Network Protocols and Standards

1.Define the meaning of Protocol.

In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication
connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating
entities.

2.Name the three elements in protocol.

Syntax:

Syntax refers the structure and format of the information data.

Semantics:

Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. It does an route identify the route to be taken
or the final destination of the message.

Timing:

Timing refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast it should be sent.

3.What does the acronym SSL represent?

SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer. It is a protocol which creates a secure connection
between a client and the server over which to send information. SSLworks by using a
cryptographic system that uses two keys to encrypt data.
4.What is networking standard?
Networking standards ensure the interoperability of networking technologies by defining the rules of
communication among networked devices. Networking standards exist to help ensure products of
different vendors are able to work together in a network without risk of incompatibility.

5.List two advantages of having international standards for network protocols.

a) If all the systems are following the same standard, it becomes easy for everyone to connection to
everyone else. In other words, the international standards provide easy interconnectivity.

b) Software designed by the developers from all over the world, wont have any problem in interfacing
with the host system and the other software. They will work well with a wide range of operating systems
and hardware since both are using the same standard.

6.Which protocol is used to provide secure connection across the Internet?

HTTPS consists of communication over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) within a connection
encrypted by Transport Layer Security, or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer.

7.Expand the acronym TCP/IP.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet
points at the information packet level

Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address
level

8.Define Network?

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other

devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An excellent example of a network is the
Internet, which connects millions of people all over the world.

9.List the layers of OSI

Layer 7: The application layer

Layer 6: The presentation layer
Layer 5: The session layer
Layer 4: The transport layer
Layer 3: The network layer
Layer 2: The data-link layer
Layer 1: The physical layer
10.Which layers are network support layers?
The network support layers are Physical layer, Data link layer and Network layer.
11.Which layers are user support layers?
The user support layers are: Session layer, Presentation layer, Application layer.
12.Provide the function of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which
essentially allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security
Payload (ESP), which supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data
as well. The specific information associated with each of these services is inserted into
the packet in a header that follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be
selected, such as the ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
13.List down the organization for communication standards.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) (previously known as the Comite
Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique (CCITT)

14.In this url, https://www.example.com/page2 ,which part is the web page , which part
is the server name and which part is the protocol?
First part: protocol (http://)
Second part: server name (www.example.com/page2)
15.Provide the abbreviation for TCP/IP and provide their responsibilities in the point
form.

IP Protocol
The IP protocol and its associated routing protocols are possibly the most significant of the entire TCP/IP suite. IP is
responsible for the following:

IP addressing The IP addressing conventions are part of the IP protocol. Designing an IPv4 Addressing
Scheme introduces IPv4 addressing and IPv6 Addressing Overview introduces IPv6 addressing.

Host-to-host communications IP determines the path a packet must take, based on the receiving system's
IP address.

Packet formatting IP assembles packets into units that are known as datagrams. Datagrams are fully
described in Internet Layer: Where Packets Are Prepared for Delivery.

Fragmentation If a packet is too large for transmission over the network media, IP on the sending system
breaks the packet into smaller fragments. IP on the receiving system then reconstructs the fragments into the
original packet.

TCP enables applications to communicate with each other as though they were connected by a physical circuit. TCP
sends data in a form that appears to be transmitted in a character-by-character fashion, rather than as discrete
packets. This transmission consists of the following:

Starting point, which opens the connection

Entire transmission in byte order

Ending point, which closes the connection.

TCP attaches a header onto the transmitted data. This header contains many parameters that help processes on the
sending system connect to peer processes on the receiving system.

TCP confirms that a packet has reached its destination by establishing an end-to-end connection between sending
and receiving hosts. TCP is therefore considered a reliable, connection-oriented protocol.