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SUB: RCC AND STEEL MODULE-33A

MODULE-33A
Concrete Technology- Properties of concrete, basics mix design.
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Cement concrete: It may be defined as a building material obtained by mixing cement,


aggregates and water in suitable proportions and then curing this mixture to a hard mass.
The principal materials used in making concrete are cement, aggregate and water.
Cement: Cement is a substance which acts as binding agent for materials. It is produced by
calcining at high temperature on intimate mixture of calcareous, siliceous and aluminous
substances and crushing the resulting clinkers to a fine powder. Cement is broadly divided
into 1. Portland cement and 2.Special cement.
1. Portland cement:

Composition:

a) Lime ( ) 60-67%
b) Silica ( )17 to 25%
c) Alumina ( ) 3-8%
d) Iron oxide ( )
e) Magnesia ( )
f) Sulphur trioxide ( )1-2.75%
g) Alkalies ( )
Setting and hardening of Portland cement: There are four mineral compounds which are
responsible for setting and hardening.
(i) Tri calcium silicate (3 )
(ii) Di calcium silicate ( 2 )
(iii) Tri calcium Aluminates(3Ca )
(iv) Tetra calcium Alumino ferrite (4Ca )
Setting can be controlled by addition of Gypsum
Aluminates are responsible for initial setting
Tri-calcium silicate imports early strength
Di-calcium silicate imports later stage strength.
Setting is the change of cement paste from plastic state to stiff solid state.
Hardening is gaining of compressive strength with time.

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SUB: RCC AND STEEL MODULE-33A

Types of Portland cements:


1. Ordinary Portland cement
2. Portland Pozzolana cement: Pozzolona is additive
3. Rapid hardening cement: Due to more fineness and burning at high temperature.
4. Low heat cement: and are less. is more
5. White or coloured Portland cement: By adding pigments.
6. Sulphate resisting Portland cement: & F are small
7. Water repellent Portland cement: water proofing material is additive.
8. Portland blast furnace cement: Blast furnace slag is additive.
Special cements:
a) Quick setting cement: Aluminum sulphate is mixed with a small quantity and gypsum
is also less.
b) Calcium chloride cement: Imparts strength in cold weather
c) High Alumina cement: Rapid hardening
d) Slag cement
e) Expansive cement
Testing of Portland cement:
1. Chemical composition
2. Fineness: By sieving for OPC residue < 10% on sieve 0.9
3. Soundness: Property of expansion. Tested by Le-chatliers method. It should not
exceed 10mm
4. Setting time: Vicats apparatus. IST=30min , FST=10hrs for OPC
5. Compressive strength:
6. Heat of hydration:
Aggregate: Aggregates are those chemically inert materials which when bonded by
cement paste form concrete. Aggregate constitute the bulk of the total volume of
concrete. Depending upon their size, the aggregates are classified as
a) Fine aggregate and b) coarse aggregate
Water: Water acts chemically with cement to form the binding paste for the coarse
aggregate and reinforcement.
Fineness modules: Sum of cumulative percentage fractions retained/100
Water-cement ratio: The ratio of the mass of water to mass of cement used in a concrete
mix is termed as water cement ratio. The lower the ratio, the greater is the strength of
mix. Workability increases with w/c ratio
Admixtures:
1. Accelerators
2. Retarders
3. Plasticizers
4. Super plasticizers

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SUB: RCC AND STEEL MODULE-33A

Workability: Concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed, handled,


transported, placed in position and compacted.
Tests for workability:
a) Slump cone: cone size= Top: 10cm, bottom 20cm height: 30cm.No. of layers: 4. No.
of blows 25. The vertical settlement recorded in mm is known as slump.
b) Compaction factor: The ratio of weight of compacted concrete to the theoretical
weight. 0.95 is more workable and 0.75 represents less workable.
c) Vee-bee test

Grade of concrete: The quality or grade of concrete is designed in terms of a number, which
denotes its characteristic compressive strength (150mm cubes at 28days) expressed in MPa.
The number is usually preceded by the letter M, which refers to mix. Ex:
Minimum grade of concrete in RCC:
Along sea coast PCC:

Characteristic strength: It is defined as the strength of material below which not more than
5% of the test results are expected to fall.

Influence of size of test specimen:


Cube ( ) time cylinder strength ( )
Where is cylinder strength (150 dia 300 height)

Modulus of elasticity =5000


Poissons ratio: 0.1 to 0.3. For design purpose : 0.2
Modulus of rupture: =0.7 (tensile strength)

Maximum compressive stress of concrete in design:


It is generally 85% of cylinder strength i.e.

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0.85
Maximum allowable shrinkage strain=0.0003
Limit of failure strain of concrete in direct compression 0.002 and 0.0035 in flexure

Creep: When concrete is subject to sustained compressive loading, its deformation


keeps increasing with time, even though the stress level is not altered. The time
dependent component of the total strain is termed creep.

Coefficient of thermal expansion: 6 C

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