the ductworks. They engage automatically with the use of
electric actuators or thermal lock (fusible link that melts when room temperature exceeds 75
degree celsius)
Above: smoke extraction fan,
7
Top: placement as indicated by blue highlighted line
The smoke control system used in Subang Parade are of the propeller fan variety which is
suitable as they are able to move large volume of air and their inability to move air over long
ductworks is offsets by the fact that they are all wall mounted and its exhaust is directed
directly to the surrounding atmosphere The smoke control fans mounted along the clerestory of
the gallery in Subang Parade are spaced out between 6m-6.5m apart from one another. Such a
layout maximises the area coverage of the smoke control fans in the event of the fire.
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2.2 BASEMENT MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Ventilation of car parks is important to prevent the build-up of toxic fumes and flammable gases from
motor exhaust and also to clear smoke in the event of a fire. As stated in the UBBL 1984 By-law(refer
to 1.4 Analysis) a minimum of 6 air changes or 0.28 cmm per person every hour is required in a
basement car part setting. Such requirements are higher than other enclosures due to the fact that
air doesnt circulate well underground.
Natural Ventilation
For natural ventilation in basement car park linear flow systems in which the supply and exhaust
points are on either ends are preferred as they provide maximum coverage of circulated air as shown
in the diagram below:
Figure 03: shows example of linear flow system
Mechanical Ventilation
As typical for a carpark that of the one in place

in Subang Parade an air-conducting system is
utilized to move harmful CO2 and CO gases from
the car park to the surrounding atmosphere. This
system is utilized due to its low cost and
reliability comparatively to other systems like
coaxial fan/ JetVents or centrifugal fans which
Figure 04: Air-conducting system diagram either have many moving parts or is very
expensive respectively.
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This system comprises of 2 main parts as follows:
a) Network of ventilation ducts

b) Extraction fans
a) Network of ventilation ducts
EVENLY DISTRIBUTED
A system such these requires that the

ventilation ducts be distributed evenly across
the basement carpark to ensure adequate
ventilation coverage as shown in the diagrams
below. diagram of ventilation ducts
On site ventilation ducts
Distribution of ventilation ducts in basement carpark

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OBSTRUCTIONS
While installing such systems obstructions such as the building's support beams or other service
must be taken into consideration. This is required in order to ensure continuous flow of air
without damaging other service as shown in the picture below.
Figure 05: shows the intersection between other services with

ventilation ducts
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b) Extraction fans
Extraction fans removes fumes from vehicles and carbon dioxide away from the basement carpark by
creating an area of negative pressure within the ductwork which sucks out the gases into its
ductworks and finally dissipated to the atmosphere.
Figure 06: shows the fan grille of the extractor fan from the outside.
Figure 07: shows the placement of extractor fan
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2.3 KITCHEN FUME EXHAUST
As stated in the UBBL By-Laws regarding kitchen ventilation, kitchen enclosures requires at minimum
20 air changes per hour. This suggest that the air in a kitchen environment becomes foul very quickly
due to the intensity of activity and relatively small space.
In Subang Parade there are multiple restaurants with their own dedicated kitchens each of them will
require their own ventilation system. However we were not able to visit these kitchens as they in use
and we did not have their permission to do so.
With that being said most kitchen ventilation are relatively similar, most of it revolves around the
following components:
Hood
Filter
Extraction fan
Exhaust duct
Exhaust blower
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Figure 08: shows a diagrammatic illustration of a typical kitchen ventilation

system
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2. 4 BY-LAW REQUIREMENTS
PART 3: SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION
By-law 41 Mechanicals ventilation and air- conditioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
Third schedule (By-law 41)
6.Filtration
Unless otherwise specified. Where air-conditioning is mentioned herein. It shall be deemed to include
air filtration down to a particle size of ten microns with an efficiency of not less than 70% arrestance.
7. Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas.
(1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or occupancy of more
than two hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air
changes per hour
(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air
exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air
extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 meters above the floor level period
system.
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(3) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more
than two hours duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the
minimum of 0.28 cmm per person working in such area.
11. Room, window, etc., air-conditioning units.
Where room, window or wall air-conditioning units are provided as means of air conditioning, such
units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air
12. Fresh air changes.
(1) the minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with recirculated, filtered and
conditioned air meeting with the requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73 shall be as follows:
Residential building 0.14cmm per occupant
Commercial premises 0.144cmm per occupant
Factory and Workshop 0.21 cmm per occupant
School classroom 0.14 cmm per occupant
Projection room 0.14 cmm per occupant
Theatre and Auditorium 0.14 cmm per occupant
Canteen 0.28 cmm per occupant
Building of Public Resort 0.28 cmm per occupant
Offices 0.14 cmm per occupant
Conference Room 0.28 cmm per occupant
Hospital wards 0.14 cmm per occupant
Computer Room 0.14 cmm cmm per occupant
Hotel rooms 0.14 cmm per occupant
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(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with the mechanical ventilation systems
shall be as follows:
Basement and garages minimum of 6 air changes per
hour
Commercial premises
(excluding laundry and boiler houses) 0.28 cmm per occupant
Factory and Workshop
(the design shall be based on the actual requirements) 0.56 cmm per occupant
Project rooms 10 air changes per hour
Theatre and Auditorium 0.28 cmm per occupant
Kitchen 20 air changes per hour
Note- that all other areas shall meet with the minimum requirements of the ASHRAE STANDARD
62-73.
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AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The term air conditioning has been defined by the American Society of Heating,Refrigerating,
and Air Conditioning Engineers as:
Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its

temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned
space
The air-conditioning system used in Subang parade is called the water chiller refrigeration
system, whereby change of phases of liquid refrigerant is used to absorb and release heat to
the atmosphere.
Figure 09: Water cooled system flowchart

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3.1 CHILLER
Figure 10: condenser & evaporator units located in the plant room
The function of a chiller is to provide cooling within an enclosure/building, to provide thermal

comfort for the occupants inside. The chiller in Subang Parade comprises of the condenser and
evaporator works in conjunction with the Air Handling Units (AHU) and Cooling tower to achieve
this effect.
Heat that returns to the chiller via the AHU is removed using refrigerant (R-22 or HCFC-22 or
Chlorodifluoromethane) in a refrigeration cycle. They can work on either compression or
absorption systems.
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"Chiller Units - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2017.
Web. 6 May 2017 offers the following definition for the refrigeration systems.
In compression systems, a liquid refrigerant with a low boiling point absorbs heat from
water returning from the building and boils in an evaporator to form a gas. The gas is then
compressed, which increases its temperature further. The gas is then condensed, releasing
its latent heat which is rejected to the outside. The process then repeats.
Absorption refrigeration works on a similar basis, with a refrigerant that boils at low
temperature and pressure, however, in this case, the refrigerant gas is then absorbed in a
solution which is then heated in a generator so that the refrigerant evaporates again, but
this time at a higher pressure and temperature. The gas is then condensed, releasing its
latent heat which is rejected to the outside. The process then repeats.
In essence, both system works on a basis whereby the refrigerant be it a mixture of

ammonia, hydrogen, water, Chlorodifluoromethane or the likes changes its state of matter
from a point of high energy to low energy in order to dissipate heat to the atmosphere to
maintain the refrigeration cycle.
The dissipation of heat from chiller units can be achieved by:
Air cooling, which rejects heat to the outside air by circulating it through the
condenser.
Evaporative cooling, which uses the addition of a water mist to the air to enhance
the cooling effect.
Water cooling, which is generally suited to large systems and requires connection
to cooling towers.
The system used in Subang Parade is based around the Compression system as it is the
most common type especially during the time its construction. Furthermore, Compression
systems are generally more powerful because it can operate on propane or other natural
gases, whereas Absorption systems a generally preferred for its portability and ease of
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maintenance comparatively. Its industrial uses are mostly for cooling machinery/equipment
rather than for Ventilation Air-Conditioning (VAC).
The chiller is located in the plant room which is in the basement due to weight and vibration
considerations. Which might affect public user at the upper levels.Subang Parade itself has 3
chillers which comes with 2 type of sizes: big and small. The 2 bigger chillers work alternately
daily to reduce wear and tear of its components. On the other hand, the small chiller operates
daily in conjunction with the 2 bigger chillers.
3.1.1 CONDENSER
The purpose of a condenser is to act as

a heat exchanger, in the case of the
water chilled system used in Subang
Parade the heat from the refrigerant
liquid (R-22 or HCFC-22 or
Chlorodifluoromethane) is transferred
into th water in its copper tubing which
is then again transferred to the cooling
towers to dissipate its heat and begin
Figure 11: diagram of a condenser internally
cycle again
3.1.2 EVAPORATOR
The evaporators used in Subang Parade

absorbs the heat energy from the chilled
water(9 degree celsius) which is lower
than the ambient temperature hence the
cooling effect. Returning water from the
AHUs is sent back to the evaporators
whereby the heat is then transferred to
Figure 12: section of an evaporator
the refrigerant thus repeating the whole
cycle again.
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3.2 AIR HANDLING UNIT
Figure 13: on the left, AHU unit. On the right Mr. Rahman explaining the piping system
connected to the AHU room
Due to the large volume of space in terms of air circulation required in the shopping mall, this
building has 6 AHU rooms at each level in the building distributing and re-circulating treated air
throughout the building. The AHU is the machinery to circulate the fresh air into the large
volume of space of the shopping mall itself, the air that extracted from the malls goes through
cooling coils and diffuse back to the interior space.
The air is suck into the air grilles, to the air ionizer and lastly air filter. The function of air
ionizer is to remove the dust and contaminated substances in the air to ensure the air is clean
and fresh.
The cooling coils is made from copper pipes, the fins shape design will increase the surface
area of copper coils as to increase the heat transfer process to its maximum results, when hot
air is contact with the cooling coils it will loses its heat, and cool air is generated.
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Figure 14: AHU plug fan
The pressure of the air is created by 2 types of fan, suction force into the cooling coil, secondly
is the fan that diffuse the air into the air supply duct.
Constant airflow system is used here which means the AHU from each floors has the ability to
manipulate the temperature of air diffused out from the vent by controlled panel in the AHU
rooms. Subang parade has a compact and enclosed rooms for AHU only,its is designed this way
is to avoid the AHU and other components in it from external pressure or diffusing of air from
different temperature as this will decrease the efficiency of this system.
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3.3 DIFFUSER
3.3.1 SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS
Figure 15: shows the diffusers position along the shoplots
Diffusers is the medium that deliver the fresh filtered air into the interior spaces of Subang
Parade. Its a passive type of system which its pressure is determined by the fan speed
generated by the AHU rooms and total number of outlets available in the building, it means all
of the spaces will receive the same volume of air and temperature. The numbers of outlet on a
spaces is varies by how much heat is the spaces generating which corresponding with total
volume of air needed to be supplied .
The outlets of the diffusers is in fins shape in order to split the strong pressure of fresh air
from the AHU rooms in order to ensure a comfortable pressure of air being forced out the
diffusers.
3.3.2 RETURN AIR DUCT
Figure 16: Shows the return air duct in the AHU room
The role of return air duct is to transport the hot air out of the space back into the AHU rooms
to be filtered. Grillwork can be seen obviously from the inlets of the return air ducts in order to
avoid objects such as (balloons, tissue papers, etc) from being suck in and trasnfered back to
the AHU rooms which will damage the mechanical system in the room which will cause system
failure.
The solution is to filter the air at the first stage is installing a filter behind the return air duct
to decrease the workload of the air filtering system which the filter is easy to be clean/replaced
as compared to the AHU control rooms machinery.
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3. 4 COOLING TOWER
From interviewing Mr. Rahman (maintenance personnel), we learned that there are 6 cooling
towers that can be found at the roof of Subang Parade which provide a passive pressure of
water using the gravity force, its function is to remove the latent heat from the condensed hot
water and then re-circulate the chilled water directly back to the chiller.
Subang Parade uses packaged cooling towers which is pre-assembled in factory by Nihon
Spindle. Packaged cooling tower is compact but the limitation is its capacity. Therefore, this
type of cooling towers is only used for low heat rejection requirements buildings.
Speed of cooling of the cooling towers varies depending on the fan size and the speed of the
fan, as it can be adjusted based on needs of the building. For this cooling towers The condensed
water from chiller room is pumped from the basement to the cooling tower and falls down over
the fill. To maximize the process of heat transfer between the air and the water latter is used,
induced draft fan sucks the air through the wetted fills and diffuse the hot air across the top of
the structure. Chilled water is collected at the bottom of the cooling towers and transferred
back to the chiller rooms.
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3.5 BY-LAW REQUIREMENTS
Indoor Air Quality
According to MS1525: 2007
Indoor Design Conditions Section 13a
At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26c), the acceptable air velocity would be in the
region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort
cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26c. The recommended design relative
humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. According to
Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s.
Subang Parade Mall has proven through our case studies that it comply all the minimum
thermal control requirements stated in MS1525. Temperature of the dry bulb fulfill the
requirements which is 25c to achieve the thermal comfort for the users, workers in the
building.
Air Distribution System
Separate air distribution system
Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year
shall be served by independent air conditioning systems. According to the Department of
Malaysian Standards, zones, which are expected to operate, should be served by separate air
distribution system. To comply with this requirement, the Subang Parade Mall , the offices
operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year by using the air distribution
system.
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Off-hour Control
ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a

reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or
alternative use of the spaces served by the system. The Subang Parade Mall only schedules to
open during office hours. The ACMV system turn off automatically shut down after office hours
to prevent waste of energy.
Temperature control.
Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of
temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of
sensors over a minimum range of between 22C to 27C. The Subang Parade Mall has a
thermostat at the top floor to measure temperature of building. Hence the temperature is
always at an average of 23C.
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FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Fire is defined as the rapid oxidation of a material through the chemical process known as
combustion. During this process, heat and light energies are released alongside other
by-products from the reaction process of the change of matter and energies.
In order to live, fire requires:
Fuel - possibly a buildings structure and contents

Heat - fires reach temperatures beyond a cooling systems ability to contain
Oxygen - fire requires oxygen to breathe and in turn displaces that oxygen for others
The life cycle of fire includes:
Ignition
Growth
Development
Decay
4.1.1 Components to Structural Fire Protection
Fire protection systems exist to slow down the spread of smoke and fire which in turn buys
more time for evacuation and minimises fire damage. This ultimately:
Preserves material assets,

Protects the environment, but most importantly
Saves sentient life.
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4.1.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Active fire protection (AFP) systems are those which are on full-time duty. Many AFP systems
rely on the detection of specific stimuli in order to initiate operation and are considered
automatic, such as sprinkler systems, though there are manual systems. AFP systems are
programmed to extinguish flames by:
Detecting fire quickly and evacuate the building,

Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire,
Controlling movement of smoke and fire, and
Containing and depriving fire of oxygen and fuel.
4.1.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Passive fire protection (PFP) systems rely on a buildings own structural design,
compartmentalisation, and materiality to slow down the spread of fire allowing occupants more
time to evacuate and to reduce damages caused by fire outbreaks. As opposed to AFP systems,
PFP systems require no mechanical operation of any sort to function. With fire rated structures,
additional partitions, and the proper compartmentalisation, a buildings PFP system should be
effective for at least 1 to 2 hours.
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4.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.2.1 Water Based Systems
Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrants are connection points by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. They are
high pressure pumps connected to the water main which allows firefighters and other
authorised users access to the main water supply. Fire hydrants give a continuous flow of
water which is vital for firefighters as a fire truck can only carry so much water on its own.
8 fire hydrants
3-way hydrant
Hydrant to hydrant = 68 metres
Hydrant to building = 0.89 metres
Hydrant to road = 6 metres
UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7 states that:
Every building shall be served at least one fire hydrant located not more than 300 feet from the
nearest point of fire brigade access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrants shall be
provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
UBBL 1984, Section 140: Fire appliance access, states that:
All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of
not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the
building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following
scale:
Volume of building in cubic metre Minimum proportions of perimeter of building
7000 to 28000 one-sixth

28000 to 56000 one-fourth
56000 to 84000 one-half
84000 to 112000 three-fourths
112000 and above island site
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Fire Sprinkler System
One of the most important and popular AFP systems: fire sprinkler systems consist of a water
supply system which provides pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system
which the fire sprinklers are connected onto. These sprinklers can fend off fire in its early
stages of development but not in the case of large fires. In Subang Parade these sprinklers
cover every level of the building and are placed at least half a metre away from walls and
columns for water to effectively spread out instead of trickling down said wall or column.
The separation between each sprinkler head in 4.2 metres wide and 3 metres high.
Pendent Sprinklers
These types of sprinklers hang upside down
directly attached to the ceiling like
stalactites in caves. Their water deflectors
are placed at the bottom and they are
activated at the detection of a certain level
of heat. 68C is the activation point at which
Figure 17: Pendent Sprinkler found at the red bulb in the sprinkler will rupture in
indoor of the shopping mall Subang Parade. They are found in commercial
spaces in front of shops
Upright Sprinkler
Upright sprinklers heads point upward such

as how its name suggests and they protrude
out directly from the pipelines. They are
typically used in spaces with numerous
obstructions like beams or ducts in the
ceiling such as mechanical rooms as well as
higher areas.
Figure 17: Shows the upright sprinkle at
basement carpark
- Sistance: 3m
- Pressed steel storage tank = 48,000 gallons capacity
-1 duty pump, 2 standby pumps and 2 jockey pumps
- Ball valves
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UBBL 1984, Section 228: Sprinkler valves, states that:
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall
and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to
provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Sprinkler Tank and Pump
Water to the sprinkler pipelines is supplied from a reinforced concrete sprinkler tank located in
the water tank room of the basement level of Subang Parade. The sprinkler pump is sensitive
to changes in water pressure in the sprinkler pipelines.
3 pumps supply water to the sprinkler systems of every level of the building holding the
pressure level of 120 psi. Dimensions of the tank are 8.534m x 3.658 m x 2.438 m and should
hold up to 16,800 gallons.
Figure 18: Shows the wet riser water tank at basement.
Deluge System
This sprinkler system has its sprinkler heads open and its pipelines are not pressurised. These
systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve operated both by manual and
automatic detectors which allow simultaneous discharge of water from all open sprinkler
heads.
UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7: Sprinkler valves, states that:
Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe an enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readily accessible to the Fire Authority. All sprinkler systems shall be electrically connected to
the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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Fire Hose-Reel & Wet Risers
Hose-Reel Systems
Hose-reel systems are intended to combat early stages of fire comprising of the: hose reel
pump, fire water storage tanks, hose reel, pipe work, and valves.
These systems can be found paired with a riser in a closet section of every level in Subang
Parade.
11 sets
30 metres in length
8.47 millimetre
diameter
Figure 19: Shows hose-reel inside the shopping mall.
Wet Risers
Wet risers are used for firefighting purposes and are permanently charged with water from a
pressurised supply and fitted with landing valves at specific points.
The wet risers in Subang Parade a located next to the lift lobbies as well as emergency
staircases on every level of the building. The pipes supplying water from the tank to the hoses
are permanently pressurised and consist of 3 pumps: jockey, duty, and standby pumps.
UBBL 1976, Chapter 7, Part 7: Markings on wet

riser, etc, states that:
Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire

installation pipes and fittings shall be painted
red. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for
locating fire installations and extinguishers shall
be clearly identified by painted in red.
Figure 20: Shows wet riser located inside

the shopping mall
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Water Tank & Fire Pump Room
Water Tank
The two major water storage tanks, the wet riser tank and water sprinkler tank, which supply
water to the AFP system in Subang Parade are located in the fire pump room at the basement
level of the building.
Jockey Pump
Jockey pumps are pumps connected to fire sprinkler systems

to maintain a high enough level in pressure within the
sprinkler pipelines to ensure there is a pressure drop should a
single sprinkler be activated. The fire pumps will sense the
drop in pressure and will start to pump water.
Duty Pump
Duty pumps act to supply enough pressure to

keep the system in running order when water
pressure goes down.
34
Standby Pump
Figure 21: Shows standby pump located at the basement of the shopping mall
Standby pumps act as a backup pump system to maintain the minimum pressure required of
the sprinkler system should the duty pump fail to operate in the building.
UBBL 1984, Section 247: Water storage, states that:
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the fire fighting systems and
installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth
Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be
located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided
without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.
35
4.2.2 Non Water Based System
Non-water based systems are an alternative method in controlling or extinguishing flames
which are more sensitive to building environments with valuable equipment, as opposed to
water based systems. These systems use a combination of a wet agent and dry chemicals to
cause a reaction to contain flames. Some of the many benefits of using non-water based
systems are that they:
Do not cause damage to assets conventional sprinklers would,

Extinguish flames faster than water,
Require no clean up.
The common types of non-water based systems are: carbon dioxide systems, dry chemical
agents, and aragonite.
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Figure 22: Shows Portable Fire Extinguishers standby in the mall.
Fire extinguishers are handheld cylindrical devices containing a dischargeable agent used to
control or extinguish small flames in case of emergencies.
Fire extinguishers should be placed in locations easily accessed, such as against walls about
high-traffic spots.
Portable fire extinguishers can be found on all floors of Subang Parade, beside every fire escape
door, along fire escape paths, and within hose-reel closets.
36
UBBL 1984 Section 227: Portable extinguishers, states that:
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and
shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Among the various types of fire extinguishers available, Subang Parade uses dry powder
extinguishers with one provided in every shop and several in a white metal casing throughout.
They also use carbon dioxide extinguishers in the electrical, transformer, and water plant
rooms. They replace the extinguishers every once a year for maintenance.
Fixed Fire Extinguishers
Also known as carbon dioxide systems, fixed fire extinguishers are commonly found in
commercial buildings because of their ability to extinguish hazardous flames effectively
without harming sensitive electronic equipment. Similar to portable fire extinguishers, a heavy
layer of odourless, non-corrosive, non-conductive gas is discharged from the cylinders and
covers the flames making combustion no longer possible by reducing the surrounding oxygen
level while also absorbing combustion energy.
Figure 23: Shows fixed fire extinguisher located at the electric

room.
37
Spaces within which carbon dioxide systems can typically be found include:
Storage facilities
Computer and server rooms
Sensitive medical equipment
Data and telecommunications centers
Sensitive research instruments and equipment
Heavy industrial and manufacturing equipment
Museums, art studios, libraries, and other locations with invaluable objects
In Subang Parade, carbon dioxide systems are used in the transformer room as opposed to
water based sprinkler systems which would likely damage the technology in the room.
Classification of Fire Risks
In comparison, dry powder extinguishers cover the widest range of fire classes in terms of which
it can effectively contain.
38
Fire Detection & Alarm System
Fire Detection
Fire detectors are designed to sense at least one of the many products or phenomena caused
by fire, such as: smoke, heat, flames, and radiation. When heat rises too rapidly or passes a
certain level, the detector will alarm the fire control alarm panel.
The type of detectors used in Subang Parade are smoke detectors.
Smoke Detectors
Smoke detectors sense smoke and typically to indicate the presence of fire. They are typically
powered by a central fire alarm system with a backup battery. When the temperature detected
reaches the fixed temperature, a signal is sent to the master panel while the surrounding
temperature reaches 47C.
The most common types of detectors are: (1) photoelectric, (2) ionisation, or (3) combination
smoke detectors.
Photoelectric smoke detectors detect light scattering caused by smoke particulates and are
triggered much faster by smouldering fires before they break into flames, while ionisation
smoke detectors detect changes in ionisation field from smoke and are triggered much faster
by the flaming stage of a fire but will not respond to many smouldering materials.
The ones found in Subang Parade are photoelectric smoke detectors.
39
For the installation of smoke detector, it has a laser sensor inside, while the smokes flew in
and lower down the detection of laser. It will be activated and sent signal to master panel.
UBBL 1984, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies, states that:
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which
after thirty second of any unless incorporated with a force close feature which are
thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset
time.
40
Fire Emergency Alarm System
Fire Alarm Bells
Figure 23: Shows fire alarm bells located at the basement carpark
Fire alarm bells can act both automatically as well as manually by accessing a manual call point
to alert building occupants about smoke or fire within said building and to evacuate. The alarm
bells should be installed and distributed evenly throughout the building.
Manual Call Points
Figure 24: Show the manual call points.
Manual call points (MCP) exist in the building to allow occupants to manually transmit signals
that smoke or fire have broken out within the building. MCP are typically connected to a central
fire alarm panel which is connected to an alarm system in the building.
When installing MCP, consideration must be made to ensure that the travel distance from any
point of a building to the nearest MCP should not exceed 30 metres.
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Manual Pull & Key Switch
Figure 25: Manual pull & key

switch located outside the electric
(1) room
UBBL 1984, Section 237: Fire alarms, states that:

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided
with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal)
be given adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a
master control.

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided
with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal)
be given adjoining section.
master control.
42
UBBL 1984, Section 155: Fire mode of operation, states that:
(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated
floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls,
overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or
safety devices, and park with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the
firemans switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in response to car calls but
not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lift shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs
(2) to (4).
UBBL 1984, Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire, states that:
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with
fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision as may be required
by the Fire Authority.
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Fire Control Room & Intercom Station
Fire Control Room
Figure 26: Show the control room
Figure 26: Show the smoke detector board which located in the control
room
UBBL 1984, Section 238: Command and control centre, states that:
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and
control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address,
fire bridge communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a
direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
Subang Parade meets the requirements that the fire control room is located at ground floor near the lift
lobby and staircase as it has 4 storeys including the car parks located at basement and one lower
ground floor above. There are 2 guard observing the fire control room continuously who will take the
appropriate action at the detection of any signal from the detectors come directly to the control unit
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Intercom Station
The intercom station is meant to

establish communication between
firemen and the control room master in
the event of a fire outbreak. These
intercom handsets are located beside
staircases of each level in Subang
Parade.
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
By-laws.
(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage
areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be
provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be
given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert
(intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
master control.
45
4.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.3.1 FIRE ESCAPE PLANS
Figure 27: Show the fire escape plan on basement
Figure 28: Show the fire escape plan on lower ground floor
46
Figure 29: Show the fire escape plan on ground floor
Figure 30: Show the fire escape plan on lower first floor
47
Fire escape provide a method of escape in the fire to allow the occupant to evacuate from the
building to a safer area outside of the building, which also mean assembly area. There are
routes and exits that were designed specifically in Subang Parade in case of fire.
Escape route is a designed safe pathway to occupants, from an area of the building to a place
such as fireproof staircase, where the occupants will be safe and capable of escaping from the
fire or smoke as a fire protected area or a fire fighting access lobby.
According to UBBL 1984: Enclosing Means of Escape in Certain Building.
1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building where the highest floor is more
than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such
staircase is to used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length
with fire resisting materials.
2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of
this by-law include wall to air wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with
self-closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials.
4.3.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE
Figure 31: show the example of emergency exit

signage in Malaysia.
Exit Emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly point. It is an
effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear directional
system. These signs are always lit for cases of necessity. The letters are written in block
letters sufficiently big to be seen and green on color to attract attention. In Malaysia, the exit
signage is written in Malay word KELUAR, which mean EXIT.
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According to UBBL 1984 Section 172:
1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not
obscured by any decoration, furnishings or other equipment.
2) A sign reading KELUAR with an arrow indicating the direction shall be

placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
3) Every exit sign shall have the word KELUAR in plainly legible letters not less than 150 meter
high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 mm wide. The lettering shall be in
red against a black background.
4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
4.3.3 FIRE ESCAPE DOOR
The fire escape door are installed at all the fire exit. Each door are openable from the inside
without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort according to UBBL 1984 Section
173 (1). Beside that, Subang Perade used solid hardwood core with asbestos insulating board
which fire rated by one hour as their fire escape door material.
Figure 32: show the fire escape door located at the

fire escape staircase .
49
In addition to, the dimension of single leaf fire escape door are 900mm x 2100mm x 38mm
while the double leaf escape door are 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm which fulfill the requirement
of UBBL 1984 section 163. Lastly, all door are fitted with automatic closers of the hydraulically
type.

1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated
type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors
.
2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to
ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
Figure 33: show the door closer used in

Sabang Perade.
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4.3. 4 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE
Figure 34: show the overall view of fire escape staircase
The type of fire escape staircase used in Suabng Perade are cement concrete half landing
staircase at each floor of the shopping mall. To ventilate the smoke from the fire, each stairway
has an opening to the door. The landing area has a dimension of 1.2m x 2.4m. The stairway
landing is wide enough to accommodate the users during a fire to escape.
The purpose of having Fire Escape staircase in such a large scale of building is to allow
occupants escape from the building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or
emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should have two means of exits
consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space giving access to
separate exits in different directions.

1) Except as permitted by-law 167 not less than 2 separate exits shall be provided from each
storey together with such additional exits as many as necessary.
2) The exits shall be so sited and exit access shall be so arranged that the exit are within the
limits of travel distance as specified in the seventh schedule to these by-law and are readily
accessible at all time.
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In buildings exceeding 30 metres in height all staircases intended to be used as
means of egress shall be carried to the roof level to give access thereto. The width
of the staircase is 1350mm, allowing two people to be able to use it at the same
time. The height of riser is 170mm and the tread is 290mm. Every flight of stairs
has more than four riser and due to that. Handrail is required for safety purpose of
the occupants in the building. The height of the handrail is 950mm, and no
intermediate handrail are required in this building, as the width of the staircase
does not exceed 2255mm.

1. Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least
two separate staircases.
2. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available
for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load
of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh
schedule to these By-laws.
3. The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 mm.
4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
5. Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 229(4):

A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access
lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at the fire appliances access
level.
52
4.3.5 RAILINGS
Figure 34: show the railing to fire escape staircase
In term of railing, it is important to have continues railing instead of having suspended railings
as well as without any obstruction matter in between. Beside that, the minimum dimension of
the handrail should be 1.0m heights x 0.04m in diameter. The railings should have minor parallel
railing in distance of 0.2m each to accommodate different height of occupants when escaping.
The entire stairway should constructed with non- flammable materials, whereas in Subang
Perade the material of the railing are iron painted grey. A landing is provided to ensure the users
to have enough circulation space in the stairs to avoid any injuries or accidents during an
emergency. It is also realized that no piping are found within the stairway. Thus obeying the law
number 157 as follow.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 157: Protected Shafts consisting of Staircase
A protected staircase containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or
any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase.
53
MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Mechanical transportation is an integral part of modern buildings. It is used to move goods

and people vertically or horizontally. Mechanical transportation in buildings generally
comprises of elevators, escalators, and travelators.
According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, clause 124.

- A lift shall be provided for non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above/below
main entrance.
- It is a requirement in buildings less than 4 storeys high, if access for senior or disabled is
enforced.
- The minimum walking distance to the lift shall not exceed 45 m.
- The lift should be positioned in the central area of the building to minimize horizontal travel
distance. Besides that, elevator lobby should be broad enough to grant traffic access in
two directions.
Elevator zoning varies depending on the type of building. Zoning in high rise buildings
increase efficiency by reducing waiting time. Zoning is usually not necessary in mid-rise
buildings as the waiting time is lower.
54
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.1.1 ELEVATOR
Elevators are a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators/lifts are generally powered by
electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
55
5.1.2 ESCALATOR
An escalator is a mechanical transportation system in the form of a moving staircase/conveyor
which transports people from one floor to another within a building without waiting interval
(except during very heavy traffic). Escalators provide an immediate means of transportation. It
consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps. These steps are guided on either
side by a pair of tracks which force them to remain horizontal.
Escalators have the capacity to move a large number of people. They can function as a normal
staircase during breakdowns, whereas many other conveyances become useless. Escalators
can be reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak times.
56
5.2 CASE STUDY
5.2.1 ELEVATOR
Our chosen building, Subang Parade, consist of 4 floors basement, lower ground, ground and
first floor. Just like most non-residential buildings, Subang Parade has integrated mechanical
transportation system which carries its customer and goods between floors. There are a total
of 18 standard elevators and 4 bubble lifts, which uses hydraulic system. Unfortunately, the
bubble lifts are currently closed due to maintenance.
The Elevator System used by Subang Parade consists of:

Geared Traction Elevator
Plunger Hydraulic Elevator
57
58
GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors and lifted by ropes. They have a
gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Elevator
cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called
a sheave. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Geared Traction Elevators
typically work at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second)
59
PLUNGER HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
A plunger hydraulic elevator is positioned in the center of Subang Parade. The absence of the
overhead machine room, penthouse and traction equipment with camouflaged guide rails
project above the car generate an impression of freestanding observatory elevator. Hydraulic
elevator at Subang Parade are powered by hydraulic ram. The system comprises of fluid
reservoir, pump, piston and valve. The pump pushes the fluid from the tank into the cylinder.
Once the valve closes, the fluid collected inside the cylinder pushes the piston up whilst lifting
the elevator to the desired floor. When the valve opens, the fluid moves back into the reservoir
thereby lowering down the elevator.
Besides that, there are advantages of hydraulic elevators. Advantages of Hydraulic elevator:
The elevator load is carried by the ground and not by the structure. In contrast, traction
units place a large structural load on the penthouse and machine room floors and on
overhead steel as well.
The hoist way is smaller due to the absence of a counterweight and its guide rails.
Cars can be lowered manually by the operation of oil valves. This is particular
useful and important in the event of control equipment failure or power outage.
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LIFT SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Exterior Lift Components
Level Operating System / Call Buttons
Installed beside the lift. Used to request for an elevator. Consist of an up button and a down
button that illuminate to indicate the request has been received and an elevator is on the
way.
Floor Indicator / Hall Lanterns
Used to indicate the arriving elevator and the direction it will travel. In addition to the
illuminated directional indicators, the hall lanterns have an audible tone to indicate
direction.
Key Hole to Shaft
To open elevator car doors using specific key. Usually acts as a safety measure or for
maintenance purposes
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Interior Lift Components
Emergency Railings
According to EN 81 ISO/TR
11071 standards, emergency
railings should be provide at
the side
Ventilation Vents
According to MS1525, adequate

forced ventilationshould ne provide
in the elevator car. The vents are
usually located above the elevator
car
Elevator Car Indicators

The interior of the elevators also
has a floor location indicator. In
addition to visible numerals that
represent the floo the elevator
Stops at (or passes), there is also
an audible signal
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Key Switch Controls
These allow different functions to be turned on or off by building operations personnel.
Included may be buttons for Fire Department Control, Door Hold Open, Elevator On/Off,
Maintenance Function On/Off, etc.
Car Operating Panel (COP)

The control inside the elevator cab vary widely based on the types of services the owner wants
to place on the control panel. However, there are some standard items. All items must have the
equivalent braille description alongside the text or symbols.
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MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Geared Traction Machine
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors, mainly used in low rise
buildings. The electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit, which
turns the hoisting sheave. Subang Parade uses this system as it is considered to be a low-rise
building.
Roping System
Cables (ropes) are made of groups of steel wires

uniquely designed to withstand the weight of the
car and its live load. Suspension ropes used on
traction type elevators usually attached to the
crosshead and extending up into the machine room
looping over the sheave on the motor and then
down to the counter weights. The term roping
system can be defined as the arrangement of
cables supporting the elevator and which has many
types or arrangements. Subang Parade uses the
single wrap system. In the single wrap system, the
rope passes over sheave once and connected to
counterweight. It is used on mid and low-speed
elevators with geared traction motors.
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Counterweight
The counterweight consist of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables
to which the car is locked. It is guided in its travel by two guide rails typically set up on the back wall of the
shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load.
Purposes of Counterweight:
- To provide proper traction at the sheave for car lifting
- To reduce the size of the traction machine
- To reduce power demand and energy cost
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SAFETY
EMERGENCY POWER
According to Malaysia Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.16.5
There shall be an emergency supply which is capable of feeding at least the forced ventilation
for 2 hours in case of interruption of the normal supply. This forced ventilation shall come in
automatically upon failure of the normal power supply.
According to Malaysia Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.17.4
There shall be an automatically rechargeable emergency supply, which is capable of feeding at

least a 1W lamp for 2 hours in case of an interruption of the normal lighting supply.
During power shortage in Subang Parade, the car brake is set immediately upon power outage
and the car remains motionless. The emergency brakes are activated by a continuous rope
passing over a pulley in the pit and an over speed governor pulley in the motor room. The
governor locks in response to flyweight inertia from the centrifugal force generated by excess
speed, thus jerking the rope in the process. While for the observatory elevator, the hydraulic
cars can be lowered by operation of a manual valve. This is particularly bad for cars in blind
shafts that is, express shafts with no shaftway doors.
The generator in Subang Parade is sized to support one elevator motor at a time, with manual or
automatic switching organized between unit controllers. Thus, each car in turn can be brought
to a landing and from that time forward a single car maintained in service.
FIRE SAFETY
According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 151
Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft.
Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the
exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
66
According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 152
1. Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall not open into a protected lobby unless other
suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is
provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings
as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a
minimum FRP of half hour.
3. No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel
shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and
the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156
square metre.
4. Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150mm in diameter.
5. Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key
irrespective of the position of the lift car.
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5.2.2 ESCALATORS SYSTEM
Subang Parade also consist of an efficient escalator system. Escalators provide an immediate
means of transportation as they continuously conveys to move large number of people quickly
and efficiently with no waiting time required.
ARRANGEMENT
Two types of escalator arrangement are present in the Subang Parade building. Parallel stacked
arrangement as well as Crisscross arrangement.
Crisscross Arrangement
This arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public
transport buildings where transport times between several levels should levels should be kept
to a minimum. This arrangement minimizes structural space requirement by stacking
escalators in that go in one direction.
Parallel Arrangement
The principal advantage of the parallel arrangement is its impressive appearance. The stacked
arrangement must be used with caution due to the inconvenience to the rider of an enforced
long walk-around to continue the trip. In Subang Parade, the stacked parallel arrangement is
disadvantage as the forced walk-around is unpleasant.
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69
Escalator Components
Drive System
The Drive machine together with the gear reducer provides the torque to drive the step band at
a constant speed. The drive machine motor is typically a three-phase AC direct-on-line flange
mounted unit. It is either directly or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear. The motor is usually
protected by thermal and/or electro-magnetic overload devices as well as thermistors in the
motor winding.
There are three types of drive machines:
External Drive.
Usually located in the upper pit area. An external drive escalator with the drive unit located
within a machine room beneath the upper landing
Internal Drive.
A motor to gearbox drive with a direct drive axle connection located between the steps bands or
at the top pit. Internal escalator drive machines may be one, two, or three drive. Some internal
drive escalators are equipped with either dual or three drive machines all inside the step band
or step-belt.
Modular Drive.
Located within the incline of the truss between the step bands. The motor may be directly
connected to the gearbox or it may transfer power through a belt drive. The gearbox will have a
direct connection to the drive axle. A modular escalator may have a single drive or a multiple
drive depending on the overall length of the escalator.
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STEP DRIVE SYSTEM
The step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step
chains. Two-step chains; one for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to
the Main Drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The
step chain form a loop for the length of the truss, from the step chain sprockets at
the upper end down to the tension carriage gear or turnaround (depending on the
manufacturer) at the lower end or the lower reversing station.
HANDRAIL DRIVE SYSTEM
The handrail drive moves the handrail along the handrail tracking system through
traction on the V-shaped handrail underside.
71
SAFETY
Skirt Brush
Skirt brushes are to prevent

entrapment of foreign objects and
feed between the skirt guard and
steps. It is a highly recommended
safety option.
Sensors
This is one of our Go Green energy

saving features. When no passenger
traffic is detected by the photocell
sensors, the escalator stops, thus
reducing energy consumption.
Emergency Stop Button

The escalator will be immediately
stopped when the button is pressed
during emergencies
72
Steps
The steps made from die-cast
aluminium provides greater strength
and durability, with no distortions
even after long periods of usage
under heavy loads, plus and added
ability to withstand corrosion. It also
has a yellow polycarbonate safety
boarder.
Comb Lighting
The comb lighting provides additional

safety to the passenger as they step
onto the escalator.
5.3 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the mechanical transportation in a building hold a strong influence in dictating

the circulation of users within the building. As a shopping complex, the mechanical
transportation in Subang Parade are designed efficiently to provide pleasant experience for
its customers.
73
6.0 REFERENCES
Lastname, C. (2008). Title of the source without caps except Proper Nouns or: First word after
colon. The Journal or Publication Italicized and Capped, Vol#(Issue#), Page numbers.
Lastname, O. (2010). Online journal using DOI or digital object identifier. Main Online Journal
Name, Vol#(Issue#), 159-192. doi: 10.1000/182
Lastname, W. (2009). If there is no DOI use the URL of the main website referenced. Article
Without DOI Reference, Vol#(Issue#), 166-212. Retrieved from
http://www.example.com
"Chiller Units - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 6 May
2017.
"Smoke Extraction". VENTS - manufacture of ventilation and air conditioning systems. N.p.,
2017. Web. 6 May 2017.
The Basics of Passive Fire Protection. (2008, April 01). Retrieved May 08, 2017, from
http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-prote
ction-
74

Case Study of Building Service in Public Buildings

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CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICE IN

Taylors University Lakeside

TUTOR : AR. SATEERAH

ANG AVERLLEN 0321444

CHIN VIN YAN 0320311

HIRENDRAN SIVAGANAM 0319894

HOR MING JACK 0325145

JACK LEE HOR 0325810

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation 4

3.0 Air-conditioning System 18

4.0 Fire Protection System 28

4.3 Passive Fire Protection 46

5.0 Mechanical Transportation 54

The methodology are as follows:

Not able to procure detailed floor plans

Not able to visit the roof

1.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION - Schedule 10

2.1 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM

The purpose of a smoke control system is as follows:

To prevent the migration of smoke from the ignition source (Compartmentalization)

Fire in a Building Without a Smoke Control System

Fire in a Building Equipped with a Smoke Control System

Figure 01 : Different types of smoke control fans

Ventilation air ducts and shafts

Top: example of ductwork indoors Bottom: exhaust

Figure 02: shows an example of fire dampers

Above: smoke extraction fan,

Figure 03: shows example of linear flow system

As typical for a carpark that of the one in place

a) Network of ventilation ducts

a) Network of ventilation ducts

A system such these requires that the

On site ventilation ducts

Distribution of ventilation ducts in basement carpark

Figure 05: shows the intersection between other services with

Figure 07: shows the placement of extractor fan

Figure 08: shows a diagrammatic illustration of a typical kitchen ventilation

PART 3: SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION

By-law 41 Mechanicals ventilation and air- conditioning.

mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

Third schedule (By-law 41)

7. Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas.

changes per hour

minimum of 0.28 cmm per person working in such area.

11. Room, window, etc., air-conditioning units.

units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air

12. Fresh air changes.

Residential building 0.14cmm per occupant

Commercial premises 0.144cmm per occupant

Factory and Workshop 0.21 cmm per occupant

School classroom 0.14 cmm per occupant

Projection room 0.14 cmm per occupant

Theatre and Auditorium 0.14 cmm per occupant

Canteen 0.28 cmm per occupant

Building of Public Resort 0.28 cmm per occupant

Offices 0.14 cmm per occupant

Conference Room 0.28 cmm per occupant

Hospital wards 0.14 cmm per occupant

Computer Room 0.14 cmm cmm per occupant

Hotel rooms 0.14 cmm per occupant

Basement and garages minimum of 6 air changes per

(excluding laundry and boiler houses) 0.28 cmm per occupant

Factory and Workshop