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GATE PSU
Chemical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
GATE Syllabus
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
FLUIDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Fluids 2
1.3 Newtons Law of Viscosity 3
1.4 The Continuum Concept of a Fluid 5
1.5 Types of Fluid 5
1.5.1 Ideal Fluid 5
1.5.2 Real Fluid 5
1.5.3 Compressible Incompressible Fluid 6
1.6 Physical Properties 6
1.6.1 Density 6
1.6.1.1 Mass Density 6
1.6.1.2 Specific Weight 6
1.6.1.3 Specific Gravity 7
1.6.2 Viscosity 7
1.6.2.1 Dynamic Viscosity 8
1.6.2.2 Kinematic Viscosity 8
1.6.3 Surface Tension 9
1.6.3.1 Capillary 9
1.6.4 Vapor Pressure 10
1.6.5 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus 10
1.7 Difference Between Solids And Fluids 11
1.8 Types of Fluid Behavior 11
1.8.1 Newtonian Fluids 11
1.8.2 Non Newtonian Fluids 12
1.8.3 Plastic Fluids 12
1.8.4 Dilatants Fluids 12
1.8.5 Bingham Plastic Fluids 12
1.8.6 Pseudo Plastic Fluids 12
1.9 Time Dependent Fluids 12
1.9.1 Thixotropic Fluids 12
1.9.2 Rheopectic Fluids 13
1.10 Temperature Dependency of Viscosity 13
1.10.1 Liquids 13
1.10 Gases 13
Chapter 2
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SCALE UP 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Dimensions And Units 16
2.3 Dimensional Homogeneity 18
2.4 Rayleighs Method 18
2.5 Buckinghams Theorem 19
Chapter 3
FLUID STATICS 21
3.1 Pressure 21
3.2 Pascals Law For Pressure At a Point 22
3.3 Hydrostatic Law 24
3.4 Classification of Pressure 24
3.5 Pressure Measuring Devices 25
3.5.1 Piezo Meter 25
3.5.2 Barometer 26
3.5.3 Manometer 26
3.5.3.1 U Tube Manometer 26
3.5.3.2 Tilted Manometer 27
3.5.3.3 U- Tube Manometer With One Leg Enlarged 28
3.5.4 Pressure Gauge 29
3.6 Buoyancy 29
3.6.1 Centre of Buoyancy 30
3.6.2 Type of Equilibrium of Floating Bodies 30
3.6.2.1 Stable Equilibrium 30
3.6.2.2 Un-stable Equilibrium 30
3.6.2.3 Neutral Equilibrium 30
Chapter 4
FLUID KINEMATICS 32
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Types of Fluid Flow 32
4.2.1 Steady And Unsteady Flow 32
4.2.2 Uniform And Non Uniform Flow 32
4.2.3 One, Two And Three Dimensional Flow 33
4.2.4 Rotational And Irrotational Flow 33
4.2.5 Laminar And Turbulent Flow 34
4.2.6 Compressible And Incompressible Flow 34
4.3 Types of Flow Lines 35
4.3.1 Path Line 35
4.3.2 Stream Line 35
4.3.3 Stream Tube 35
4.3.4 Streak Line 35
4.4 Continuity Equation 36
4.4.1 Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates 36
4.5 Velocity Potential 38
4.6 Stream Function 40
4.6.1 Properties of Stream Function 42
4.6.2 Cauchy Riemann Equations 42
4.7 Relation Between Stream Function And Velocity Potential 42
Chapter 5
FLUID DYNAMICS 45
5.1 Introduction 45
Chapter 6
FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID IN PIPES 51
6.1 Flow Regimes 51
6.2 Navier Stokes Equation of Motion 52
6.3 Relation Between Shear Stress And Pressure Gradient 53
6.4 Flow of Viscous Fluid in Circular Pipes Hagen Poiseuille Equation 54
6.5 Laminar Uni Directional Flow Between Stationary Parallel Plates 58
6.6 Laminar Uni Directional Flow Between Parallel Plates Having Relative Motion 61
6.7 Flow Losses in Pipes 63
6.8 Darcy Equation For Head Loss Due to Friction 63
6.9 Empirical Correlations For Coefficient of Friction 65
6.10 Minor Head Losses 67
6.10.1 Sudden Enlargement 67
6.10.2 Sudden Contraction 68
6.11 Pipes in Series And in Parallel 70
6.12 Concept of Equivalent Pipe 71
6.13 Prandtl Mixing Length Theory For Shear Stresses in Turbulent Flow 72
Chapter 7
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY 74
7.1 Boundary Layer Theory 74
7.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 74
7.2.1 Boundary Layer Thickness 75
7.2.2 Displacement Thickness 75
7.2.3 Momentum Thickness 75
7.2.4 Energy Thickness 75
7.2.5 Energy Loss 76
7.3 Laminar Boundary Layer 76
7.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer 76
Chapter 8
FLOW MEASUREMENT 79
8.1 Introduction 79
8.2 Units of Flow 79
8.3 Measurement of Flow 79
8.4 Mechanical Flow Meters 80
8.4.1 Variable Head Flow Meters 80
8.4.1.1 Flow of Incompressible Fluid in Pipe 81
8.4.1.2 Ratio 82
8.4.1.3 Discharge Coefficient 83
8.4.1.4 Flow Coefficient 83
8.4.1.5 Orifice Flow Meter 84
8.4.1.6 Venturi Meter 85
8.4.1.7 Pitot Tube 87
8.4.2 Variable Area Flow Meter 87
8.4.2.1 Types of Variable Area Flow Meter 87
8.4.2.2 Basic Equation 88
Chapter 9
FLOW PAST IMMERGED BODIES 92
9.1 Introduction 92
9.2 Lift And Drag Concept 92
9.3 Drag Coefficient 93
9.4 Stokes Law 94
9.4.1 Terminal Velocity 95
9.4.2 Applications of Stokes Law 96
9.5 Stagnation Point 96
Chapter 10
FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA 99
10.1 Description of Porous Media 99
10.2 Hydraulic Diameter 100
10.3 Porous Medium Friction Factor 101
10.4 Porous Medium Reynolds Number 101
10.5 Friction in Flow Through Beds of Solids 101
10.5.1 Kozney Carman Equation 101
10.5.2 Burke Plummer Equation 102
10.5.3 Ergun Equation 102
10.6 Packed Column 102
10.7 Fluidization 103
10.7.1 Minimum Fluidization Velocity 104
Chapter 11
TRANSPORTATION OF FLUIDS 106
11.1 Pumping Equipments of Liquids 106
11.2 Positive Displacement Pumps 106
11.3 Centrifugal Pumps 107
11.3.1 Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps 108
11.3.2 Specific Speed 109
11.3.3 Operating Characteristics 109
11.3.4 Affinity Laws For Pumps 110
11.4 Cavitations And NPSH 110
11.4.1 Vapor Lock And Cavitations 110
11.4.2 NPSH 111
Chapter 12
LEVEL 1 127
LEVEL 2 138
Chapter 13
UNSOLVED QUESTIONS 150
Chapter 14
QUESTIONS (2004 TO 2015) 153
2004 153
2005 155
2006 157
2007 159
2008 161
2009 163
2010 164
2011 166
2012 168
2013 170
2014 171
2015 172
Chapter 15
SOLUTIONS 174
CHAPTER 3
FLUID STATICS
Fluid statics deals with the fluids at rest. There are following points should be
noted:
i. A static fluid can have no shearing force acting on it, and that
ii. Any force between the fluid and the boundary must be acting at right angles to
the boundary.
iii. For an element of fluid at rest, the element will be in equilibrium - the sum of the
components of forces in any direction will be zero.
iv. The sum of the moments of forces on the element about any point must also be
zero.
3.1 PRESSURE
A fluid will exert a normal force on any boundary it is in contact with. Since
these boundaries may be large and the force may differ from place to place it is
convenient to work in terms of pressure, p, which is the force per unit area.
If the force exerted on each unit area of a boundary is the same, the pressure
is said to be uniform.
Force
p
Area over which the force is applied
F
p
A
(The same unit is also known as a Pascal, Pa, i.e. 1Pa = 1 N m2)
(Also frequently used is the alternative SI unit the bar, where 1 bar = 105 N m2)
For a fluid having no shear forces, the direction of the plane over which the
force due to pressure acts has no effect on the magnitude of the pressure at a point.
This result is known as the Pascals
Law and its derivation is given
below.
By considering a small
element of fluid in the form of a
triangular prism which contains a
point P, we can establish a
relationship between the three
pressures px in the x direction, py in
the y direction and ps in the direction
normal to the sloping face.
And, as the fluid is at rest, in equilibrium, the sum of the forces in any direction
is zero.
px x y ps y z 0
px py
Fyy py AreaABCD py x z
Fyx 0
1
g xy z
2
1
py x z ps x z g xy z 0
2
The element is small i.e. x , y and z are small, and so x y z is very small
and considered negligible, hence
py ps
Thus px py ps
The element is so small that it can be considered a point so the derived expression
px py ps , indicates that pressure at any point is the same in all directions.
Pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascals
Law and applies to fluids at rest.
P2 - P1 = - g (z2 - z1)
P g z
Pressure can be
classified on the basis of the
atmospheric pressure, as
positive or negative
pressure.
Positive pressure is
termed as Gauge
pressure i.e. pressure
above atmospheric
pressure.
Negative pressure is
termed as Vacuum Pressure i.e. Pressure below atmospheric pressure.
p gh
The relationship between pressure and head is used to measure the pressure
of any fluid and pressure can be measure with the help of following devices:
3.5.1 PIEZOMETER
The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which is attached to the
top of a vessel containing liquid at a pressure (higher than atmospheric) to be
measured. An example can be seen in the figure below. This simple device is known
as a Piezometer tube. As the tube is open to the
atmosphere the pressure measured is relative to
atmospheric so is gauge pressure.
pA gh1
pB gh2
3.5.2 BAROMETER
3.5.3 MANOMETER
Pressure at B = Pressure at C
PB = P C
Pressure at B = Pressure at C
PB = P C
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will probably be very low in
comparison to the density of the manometric fluid i.e. man >> . In this case the term
gh1 can be neglected, and the gauge pressure given by
pA man gh2
scale along the line of the tilted arm and taking this reading large movements will be
observed. The pressure difference is then given by
p1 p2 gz2 gxSin
The U-tube manometer has the disadvantage that the change in height of
the liquid in both sides must be read.
This can be avoided by making the
diameter of one side very large
compared to the other. In this case
the side with the large area moves
very little when the small area side
move considerably more.
z1
z2 d 2 / 4 zd
2
2
D 2
/4 D
We know from the theory of the U tube manometer that the height different in the
two columns gives the pressure difference so
d
2
p1 p2 g z2 z2
D
d 2
p1 p2 gz2 1
D
p1 p2 gz2
3.6 BUOYANCY
If the body does not return to its original position from the slightly displaced
angular position and heels further away, when given an small angular displacement,
such an equilibrium is called an unstable equilibrium.
Example 3.1 A simple U tube manometer is installed across an orifice meter. The
manometer is filled with mercury (sp. Gravity = 13.6) and the liquid above the
mercury is CCl4 (sp. Gravity = 1.6). The manometer reads 200 mm. What is the
pressure difference over the manometer in Newton per square meter?
Differential head,
S
h y hl 1
Sll
13.6
h 200 1
1.6
h 1500 mm of CCl 4
Pressure difference over the manometer,
1500
p wh 1.6 9810
1000
p 23544 N / m 2
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