Chapter 1

Th Operational
The O ti l Amplifier
A lifi
Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn

Content

1) Introduction to op amp
2)) Ideal op
p amp p model
3) Op amp model
4) Practical limitations in op amp

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 2 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

1
 1. Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier - An operational amplifier (op amp) is a high gain

differential amplifier with nearly ideal external characteristics. Internally
the op amp is constructed using many transistors.
Terminology:
+VDC V+ = non-inverting input voltage
I- V- = inverting input voltage
V- _
- Io Vo = output voltage
V VO
Io = output current
+
V+ + I+ = non-inverting input current
I+ -VDC I- = inverting input current
VDC = positive and negative DC supply
Note: Sometimes the supply voltages used to power the op amp
voltage connections are not (typically 5V to 30V)
shown V = V+ - V- = difference voltage

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 3 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Operational Amplifiers

8-pin package pinout

7

U1
8-pin package (3D view) 3 5
V+

+ OS2
6
OUT
2 1
V-

- OS1
uA741
4

uA741 symbol in PSPICE

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 4 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

2
 Typical Operational Amplifier Schematic

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 5 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Open-loop versus closed-loop operation

Open-loop: A OL = open-loop gain

Relatively rare
(typical value: A OL = 100,000)
Op amp
specifications may be V = differential input voltage
Vo
important _
In general, Vo = A OL ( V ) or A OL =
-
V
-
V VO V
+
V+ +
Closed-loop:
Most commonly used
Some sort of feedback from output to input exists
p voltage,
The input g , Vin, is defined according
g to the application
pp
Feedback
A CL = closed-loop gain
_
Vo
Vin VO A CL =
+ Vin
Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 6 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

3
 2. Ideal op-amp

An op amp circuit can be easily analyzed using the following ideal

assumptions.

Ideal op-amp assumptions:

Assume that V = 0, so V+ = V-
Assume the input resistance is infinite, so I+ = I- = 0
Realize the all voltages defined above are node voltages w.r.t. a
common ground (as illustrated below)

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 7 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Example

Determine an expression for Vo in the inverting amplifier shown

below. Illustrate the results using both DC and AC inputs.

R2
Vin _
R1
Vo
+

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 8 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

4
 Example
Load Connections: Vo is typically determined independent of the load
(the circuit connected to the output). Once Vo has been determined, it
essentially acts like a voltage source to the load.
Load Current: Io is the output current for an op amp
amp. It can be
found using KCL.
Example: Find Vo , I1, V2, and Io below.

12k
2V _ Vo
4k
+ Io 1k 3k +
I1 6k 9k V2
_

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 9 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

3. Practical Limitations in op amps

Operational amplifier circuits are generally easy to analyze, design,

and construct and their behavior is fairly ideal. There are, however,
some limitations to op amps which the engineer should recognize.
There are three primary limitations as well as some minor limitations.
limitations

The three primary limitations in op amps are:

1) Limited voltage - In general, the output voltage is limited by the DC
supply voltages.
2) Limited current - The output current has a maximum limit set by the
manufacturer (check the data sheet).
3) Frequency limitations - Op amp performance may deteriorate
significantly as frequency increases.

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 10 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

5
 4. Op amp models

So far we have analyzed op amps using a few ideal assumptions about

op amps (such as V+ = V- and I+ = I- = 0) .

Typically,
T i ll we would
ld construct
t t a circuit
i it model
d l th
thatt acts
t like
lik the
th op amp
that we desire.
Lines added only
for emphasis
V-
Typical values for the _
Vo
- AOLV
+
op amp model V R
shown: +
AOL = 100,000 V+
Rin = 2M - 10M
Simple op-amp model

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 11 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Homework

Determine an expression for Vo in the non-inverting amplifier

shown below.

R2
_
R1
Vo
Vin +
i

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 12 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

6
 Homework

Determine Vo in the inverting summing amplifier shown below.

RF
V1 _
R1
Vo
V2 +
R2
V3
R3

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 13 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Homework

Determine Vo in the non-inverting summing amplifier shown below.

RF
_
R
Vo
+
V1
R1
V2
R2
V3
R3

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis 14 H. H. Kha, Ph.D.