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Marianne Blanche Campos Olanda

MA Comm 1

COM4005 (SAT; 12:00PM 03:00PM)

TYPES OF RADIO BROADCASTING

There are mainly two types of radio broadcast. The two types of radio broadcasting includes
AM and FM. Both AM and FM basically denotes which type of modulation was used to produce
a radio signal. Lets gather precise information on these two basic types of radio broadcast.

AM broadcasting AM is one of the two kinds of radio broadcast. AM stands for amplitude
modulation. Different countries outside U.S utilizes almost equal frequency band for AM
transmission. However, European countries also use the long wave band. Regarding the
advantages of AM broadcasting, AMs unsophisticated signal can be easily detected with
simple device or equipment. If the signal is strong, a power source is not even required. One
of the other advantage of AM broadcasting is that it uses a narrower bandwidth when
compare to FM.

AM radio broadcast is one of the basic types of radio broadcasting. AM simply refers to
amplitude modulations. In other words, it is just the process of radio broadcasting with the
use of amplitude modulations. In this article we will be sharing brief information on AM radio
broadcast. So, read on to find out the basics as well as the advantages of AM radio
broadcasting.

When we consider about AM radio broadcast, the AM radio technology is quite simpler in
comparison to FM radio, DAB, satellite radio and HD radio. An AM receiver usually makes out
or detects amplitude changes in the radio waves at a specific frequency. Then, it amplifies
variations in the signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker. It has been revealed that in AM radio
broadcast, the medium wave as well as short wave radio signals function in different manner
during daytime as well as nighttime.

During day time, AM signals usually travels or moved by groundwave, which diffract around
the curve of the earth covering a distance up to a few hundred miles from the signal
transmitter. However, during nighttime, changes in the ionosphere causes or makes AM
signals to move by skywave that enables AM radio stations to be heard much farther from
their point of origin than is normal during the day. This results many broadcast stations to
minimize their broadcasting power up to certain extent during nighttime or even to suspend
broadcasting entirely during nighttime hours.

There are certain advantages of AM radio broadcast. One of the great advantages AM radio
broadcasting is that that unsophisticated signal of AM can be easily detected with the help of
a simple device or equipment. However, if the signal is strong, a power source is not even
required. One of the other advantage of AM broadcasting is that it uses a narrower bandwidth
when compare to FM. AM radio is broadcast on several frequency bands, Long wave - 148.5
kHz283.5 kHz, Medium wave - 520 kHz1,610 kHz and Short wave - 1.711 MHz30.0 MHz The
above given details on AM radio broadcast will let you gain a precise information on AM
broadcasting.

FM broadcasting The other different radio broadcast is FM broadcasting. FM usually denotes


frequency modulation. This frequency modulation usually takes place on VHF airwaves in a
frequency range of 88 to 108 around the world except Japan and Russia. FM stations are quite
popular especially in economically developed areas including Europe and US since higher
sound fidelity as well as stereo broadcasting became common in this format. For
accommodating an audio signal, it doesnt require 200 kHz, all it requires is 20 kHz to 30khz.

FM radio broadcast is one of the main types of radio broadcasting. FM usually denotes
frequency modulation. This frequency modulation usually takes place on VHF airwaves in a
frequency range of 88 to 108 around the world except Japan and Russia. This following article
shares precise information on FM radio broadcast. So, find out everything about FM radio
broadcast whether its advantages or disadvantages right here.
Sources have revealed that FM radio broadcasting is very popular especially in developed
areas including Europe and United States because higher sound fidelity as well as stereo
broadcasting certainly became quite familiar in this format. During 1930s, Edwin H Armstrong
invented FM radio. He invented it to overcome the interference problem associated with AM
radio broadcasting to which is relatively immune. Going further with the details on FM radio
broadcast, we come up with the point that for accommodating an audio signal in FM radio, it
does not require a bandwidth of 200 kHz. What is all required is 20 kHz to 30 kHz for a
narrowband FM radio broadcast or FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth enabled space for 75
kHz signal deviation from the appointed frequency.
Moreover, guard bands for minimizing or eliminating adjacent channel interference. However,
the greater or higher bandwidth enables to broadcast for a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal.
Meanwhile the extra unused capacity is generally used for transmitting utility acts like
background music for public areas, as well as GPS auxiliary signals.
The problem of AM radio interference during nighttime was generally addressed in different
way. The time when FM was first set up, the available frequencies were far greater or larger
in comparison to those used for AM radio broadcast roughly around 100. Using these
frequencies meant that even at far larger power, the range of a given FM radio broadcast or
FM signal was much shorter, thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception
range at night is the same as in the daytime. However, all new radios included both AM and
FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater
range, AM remained more common in rural environments.
Other Types of Radio Broadcasting

Apart from the AM broadcasting and FM broadcasting, there are also other types of radio
broadcast. The other several subtypes include commercial, public as well as nonprofit
varieties. Besides these, there are also student-run campus radio and hospital radio that can
be found throughout the developed world. HD radio and satellite radio are both relatively
new forms of radio broadcasting. With HD radio, radio stations are able to broadcast a digital
radio signal; or they may choose to broadcast a hybrid (simulcast) of both digital and analog
versions of their radio signal. Satellite radio is also digital. But instead of being broadcast by
antenna, satellite radio is broadcast through a communications satellite that gives it a wider
broadcast range.

HD radio HD radio is one of the relatively new forms and other types of radio broadcasting.
This type of radio broadcasting offers AM and FM stations, in fact stations are able to
broadcast a digital radio signal or they may select to broadcast a hybrid (simulcast) of both
digital as well as analog versions of their radio signal. You will get better quality of music in
this type of radio broadcasting. The music improves since transmission becomes digital and
thus the sound clears up as well as becomes high definition to the ears.

There are certain good thing about the HD radio, the sound in HD radio is much better in
comparison to standard radio. As a matter of fact, HD AM sounds almost as good as FM radio,
& FM sounds almost as bright, clear and clean.

Satellite radio The other kinds of radio broadcast also include satellite radio. This type of
radio broadcast is digital, but in spite of broadcasting through antenna, satellite radio is
broadcast via a communications satellite that gives it a wider broadcast range. Satellite radio
has a variety of broadcasting channels that air commercial-free music. Even FCC doesnt
regulate these channels. However, the variety of channels that are available to listeners
continues to be a key factor in subscriptions for both XM & Sirius. Some of the most well
known satellite channels are talk & entertainment programs, these channels are available
uncensored to listeners. The article above briefly describes about the other types of radio
broadcast that you need to get familiar with.

Satellite radio broadcast is relatively new form of radio broadcasting. This kind of radio
broadcasting is digital, it is broadcast via a communication satellite that gives a wider
broadcast range. Here, in this article we will give you brief information on satellite radio
broadcast. This type of radio broadcasting offers different channels that air commercial free
music. These channels are not regulated by FCC.

As about satellite radio broadcast, we have already mentioned that this radio has different
broadcasting channels, and these wide of range of channels that are available to listeners
continues to be a key factor for subscribing both XM & Sirius. On Sirius radio, varieties of
programs regarding music, sports, news and talk as well as different entertainment programs
are available. They also offer a great number of stations that are not offer in every city which
includes country, Christian, Jazz as well as classical & international music.
Considering satellite radio broadcasting channels relating to news programs, you will find
great varieties including politics, global & financial news, also regarding public radio as well
as religion. Some of the most well known networks include CNN, the BBC, the Weather
Channel, and more. These channels are usually available on one or more of the satellite radio
channels. Other well known satellite radio broadcast channels are talk & entertainment
channels. These channels are broadcast uncensored to listeners.

As we move further with the details on satellite radio broadcast, we came to know that there
are some satellite channels that are available on both XM and Sirius. However, there are also
others that provide exclusive programming. In general, it is the exclusive programs that are
offered via each network that makes a listener select one over the other. Usually, there are
also listeners that subscribe to both providers so that they can gain access to all available
channels. However, the merger of both XM and Sirius will enable listeners to get the best of
both networks. One can pick the one that interests them the most, buy the receiver, and
start enjoying their new satellite radio or satellite radio broadcast.

Live Radio Broadcast on PC

With the advancement of technology, people can now have or create live radio broadcast on
PC. They can broadcast when they want and what they want to talk. With live radio
broadcasting from PC, people now can broadcast from the convenience of their own homes
and talk about different topics. However, getting started with live radio broadcasting on PC is
quite simple. First you need to check whether your computer is compatible for broadcasting.
It is also essential to have a sound card installed on your computer which is known as audio
card. This allows individuals to receive and send audio information.

For live radio broadcast on computer, you have to find a website that will host your radio
broadcasting. The next step is sign up for an account. In fact there are also many free sites
that offer free radio broadcasting. You will also find many sites that take sign up fee. Some of
the sites that enable PC live radio broadcast include Live135, AOL radio, Voice America, &
Blog Talk radio. These sites may sometime require certain software which is to be
downloaded from the sites itself. Almost all the sites you give a phone number that enables
people to call in. Moreover, there will also be a special number to give to your audience.

The next step for live radio broadcast on PC is decide the time to air the show, after you have
taken decision you can send mails or post your air time on your site. If you are broadcasting
live on PC, it is essential that you plan your scheduled for airing, also know what exactly what
you are going to talk about for the day. One can also play music during their air time but it is
essential have your music organized.

Before going live on the air or before live radio broadcast on PC, it is essential that you get
use to online broadcasting. One should get familiar with everything that will be required to
them. It is also important that you call into the station before you prepare to go live on the
air, this will ensure you a time slot. Always keep in mind that there are millions of other
people that may be aiming for the same time as you.
Public Radio Broadcast

Public radio broadcast is a kind of radio broadcast that receives some or all the funding from
public. Public radio broadcasters usually get their funding from people via voluntary
donations and from the state. In this article we will share complete information on public
radio broadcast. The extent to which public radio broadcasters can be considered "non-
commercial" varies from one country to another. In the United States most public radio or
public radio broadcasting is licensed as non-commercial broadcasters, yet many stations
transmit underwriting spots in exchange for corporate contributions. In some other countries
public broadcasters are permitted to transmit commercials.

About public radio broadcast, it has been revealed that this it may be operated nationally or
locally. However, it does depend on the particular country as well as the station. There are
countries that public radio broadcasting is generally conducted by a single organization
including the BBC in United States and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Australia.
However, there are also countries that usually have various public radio broadcast or public
broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in several languages.

Details on public radio broadcast further reveal that during earlier times, public radio
broadcast was a dominant form of broadcasting in many countries of the world. However,
majority of the countries around the world now exist commercial broadcasting. With the
coming of commercial radio broadcast in many countries, public radio broadcasting
substantially declined. It started declining during the later part of the 20th century.

As mentioned earlier, public radio broadcast usually receive their funding from public. In fact
public broadcasters also get funding from general tax revenue. They dont depend on
advertisement as a source of revenue to the same degree as commercial broadcasters. This
enables public broadcasters to transmit programs that are usually less saleable to the mass
market including radio documentaries, public affair shows and educational programs.

Pirate Radio Broadcast

When we say pirate radio broadcast, it simply refers to illegal as well as unregulated radio
transmission. The etymology of pirate radio broadcasting can usually be pursued to the
unlicensed nature of transmission. The term pirate radio simply refers to describing illegal
broadcasting for entertainment as well as political purposes. However, it is also sometimes
used for illegal two- way radio operation. Lets gather brief information on pirate radio
broadcast in the given article.

As mentioned above, pirate radio is often used for illegal two-way radio operation; basically
the rules and regulations will differ widely from one country to another. For instance, in
United States and many of the countries in Europe, there exist many kinds of licenses. And
the term pirate radio broadcasting or pirate radio usually describes the unlicensed
broadcasting of FM radio, AM radio or else short wave signals over a wide range. Read on to
get more details on pirate radio broadcast.
Considering further about pirate radio broadcast, there are some cases that radio stations are
deemed legal where the signal is transmitted but illegal where signals are received
particularly when the signals move beyond the national boundary. In some other cases, radio
broadcasting may be regarded as pirate radio broadcast because of the nature of its content,
its format of transmission or the transmit power of the station even if the transmission is
technically legal including web cast or amateur radio transmission.

Pirate radio stations are often termed as bootleg stations, this term is basically associated
with two-way radio. Moreover, pirate radio stations are also sometimes known as clandestine
stations or Free Radio stations. The interpretation of the pirate radio broadcast varies
considerably since the laws and regulations vary from one country to another country.
Different questions have been raised regarding certain kinds of broadcasting carried out by
national governments against the interests of other national governments, which have in turn
created radio jamming stations transmitting noises on the same frequency for destroying the
received of the incoming signal.

Community Radio Broadcast

Community radio broadcast is a kind of radio broadcasting or service that provides a third
model of radio broadcasting which is just beyond commercial as well as public broadcasting.
In simple words, this community radio broadcast or stations can usually serve or assist
geographic communities as well as communities for interest. These stations generally
broadcast content that is quite popular to a local or specific listeners or audience but which
may often be overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Read on to collect a
precise information on community radio broadcast.

As we know this community radio broadcasting or stations are generally operated, owned or
craven by the communities they serve, at the same time they are not for profits. Talking
further about community radio broadcast, this radio offers a mechanism to facilitate
individuals, groups as well as communities to share their own diverse stories, tales or to share
experiences for becoming active creators & contributors of media.

In different parts of the world, community radio broadcasting actually serves as a vehicle for
the community as well as voluntary sector. Additionally it also serves a vehicle for civil
society, certain agencies, NGOs & citizens to work for developing the communities as well as
with broadcasting aims. Details on community radio broadcast further reveals that in many
countries of the world, there has been considerable legal definition of community radio as a
discrete broadcasting sector. These countries may include France, Argentina, South Africa,
Australia and Ireland.

As we consider about modern day community radio broadcast, it often serve by offering a
wide range of content that is not usually offered by the bigger commercial radio stations.
Community radio broadcast may include news and detail information regarding local area
especially immigrant or minority groups that are poorly served by other major media outlets.
More specialized musical shows are also often a feature of many community radio stations.
Community radio broadcast or stations typically avoid content found on commercial outlets.
Commercial Radio Broadcast

Commercial radio broadcast is a kind of radio broadcasting or programs on radio that are
owned by private corporate media, opposing to state ownership. This commercial radio
broadcasting is totally based on airing advertisements for profits. However, it is contrast to
public media which avoid most or all paid advertising. In United States, there exist
completely advertisement free commercial radios. Lets gather brief information on
commercial radio broadcast in the following article.

When we consider about commercial radio broadcast, it is often controversial for various
reasons. One of the main reasons behind the controversial nature of commercial radio
broadcast is the perceived lack of quality and risk in programming. However, there are also
other main reasons behind the controversial nature of commercial radio broadcast. One of
them also includes an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time. The other reason
is the perceived failure to serve the local interest because of media consolidation.

As we move further with the details on commercial radio broadcast, we came to know that
commercial radio broadcast is usually attacked for perceived homogeneity in programming. It
is also attacked for secret politicized censorship of content, as well as desire to reduce costs
at the disbursal of giving the station a recognizable personality. Another point to consider in
commercial radio broadcast is politics, as we know politics is a major and driving force in
media criticism, with an ongoing battle particularly in US as to what moral standards, if any,
are to be applied to the airwaves.

In United States, commercial radio broadcast is one of the dominant kinds of broadcasting.
When consider about Europe, commercial radio broadcasting or commercial TV broadcasting
is generally coexisted alongside with public broadcasting, where programming is hugely
funded by broadcast receiver licenses, public donations, or governments grants. In case of
Asia, one of the best well known commercial broadcasting or services was the oldest radio
station in the region, Radio Ceylon.

Amateur Radio Broadcast

This article will mainly focus on amateur radio broadcast. Lets first begin with the amateur
radio, this radio is also known as ham radio. This radio is both a lobby and service where
participants known as hams utilizes several kinds of radio communications devices for
communicating other radio amateurs basically for public services, recreation and self
training. Amateur radio broadcasting is basically licensed by an appropriate government
entity as coordinated through the International Telecommunications Union. Gather complete
information on amateur radio broadcast in the following article.

As about amateur radio broadcast, it has been estimated that around two million people all
over world are regularly involved with amateur radio as well as amateur radio broadcast.
However, the term amateur doesnt simply means a lack of skill or quality, yet it also imply
that amateur radio and its operation as well as broadcasting usually work outside of an
official, government or commercial capacity. As we move further with the details on amateur
radio broadcast, we came to know that amateur radio operators and broadcasters use
different modes of transmission for communication. However, voice transmissions are quite
common, such as FM provides high quality audio and SSB providing more authentic
communications, for long distance, when signals are marginal & bandwidth is restricted at the
immolation of audio quality.

When we consider about the activities and practices of amateur radio, an amateur radio
operators as well as broadcasters generally used their amateur radio station for making
contacts with individuals. They also used amateur radio station for taking part in round table
discussion groups or rag chew sessions on the air. Some also join in regularly scheduled on-air
meetings with other amateur radio operators, which is often referred as nets that are
basically moderated by a station which is known as Net Control. Nets will enable operators
as well as broadcasters to learn procedures for emergencies, be an informal round table or be
topical, covering specific interests shared by a group. This precise detail on amateur radio
broadcast will let you gain a brief knowledge about amateur radio and how it works.

Music Radio Broadcast

Music radio broadcast is one of the segments of radio broadcasting in which music is the
primary content. We can simply say that music drives radio technology which includes wide
band FM and modern digital radio like digital radio mondiale. Music radio broadcasting or
stations provides programming so as to attract listeners and gain profit by selling
advertisements. The following article will give your brief information on music radio
broadcast and how it works.

As already mentioned music radio broadcast or stations usually provides programming for
attracting listeners and audiences & profits by advertising, this programming usually covers
from least attracting item to most attractive item also including commercials. The main
object behind this plan is to build listener interest during programming. As we know dead air
does not attract listeners, music radio broadcast stations attempts to fill its broadcast day
with sound. As about music radio broadcast, we have already said that music is the primary
program item. There are various ways of choosing the music, such as free-form, top-40,
album-oriented rock, and Jack. These can usually be applied to all kinds of music. Jingles are
basically radios equivalent of neon signs. These jingles are usually brief, colorful pieces of
choral music which helps in promoting the call letters and frequency of the music radio
stations. Sometimes, they are also used to promote disc jockey or program segment. Jingles
are actually produced for radio stations by commercial specialization services like JAM in
Texas.

Moving further with the details on music radio broadcast, majority of the radio stations keep
a call-in telephone line basically for promotions & gags, or to take record requests. In
general, DJs answer the phone and they do the work of editing call during music plays. Some
of the music radio broadcast stations also take requests by e-mail and online chat. Moreover,
the value of a station's advertising is set by the number, age and wealth of its listeners.

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