LATHA MATHAVAN

POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE MADURAI

CCTV CAMERA SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
S. VIJAY
P.AMUDHAN
GENERAL ENGINEERING
LATHA MATHAVAN
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
MADURAI
 CCTV CAMERA SYSTEM
Abstract
article introduces the main components that can
How attention is used to perceive and
go to make up CCTV systems of varying
evaluate dynamic, realistic scenes is more poorly
complexity.
understood We investigated these issues when
an observer has a specific, and naturalistic, task:
A. The Camera
closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring. We The starting point for any CCTV

concurrently recorded eye movements and ratings system must be the camera. The camera creates

of perceived suspiciousness as different observers the picture that will be transmitted to the control

watched the same set of clips from real CCTV position. Apart from special designs CCTV cameras

footage. Trained CCTV operators showed greater are not fitted with a lens. The lens must be

consistency in fixation location and greater provided separately and screwed onto the front of

consistency in suspiciousness judgments than the camera. There is a standard screw thread for

untrained observers. Training appears to increase CCTV cameras, although there are different types

between-operators consistency by learning of lens mounts.

knowing what to look for in these scenes.

Index Terms
closed-circuit television (CCTV)
INTRODUCTION
As the name implies, Closed Circuit
Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is
Diagram 1 Camera and Lens
closed and all the elements are directly
connected. This is unlike broadcast television
Not all lenses have focus and iris adjustment.
where any receiver that is correctly tuned can pick
Most have iris adjustment. Some very wide angle
up the signal from the airwaves. Directly
lenses do not have a focus ring. The 'BNC' plug is
connected in this context includes systems linked
for connecting the coaxial video cable. Line
by microwave, infrared beams, etc. This
powered cameras do not have the mains cable.
Power is provided via the coaxial cable.
B. The Monitor
The picture created by the
camera needs to be reproduced at the control
position. A CCTV monitor is virtually the same as a
television receiver except that it does not have
the tuning circuits.
Diagram 2 CCTV Monitor
C. Simple CCTV Systems
The simplest system is a camera
connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial cable
with the power for the camera being provided
from the monitor. This is known as a line powered
camera. Diagram 3 shows such a system. Probably
the earliest well-known version of this was the Pie
Observation System that popularized the concept
of CCTV, mainly in retail establishments. It was an
affordable, do-it-yourself, self-contained system.
Diagram 3 A Basic Line Powered
CCTV System
The next development was to incorporate the
outputs from four cameras into the monitor.
These could be set to sequence automatically
through the cameras or any camera could be held
selectively. Diagram 4 shows a typical
arrangement of such a system. There was even a
microphone built into the camera to carry sound
and a speaker in the monitor.
The speaker, of course, only put out the sound of
the selected camera. There were however a few
disadvantages with the system, although this is
not to disparage it. The microphone, being in the
camera, tended to pick up sound close to it and
not at the area at which it was aimed. There was a
noticeable, and sometimes annoying, pause
between pictures when switching. This was
because the camera was powered down when not
selected and it took time for the tube to heat up
again.
The system was, though, cheap to buy and simple
to install. It came complete in a box with camera,
16mm lens, bracket, switching monitor and 12
meters of coaxial cable with fitted plugs. An outlet
socket for a video recorder was provided,
although reviewing could be a little tedious when Engineers latest edition. (Now incorporated into
the cameras had been set to sequence. British Standard BS7671). Failure to do so could be
There are now many systems of line powered dangerous and create problems with the validity
cameras on the market that are more of insurance.
sophisticated than this basic system. Most of the
This arrangement allows for a great deal more
drawbacks mentioned have been overcome.
flexibility in designing complex systems. When
Cameras had been around for a long time of
more than one camera is required, then a video
course, before this development. The example is
switcher must be included as shown in diagram 6.
given to show the simplest, practical application.
Using this switcher any camera may be selected to
The use of some line powered cameras can
be held on the screen or it can be set to sequence
impose limitations on system design. They do
in turn through all the cameras. Usually the time
though, offer the advantage of ease of
that each camera is shown may be adjusted by a
installation.
control knob or by a screwdriver.

Diagram 4 A Four-Camera Line

Powered CCTV System Diagram 5 A Basic Mains Powered
CCTV System
D. Mains Powered CCTV Systems
The basic CCTV installation is shown in
diagram 5 where the camera is mains powered as
is the monitor. A coaxial cable carries the video
signal from the camera to the monitor. Although
simple to install it should be born in mind that the
installation must comply with the relevant
regulations such as the Institute of Electrical

Diagram.6 A Four-Camera System
with Video Switcher
E. Systems with Video Recording
The next development of a basic system is to
add a video recorder, the arrangement would be
as shown in diagram
Diagram 7 A Multi Camera System
with Video Recorder
With this arrangement, the pictures shown during
play back will be according to the way in which
the switcher was set up when recording. That is, if
it was set to sequence then the same views will be
displayed on the monitor. There is no control over
what can be displayed.
F. Movable Cameras
So far, all the cameras shown
have been fixed with fixed focal length lenses. In
many applications, the area to be covered would
need many fixed cameras. The solution to this is
to use cameras fixed to a movable platform. This
platform can then be controlled from a remote
location. The platform may simply rotate in a
horizontal plane and is generally known as a
scanner. Alternatively, the platform may be
controllable in both horizontal and vertical planes
and is generally known as a pan, tilt unit. A basic
system is illustrated in diagram 8.
This chapter does not deal with how cameras are
controlled or wired; it is just showing the facilities
that may be incorporated into a CCTV system.
Therefore, the diagrams that follow are simply
descriptive block diagrams and not connection
drawings.
Diagram 8 Basic Movable Camera
System
Cameras may be used indoors or outdoors. When
used outdoors they will always require a
protective housing. For indoor use the
environment or aesthetic constraints will dictate
whether a housing is needed. Systems may
contain a combination of both fixed and movable
cameras.
Diagram 9 Multiple Camera System
G. TYPES
G.1.Professional box camera
CCTV cameras that allow you to
select the type of lens that you need to best suit
your video surveillance application. Just about any
security camera monitoring requirement can be
achieved with the box security cameras. Do you
need to place a box camera outside? No problem!
Purchase a Professional Camera Housing and turn
an indoor surveillance camera into an outdoor
weather proof camera.
G.2.Dome CCTV Cameras
Dome Security Cameras are named
for their dome like shape. Dome cameras are
commonly used in surveillance systems inside of
homes, casinos, retail stores, and restaurants. This
is because dome cameras are more fashionable
and blend in very well to their surroundings.
Because of their dome shape, it is difficult for
someone to tell which direction the lens of a
Dome Camera is actually aiming. When shopping
for a Dome Camera, you should consider if you
need night vision, in which case you should look
at an infrared dome camera. If the area that you
are installing your camera is susceptible to
vandalism or tampering, you should consider
installing a vandal dome camera. A varifocal dome
camera gives you the flexibility to adjust the focal
distance of the camera lens to exactly where you
need it. CCTV Camera Pros offers combinations of
all of the above-mentioned types of Dome
Cameras.

G.3.BULLET Security Cameras
Bullet security cameras are a type
video surveillance camera that is typically small
and shaped like a rifle bullet shell or lipstick case.
Smaller bullet cameras are typically the diameter
of a cigar, but they are shorter. Sometimes they
are referred to as lipstick cameras. Bullet cameras
can easily mount to ceilings or walls because most
of them use a tri-axis type of mount. Not all bullet
cameras are small. Infrared bullet cameras tend to
be larger in diameter to accommodate the
additional space that their IR LEDs require. There
are several types of bullet cameras on this page
including analog CCTV cameras, AHD cameras,
and TVI cameras. The AHD and TVI models are
capable of 1080p HD resolution, but require
an AHD or TVI compatible surveillance DVR
G.4. PTZ Security Cameras
PTZ Security Cameras allow you to
control the pan, tilt and zoom operations of the
camera lens remotely or through a surveillance
DVR or DVR PC. PTZ Cameras have the ability to
move up, down, right, left, and even zoom.
G.5. Network Camera
An Internet protocol camera, or IP
camera, is a type of digital video camera
commonly employed for surveillance, and which,
unlike analog closed circuit television (CCTV)
cameras, can send and receive data via a
computer network and the Internet. Although
most cameras that do this are webcams, the term
"IP camera" or "net cam" is usually applied only
to those used for surveillance. The first centralized
IP camera was Axis Net eye 200, released in 1996
by Axis Communications.
There are two kinds of IP cameras:
Centralized IP cameras:
which require a central network video
recorder (NVR) to handle the recording, video and
alarm management.
Decentralized IP cameras:
 which do not require a central NVR, as the
cameras have recording function built-in and can
thus record directly to any standard storage
media, such as SD cards, NAS (network attached
storage) or a PC/server.
G.6. Hidden security camera
Hidden security cameras, which are
also known as hidden surveillance cameras,
hidden spy cameras, and covert cameras, are
often the best type of camera when the goal is to
monitor people and property secretly. As seen in
the product choices on this page, hidden
surveillance cameras are concealed in housings to
look like smoke detectors, PIR alarm motion
sensors, fire sprinklers, and other inconspicuous
objects. One of our best-selling models is the
motion detector security camera. CCTV Camera
Pros also supplies mini spy cameras as small as
the size of a quarter which can be hidden in any
object that the customer chooses. If you have any
questions related to the spy cameras on this page
or anything related to video surveillance.
H. Applications
H.1.Crime prevention
The two-year-old James Bulger
being led away by his killers, recorded on
shopping Centre CCTV in 1993. This narrow-
bandwidth television system had a low frame
rate.
A 2009 analysis by Northeastern University and
the University of Cambridge, "Public Area CCTV
and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis," examined 44
different studies that collectively surveyed areas
from the United Kingdom to U.S. cities such as
Cincinnati and New York.
The analysis found that:
Surveillance systems were most effective in
parking lots, where their use resulted in a 51%
decrease in crime;
Public transportation areas saw a 23% decrease in
crimes;
Systems in public settings were the least effective,
with just a 7% decrease in crimes overall. When
sorted by country, however, systems in the United speed cameras. With the addition of fixed
Kingdom accounted for the majority of the cameras for the Active Traffic Management
decrease; the drop in other areas was system, the number of cameras on the Highways
insignificant. Agency's CCTV network is likely to increase

H.2. Industrial processes significantly over the next few years.

Industrial processes that H.4. Transport safety

take place under conditions dangerous for
humans are today often supervised by CCTV.
These are mainly processes in the chemical
industry, the interior of reactors or facilities for
manufacture of nuclear fuel. Special cameras for
some of these purposes include line-scan cameras
and thermographic cameras which
operators to measure the temperature of the
processes. The usage of CCTV in such processes is
sometimes required by law.
Digital Video Recorder for
Public Transport
A CCTV system may be installed where any
example, on a subway train, CCTV cameras may
allow the operator to confirm that people are
clear of doors before closing them and starting
allow
the train.
H.5. Sporting events
Many sporting events in the

H.3. Traffic monitoring United States use CCTV inside the venue for fans
to see the action while they are away from their
Main article: Traffic camera
seats. The cameras send the feed to a central
Many cities and motorway networks
control center where a producer selects feeds to
have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using
send to the television monitors that fans can
closed-circuit television to detect congestion and
view. CCTV monitors for viewing the event by
notice accidents.
attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways,
Many of these cameras however, are owned by
and restrooms. This use of CCTV is not used for
private companies and transmit data to drivers'
surveillance purposes.
GPS systems.
The UK Highways Agency has a publicly owned
CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom
cameras covering the British motorway and trunk
road network. These cameras are primarily used
to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as
H.6. Employee monitoring H.7.Use in schools
Organizations use CCTV to monitor In the United States, Britain, Australia and New
the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools due to its
an information block with subtitles that explain success in preventing bullying, vandalism,
the performed operation. This helps to track the monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of
actions of workers, especially when they are evidence in the event of a crime. There are some
making critical financial transactions, such as restrictions on installation, with cameras not
correcting or cancelling of a sale, withdrawing being installed in an area where there is a
money or altering personal information. "reasonable expectation of privacy", such as
Actions which an employer may wish to monitor bathrooms, gym locker areas and private offices
could include: (unless consent by the office occupant is given).
Scanning of goods, selection of goods, Cameras are generally acceptable in hallways,
introduction of price and quantity; parking lots, front offices where students,
Input and output of operators in the system when employees, and parents come and go,
entering passwords; gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms and
Deleting operations and modifying existing classrooms. The installation of cameras in
documents; classrooms may be objected to by some teachers.
Implementation of certain operations, such as Each of these operations is transmitted with a
financial statements or operations with cash; description, allowing detailed monitoring of all
Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and actions of the operator. Some systems allow the
counting; user to search for a specific event by time of
Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants; occurrence and text description, and perform
Change of settings, reports and other official statistical evaluation of operator behavior. This
functions. allows the software to predict deviations from the
standard workflow and record only anomalous
behavior.

H.8. Criminal use

Criminals may use surveillance
cameras to monitor the public. For example, a
hidden camera at an ATM can capture people's
PINs as they are entered, without their
knowledge. The devices are small enough not to
be noticed, and are placed where they can
monitor the keypad of the machine as people
enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted
wirelessly to the criminal.

H.9. Home security

In the early to mid-2000s,
companies including ADT, Live Watch, and Simple
Safe started offering CCTVs to the consumer
market for home safety and security. Cameras
typically come as part of alarm monitoring
packages that may also include fire and flood
detection.
I. History
Closed circuit TV monitoring at the
Central Police Control Station, Munich Germany in
1973.
Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV
cameras.
The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens
AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemunde, Nazi
Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of V-2
rockets. The noted German engineer Walter
Bruch, Wayne Cox, and Tashara Arnold were
responsible for the technological design and
installation of the system.
In the U.S., the first commercial closed-circuit
television system became available in 1949, called
Version. Very little is known about Version except
it was advertised as not requiring a government
permit. Marie Van Brittan Brown invented the
home security system. The patent was granted in
1969. Brown's system had a set of 4 peep-holes
and a camera that could slide up and down to
look through each one. The system included a
device that enabled a homeowner to use a
television set to view the person at the door and
hear the caller's voice.

A typical CCTV control-room set-up

Alkmaar, Netherlands in 2007.

J. Technology The entire network of Security cameras and CCTV
is a complete surveillance system. It differs from
The earliest video surveillance systems
broadcast television in that the signal is not
involved constant monitoring because there was
openly transmitted, though it may employ point
no way to record and store information. The
to point, point to multipoint, or mesh wireless
development of reel-to-reel media enabled the
links. CCTV system is often used for surveillance
recording of surveillance footage. These systems
and security in areas that may need monitoring
required magnetic tapes to be changed manually,
such as banks, casinos, airports, home and office.
which was a time consuming, expensive and
In industrial plants, CCTV Surveillance Camera
unreliable process, with the operator having to
system may be used to observe parts of a process
manually thread the tape from the tape reel
from a central control room, for example when
through the recorder onto an empty take-up reel.
the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV
Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was
surveillance systems may operate continuously or
not widespread. VCR technology became available
only as required to monitor a particular event. A
in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase
more advanced form of CCTV Surveillance system,
information, and use of video surveillance became
utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVR), provides
more common.
recording for possibly many years, with a variety
During the 1990s, digital multiplexing was
of quality and performance options and extra
developed, allowing several cameras to record at
features such as Smart phone stream, motion
once, as well as time lapse and motion-only
detection and email alerts. More recently,
recording. This increased savings of time and
decentralized IP based CCTV Security cameras,
money and the led to an increase in the use of
some equipped with megapixel sensors, support
CCTV.
recording directly to network attached storage
K. CCTV & SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
devices, or internal flash for completely
CCTV Security & Surveillance System
standalone operation. Surveillance of the public
stands for Closed-circuit television is the use of
using CCTV Security is particularly common in the
video Surveillance cameras or Security cameras to
UK, where there are reportedly more Security
transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited
cameras and Surveillance per person than in any
set of monitors. There are different types of CCTV
other country in the world. Many video
surveillance cameras, i.e. dome cameras, bullet
surveillance cameras are installed outdoors with
cameras, box cameras and pinhole cameras.
outdoor housing and infrared LED night vision,
some indoor security camera systems have
multiple channel digital video recorder (DVR) to
recorded video surveillance from 4,6,8 even 12
channels of CCTV surveillance cameras.
Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced
with a shift toward Internet-based products and
systems, and other technological developments.
L. How Does Record
There are two main ways to
record video images that CCTV cameras capture.
They are analog tape and digital video recorders.
Most analog video recorders use VCR tapes or
standard VCRs to record the images or special
security time-lapse VCRs to record images for a
longer period of time.
L.1. VCR Tape Recorder
A tape recorder such as a security-time
lapse VCR can record CCTV camera images in
either black and white or color for 2,4, 6, 8, all the
way up to 960 hours, which is 40 complete days.
The determining factor is how many frames per
second users intend to record and how many
cameras are hooked up to the VCR for recording.
For instance, if a user records 30 frames per
second (real time video), he/she will only be able
to get a few hours of video captured on the
recorder. If users record one frame per second or
less, they can record for dozens of hours before
the video tape is full. VCRs are very practical, very
reliable, and extremely affordable. Expect to pay
only a few hundred dollars for a security VCR.
L.2. Digital Video Recorders
There are two types of DVRs
(Digital Video Recorders). They are either
standalone devices or hard drives that are
connected to a computer system. DVRs work
similar to VCRs, but the images they capture from
the CCTV camera is digital. The number of digital
images captured on a DVR is determined by a few
factors including the frames per second recorded,
the number of cameras hooked up to the DVR
device, the resolution that the DVR saves the
images at, and the video compression used (e.g.
MPEG4). For a common set, up, where 4 cameras
are shooting at 30 fps and an image resolution of
320 X 240 is being used, each camera only records
when motion is on, and MPEG4 compression is
used, users should be able fill up a 20 to 25 GB
hard drive in about 80 hours.
M. CCTV WORKS DURING POWER CUT
There are many types of CCTV
cameras. They can be categorized by the types of
images they are able to capture, the number of
frames they can take per minute, the type of
connection to the monitor or video recording
device, whether they are able to move position,
and special functions they can provide.
Most CCTV cameras are powered by 12V via a
power box or power adaptor. Unless you have a
UPS or power backup the cameras and recorder
will also be powered off if there is no electricity.
N. Drone copter tracking the pitch, roll and yaw for use in
stabilization.
Parrot AR. Drone is a remote
Inside the airframe, a range of sensors assist
controlled flying quad copter helicopter built by
flight, enabling the interface used by pilots to be
the French company Parrot. The drone is designed
simpler, and making advanced flight easier. The
to be controlled by mobile or tablet operating
onboard computer runs a Linux operating system,
systems such as the supported iOS or Android
and communicates with the pilot through a self-
within their respective apps or the unofficial
generated Wi-Fi hotspot. The onboard sensors
software available for Windows Phone, Samsung
include an ultrasonic altimeter, which is used to
BADA and Symbian devices.
provide vertical stabilization up to 6 m (19 ft. 8
N.1.Version 1.0
in). The rotors are powered by 15 watts, brushless
AR. Drone pre-production prototype motors powered by an 11.1 Volt lithium polymer
The Parrot AR. Drone was revealed at battery. This provides approximately 12 minutes
the International CES 2010 in Las Vegas along with of flight time at a speed of 5 m/s (11 mph).
demonstration of the iOS applications used to Coupled with software on the piloting device, the
control it. Along with AR. Free flight, the forward-facing camera allows the drone to build a
application designed for free operation of the 3D environment, track objects and drones, and
drone, Parrot also released AR. Race, allowing validate shots in augmented reality games.
users take part in solo games, or interact with Technical specifications
other drones in combat simulations.
Interfaces: USB and Wi-Fi 802.11b/g
The airframe of the AR. Drone, constructed of
Front camera: VGA sensor with 93 lens
nylon and carbon fiber parts, measures 57 cm (22
Vertical camera: 64 lens, recording up to 60fps
in) across. Two interchangeable hulls were
supplied with the airframe, one designed for
indoor and one for external flight. The indoor hull
is made from EPP foam, and encases the
circumference of the blades for protection. The
outdoors use hull is made from lightweight
plastic, and allows for increased maneuverability.
In total, the AR. Drone has six degrees of freedom,
with a miniaturized inertial measurement unit
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