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S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin v tuyn trong nhng nm qua v d
bo s bng pht ca cng ngh ny trong nhng nm ti s dn ti s thiu ht ngun nhn lc
c trnh v kinh nghim cao trong lnh vc ny. Cc trng i hc trn th gii v ang
nghin cu nhiu chng trnh v bin php c th o to cc chuyn gia v cc k s v
tuyn c trnh cao. Mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" l mt trong s cc mn hc lin quan
n lnh vc cng ngh v tuyn c ging dy ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Mc ch cu mn hc ny l cung cp cc kin thc c s v truyn dn v tuyn s sinh vin
c th hc c cc mn tip theo ca cng ngh v tuyn nh: L thuyt tri ph v a truy
nhp, Thng tin v tinh, Thng tin di ng, v cc chuyn t chn.
Cun sch ny bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" c bin son
theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
cho i tng sinh vin c o to t xa.
Cun sch ny chia l by chng c b cc hp l cng vi nhiu bi tp v p n c
n
th cho tng bi tp sinh vin c th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni
dung, tng kt, cu hi v bi tp. Cui cun sch l hng dn tr li v p n cho cc bi tp.
.v
Cun sch ny c bin son trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn nh: Anten v truyn
sng, v cc mn c s lin quan.
du
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn cun sch ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc cn bn v truyn dn v tuyn s. nng cao kin thc v lnh vc ny sinh vin
c th tm hiu thm cc ti liu tham kho cui sch.
.e
Tc gi
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
tit
.p
en
op
2
op
en
.p
tit
.e
du
.v
n
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
1.1.2. Hng dn
n
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [7]
.v
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng vin thng. Cc h thng v tuyn s
c th c s dng nh l:
Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s.
.p
3
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
c tp trung vo cc lung s, sau cc lung s ny c truyn n cc tng i ni ht LS
qua cc ng truyn dn: quang, vi ba mt t hoc v tinh. Cc b tp trung c th l hu tuyn
hoc v tuyn. Cc b tp trung v tuyn (Radio Concentrator) s dng cc nguyn tc a truy
.v
nhp: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s), TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian) v CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia theo m) tp trung lu lng s t cc thu
bao vo tng i.
du
Mt dng thit b u cui rt tin li v ngy cng ph bin trong tng lai l cc my
v tuyn cm tay. Cc my cm tay ny c th l cc thit b cm tay ca h thng di ng hoc
cc my thoi khng dy s ca mng ni ht. Cc thit b ny c kt ni vi tng i LS qua
.e
ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t hoc v tinh nh trm thu pht gc v tuyn (BS: Base
Station). Cng ngh c s dng kt ni cc my v tuyn cm tay vi tng i c th l
FDMA, TDMA hoc CDMA. Trong tng lai cc my cm tay v tuyn c th chim 50% cc
tit
my u cui TE.
.p
en
op
4
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
in thoi khng dy
in thoi khng dy
Thng tin di ng/
H
H
TS
BS
BS
Ghp knh
Ghp knh
LS LS
TE TE
RSC
Mng ni RSC
Mng ni
TE ht
ht
TE
n
K hiu:
LS: Tng i ni ht,TS: Tng i qu giang
.v
BS: Trm v tuyn gc, H: My cm tay
RSC: B tp trung thu bao xa, TE: Thit b u cui
Hnh 1.1. S tng qut m t ng dng truyn dn v tuyn s trong mng vin thng
du
S d truyn dn v tuyn s ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong mng vin thng hin
nay cng nh trong tng lai v hai li th sau y:
.e
* Linh hot v di ng.
Tuy nhin truyn dn v tuyn cng c rt nhiu nhc im m cc nh thit k cc h
thng cn khc phc c th s dng hiu qu phng thc truyn dn ny.
tit
Chu nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu trong thin nhin: phng in trong kh quyn,
pht x ca cc hnh tinh khc (khi thng tin v tinh)...
Chu nh hng nhiu cng nghip t cc ng c nh la bng tia la in
Chu nh hng nhiu t cc thit b v tuyn khc.
5
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
i vi truyn quang bc sng =1500 nm hay tn s f=C/= 3.108/1500.10-9=
2.1014Hz=2.105GHz, bng tn truyn dn cho php vo khong 2.1050,05=0,1.105GHz
.v
T th d trn ta thy rng bng tn cho php truyn dn quang gp 105 ln rng
bng tn truyn dn v tuyn.
du
Ngoi ra di tn s thp (t 1 n 6 GHz) c a s dng hn v suy hao vng tn s
ny thp hn. iu ny dn n dung lng truyn dn ca cc ng truyn dn v tuyn s rt
b hn ch.
Tuy nhin truyn dn v tuyn s c hai u im tuyt vi m khng h thng truyn dn
.e
no c th snh c:
Linh hot: c th trin khai h thng truyn dn s rt nhanh v khi khng cn thit c
th tho g v nhanh chng chuyn sang lp t v tr khc ca mng vin thng. u
tit
im ny cho php cc nh khai thc pht trin mng vin thng nhanh chng cc
vng c s h tng vin thng cha pht trin vi vn u t thp nht.
Di ng: ch c truyn dn v tuyn mi p ng c thng tin mi ni mi thi im
.p
ca cc khch hng vin thng. Nhu cu ny khng ngng tng th k 21 khi nhu cu
i li ca con ngi ngy cng tng.
Ngoi cc u im trn thng tin v tuyn l phng tin thng tin duy nht cho cc chuyn
en
ny.
6
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
cho nhau: tn s, thi gian v nng lng. Cc h thng v tuyn s s dng lun phin ti
nguyn tn s c gi l phn chia theo tn s (FD: Frequency Division). Cc h thng v tuyn
.v
s s dng lun phin ti nguyn thi gian c gi l phn chia theo thi gian (TD: Time
division). Cui cng cc h thng v tuyn s s dng vi phn chia nng lng c gi l thit
b phn chia theo m (CD: Code Division).
du
thc hin phn chia theo tn s ITU-R v cc t chc v tuyn ln khc ca quc t
nh: FCC ca M (Federal Communication Commission: U ban thng tin lin bang), ARIB cu
Nht (Association of Radio Industry and Bussiness: Lin hip kinh doanh v cng nghip v
tuyn) a ra cc khuyn ngh quy hoch tn s. Cc khuyn ngh ny quy nh cc knh tn s
.e
c s dng, khong cch gia cc knh ny, phn cc gia cc knh ... Da trn cc khuyn
ngh ny cc quc gia s quy hoch tn s cho mnh.
Cc h thng FD, TD v CD thng c s dng trong cc h thng a truy nhp cho cc
tit
mng thng tin v tuyn s ni ht v di ng. Vic t chc hp l TD v CD s cho php tng
ng k dung lng ca cc h thng v tuyn s s dng cc phng thc a truy nhp ny.
Do ti nguyn v tuyn b hn ch (bng tn truyn dn hp) tit kim ti nguyn ny
.p
cc phng php quy hoch ti nguyn v tuyn phi cho php ti s dng tt nht cc ti nguyn
v tuyn. Vn ny s c trnh by c th trong gio trnh "a truy nhp v tuyn" v cc
phn thit k mng thng tin v tuyn cc gio trnh chuyn mn nh: "H thng truyn dn v
en
7
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
Phn tp thi gian
dng phn tp th nht ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai im
.v
khng tng quan trong khng gian l rt nh. V th nu pha thu ta t hai anten thu hai
im khng tng quan trong khng gian th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc
kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
du
dng phn tp th hai ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai tn s
khng tng quan vi nhau l rt nh. V th nu s dng hai h thng truyn dn s hai tn
s khc th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia
hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
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Cc dng phn tp th ba v bn cng s dng thm mt h thng d phng phn cc v
gc khc vi h thng chnh kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia hai ng truyn to nn mt tn
hiu tt.
tit
i vi dng phn tp cui cng, lung s cn truyn c chia thnh cc khi bn tin khc
nhau, cc khi bn tin ny c truyn lp mt s thi im khc nhau pha thu c th chn
.p
an xen
Ngu nhin ho
Cn bng thch ng
8
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
S khi chung ca mt knh truyn dn v tuyn s c cho hnh 1.2. Vai tr ca
cc khi chc nng trong s hnh 1.2 nh sau:
.v
1.5.1. Pha pht
9
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng trung.
Khuych i tp m nh:
Khuych i tn hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m
Bin i h tn, khuych i trung tn v gii iu ch :
i vi my thu i tn trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu thu c bin i vo trung tn
thu nh khi bin i h tn. Trong qu trnh bin i h tn do sut hin tn s nh
gng nn khi bin i h tn thng lm thm nhim v trit tn s nh gng.
i vi cc my thu i tn sau bin i h tn l khuych i trung tn. Nhim v ca
khi chc nng ny l khuych i, lc nhiu knh ln cn v cn bng thch ng vng
tn s cng nh cn bng tr nhm cc phn t ca knh truyn dn .
Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s
n
X l s bng tn gc thu: Thc hin cc chc nng ngc vi khi x l s bng gc
pht nh:
.v
Gii ghp xen
Gii m knh
Gii ngu nhin
du
Phn lung cho lung s chnh v lung s iu khin qun l ng truyn
Cn bng thch ng vng thi gian gim thiu nh hng ca phainh
.e
Khuych i v giao in ng s:
Khuych tn hiu s n mc cn thit trc khi a ra ngai my
tit
Bin i m my vo m ng
Phi khng vi ng s
.p
en
op
10
Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung
n
.v
1.5.3. Giao din mi trng truyn dn.
du
H thng anten-phi v cc thit b siu cao tn cho php cc my thu v my pht giao
tip vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. Giao din mi trng truyn dn v mt s mch siu
cao tn c kho st cc gio trnh Anten-truyn sng v k thut siu cao tn.
.e
1.6. B CC CUN SCH
Cun sch bao gm 7 chng vi kt thc l phn ph lc. Chng th hai xt dng tn
tit
11
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
Cc dng hm tn hiu
Hm tng quan v mt ph cng sut
Cc kiu tn hiu ngu nhin
Cc tn hiu nh phn bng gc v bng thng
n
nh hng ca hn ch bng thng v nh l Nyquist
nh hng ca c tnh ng truyn
.v
2.1.2. Hng dn
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
du
Hiu c cch s dng cc hm biu din tn hiu trong truyn dn v tuyn s
.e
Hiu c nh hng ca knh truyn ln cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s
12
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
n
Loi ba c phn chia theo thi gian tn ti ca hm:
Qu : hm ch tn ti trong mt khong thi gian hu hn
.v
V tn: hm tn ti mi thi im. m t hot ng ca mt h thng thng tin
trong trng thi n nh. Mt nhm ca hm ny l hm tun hon.
Tun hon: hm v tn c cc gi tr c lp cc khong quy nh.
du
Loi bn c phn chia thnh hm kiu nng lng v kiu cng sut:
tin xt cc hm ny ta s coi rng hm s(t) c o bng cc n v tn hiu (dng in
hoc in p) in tr 1 , cng sut c o bng Watt cn nng lng bng Joule.
.e
Hm kiu nng lng: Hm tn hiu xc nh s(t) c coi l mt hm tn hiu kiu
nng lng nu nng lng ca n hu hn, ngha l:
tit
t0 /2
13
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
Lu rng mi tn hiu tun hon u l tn hiu cng sut. Chng hn tn hiu U(t)-U(t- Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
10) trong U(t)=0 khi t<0 v U(t)=1 khi t0 v e-2tU(t) l tn hiu nng lng. Cc sng hm
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
sin, ch nht v cc tn hiu khng i l cc tn hiu cng sut. Mt s tn hiu nh etU(t) v (Brazil)
tU(t) khng phi l tn hiu nng lng cng nh tn hiu cng sut. Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
2.3. HM T TNG QUAN V MT PH CNG SUT Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
i vi mt tn hiu tt nh kiu cng sut s(t), hm t tng quan (ACF: Autocorrelation Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Vietnamese
Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Vietnamese
Function) chun ha c xc nh nh sau:
Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Vietnamese
+T
1 Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
( ) = lim
T T
s (t ) s *(t + )dt (2.4) (Brazil)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
trong s*(t) k hiu cho phin bn phc lin hp ca s(t)
Field Code Changed
V ngha hm t tng quan nh gi mc ging nhau gia tn hiu v phin bn dch Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
thi gian ca chnh n: t+. Nu s(t) l mt hm phc th biu thc di tch phn trong phng
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
n
trnh (2.4) c thay bng s(t)s*(t+), trong s(t) biu th phc lin hp ca s(t). Mc ch ca ta (Brazil)
l xt tn hiu thc t v th tn hiu gi tr thc c s dng. Nu s(t) l mt hm tun hon c Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
(Brazil)
chu k l T th ta c th thc hin ly trung bnh phng trnh (2.4) trn mt chu k, ta c:
.v
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
+T (Brazil)
1
( ) =
T
s (t + ) s *(t )dt (2.5) Deleted: (
tun hon.
du
trong l mt hng s bt k. Lu rng hm (t) trong phng trnh trn cng l mt hm
PSD cho ta bit cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu vng tn s. Cng sut ca mt bng tn Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Portuguese
c xc nh bi din tch ca PSD bng tn ny. Chng hn cng sut trung bnh trong bng (Brazil)
14
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
n
nh th no. Nng lng ca mt tn hiu bng tch phn ca mt ph nng lng: Deleted: ad
Deleted: f
.v
E[]= (0)= |S(f)|2 df = ( f )df (2.10) Deleted:
- = 0 - Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
2.4. CC TN HIU NGU NHIN
du
(France)
Formatted: Font: Times New
Mt tn hiu ngu nhin (qu trnh ngu nhin) X(t) l tp hp cc bin ngu nhin c Roman, 11.5 pt, French (France)
nh ch s theo t. Nu ta c nh t, chng hn t=t1, th X(t1) chnh l mt bin ngu nhin. S th Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
hin thng k ca cc bin ngu nhin c th c trnh by bng hm mt xc sut (pdf:
Deleted:
.e
Probability density function) lin hp ca chng v s th hin ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin c
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
th c trnh by bng cc hm mt xc sut (pdf) lin hp ti cc thi im khc nhau. Tuy (France)
nhin trong thc t ta khng cn bit pdf lin hp m ch cn bit thng k bc 1 (trung bnh) v Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
thng k bc 2 (hm t tng quan l .
tit
X (t ) = E [ X (t ) ] = p X (t ) ( x)dx (2.11)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times
New Roman, 11.5 pt, French (France)
C th nh ngha hm t tng quan ca mt tn hiu ngu nhin ging nh trng hp Field Code Changed
ca mt tn hiu c xc nh phn trc nu thay th ly trung bnh bng k vng. Khi ny Formatted: Font: (Default) Times
New Roman, 11.5 pt, French (France)
hm t tng quan cu mt qu trnh ngu nhin s l:
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
X(t,t+)=E[X(t)X(t+)]
op
Nu trung bnh X(t) v hm t tng quan X(t,t+) khng ph thuc thi gian th ta ni Formatted ... [2]
rng X(t) l mt qu trnh dng nghi rng (WSS: Wide sense stationary). Trong trng hp ny Deleted: g
ta c th b qua bin ngu nhin t v s dng X() cho hm ngu nhin. Deleted: so ... [3]
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
i vi qu trnh WSS, PSD (k hiu l X(f)) c xc nh nh l bin i Fourier cu (France)
Formatted ... [6]
X ( ) = F 1[ X ( f )]= X ( f )e j2 f df (2.14) Field Code Changed
- Formatted ... [7]
n
Deleted:
i vi mt tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu v cc thnh phn tun hon th PSD c hm
Dirac ti tn s khng (mt chiu) v cc tn s tng ng vi cc thnh phn tun hon. Hm
.v
Dirac hay hm xung kim n v ti thi im t0 c th c xc nh theo hai iu kin sau:
Formatted ... [9]
b
(t-t0)=0, nu tt0 v (t t0 )dt = 1 nu a<t0<b (2.16) Field Code Changed
du
Lu rng bin i Fourier A(t-t0) l Ae-2fto v bin i Fourier A l A(t). lm th d
ta xt PSD cha cc hm Dirac sau y:
Formatted
Formatted
Deleted: u
Formatted
... [10]
... [11]
... [12]
.e
X(f)=e-|f|+0,2. (f)+0,3(f-fc)+0,3(f+fc), W/Hz
Gi tr trung bnh thnh phn mt chiu ca X(t) l din tch ca hm Dirac ti tn s f=0 l
Deleted: u
0,2W. Cng sut trung bnh cu cc thnh phn fc l 20,3=0,6W. Thnh phn e-|f| tng ng vi
tit
(France)
Field Code Changed
2.5. CC TN HIU NH PHN BNG GC Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
en
Lung s cn truyn trong cc ng truyn dn cu mng vin thng thng c trnh Formatted ... [14]
by dng nh phn bng chui nh phn nhn hai gi tr A v -A. y l chui bit ngu nhin vi Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
xc sut xut hin bit A v -A l bng nhau v bng 1/2. Chui bit ny c gi l chui nh phn
Deleted: ssuti ... [15]
ngu nhin bng gc. truyn c vo khng gian chui nh phn bng gc phi c iu
op
ch. Tn hiu nh phn sau iu ch c gi l tn hiu nh phn bng thng. Ta c th biu din
tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc dng sau:
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
X (t ) = A
k =
K pT (t kT ) (2.17) Formatted ... [16]
Field Code Changed
16
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
indipendent identically distributed) nhn cc gi tr A v c xc sut nh nhau (bng 1/2), l Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
mt bin ngu nhin c phn b u t 0 n T. Bin ngu nhin ny lm cho tn hiu ngu Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
nhin X(t) tr thnh WSS. (France)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
pT(t) l hm xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau: (France)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
1 nu 0 t T (France)
pT (t ) = (2.18)
0 nu khc Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: Times New
Bin i Fourier ca pT(t) l TSinc(fT).e-jfT trong Sinc(x)= sin(x)/(x). Roman, 11.5 pt, French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New
Lu rng din tch di hm Sinc(x) cng nh din tch di hm Sinc2(x) u bng mt, Roman, 11.5 pt, French (France)
ngha l: Deleted: t
n
Mt thc hin hay ng mu ca tn hiu X(t) c cho trn hnh 2.1. Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Deleted: t
.v
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
A2 A0 A3 A5 A6
Formatted ... [17]
A1 A1 A2 du
A4 A7
Deleted: t
Formatted
Formatted
Formatted
Deleted: t
... [18]
... [19]
... [20]
.e
Hnh 2.1. Mt thc hin ca tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc X(t) Formatted ... [21]
= A T ( ) Formatted
en
2 ... [27]
Formatted ... [28]
Formatted ... [29]
trong T() c bin i Fourier l TSinc2(fT). Lu rng X(t) l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c Formatted ... [30]
hn khi =0 v 0<<T th X(t)=X(t+)=A0 khi 0<t<T-, v X(t), X(t+) hon ton khc nhau khi Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
>T, v ti mi thi im gi tr ca X(t) c lp vi X(t+) do chng cc on bit khc nhau. Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Thc hin bin i Fourier phng trnh (2.20) ta c PSD:
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
X ( f ) = A2TSinc 2 ( fT ) (2.21)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Hm t tng quan v PSD ca X(t) c cho trn hnh 2.2.
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
a) Hm tng quan
X ( ) Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
2
A
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
n
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
-T 0 -T (France)
.v
b) Mt ph cng sut
X ( f )
A2T
du
.e
tit
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 fT
Hnh 2.2. Hm t tng quan v PSD ca tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn X(t)
.p
c cho thy rng cng sut trung bnh tri rng trn bng tn nu T nh (tng ng vi tc
bit cao ca tn hiu X(t)); n tp trung trn mt bng tn hp nu T ln (tng ng vi tc bit
thp ca tn hiu X(t)).
op
n
4
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
Dng ca cc hm trn c v trn hnh 2.3. (France)
.v
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Field Code Changed
Y ( ) Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
du
2
A /T (France)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
(France)
Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
T
.e
-T (France)
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, French
fc = 4 / T (France)
A2 / T
tit
Y ( f )
A2T / 4
.p
en
3 2 1 fc 1 2 3 3 2 1 fc f + 1 2 3 f
fc fc T fc fc + fc + fc + fc fc fc c fc + fc +
T T T T T T T T T T T
op
rng bng tn trong vi ba s thng c s dng l rng bng Nyquist, trong trng hp
ny rng bng Nyquist bng 1/T). Cng sut trung bnh ca Y(t) l Y (0) = A2 / 2 v bng mt
na cng sut trung bnh ca X(T). Trn hnh 2.3 ta s dng fc=4/T.
n
f
H(f) = (2.27)
2f
.v
0
trong f0 l tn s ct.
Bin i Fourier ngc cho biu thc trn ta c p ng u ra:
h(t) = 2f0Sinc(2f0t)
du (2.28)
Hnh 2.4 b cho ta thy dng ca p ng ny. Ngai tr gi tr nh ti trung tm, cc im
trnh c nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (nu tin hnh phn bit cc xung ny ti cc thi
im kT0 ca cc xung thu) (hnh 2.4c).
Nu khong cch gia cc xung kim T nh hn khong cch Nyquist T0, th s chng ln
.p
l:
f0= 1/2T=Rs/2 (gii hn rng bng tn Nyquist) (2.29)
nh l Nyquist th nht
op
20
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
1, khi | f | f 0 (1 )
1
Roll(f)= 1 sin (| f | f 0 ) , khi f 0 (1 ) | f | f co (1 + ) (2.30)
2
2 f 0
0, khi | f | f (1 + )
0
n
H( f ) =
2f
1 0
.v
f0: tn s ct
-f0 f0 f
b) Xung kim (t) u vo
v p ng u ra
T = T0 =
1
2 f0 du b) Dy xung kim T(t) u
vo v p ng u ra
.e
0 t 0 T t
h(t) h(t) h(t-T)
2f0 2f0
tit
-3T -2T -T 0 T 2T 3T
Roll (f) = cos 2 (| f | f 0 ) + (2.31)
4 f 0
op
21
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
1, khi | f | f 0 (1 )
1
Roll(f) = 1 + cos (| f | f 0 (1 ) , khi f 0 (1 ) | f | f 0 (1 + ) (2.32)
2
2 f 0
0, khi | f | f (1 + )
0
cos ( 2 f 0t )
h(t) = 2 f 0 Sinc(2 f 0 t ) (2.34)
1 ( 4 f 0t )
2
n
h(t)
Roll(f)
2f0
.v
1
f0 (1 ) f0 f0 (1 + ) f
du
-3T0 -2T0 -T0 0 T0 2T0 3T0
t
.e
Hnh 2.5. Cc dc tnh ca b lc dc cosin. a) c tnh dc cosin, b) p ng xung kim
Khi ny bng thng ti thiu cn hit phn bit cc xung hay bng thng Nyquist trong
tit
Rs=Rb/k
trong k l s bit trn mt k hiu.
22
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
1. Cc ngun nhiu v tp m
n
* Cc tn hiu th hin x l b li hay xp x ho nh:
- Cc tn hiu sinh ra khi x l tn hiu truyn dn dn n pht i mt tn hiu khc
.v
vi tn hiu m ngi pht nh pht
- Cc tn hiu sinh ra khi tch sng v kt cu li tn hiu pha thu.
Cc ngun tp m bao gm
du
- Chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc in t, ion, hay cc l trong cc vt liu cu
thnh thit b thu
- Pht x ngn h
.e
2. T s tn hiu trn tp m
T s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to noise ratio) l t s gia cng sut ca tn hiu
tit
Bel10-1, nn:
(SNR)dB = 10log10(S/N) dB (deciBel) (2.37)
C th m rng khi nim t s tn hiu trn tp m cho cc t s c biu th n v tn
op
hiu.
23
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
3. Tp m trng
n
mt xc sut ca ph bin l Gauss (chun) th chng c lp thng k vi nhau.
Do mt ph khng i tt c cc tn s, tn hiu ny c cng sut v hn, ngha l:
.v
1
PN = 2N 0
fdf = (2.40)
du
Vy tp m trng l mt tn hiu khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin tt c cc h thng
thc t u l thng thp hay bng thng v ta ch cn xt tp m trong di tn hot ng ca cc
tn hiu ny. V th tp m bng hn ch l khi nim hu dng hn.
Tp m bng hn ch:l tp m c mt cng sut khng i di tn hn ch, ngha l:
.e
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
N 0 / 2, khi W < f < W 11.5 pt, Portuguese (Brazil)
N ( f ) = (2.41)
0, nu khc
tit
.p
en
op
24
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
N0
2
N0
N0 w 2
n
.v
Khi ny:
N() = N0WSinc(2W)
du
Hnh 2.6. Cc hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut ca tp m trng v tp m
bng thng hn ch
(2.42)
.e
ngha l, hm t tng quan l mt hm Sincx= [sin(x)]/(x). th biu din cc i lng trn
c cho na di ca hnh 2.6.
tit
1 1 x
2
f X ( x) = exp (2.43)
2 2
trong X l bin ngu nhin c gi tr trung bnh X=0, x l gi tr mu ca bin ngu
op
N0
nhin v l lch chun ca bin ngu nhin X bng .
2
25
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
1 x
= 1 + erf (2.44)
2 2
trong erf l hm li c xc nh nh sau:
z
2 x
Erf ( z ) = exp{u }du ;
2
z= (2.45)
0 2
n
1
f0 =
.v
2
du
.e
x
tit
.p
en
26
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
X(t)
f X ( x)dx
dx
t
f X ( x)
n
di gi tr x v x+dx. Hm phn b xc sut cho ta xc sut xut hin in p nh hn mt gi tr x
cho trc: FX(x) = P(Xx).
.v
2.8.2. Tp m v cc quyt nh nh phn
du
bin ca tn hiu thu. Gi s rng ta c mt chui cc xung s lng cc [c k hiu l sp(t)]
c cc mc l 0 tng ng vi +A v 1 tng ng vi -A. Sau khi iu iu ch v pht trn
ng truyn dn b tc ng bi tp m trng Gauss cng nh xt trn, dng sng y(t) quan
st c pha thu sau gii iu ch s l mt bin ngu nhin mi gm sp(t) v tn hiu tp m
.e
x(t), nghi l:
y(t) = sp(t) +x(t) (2.46)
hay
tit
> u, thu 0
khi y(t) l < u , thu 1
= u,
khng bit
op
x 2 (t1 ) = 2
27
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
th bin Y(t1) cng s l mt bin ngu nhin c phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng khng v
phng sai l 2=N0/2 v ta c th vit hm PDF ca y(t) khi pht 1 trong trng hp ny nh
sau:
1
fY(y|1) = {
exp ( y + A) 2 / 2 2 } (2.48)
2
n
1
Pe (1) = 2
exp{( y + A) 2 / 2 2 }dy (2.50)
u
.v
1 ( y+A)2 /(2 2 ) 1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
fY ( y |1) = e fY ( y | 0) = e
2 2
du
.e
tit
u 1 ( y+ A)2 /(2 2 )
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 ) Pe (1) = e dy
Pe (0) = e dy 2
2 u
.p
Hnh 2.9. Cc hm mt xc sut tn hiu thu c iu kin khi pht bit 0 (A) v bit 1
(-A) vi quyt nh ti u
en
P0 = P1 = 1/2
v tng xc sut sai l:
Pe = P0Pe(0) + P1Pe(1)= (1/2)[ Pe(0) + Pe(1)] (2.52)
trong P0 = P1 = 1/2, Pe(0) = Pe(1). V th ta c th vit
1
Pe = 2
exp{( y + A) 2 / 2 2 }dy (2.53)
0
y+ A
Nu t z = , ta c phng trnh (2.52) dng sau:
1
Pe = exp( z
2
/ 2)dz
2 A
hay
n
A
Pe = Q (2.54)
.v
trong hm Q(.) l hm c dng tch phn ch c th xc nh c bng phng php s.
Gi tr hm ny c cho trong ph lc.
1. Cc c tnh pha tn du
Ta hy xt nh hng ca cc c tuyn pha - tn s trong ng truyn dn ln dng sng
.e
xung. Gi s tn hiu S(t) l dy xung ch nht n cc RZ (t l chim = 50%) nhn hai gi tr
bin 2A chu k T v tW=1/2T, S(t) trin khai theo chui Fourier nh sau:
sinn/2
tit
S(t) = A + 4A cosn t
n
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt,
4 4 4 Portuguese (Brazil)
= A 1 + cos t cos 3t + cos 5t ...
.p
(2.55)
3 5 Formatted: Font: Times New
Roman, 11.5 pt, Portuguese (Brazil)
T Portuguese (Brazil)
Nh ta thy t phng trnh (2.54), S(t) c th c trnh by bng thnh phn mt chiu, Formatted: Font: Times New
Roman, 11.5 pt, Portuguese (Brazil)
thnh phn sng c bn ph thuc vo tn s lp xung v thnh phn hi cao bc n. Trong ng
truyn dn thc t, cc thnh phn hi bc cao khng c pht do gii hn bng tn. V nu thi
op
gian tr tng i gia mi thnh phn tn s l khc nhau, dng sng xung thu c b mo
thnh dng sng khc so vi tn hiu gc.
Ni chung, mi quan h di y tn ti gia cc c tnh tn s ca thi gian tr T() v
cc c tnh pha tn :
29
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
d
T ( ) = ( ) (2.56)
d
Do , nu () c cc thnh phn bc 2 hoc ln hn i vi tn s gc , T() s khng
l hng s vi . Nu cho rng dng sng xung c trnh by bng tng ca thnh phn sng c
bn v thnh phn hi bc ba, thnh phn hi bc ba s c thi gian tr ln hn so vi sng c bn
nu tn ti c tnh pha nh trong hnh 2.10 (a). Kt qu l dng sng d b mo nh ng nt
t trong hnh 2.10(b).
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
11.5 pt, Portuguese (Brazil)
2A
( )
A
n
Tn s gc
.v
0
a) c tnh pha tn Thi gian t
b) Bin i dng sng
du
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Italic,
Hnh 2.10. Mo dng sng xung do c tnh pha Portuguese (Brazil)
2. Cc c tnh bin tn
Dng sng
.p
A( 2A
in p xung
en
Tn s gc 0
op
30
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
Hnh 2.11. Mo dng sng xung do cc k hiu nh hng trc tip n t s bit li BER
Biu mt cho php ta nh gi c mo dng xung. Xung thu c pht hin v phn
n
bit ti im phn bit ti sinh thnh xung mi. Ti thi im ny, cc tp m v mo dng
sng nh hng n s phn bit xung. hiu c biu mt ta xt cc tn hiu xung l
.v
tng v cc tn hiu bin dng sau khi qua b lc nh hnh 2.12.
C th quan st trc tip mc nh hng ny t mu hnh mt c cho hnh 2.13.
Trong mu hnh mt ny, cc dng sng xung ngay trc b phn bit hin trn my hin sng
du
mt cch ng b vi tn s lp xung bng cch xp chng tt c cc dng sng c th c.
Cc in p khc nhau gia phn trn v phn di (iu kin m theo chiu ng ti lc
m) c gi l m hnh mt. m hnh mt ny cng rng th tp m cho php cng ln i
vi tn hiu xung. Nu xy ra s thng ging cc c tnh ng truyn dn, mu hnh mt
.e
khng l hng s, gy ra mc tn hiu gim, cc c tnh tn s ca ng truyn dn bin i, v
nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu tng, dn n mu hnh mt c dng nh hnh 2.14. Mt khc,
mu hnh mt m theo chiu ngang cho thy s cho php i vi gim cp nh thi.
tit
31
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
M nh phn
M nh phn
Mu bit sau lc
NRZ trc lc
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Xp chng Biu
n
mt
.v
Thi im ly Thi im ly
mu l tng mu l tng
(v tr mt m cc i)
du
Hnh 2.12. Biu mt cho tn hiu trc v sau b lc
.e
tit
.p
2.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc dng hm khc nhau biu din cc tn hiu truyn trn cc ng
truyn dn v tuyn s. Sau cc hm tng quan v mt ph cng sut c trnh by. Khi Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Not Bold
32
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
nim hm tng quan khng ch c s dng trong cc cng thc bin i Fourier tm mt
ph cng sut m cn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau cu truyn dn v
tuyn nh: tch sng, tri ph... Cc phng php tm mt ph cng sut xt trong chng ny
cho php ta biu din tn hiu trong min thi tn s v rng bng tn ca tn hiu. Cc tn
hiu ngu nhin c trnh by trong chng ny l cc tn hiu c s dng trong truyn dn v
tuyn s. Trong s cc tn hiu ngu nhin, cc tn hiu nh phn bng gc v bng thng c s Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Not Bold
dng nhiu nht. Biu din tn hiu nhi phn ngu nhin trong min thi gian v min tn s
c nghin cu c th. Tip theo cc nh hng ca ng truyn v tuyn ln tn hiu nh tp
m v bng thng c xt. Cc nh hng ny dn n gim t s tn hiu trn tp m v mo
dang sng. Sau nh hng ca hn ch bng thng v nh l Nyquist, tp m v cc quyt
nh nh phn c nghin cu. Cui chng mo dng sng do c tuyn tn s ca ng
truyn c kho st. Chng ny cung cp cc khi nim c s nht sinh vin c th hiu
c cc chng sau.
2.10. CU HI V BI TP
n
1. Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung t (t<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
.v
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
2. Hm bc thang
s(t) =
3. Hm m
{
0, t < 0
1, t 0
{
l hm kiu g?
du
.e
0, t < 0
s(t) = l hm kiu g
exp(-t), t 0
4. Hm
tit
1/ 1 + t l hm kiu g?
T/2
+A
t
0
-A
op
Tm:
33
Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s
a) Bin i Fourier
b) PSD
c) ACF
d) Cng sut trung bnh
7. Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
Field Code Changed
T
X (t ) = AK pT (t + kT )
k = 2
trong Ak={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
n
8. Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s dc =1.
Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps , tm:
.v
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist .
du
9. Mt ng truyn dn bng thng c d liu nh bi 10. Tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
10.Mt tn hiu c o ti u ra ca b lc bng thng l lng vi bng thng l B Hz. Khi
.e
khng c tn hiu ti u vo b lc, cng sut o c l 1x10 -6W. Khi c tn hiu NRZ n cc
cng sut o c l 1,1x10-5W. Tp m c dng tp m trng.
tit
a) Hy biu din t s tn hiu trn tp m theo dB
b) Tm xc sut my thu nhn bit sai xung NRZ.
11.Nu bng thng b lc trong bi 10 tng gp i v mc cng sut tn hiu o ti u ra b lc.
.p
Hi:
a) Khi khng c tn hiu th cng sut o c ti u ra cu b lc bng bao nhiu
en
34
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Cc phng php iu ch s
Cc khun dng iu ch s
Khng gian tn hiu
p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m
B tch sng kh ging nht
n
Tnh ton xc sut li trong knh AWGN
Cc k thut iu ch nht qun: BPSK, QPSK, M-PSK, MSK, M-ASK v 16-QAM
.v
Mt ph cng sut u cc k thut iu ch khc nhau
So snh cc k thut iu ch
3.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8]
du
.e
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
tuyn s
Hiu c phng php nh gi cht lng ng truyn v bng thng cn thit cho
tng k thut iu ch
.p
Khi pht mt lung s trn knh v tuyn, cn phi iu ch lung s ny cho mt sng
mang (thng l hm sin). Lung s c th l tn hiu u ra ca my tnh hay ting ni hoc hnh
nh c s ha. Trong mi trng hp qu trnh iu ch bao gm kha chuyn bin , tn
s hay pha cho sng mang theo lung s vo. V vy tn ti ba phng php iu ch trong truyn
op
35
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
n
Nu tn hiu a ln iu ch cc thng s ni trn l tn hiu lin tc th ta c trng mang (th-ng l hm sin) c rng bng tn
hu hn dnh cho knh. Lung s ny c th
hp iu ch tng t. Nu tn hiu iu ch cc thng s ni trn l s th iu ch c gi l l tn hiu u ra ca my tnh hay lung
s PCM -c to ra t ting ni hay hnh nh
.v
iu ch s. s ha. Trong mi tr-ng hp qu trnh
iu ch s bao gm vic kha chuyn bin
Trong thng tin s tn hiu a ln iu ch l mt lung nh phn hay dng c m ha , tn s hay pha ca sng mang theo lung
s vo. V vy tn ti ba ph-ng php iu
vo M-mc ca ca lung nh phn ny. Trong trng hp iu ch s tn hiu iu ch cng lm ch truyn dn s: iu ch kha
du
chuyn bin (ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying),
thay i bin , tn s, hay pha ca sng mang vi cc tn gi tng ng l: iu ch kha iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK: Frequency
chuyn bin (ASK), iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK), iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK) (xem th Shift Keying) v iu ch kha chuyn pha
(PSK: Phase Shift Keying); cc ph-ng php
d hnh 3.1). iu ch ny c th coi nh- tr-ng hp c
bit ca iu ch bin , iu ch tn s
v iu ch pha.
.e
Trong ch-ng ny ta x xt cc k thut
iu ch s: kh nng chng tp m ca
chng, cc tnh cht ph, cc -u im v cc
hn ch ca chng, cc ng dng v cc vn
khc.Ta bt u phn ny bng trnh
by tng quan cc khun dng iu ch khc
tit
S(t) = A cos(ct + )
trong :
c = 2 fc l tn s gc ca sng mang, fc
l tn s sng mang cn (t) l pha.
Nu s dng tn hiu thng tin thay
op
Hnh 3.1. Cc dng sng iu ch: a) Kha chuyn bin (ASK); b) Kha chuyn
pha (PSK); c) Kha chuyn tn s (FSK).
Nh ta thy hnh 3.1, l tng PSK v FSK c hnh bao khng i. c im ny cho
php chng khng b nh hng ca tnh phi tuyn thng gp thng tin vi mt t s v v
tinh.s. V vy thng FSK v PSK hay c s dng hn ASK. Tuy nhin c th tng dung
lng ng truyn dn s khi bng tn ca knh v tuyn c hn ngi ta s dng iu ch kha
chuyn pha v kho chuyn bin kt hp, phng php iu ch ny c gi l iu ch cu
phng hay bin vung gc (QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Trong trng hp iu ch M trng thi tng qut, b iu ch to ra mt tp hp M=2m k
hiu tu theo t hp m bit ca lung s liu ngun. iu ch nh phn l trng hp c bit ca
iu ch M-trng thi trong M=2.
Trong dng sng c v hnh 3.1, mt trong cc c tnh ca ca sng mang (bin ,
tn s hoc pha) b iu bin. Nh trn ni i khi c hai c tnh ca sng mang u thay i
to ra iu ch cu phng QAM.
n
Trong thng tin s thut ng tch sng v gii iu ch thng c s dng hon i cho
nhau, mc d thut ng gii iu ch nhn mnh vic tch tn hiu iu ch ra khi sng mang
.v
cn tch sng bao hm c qu trnh quyt nh chn k hiu thu.
Gii iu ch my thu c th thc hin theo hai dng: gii iu ch nht qun hoc khng
nht qun. dng gii iu ch nht qun l tng, bn sao chnh xc tn hiu pht phi c my
du
thu. Ngha l my thu phi bit chnh xc pha chun ca sng mang, trong trng hp ny ta ni
my thu c kha pha n my pht. Tch sng tng quan c thc hin bng cch thc hin
tng quan cho tn hiu thu c v mt trong cc mu ni trn, sau thc hin quyt nh
bng cch so snh vi mt mu cho trc. Mt khc gii iu ch khng nht qun khng cn
.e
thit phi hiu bit pha ca sng mang. V vy phc tp ca my thu c gim bt nhng b
li l kh nng chng li thp hn so vi gii iu ch nht qun.
Ta thy rng tn ti rt nhiu s iu ch/tch sng dnh cho ngi thit k h thng
tit
thng tin s truyn dn lung s trn knh bng thng. Mi s c cc u nhc im ring
ca mnh. Vic la chn cui cng ca ngi thit k ph thuc vo: ti nguyn thng tin, cng
sut pht v rng knh. Chng hn vic la chn c th thin v s phi m bo nhiu mc
.p
ch thit k di y:
1. Tc s liu cc i.
en
37
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Mt s cc mc tiu ni trn i lp vi nhau: chng hn mc tiu (1), (2) i lp vi mc Deleted: thng tin s tn hiu -a ln
iu ch l mt lung nh phn hay dng
tiu (3) v (4). V vy phi la chn mt gii php dung ha tha mn cng nhiu cc mc tiu -c m ha vo M-mc ca ca lung nh
phn ny. Trong tr-ng hp iu ch s tn
ni trn cng tt. hiu iu ch cng lm thay i bin ,
tn s, hay pha ca sng mang vi cc tn gi
cc phn di y ta s xt cc phng php iu ch khc nhau s dng th tc trc t-ng ng l: iu ch kha chuyn bin
(ASK), iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK),
giao Gram-Schimidt biu din cc tn hiu ny vo khng gian tn hiu iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK) (xem th
d hnh 3.1).
n
b)
s11 K s1j K s1N f 1 (t)
M O M O M M
.v
S = si1 K sij K siN f j (t) (3.2a)
M O M O M M
f (t)
sMN K s Mj L s MN
du
N
trong khng gian tn hiu. Hnh 3.1. Cc dng sng iu ch: a) Kha
chuyn bin (ASK); b) Kha chuyn
pha (PSK); c) Kha chuyn tn s (FSK).
Mi tn hiu si(t) trong tp tn hiu c xc nh nh sau:
.p
(t ) (t )dt =
0
i j ij (3.5)
trong
1 nu i = j
ij = (3.6)
0 nu i j
c gi l hm delta Kronecker.
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Tng ng mi tn hiu trong tp {si(t)} c th c xc nh bng mt vect theo cc h
s ca n nh sau:
Formatted: English (U.S.)
si = [si1 si2 K s iN ] i= 1, 2, . . . , M (3.7) Formatted: English (U.S.)
Field Code Changed
Vect si c gi l vect tn hiu. Khng gian cha vect ny c gi l khng gian Formatted: English (U.S.)
clit N chiu. Ta c th biu th tp cc vect {si} ny bng tp M im trong khng gian clit Formatted: English (U.S.)
n
N chiu c cc trc l 1, 2, . . . , N.. Khng gian clit N chiu ny c gi l khng gian tn Formatted: English (U.S.)
hiu. Formatted: English (U.S.)
.v
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Th d v khng gian tn hiu vi N=3 c cho trn hnh 3.2.
Formatted: English (U.S.)
2 (t )
si3
du
si2
.e
1 (t )
si
tit
si1
.p
3 (t )
Hnh 3.2. Khng gian vect tn hiu ba chiu
en
39
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
si ,1
1 (t )
si ,2 si (t)
2 (t )
si , N
N (t )
Formatted: Font: Bold
Hnh 3.3. To tn hiu truyn dn si (t)
Trong khng gian tn hiu ta c th xc nh di vect v gc gia cc vect. di ca
vect xc nh nh sau:
N
s ij2
n
||si|| = (si.si)1/2 = (3.8)
j=1
.v
Cosin ca gc gia hai vect c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(si.sj) /||si||.||sj|| (3.9)
C th chng minh rng nng lng ca mi tn hiu si(t) trong khong T bng bnh
phng di vect ca n:
Ei =
N
s ij2
j=1
du (3.10)
.e
Khong cch clit gia hai vect tn hiu si v sk c xc nh nh sau:
2
tit
N T
(s ij s kj ) [s i (t ) s k (t )] dt
2
||si-sk|| = = (3.11)
j =1 0
.p
40
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
T +
(.)dt si ,1 + x1
1 (t )
yi (t ) = si (t ) + xi (t ) T +
si ,2 + x2
(.)dt
2 (t )
T +
(.)dt si , N + xN
N (t )
n
2 (t )
.v
si2
y
du
.e
si
1 (t )
tit
si3
.p
si1
3 (t )
en
j
0
41
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
T
sij = s (t ) (t )dt
0
i j (3.15)
Do gi tr trung bnh ca bin ngu nhin x(t) bng khng, nn gi tr trung bnh ca yj
c xc nh nh sau:
myj = E[yj] = E[sij + xj ] = sij (3.17)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
v phng sai ca yj bng:
2yj = E[(yj-sij)2] = E[xj2] (3.18)
T phng trnh (3.16) ta c:
n
T
.v
T
y2 = E x(t ) j (t )dt x(u ) j (u )du
j
0 0
du
T T
= E j (t ) j (u ) x(t ) x(u )dtdu
0 0
T T
= (t ) (u)E [ x(t ) x(u)] dtdu
j j
.e
0 0
T T
= (t ) (u ) (t , u )dtdu
j j x
tit
0 0
T T
N0
=
2 (t ) (u ) (t u)dtdu
j j
.p
0 0
N0 T 2
2 0
= j (t )dt
en
Vy:
N0
2yj = i vi mi j (3.19)
2
op
Lu rng cc bin i trn ta s dung cng thc sau y cho hm tng quan ca tp
m trng:
42
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
N0
x(t,u) = ( t u )
2
Nu ta nh ngha vect ca N u ra b tng quan:
y = [y1 y 2 K y N ] (3.20)
1 1
fj(yj|mi) = exp ( y j s ij ) 2 , j=1, 2, . . . , N
N 0 N0
n
i=1, 2, . . . , M (3.22)
.v
v:
[(y j s ij ) 2 ] , i = 1, 2, . . . , M
1 N
fY(y|mi) = (N 0 ) N / 2 exp (3.23)
du
Nhim v ca b tch sng kh ging nht l phi c tnh c k hiu thu m' vi xc sut
Formatted: Swedish (Sweden)
Formatted: Swedish (Sweden)
.e
li nh nht so vi k hiu c pht mi. Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh khi a ra quyt nh
ny c th c biu din n gin nh sau:
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Pe(mi,y) = P(mi khng pht | y) =1- P(mi c pht | y) (3.24)
tit
Quyt m'=mi, nu
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
P(mi pht | y) P(mk pht | y), cho tt c ki Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
en
Quyt m'=mi nu
Field Code Changed
p k P( y | m k ) hay p k f Y ( y | m k ) cc i khi k=i (3.26) Field Code Changed
P ( y) f Y ( y)
43
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
trong pk l xc sut tin nh ca vic xut hin k hiu mk (xc sut pht k hiu mk) cn fY(y) Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
kh nng ging. Ni dung ca quy tc ny l b tch sng s quyt nh chn mi nu hm kh nng Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil),
Condensed by 0.1 pt
ging l cc i. tin li hm kh nng ging thng c s dng dng logrit t nhin:
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Quyt m'=mi nu
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
lnP(y|mk) hay lnfY (y|mk) cc i khi k=i (3.28)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Cc hm lnP(y|mk) v lnfY(y|mk) c gi l cc hm log kh nng ging Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
3.7. TNH TON XC SUT LI TRUYN DN TRONG KNH TP
n
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
M GAUSS TRNG CNG, AWGN Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
.v
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
tnh ton xc sut li ta chia khng gian tn hiu thu thnh M vng {Zi, i=1,2,....,M},
trong Zi l vng m xc sut thu c tn hiu y khi pht k hiu mi ln nht :
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
P(mk c pht | y) = max, khi k = i
Nu pk l xc sut pht mk th theo quy tc Bayes ta c:
p k f Y ( y | m k ) = max khi k = i
f Y ( y)
du (3.29)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
.e
Field Code Changed
khi coi rng xc sut pht cc k hiu mk pk u nh nhau:
fY(x|mk) = max, khi k = i (3.30)
tit
44
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) nht qun cp cc tn hiu
s1(t), s2(t) c s dng trnh by cc k hiu nh phn 0 v 1 c nh ngha nh sau:
2E b
si(t) = cos[2fct+(t)+], (t)= (i-1), 0tTb , i=1,2 (3.32)
Tb
hay:
n
2E b
s1(t)= cos(2fct+) (3.33a)
.v
Tb
2E b 2E b
trong :
s2(t)=
Tb
cos(2fct++)=-
Tb
du
cos(2fct+). (3.33b)
2
1(t) =
en
45
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
n
Formatted: French (France)
Field Code Changed
Vng Z1 Vng Z2
.v
Formatted: French (France)
du
Hnh 3.6. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng iu ch PSK c s hai
.e
quyt nh tn hiu thu c l 0 hay 1 ta chia khng gian tn hiu thnh hai vng:
ni trn, sau nh du vng quyt nh. Trn hnh 4.2 cc vng quyt nh c nh du bng
Z1 v Z2.
By gi quy tc quyt nh l d on tn hiu l s1(t) hay "0" c pht nu tn hiu thu ri
en
vo vng Z1 v l s2(t) hay "1" nu tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z2. Tuy nhin c th xy ra hai quyt
nh sai. Tn hiu s2(t) c pht, tuy nhin do tc dng ca tp m tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z1 v
v th my thu quyt nh thin v s1(t). Ngc li tn hiu s1(t) c pht, nhng do tc dng ca
tp m tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z2 v v th my thu quyt nh thin v s2(t).
op
tnh ton xc sut gy ra mt li ca loi 1 ta nhn thy rng hnh 1.4 vng quyt nh
lin quan ti s1(t) hay "0" c trnh by nh sau:
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Z1 : 0<y1< Formatted: English (U.S.)
46
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
y1 = y(t ) (t )dt
0
1 (3.39)
trong y(t) l tn hiu thu. Ta c th rt ra hm xc sut phn b xc sut khi k hiu 1 hay tn
hiu s2(t) c truyn nh sau:
1 (y - s )2
fY1(y1|1) =
exp - 1 21
p N0 N0
=
1
N 0
1
exp
2
y1 + E b ( ) (3.40)
N0
trong : fY1(y1|1) l hm mt xc sut c iu kin khi pht 1 qua mt knh tp m trng cng
n
Gauss l tng (AWGN) thu c x1 , s21 tng ng vi tn hiu pht (iu ch) ca bit 1.
Xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh thin v k hiu 0 khi k hiu 1 c pht s
.v
l:
Pe(0|1) = fY (y1 | 1)dy1
du
1
0
1 1
=
N 0
exp [- N
0
(y1+ E b )2] dy1 (3.41)
0
.e
t :
2
z= ( y1 + Eb ) (3.42)
tit
N0
v thay i bin tch phn x1 thnh z ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.41) dng sau:
.p
1
2/2
Pe(0|1) = e z dz
2
en
2 Eb
N0
2E b
= Q (3.43)
N
op
2E b
Pe=Q (3.44)
N
0
Cn lu rng cc trng hp m khng gian tn hiu c phn chia i xng nh
hnh 3.6 th cc xc sut li k hiu c iu kin v xc sut li k hiu trung bnh s c cng gi
tr.
to ra sng iu ch BPSK chui bit b(t) u vo n cc c chuyn i vo dng
lng cc vi 1 tng ng -E v 0 tng ng +E bng cch a chui ny qua b bin i mc
(hnh 3.7 a). Dng tn hiu nh phn ny cng vi sng mang hm sin a n t b dao ng ni
pht (TLO: Transmitter local oscillator) (1(t) tn s fc ) c a n b iu ch nhn . u ra
ca b iu ch ta nhn c sng BPSK mong mun.
n
ly ra chui bit ban u bao gm cc s '1' v '0' (chui ny c gi l chui c tnh
v c k hiu l b(t ) ), ta a sng BPSK b tp m y(t) ( u ra ca knh) n mt b tng
.v
quan, ng thi n b ny cng c a tn hiu nht qun 1(t) (hnh 3.7b) c to ra t b
dao ng ni thu (RTO: Receiver local oscillator) da trn song mang nhn c t b khi phc
sng mang. Thi im khi u tch phn cho mt bit c ng b bi mch khi phc xung
du
nh thi. Tn hiu y1 u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu theo chu k bit (thi im ly
mu t2 cc ng b bi b nh thi) v so snh vi mt ngng in p 0 Vn. Nu y1>0 th
my thu quyt nh thin v 0 cn ngc li n quyt nh thin v 1.
.e
tit
.p
en
op
48
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
0 Eb
1 Eb
2
cos(2 f ct )
Tb
t1 +Tb
(.)dt y1
b(t )
t1
2
cos(2 fct )
Tb
n
.v
3.9. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK BN TRNG THI HAY
VUNG GC (QPSK) NHT QUN
du
Hnh 3.7. S khi my pht BPSK (a) v my thu BPSK (b)
.e
Cng nh BPSK iu ch QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying) c c trng bi vic
thng tin ca lung s c truyn i bng pha ca sng mang. Ta c th vit cng thc cho sng
mang c iu ch QPSK nh sau:
tit
2E
cos[2fc t +(t ) + ] , 0tT
T
.p
trong : i = 1,2,3,4 tng ng vi pht i cc k hiu hai bit: "00", "01", "11" v "10"; E l nng
lng tn hiu pht trn mt k hiu; T=2Tb l thi gian ca mt k hiu, fc l tn s sng mang,
(t) l gc pha c iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
op
49
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
S dng bin i lng gic, ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.45) vo dng tng ng
nh sau:
2E
sin (2i1) sin(2 f c t )
T 4
2E (3.46)
s i ( t )= + cos (2i1) cos(2 f c t ) , 0tT
T 4
0 , t < 0,t > T
trong :
i = 1,2,3,4.
Da trn cng thc trn ta c th a ra cc nhn xt sau:
* Ch c hai hm c s trc giao chun , 1(t) v 2(t) trong biu thc si (t). Dng tng ng
n
ca cc 1(t) v 2(t) c nh ngha nh sau:
.v
2
1 (t ) = sin(2 f c t ), 0 t T (3.47)
T
v :
2 (t ) =
2
T
cos(2 f ct ) , 0 t T
du
* Tn ti bn im bn tin vi cc vect tng ng c xc nh nh sau:
(3.48)
.e
s i = [si1 si2 ]
(3.49)
p p
= E sin (2i - 1) E cos (2i - 1) , i = 1, 2, 3, 4
tit
4 4
0 t T (Radian)
si1 si2
00 /4 + E/2 + E/2
op
50
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Formatted ... [38]
Formatted ... [39]
10 7/4 - E/2 + E/2 Formatted ... [40]
Formatted ... [41]
Formatted ... [42]
Formatted
T kho st trn ta thy mt tn hiu QPSK c c trng bi mt trm tn hiu hai ... [43]
Deleted: Do gi tr trung bnh ca
... [44]
chiu (N=2) v bn im bn tin (M=4) nh hnh 3.8.
Formatted ... [45]
1 Formatted ... [46]
Formatted ... [47]
Formatted ... [48]
Formatted ... [49]
E/2 Formatted ... [50]
Formatted ... [51]
Formatted ... [52]
Formatted ... [53]
n
... [55]
Formatted ... [56]
E/2 Formatted ... [57]
.v
Formatted ... [58]
Formatted ... [59]
Formatted ... [60]
Th d 3.1
du
Hnh 3.8. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng QPSK nht qun
Formatted
Formatted
Formatted
Formatted
Formatted
... [61]
... [62]
... [63]
... [64]
.e
... [65]
Formatted ... [66]
Hnh 3.9 cho thy mt lung s a ln iu ch QPSK. Chui nh phn u vo 11000001 Formatted ... [67]
c cho hnh 3.9a. Chui ny li c chia thnh hai chui bao gm cc bit l v cc bit chn. Formatted ... [68]
tit
Hai chui ny c biu th cc dng trn cng ca cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c. Cc dng sng th Formatted ... [69]
hin cc thnh phn ng pha v lch pha vung gc ca QPSK cng c cho cc hnh 3.9b v Formatted ... [70]
3.9c. C th xt ring hai dng sng ny nh cc th d ca mt tn hiu BPSK. Cng chng ta Formatted ... [71]
.p
thc hin vic phn chia ni trn ta k hai ng vung gc chia u hnh vung ni cc
im bn tin sau nh du cc vng tng ng (hnh 1.6). Ta c vng quyt nh l cc gc
phn t c nh trng vi gc to . hnh 1.6 cc vng ny c nh s l Z1, Z2, Z3 v Z4.
Ta c th biu din tn hiu thu c nh sau:
y1 = y(t)f (t)dt
n
1
(3.51)
0
p
= E sin (2i - 1) + x1
4
.v
v:
T
y 2 = y( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=
0
E cos (2i1) + x 2
4
du
(3.52)
.e
trong :
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
tit
.p
en
op
52
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
si1
si11
si 2
si 22
n
.v
Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh hnh thnh sng QPSK. a) Chui nh phn u vo; b) Cc bit l
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; c) Cc bit c nh s chn
du
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; d) Dng sng QPSK
quan n vect y quan trc ri vo vng Z2 v.v... S xy ra mt quyt nh sai, khi chng hn tn
hiu s1(t) c pht nhng tp m x(t) ln n mc m im tn hiu thu ri ra ngoi vng Z1.
.p
Ta nhn thy rng nh tnh i xng ca cc vng quyt nh, xc sut din gii im tn
hiu thu ng khng ph thuc v tn hiu no c pht. Gi s ta bit rng tn hiu s1(t) c
pht. My thu s a ra mt quyt nh ng nu im tn hiu thu c trnh by bi vect quan
en
trc y nm trong vng Z1 ca biu khng gian tn hiu hnh 3.10. Vy i vi mt quyt
nh ng khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht, cc thnh phn ca vect quan trc y : y1 v y2 phi cng
dng (hnh 3.10).
op
53
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Hnh 3.10. Minh ha vng quyt nh ng v quyt nh sai khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht
n
iu ny c ngha rng xc sut ca mt quyt nh ng bng xc sut c iu kin ca s
kin lin hp y1>0 v y2>0, khi s1 (t) c pht. V cc bin ngu nhin Y1 v Y2 (c cc gi tr
mu tng ng l y1 v y2 ) c lp vi nhau, nn xc sut quyt nh ng Pc cng bng tch cc
.v
xc sut c iu kin ca cc s kin y1 >0 v y2 >0, khi s1(t) c pht. Ngai ra c hai Y1 v Y2
u l cc bin ngu nhin c gi tr trung bnh bng E / 2 v phng sai bng N0/2. Vy ta c
th vit nh sau:
Pc =
0
1
N 0
exp 1
N0
(
y E/2 2
dy1
) du
.e
(3.53)
.
1
exp 2
(
y E/2 2 )
dy 2
N 0
tit
0 N0
trong tch phn th nht v phi l xc sut c iu kin ca s kin y1 >0 v tch phn th hai
.p
y1 E / 2
en
z=
N0
(3.54)
y2 E / 2
z=
N0
op
Khi ny sau khi thay cc bin y1 v y2 bng z ta c th vit li phng trnh 3.50 nh sau:
54
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
2
1
Pc =
E
exp(z 2 )dz
(3.55)
2 N0
T nh ngha ca hm li b ta c:
1
1 E
exp(z 2 )dz = 1 2 erfc
(3.56)
E / 2 N0 2N0
Vy ta c:
2
1 E
n
Pc = 1 erfc
2 2N0
.v
(3.57)
E 1 E
=1erfc + erfc 2
4 2N
2N 0 0
du
Vy xc sut trung bnh i vi li k hiu cho trng hp QPSK nht qun c xc nh
nh sau:
.e
P e = 1 - Pc
E 1 E
=erfc erfc 2 (3.58)
4 2N
tit
2N 0 0
vng (E/2N0) >> 1, ta c th b qua hnh phn th hai v phi ca phng trnh 3.53 v
nhn c cng thc gn ng cho xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu i vi QPSK nht qun
.p
nh sau:
en
E
Pe = erfc
2N 0
E
op
= 2Q
(3.59)
N 0
55
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
h thng QPSK ta thy rng c hai bit trn mt k hiu. iu ny c ngha rng nng
lng c pht trn mt k hiu gp hai ln nng lng trn mt bit, ngha l:
E = 2Eb (3.60)
Vy khi biu din xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu theo t s Eb/N0, ta c:
Eb
Pc = erfc
N0
2E b
= 2Q
(3.61)
N0
Lu rng do mi k hiu bao gm hai bit c truyn c lp vi nhau nn xc sut li
bit trong h thng QPSK s ch bng 1/2 xc sut li k hiu trong trng trnh (3.61).
By gi ta i xt qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch QPSK. Hnh 3.11a cho thy s khi
n
ca mt b iu ch QPSK in hnh.
.v
Lung s nh phn vo b(t) c trnh by c b phn lung chia thnh hai lung c lp
cha cc bit chn v l. Hai lung s ny c k hiu l b1(t) v b2(t). B chuyn i mc Formatted: English (U.S.)
Field Code Changed
chuyn i cc k hiu 0 v 1 vo lng cc tng ng vi + E / 2 v - E / 2 V. Ta thy rng
Formatted: English (U.S.)
du
mi khong thi gian ca tn hiu iu ch, a ln b nhn l si1 v si2 . Hai lung ny c s
dng iu ch cp sng mang vung gc hay cc hm c s trc giao: 2(t) bng
hai sng ny v tnh trc giao ca 1(t) v 2(t). Sau o hai sng BPSK c cng vi nhau to Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
ra sng QPSK. Lu rng di k hiu T ca sng QPSK gp hai ln di ca mt bit. Vy
tit
Field Code Changed
khi cho trc tc bit 1/Tb , mt sng QPSK i hi rng bng tn truyn dn bng mt na
Formatted: English (U.S.)
rng bng tn ca mt sng BPSK.
Formatted: English (U.S.)
B gii iu ch QPSK bao gm mt cp cc b tng quan c chung mt u vo v c Formatted: English (U.S.)
.p
cp ti ch mt cp tn hiu chun 1(t) v 2(t) (xem hnh 3.11b). Cc sng chun ny c to Formatted: English (U.S.)
ra t b dao ng ni thu (RLO) hot ng di s iu khin ca b khi phc sng mang. Lu Formatted: English (U.S.)
rng 1(t) nhn c t u ra ca b quay pha /2 c th trc giao vi 1(t). Thi im bt Formatted: English (U.S.)
en
u ly tch phn cho mt k hiu, v thi im ly mu cho k hiu c ng b bng mch Formatted: English (U.S.)
khi phc nh thi. Cc u ra ca b tng quan (y1 v y2) c so snh vi mt ngng 0 V. Formatted: English (U.S.)
Nu y1>0 th quyt nh c thc hin thin v k hiu 0 i vi u ra ca knh ng pha pha Formatted: English (U.S.)
trn, nhng nu y1 < 0 th quyt nh thin v k hiu 1. Tng t nu y2 > 0 th quyt nh thin Formatted: English (U.S.)
op
v k hiu 0 i vi u ra ca knh vung gc pha di, nhng nu x2 < 0 th quyt inh thin
v 1. Cui cng hai chui nh phn ni trn cc u ra ca cc knh ng pha (I: Inphase) v
vung gc (Q: Quadrature) c kt hp b ghp lung to li chui nh phn u vo b
iu ch vi xc sut li k hiu cc tiu.
56
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
a)
Mapping
b1(t) 0 E/2
1 E / 2
2 Tn hiu iu
sin(2 f ct ) ch QPSK
Lung nh Demux
/2
T
phn n cc
Mapping
b(t)
0 E/2
b2(t) 1 E / 2 2
cos(2 f ct )
T
TLO
b)
Ly mu Mch quyt
t1 +T
nh
0
(.)dt y1 >< 0
b1 (t )
1
t1 y1
n
y(t)
2 b(t )
Mch quyt MUX
/2
T
sin(2 fct ) Ly mu
nh Lung
.v
t1 +T
0 bit ra
(.)dt y2>
<0
t1 y2 1
b2 (t )
2
cos(2 fct )
T t1 t2
du
Carrier
RLO
recovery
Timing
recovery
K hiu
Mapping: chuyn i mc
.e
TLO: Transmitter local oscillator :b dao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery: khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
MUX: Ghp lung
tit
Hnh 3.11. S khi h thng QPSK. a) iu ch QPSK; b) Gii iu ch QPSK nht qun.
.p
3.10. IU CH OQPSK
en
57
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Hnh 3.12. Thay i pha ca sng QPSK Formatted: Font: Bold, Vietnamese
n
0 E/2
.v
1 E / 2
2
sin(2 f ct )
/2
T
0 E/2
1 E / 2
2
T
du
cos(2 f ct )
.e
tit
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Hnh 3.13. S iu ch OQPSK.
Dng sng u vo dch thi v u ra b iu ch OQPSK c cho trn hnh 3.14 vi gi
thit rng cc bit l c a ln nhnh trn (nhnh Q) cn cc bit chn c a xung nhnh
.p
di (nhnh I).
en
op
58
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
n
.v
Hnh 3.14. Dng sng dch thi u vo (a) v dng sng u ra ca OQPSK
3.11. GMSK
du
T hnh 3.14, ta thy nh dch thi, thay i pha ch c th t c bng hai ln thay
.e
Trong phn trc ta ch ra rng OQPSK nhn c t tr lung s liu Q (d1(t)) mt bit
hay Tb giy so vi lung I (d2(t)). Tr ny khng nh hng ln li bit v bng thng.
tit
Ta c th nhn c MSK (Minimum Shift Keying: kha chuyn pha cc tiu) t OQPSK
bng cch thay th xung ch nht trong bin xung trn hnh 3.14a bng hm sin hoc cos nh
hnh 3.15.
.p
en
op
59
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Deleted: Th d
Hnh 3.9 cho thy mt lung s -a ln iu
ch QPSK. Chui nh phn u vo
11000001 -c cho hnh 3.9a. Chui ny li
-c chia thnh hai chui bao gm cc bit l
v cc bit chn. Hai chui ny -c biu th
cc dng trn cng ca cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c.
Cc dng sng th hin cc thnh phn ng
pha v lch pha vung gc ca QPSK cng
-c cho cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c. C th xt
ring hai dang sng ny nh- cc th d ca mt
tn hiu BPSK. Cng chng ta -c dng sng
QPSK hnh 3.9d.
L-u rng hnh v 3.9 lgic "1" -c ...
bin[85]
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
t Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
d 2 (t ) cos
2t French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
n
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
t
d1 (t ) sin Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
.v
2t French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
Hnh 3.15. Chuyn i xung vung thnh cc hm sin v cos trong MSK Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
si (t ) =
2
Tb
d1 (t ) sin t sin(2 f c t )
2Tb
du French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
.e
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
2
+ d 2 (t ) cos t cos(2 f c t ) 0tTb (3.62) Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
Tb 2Tb
tit
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
trong cc d1(t) v d2(t) xc nh trong cc khong thi gian nh sau:
Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
Eb , nu b1 (t ) = 0
.p
Khng gian tn hiu tn hiu MSK l khng gian hai chiu vi cc hm trc giao c s Formatted: Font: Times New Roman,
French (France)
op
60
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
v:
2
2 (t ) = cos t .cos ( 2 f c t ) , Tb t Tb (3.64)
Tb 2Tb
Lu rng c hai 1(t) v 2(t) u c nh nghi cho khong thi gian gp hai ln
rng ca mt bit. iu ny cn thit m bo cho chng tho mn iu kin trc giao.
Chm tn hiu MSK c th hin trong khng gian hai chiu v cc im tn hiu c
xc nh bi cc ta nh sau:
2Tb
Tb
si 2 = s(t ) 2 (t ) dt
n
Tb
(3.66)
= d 2 (t ), Tb t Tb
.v
Bng 3.2 cho thy cc gi tr (0), (Tb) v s1 , s2 tng ng c tnh ton trong cc
khong thi gian 0 t 2 Tb v -Tb t Tb.
du
Bng 3.2. c tnh khng gian tn hiu cu MSK.
Cp bit vo Pha ca tn hiu QPSK To ca cc im bn tin Formatted: English (U.S.)
0 t Tb (Radian)
si1 si2
00 /4 + E + E
.e
01 3/4 + E - E
11 5/4 - E - E
tit
10 7/4 - E + E
61
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Eb
Eb Formatted: English (U.S.)
Eb
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Eb Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Field Code Changed
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Field Code Changed
Hnh 3.16. Biu khng gian tn hiu MSK Formatted: English (U.S.)
n
Ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.62) gn hn nh sau: Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
.v
2 Eb
cos [ 2 f ct + (t ) + 0 ]
Formatted: English (U.S.)
si (t ) = (3.67)
Tb Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
trong (t) c xc nh nh sau:
trong :
(t) = k ( t iT )
i
i i
MSK thng c s dng dng iu ch vi sai trong cc bit u vo {Xi} c m Formatted: English (U.S.)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc ton s 0 ) ta c tn s sau: Field Code Changed
op
1
2f 2 = 2f c - hay f2=fc+ (3.72)
2Tb 4Tb
Formatted: Condensed by 0.2 pt
thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch lung bit a ln iu ch c a qua b lc Gauss.
S khi ca b iu ch GMSK c cho hnh 3.17.
Quan h gia cc bit s liu vo bi, bi-1 vi cc bit X u ra b XOR v cc bit di u ra
b chuyn i mc c cho bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Quan h gia cc bit bi v X, d(t)
bi bi-1 Xi di(t) Formatted: Subscript
0 0 0 + Eb
0 1 1 - Eb
1 0 1 - Eb
n
1 1 0 + Eb
.v
d1(t)
D SIN
du
S liu vo bi 2E b
sin 2 fc t
XOR 0 Eb GF Tb
DEMUX
1 Eb
bi-1 Xi di(t) /2 Si(t)
Tr T b
COS
GF : B lc Gauss thng thp d2 (t)
TLO: B dao ng ni pht 2E b
cos 2 fc t
.e
COS : B to dng hm COS Tb
SIN : B to dng hm SIN
D : Tr Tb TLO
2E
si(t) = aicos(2fct+) (3.73)
en
T
vi:
Formatted: French (France)
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = nEb, Eb l nng lng trn mt bit.
op
63
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
n
Formatted: Italian (Italy)
.v
Formatted: English (U.S.)
du
Hnh 3.18. Cc im tn hiu PAM
Nu M=2,PAM s tr thnh BPSK.
i vi ASK nh phn ta c xc sut li bit nh sau:
Eb
.e
Pe = Q
2N
0
tit
{y11, y21, y31, y41} = {-3 E +x1, - E +x1), E +x1), 3 E +x1)},trong yi1 l hnh
chiu ca vect quan trc thu ln trc 1 khi tn hiu si(t) c pht v x1 l hnh chiu hm mu
en
1 (y1 + 3 E ) 2
fY1(y1|a1) = exp (3.75)
2 2 2
64
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
N0
trong : 2 = .
2
Vy xc sut c iu kin chn nhm mc a2 nh sau:
1 0 (y1 + 3 E ) 2
P(a2|a1) =
2 2 E
exp
2 2
dy1
0
1 E 3 E
= erfc erfc
2 (3.76)
2 2
Tng t ta c th tnh xc sut c iu kin chn nhm a3 khi pht a1:
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
n
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
.v
v xc sut pht a1, chn nhm a4:
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
1 5 E Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
P(a4|a1) = erfc (3.78)
2 2 Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
E
(3.79)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Field Code Changed
.e
2 2
Tng t ta c th tm cc xc sut li c iu kin khc, cc xc sut ny c cho bng
3.4.
tit
Mc chn a1 a2 a3 a4
M
E 1 3 E 1 5 E
1
erfc erfc
erfc
h
2 2 2 2 2
en
2
a1
1 5 E
1 3 E erfc
erfc
2 2
2 2
op
65
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
1 E E 1 3 E
erfc 1
erfc erfc
2 2 2 2 2 2
a2
1 3 E
erfc
2 2
1 3 E 1 E 1 E
erfc erfc erfc
2 2 2
2 2 2
a3
3 E
1
erfc
2 2
1 5 E 3 E 1 E
1 erfc
erfc
erfc
2
2 2 2 2 2
a4
1 3 E
1 5 E erfc
erfc 2
n
2 2 2
.v
Nu ta coi rng xc sut pht cc mc ai nh nhau (trong trng hp ny bng 1/4) th xc
sut li iu ch 4 mc Pe trc 1 s bng tng ca 12 xc sut c iu kin bng trn chia
cho 4:
Pe =
3
4
E
erfc
2
E
du
.e
3
= erfc
4 N0
3 2E
tit
= Q (3.80)
2 N 0
.p
1 E
en
Pe =1 erfc
M N 0
1 2E
= 21 Q (3.81)
M N 0
op
66
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
3.13. M-PSK
Trong M-PSK pha ca sng mang nhn mt trong s cc gi tr c th c: (t) = 2i/M,
trong i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M-1. Vy trong khong thi gian iu ch T, c th c mt trong s M
tn hiu sau y c pht:
2E
s i (t ) = cos[2fc t + (t ) + ] (3.82)
T
trong : E=nEb; T=nTb; n=log2M;
(t) = 2i/M, i=0,1, 2, . . . , M-1 (3.83)
C th khai trin mi sng mang dng hai hm c s 1(t) v 2(t) nh sau:
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
2
1 (t ) = sin ( 2 f ct ) , 0t T (3.84) Field Code Changed
T Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
n
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
2
2 (t ) = cos ( 2 f c t ) 0t T (3.85) Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
T Field Code Changed
.v
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
C hai 1(t) v 2(t) u c nng lng n v. V th chm tn hiu ca M-PSK l hai Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
chiu. M im bn tin nm cch u nhau trn mt ng trn tm l gc to v bn knh bng Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
2 i
s i ( t ) = E sin
du
E nh hnh 3.16 cho trng hp kho chuyn pha 8 trng thi vi M =8 (8-PSK).
T cc phng trnh (3.2), (3.80) ta c th trnh by vect cho tn hiu si(t) nh sau:
2i
E cos
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Field Code Changed
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
.e
(3.86) Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
M M Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Field Code Changed
Cc ng khng lin nt hnh 3.19 biu th ranh gii quyt nh cho M=8. Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
tit
1
.p
en
2
op
67
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
S khi ca mt b gii iu ch M-PSK nht qun ti u (gi s rng ng b hon Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1.2 li
ho sng mang vi pha pht) c cho hnh 3.20. N bao gm mt cp b tng quan (b Deleted:
Nu ta coi rng xc sut pht cc mc ai nh-
nhn v tch phn) vi cc tn hiu tham kho c pha vung gc. Hai u ra ca cc b tng nhau (trong tr-ng hp ny bng 1/4) th xc
quan c k hiu l yI v yQ ng vi hnh chiu ca vect quan trc thu ln trc 2 v 1 c sut li iu ch 4 mc Pe trc 1 s bng
tng ca 12 xc sut c iu kin bng trn
a n mch phn bit pha, mch ny trc ht thc hin c tnh pha: chia cho 4:
yQ 3 E
(t ) = ar tan g (3.87) Pe = erfc
yI
4 2
3 E
t1 +T
= erfc
(.)dt
4 N
t1 0
3 2E
2 tan
yQ Tnh
sin(2fct)
1
/2 T YI |(t) (t)|
Q
2 N 0
t1 +T (t ) si (t ) =
t1
(.)dt
2 (3.78)
cos(2fct)
n
T ... [86]
Formatted ... [87]
Formatted ... [88]
.v
Formatted ... [89]
Formatted ... [90]
Formatted ... [91]
E
=2 Q 2n b sin (3.91)
N0 M
n
Dng tng qut ca M-QAM c xc nh bng tn hiu pht:
.v
E0
s i (t) = bi sin (2p fc t)
T
(3.92)
E0
a i co s (2p fc t)
du
+
T
trong E0 l nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht; ai v bi l cp s nguyn c lp c
chn tu theo v tr ca im bn tin c xc nh nh sau: ai={a1,a2,..., a L }= {-L+1, -L+2,....,-1,
.e
+1,...., L-2, L-1} v bi={b1,b2,..., b L }= {-L+1, -L+2,....,-1, +1,...., L-2, L-1} trong L = M.
Tn hiu si(t) gm hai thnh phn sng mang c pha vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp hp tn
hiu ri rc v th c tn l " iu ch bin vung gc".
tit
2
1 (t ) = sin ( 2 f c t ) , 0t T (3.93)
T
.p
v:
2
en
2 (t ) = cos ( 2 f c t ) , 0t T (3.94)
T
T
E0
s i1 = s (t)f
i 1 (t) =
2
bi (3.96)
0
69
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
T
E0
s i1 = s (t)f
i 1 (t) =
2
ai (3.97)
0
1 (t )
2 (t )
n
.v
Hnh 3.21. Chm tn hiu ca 16-QAM (M=16)
3
E0
2
E0
2
E0
2 du
3
E0
2
2 (t )
.e
1 (t )
E0
3
2
tit
E0
2
.p
E0
2
E0
3
2
en
Hnh 3.22. Cc thnh phn ng pha (a) v pha vung gc (b) ca tn hiu 16-QAM
ma trn L L :
70
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
trong
L= M (3.99)
n
( 3, 3) ( 1, 3) (1, 3) (3, 3)
.v
Cng thc xc sut li k hiu cho 16-QAM c xc nh nh sau:
1 3E av
Pe 21 erfc
M
= 41
2(M 1)N 0
1
Q
M
3nE bav
(M 1)N 0
du (3.101)
.e
trong Eav , Ebav l nng lng k hiu v nng lng bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:
(L2 - 1)E0
tit
Eav =
3 (3.102)
(M - 1)E 0
=
3
.p
N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
Hnh 3.23a cho thy s khi ca b iu ch M-QAM. B bin phn lung chuyn i
en
lung nh phn b(t) tc bit Rb=1/Tb u vo thnh bn lung c lp, trong hai bit l c a
n b chuyn i mc nhnh trn cn hai bit chn c a n b chuyn i mc. Tc k
hiu trong trng hp ny s bng Rs=Rb/4. Cc b bin i mc chuyn i 2 mc vo 4 mc
( L = M = 16 = 4 ) to ra cc tn hiu 4 mc tng ng vi cc u vo ng pha v pha
op
vung gc. Sau khi nhn hai tn hiu 4 mc vi hai sng mang c pha vung gc ri cng vi
nhau ta c tn hiu 15-QAM. S khi ca b gii iu ch 16-QAM c cho hnh 3.23b.
Vic gii m cc knh c s c thc hin u ra ca mch quyt nh, mch ny c thit k
so snh tn hiu L mc vi L-1 ngng quyt nh i . Sau hai chui s nh phn c tch
71
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
a)
Mapping
b1(t) 00 3 E0 / 2
10 1 E0 / 2
b3(t) 11 1 E0 / 2
01 3 E0 / 2
2
sin(2 f ct )
/2
Demux T Tn hiu iu
ch 16-QAM
b(t)
b2(t)
Mapping
00 3 E0 / 2
10 1 E0 / 2
b4(t) 11 1 E0 / 2
01 3 E0 / 2 2
cos(2 f ct )
T
TLO
n
b) Ly mu
Mch quyt
nh
t1 +T
.v
(.)dt y1 >< i b1 (t ) b3 (t )
t1 y1
2 b(t )
Mch quyt MUX
/2 sin(2 fct ) Ly mu
du
y(t) T nh
t1 +T
(.)dt < i
y2>
t1 y2 b2 (t )b4 (t )
2
cos(2 fct )
T t1 t2
.e
Carrier
RLO
recovery
Timing
recovery
tit
khi s dng k hiu phc. Mi tn hiu bng thng gi tr thc c th c trnh by khi s dng
k hiu phc sau y:
{
s (t ) = Re g (t )e jct } (3.103)
op
72
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
A(t)=|g(t)|= x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t ) (3.105)
v pha ca n l
y (t )
(t ) = tan 1 (3.106)
x(t )
g(t)cn c gi l bn tin bng gc hay s liu dng phc, cn eict l sng mang dng phc.
S dng cc phng trnh (3.103) v (3.104) ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch dng thc
nh sau:
n
i vi tn hiu QPSK, s dng phng trnh (3.103) v (3.104) ta c th vit li phng
trnh (3.45) s dng k hiu phc vi:
.v
2E
x(t ) = cos(2i 1)
T 4
y (t ) =
2E
T
s in(2i 1) , i=1,2,3,4
4
du (3.108)
Ta cng c th s dng k hiu phc cho phng trnh (3.104) biu din tn hiu M-
.e
QAM vi
2 E0
x(t ) = ai
T
tit
2 E0
y (t ) = bi , i=1,2,.,M (3.109)
T
.p
1
F S (f) = F g (f - fc ) + F g (f + fc ) (3.110)
4
73
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
i vi BPSK ta c th biu din ng bao phc (tn hiu bng gc) dng chui xung
lng cc ngu nhin sau:
2 Eb
g (t ) = A
k =
K pTb (t kTb ); Ak =
Tb
(3.112)
S dng (cng thc 2.21) ta c mt ph cng sut bng gc ca sng BPSK bng:
n
P
F g (f) = 2E b Sinc 2 (fTb ) = 2 Sinc 2 (f / R b ) (3.113)
.v
Rb
trong : Eb l nng lng bit, P l cng sut trung bnh sng mang, Rb l tc bit
S dng phng trnh (3.108) ta c mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu BPSK nh sau:
S ( f ) =
=
Eb
2
P
du
{Sinc 2 [( f f c )Tb ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb ]}
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )Tb ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb ]}
(3.114)
.e
2 Rb
Ta c th coi rng tn hiu QPSK nhn c t hai tn hiu BPSK (ng pha v pha vung
gc) c iu ch bng lung s lng cc ngu nhin c chu k k hiu Tb nh sau:
Formatted: French (France)
E
.p
R
Formatted: English (U.S.)
op
n
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu bng gc cho hai thnh phn ny nh nhau v bng:
Formatted: English (U.S.)
2
16E b cos(2p fTb ) Field Code Changed
.v
F g (f) = (3.119)
p2 16Tb2 f 2 - 1 Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Cng nh tn hiu QPSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc ca tn hiu MSK Formatted: English (U.S.)
S ( f ) = + du
c lp thng k vi nhau. Vy mt ph cng sut cu tn hiu MSK c xc nh bi:
2 16Tb2 ( f f c ) 2 1 16Tb2 ( f + f c ) 2 1
2
(3.120)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
.e
PSD mt bin ca cc ptr (3.116) v 3.120) cho cc tn hiu QPSK v MSK c cho
hnh 3.24. Mt ph cng sut ny c chun ho so vi 2Eb v tn s c chun ho so vi
tc bit 1/Tb. Lu rng i vi f>>1/Tb mt ph cng sut bng gc ca tn hiu MSK
tit
75
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
( f f c )Tb
n
PSK hai trng thi v QPSK l trng hp c bit ca M-PSK. rng k hiu ca M-
PSK c xc nh nh sau:
.v
T = Tb log2M (3.121)
trong Tb l rng ca mt bit. Tin hnh ging nh trng hp xt cho QPSK ta c th
du
chng minh rng mt ph cng sut bng gc ca tn hiu M-PSK c xc nh nh sau:
g(f) = ESinc2(Tf)
= Eb.log2M.Sinc2(f.Tb.log2M)
.e
(3.122)
S dng phng trnh (3.110) vi lu rng mt ph cng sut gm hai thnh phn I v
Q, ph ta c th vit mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu M-PSK nh sau:
tit
Eb log 2 M
S ( f ) =
2
{Sinc 2 [( f fc )Tb log 2 M ] + Sinc 2 [( f + fc )Tb log 2 M ]}
(3.123)
P log 2 M
= { Sinc 2 [ ( f f c )Tb log 2 M ] + Sinc 2 [ ( f + f c )Tb .log 2 M ]}
.p
2 Rb
Hnh 3.25 cho thy s ph thuc ca mt ph cng sut mt bin chun ho S(f)/Eb vo
en
76
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
( f f c )Tb
Hnh 3.25. Mt ph cng sut M-PSK mt bin cho M=2,4,8 Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: English (U.S.)
n
3.17. SO SNH TNH NNG CA CC K THUT IU CH Formatted: English (U.S.)
Formatted: Heading 2, Indent: First
.v
Hai tnh nng quan trng nht ca cc h thng truyn dn s l dung lng v tin cy line: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
ca ng truyn tin. Dung lng ca ng truyn dn s thng c nh gi bng hiu sut Formatted: Indent: First line: 28.35
pt, Line spacing: Multiple 1.2 li
s dng bng tn, cn tin cy truyn tin thng c nh gi bng xc sut li k hiu. Trong
Formatted: English (U.S.)
phn ny ta s so snh cc tnh nng trn cho cc h thng truyn dn s dng cc phng thc
iu ch khc nhau.
Xc sut li, Pe
a) BPSK (
Q 2E b / N 0 )
en
b / QPSK
c / MSK
(
2Q 2 E b / N 0 Q 2) ( 2E b / N 0 )
d) M-PSK (M4):
[ ]
op
e) M-PSK 2Q 2 nE b / N 0 sin( / M )
77
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
1 3nE bav
d) M-QAM: 4 1 Q
M (M 1)N 0
trong : n=log2M
Hnh 3.26 cc ng cong xc sut li k hiu ph thuc vo Eb/N0 cho cc phng thc
iu ch M-PSK v M-FSK.
T cc hnh v ta thy xc sut li ca tt c cc h thng gim n iu khi gi tr Eb/N0
tng.
n
Xc sut li k hiu
Gii hn Shannon
Gii hn Shannon
.v
du
.e
Hnh 3.26. Cc ng cong xc sut li k hiu. a) cho iu ch M-PSK; b) cho iu
tit
ch M-FSK
Cng sut pht (ph thuc vo xc sut li k hiu yu cu) v rng bng tn to nn hai
ngun ti nguyn thng tin s cp, vic s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn ny l ng c cho
vic nghin cu cc s s dng hiu qu ph tn. Mc ch u tin ca vic iu ch s dng
hiu qu ph tn l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn cc i. Hiu sut s dng ph tn c
en
nh ngha l t s gia tc s liu vi rng bng tn v c o bng bit trn giy trn
Herz. Mc tiu th hai l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn khi phi chi ph t nht cho cng
sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Ni mt cch khc i hi t s tn hiu trn tp m nh nht knh
b nhiu bi tp m trng cng Gaus. Hiu sut s dng bng tn cng c gi l hiu sut s
op
dng ph tn.
Nu k hiu tc bit l Rb v rng knh l B, ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng
bng thng nh sau:
78
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
Rb
= bits / s / Herz (3.124)
B Formatted ... [93]
Formatted ... [94]
Ta c th xc nh d rng tc bit, tuy nhin vn cha c nh ngha chung tho mn v
Formatted: Font: Times New
rng bng tn B. iu ny c ngha rng hiu sut s dng rng bng tn ca mt s Roman
Deleted: S khi ca mt b gii
iu ch ph thuc vo nh ngha ring c tip nhn cho rng bng tn ca tn hiu c iu ch M-PSK nht qun ti -u (gi
s rng ng b hon ho sng mang
iu ch. Di y ta s xt vic nh gi hiu sut s dng bng tn cho cc tn hiu M-PSK, sau vi pha pht) -c cho hnh 3.20. N
l cho cc tn hiu M-FSK. bao gm mt cp b t-ng quan (b
nhn v tch phn) vi cc tn hiu
tham kho c pha vung gc. Hai u
Hiu sut s dng rng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-PSK. ra ca cc b t-ng quan -c k hiu
l yI v yQ ng vi hnh chiu ca
Ph cng sut cu cc tn hiu M-PSK c mt bp chnh gii hn bi hai gi tr 0 (hai tn s vect quan trc thu ln trc 2 v 1
-c -a n mch phn bit pha,
m mt ph cng sut bng 0). V th rng bp chnh cung cp mt cch o ph bin mch ny tr-c ht thc hin -c tnh
pha:
v n gin i vi rng ph ca cc tn hiu M-PSK. nh ngha ny c gi l rng
bng tn t khng n khng. Ta cng thy rng ch yu cng sut ca mt tn hiu M-PSK cha yQ
ph cng sut trong rng bng tn ny (xem hnh 3.25). (t ) = ar tan g
yI
n
rng bngthng knh cn thit cho cc tn hiu M-PSK song bin i qua c o (3.65)
.v
B = Rs(1+) (3.125)
y(t)
trong Rs=1/T l tc k hiu; T l rng ca k hiu = Tblog2M.
2
/2 T
sin(2
Cho =0, ta c
B=
Rb
log 2 M
du (3.126)
Tng ng ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-PSK nh
Carrier
recovery
RLO
2
T
c
.e
sau: Timing
recovery
R
= b =log 2 M (3.127) RLO: Recei
tit
B Carrier reco
Timing reco
Hiu sut s dng rng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-QAM
Hnh 3.20. B gii iu ch M nht
qun
Tn hiu M-QAM l tn hiu song bin bao gm hai tn hiu PAM nn hiu sut s dng
.p
bng thng ca n bng: B phn bit pha sau chn t tp
{si(t), i= 0, 1, 2, . . . . , M-1} mt tn
hiu c pha gn nht vi pha -c -c
Rb
= =log 2 M (3.128) tnh (t ) .
en
2 i
y Q = E sin + xQ ,
op
1
T=Tb log 2 M= log 2 M (3.130)
Rb
vo ptr.(3.126) ta c:
R bM (3.131)
B=
2 log 2 M
n
= Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
B (3.132)
Field Code Changed
2. log 2 M
.v
=
M
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
3.17.3. So snh cc phng thc iu ch di nh sng ca l thuyt dung lng knh. Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
du
Vic so snh kh nng trao i rng bng tn -cng sut ca cc tn hiu M-PSK v M-
FSK di nh sng nh l dung lng knh ca Shannon s cung cp cho ta rt nhiu thng tin.
nim v vic so snh ny xut pht t mt h thng l tng truyn dn khng li. H thng
ny c hiu l h thng tun theo l thuyt dung lng knh ca Shannon. nh l ny c
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
phng trnh (3.133). Nu thay P=Eb.Rb=P.C vo ptr.(3.133) cho h thng l tng, ta c: Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
en
Sau khi bin i phng trnh (3.134) ta c s ph thuc ca t s nng lng mt bit Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
vi mt ph cng sut nh sau: Field Code Changed
trong C=Rb.
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
ng cong biu th s ph thuc ca C/B vo Eb/N0 c gi bin dung lng. Mt phng
biu th s ph thuc Rb/B vo Eb/N0 v ng bin dung lng c gi l mt phng hiu sut
bng tn. Mt phng ny c cho hnh 3.27.
16 Gii hn dung
lng Rb=c
M = 256
Hiu sut s 8
dng bng tn Vng bng
M=64
Rb/B, bit/s/Hz tn hn ch
4 M=16
M=8
Vng Rb < c
M=4
2
n
1 M=2
-6 -1,6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 Eb /N0 ,dB
.v
M=8
1/2 M=16 K hiu:
Vng cng
sut hn ch
du
M-FSK nht qun vi Pe = 10
M-QAM nht qun vi Pe = 10
-5
-5
gim nn hiu sut s dng bng thng tng, nhng ng thi khong cch clit gia cc vect
tn hiu gim khin xc sut li k hiu tng. V th khi ny t c t s Eb/N0 ta phi tng
cng sut.
.p
Tri li i vi M-FSK Eb/N01 v khi M tng Rb/B gim nhng b li t s Eb/No cn thit
gim. Gii thch iu ny nh sau. Khi M tng s tn s tng nn hiu sut s dng bng thng
gim. Khi M tng khong cch gia cc vect tn hiu gi nguyn khng i nhng kh nng
en
3.18. TNG KT
op
thng tin di ng v truy nhp bng rng th h mi. Cc cng thc nh g hiu nng cu cc
k thut iu ch ny nh: tnh ton xc sut li bit ca tn hiu s truyn trong knh tp m
Gauss trng cng c xt trong chng ny. thc hin phn tch hiu nng ny ta s dng
tch sng kh ging cc i vi cc gi thit sau::
1. Cc tn hiu th hin cc k hiu c pht vi xc sut nh nhau
2. My pht c cng sut trung bnh hu hn
3. Tn hiu thu l xp trong ca tn hiu c pht v tp m Gauss trng cng c trung bnh
khng v phng sai 2=N0/2
4. i vi tch sng nht qun my thu c ng b v mt thi gian v mt tn s.
Da trn phng php phn tch v ga nh ni trn ta nghin cu cc phng php iu
ch c s dng ph bin nht trong truyn dn v tuyn s (c bit trong thng tin di ng v
cc h thng truy nhp bng rng) nh: BPSK, QAM, GMSK v 16 QAM.
Trong cc phn cui cng ca chng ny ta tng kt v so snh cc c tnh ca cc
n
phng php iu ch khc nhau da trn vic s dng hai ti nguyn ca mi trng v tuyn:
cng sut v bng thng.
.v
3.19. CU HI V BI TP
1. Cho mt tn hiu bn mc si={-3a/2,-a/2,a/2,3a/2}, i=1,2,3,4 vi thi gian truyn mi mc l T
. Hy biu din tn hiu ny trong khng gian tn hiu.
a) Tm vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
du
.e
2. Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau {00,01,11,10}. Tm
xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
3. (Tip) Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
tit
2E
si(t) = aicos(2fct+)
T
vi:
op
82
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
n
a) Tm xc sut li bit
.v
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
13.Tn hiu thu ca h thng BPSK nht qun c nh ngha nh sau:
r(t) = k
2E b
Tb
sin (2fct) 1 k
2 2E b
Tb
du
cos(2fct) +x(t), 0tTb
sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin Pe(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin Pe(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 1
.p
2E b 2
a) Chng minh rng xc sut li trung bnh bng: Pe (1 k )
N0
trong : N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m Gauss trng.
op
b) Gi thit 10% cng sut tn hiu pht c phn b cho thnh phn sng mang chun
ng b tm Eb/N0 m bo xc sut li bit trung bnh bng 3.10-4.
c) So snh gi tr SNR h thng ny i vi h thng BPSK thng thng.
83
Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch
15.Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng khi
h thng ng b tt, Eb/N0=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-5. Trong trng hp vng
kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
a) Xc sut li bit s gim cp nh th vo nu =250
b) Sai pha ln no s dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-3
16.Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut thu
trung bnh Pavr=10-5W, Rb=5000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2.
17. h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li bit ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng cng sut
cho h thng 16QAM ln bao nhiu ln.
n
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
84
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
4.1.2. Hng dn
n
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
.v
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
thng thng tin v tuyn hin i
du
Hiu c hot ng ca cc b m ha knh kim sot li in hnh nht trong cc h
trc iu ch. Mt trong cc nhim v ca m ho knh l kim sot li. M ho knh kim
sot li l qu trnh x l tn hiu s m bo truyn dn thng tin s tin cy knh thc t.
Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc k thut m ho kim sot li bng cch b sung cho
.p
h thng cc k hiu d n thng tin pht c th thc hin c hai nhim v pha thu: pht
hin li v sa li.
Nhim v ca nh thit k h thng truyn dn s l cung cp mt h thng kinh t
en
n
.v
du
.e
Hnh 4.1. M hnh n gin ca h thng truyn dn s. a) M ha v iu ch knh ring
bit; b) M ha knh v iu ch kt hp.
tit
bng thng.
Ngai ra vic s dng m ho cn lm tng tnh phc tp ca h thng, nht l vic thc
hin gii m knh my thu. Nh vy cc suy xt khi la chn vic s dng m ho knh cn bao
en
2. Sa li:
t c s gim xc sut li (hay t s bit li, BER) cho t s Eb/N0 nh trc.
i vi xc sut li cho trc gim gi tr Eb/N0. Lng gim c gi li ca m
ho i vi xc sut li .
Cc yu cu pht hin v sa li c xc nh trc ht bi kiu thng tin c pht. S
khi chc nng ca mt my pht s dng m ho knh c cho hnh 4.2.
T hnh ny ta thy:
Tc bit u ra ca b m ho R lun lun ln hn tc bit,Rb..
T l m c th c nh ngha nh sau:
T l m = Rb/R .
n
.v
du
Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht s dng m ha knh
khong cch Hamming ny bng mt khng gian nhiu chiu (hnh 4.3).
op
87
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
ny truyn bn tin. T hnh v 4.3 ta thy tt cc cc nh ca hnh lp th u c s dng
biu th cc bn tin. Mi li xy ra mt trong ba bit u dn n chuyn vo mt nh bn cnh
.v
v s dn n li. Trong trng hp ny nu khong cch ca t pht v thu l mt th chc chn
s mc mt li v t thu c l mt trong s cc bn tin c th c. Ta ci thin tnh trng trn
bng cch tng khong cch. Chng hn cc t m :
0000, 0011, 0101, 1001, 1010, 1100, 1111
du
u c khong cch ti thiu l 2. i vi bn t m ny ta cn mt hnh khng gian c 16 nh
biu din. Hay tng qut ta cn mt khng gian n chiu.
Gi s xy ra mt li mt v tr ca t m bn bit ni trn: ta thu c 1000 chng hn.
.e
My thu c th nhn nh rng t m ny c th l mt trong hai t m gn t thu nht : 0000 hay
1010.
Trng hp ny ch c th pht hin c li ch khng sa c li. By gi ta xt cc t
tit
m gm: 01111, 01000 v 10011. Khong cch cc tiu gia chng by gi l 3. Nu thu c
mt t m 01001 th mt my thu thng minh c th nhn nh t m c pht phi l 01000 v
y l t m gn vi t thu c nht (c khong cch nh nht =1). By g gi thit t thu c
.p
kp v sa li n.
T cc th d trn ta c th nu ra cng thc chung lin quan n khong cch Hamming ti
thiu gia cc t m v s bit li m m cho php pht hin v sa nh sau:
op
88
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
* Kh nng sa li:
dm 2t +1 (4.2)
trong dm l khong cch Hamming cc tiu gia cc t m c th c trong tp m cn t l s
li m cho php pht hin (trng hp th nht) v sa (trng hp hai).
Cc m knh thng c phn thnh hai loi : m khi tuyn tnh v m xon, di y ta
s xt c th hai loi m ny.
n
S khi tng qut ca mt b m ho khi tuyn tnh c cho hnh 4.4.
.v
du
Hnh 4.4 S tng qut ca b m ha khi
.
.e
Hot ng ca b m ho c th c biu din ton hc dng ma trn hay a thc. Cc
ma trn hay cc a thc ny c gi l cc ma trn to m hay cc a thc to m.
tit
4.4.1. Ma trn to m
Trong phn ny ta s nh ngha hai ma trn quan trng cho b m ha khi tuyn tnh: ma
trn to m cho php xc nh t m u ra v ma trn kim tra chn l cho php kim tra t m
.p
c i =b i , i=0,1,..,n k 1 (4.6)
m i + k n , i=n k , n k + 1,...., n 1
n-k bit chn l u ra ca b to m c xc nh nh sau:
b = mP (4.7)
n
trong P l ma trn k(n-k) xc nh theo cng thc sau:
p 0 , 0 p 1, 0 ............... p n k 1, 0
.v
p 0 ,1 p 1,1 ............... p n k 1,1
. . .
P=
. .
. .
.
.
p 0 , k 1 p1, k 1 ............... p n k 1,k 1
du (4.8)
.e
vi i = 0,1,...,n-k-1 l ch s ca ct v j = 0,1, ..., k-1 l ch s ca hng, pij=0 hoc 1 ty thuc
vo vic bi c ph thuc vo bit bn tin mi hay khng.
tit
Ma trn to m c xc nh nh sau:
G= [P I k ] (4.9)
.p
1 0 .......... 0
0 1 .......... 0
I k = .. . . (4.10)
en
. .
. . .
0 0 .......... 1
c = mG (4.11)
Ma trn kim tra chn l H l ma trn (n-k)n c xc nh nh sau:
90
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
H=[I nk
PT ] (4.12)
Syndrome
Syndrom cho php xc nh t m nhn c c b mc li hay khng v thm ch c mu
li khi tha mn iu kin trong phng trnh (4.2)
Ta xt qu trnh gii m. Ta k hiu y l mt vect thu c c kch thc l 1 n nhn
c t vic pht i vect x trn mt knh c tp m. Ta biu din vect y l tng ca vect thu x
v vect li e gy ra do tp m:
y=c+ e (4.13)
Vect e c gi l vect li hay mu li. Phn t ei ca vect ny bng khng nu phn t
tng ng ca y bng phn t tng ng ca c. Ngc li phn t ei bng 1 nu phn t tng
ng ca y khc vi phn t tng ng ca c, khi ny xy ra mt li v tr i. Nh vy vi i = 1, 2,
...... , n ta c:
ei = 1 khi mt li xy ra v tr i
n
ei = 0 khi khng c li (4.14)
.v
My thu c nhim v gii m vect c t vect y thu c. gii m ngi ta thng
tnh ton mt vect 1 (n-k) c gi l Syndrome. c im ca Syndrome l n ch ph thuc
vo mu li.
Syndrome c xc nh nh sau:
s = y HT
Syndrome c cc thuc tnh quan trng sau y.
du (4.15)
.e
Thuc tnh 1: Syndrome ch ph thuc vo mu li ch khng ph thuc vo t m c
pht.
Thuc tnh 2: Tt c cc mu li khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m u c cng Syndrome.
tit
sau:
.p
91
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
c'=y+e 0
Lu rng s hc mun 2 th tr cng ging nh cng.
Trng lng Hamming cc tiu
Theo nh ngha th trng lng Hamming ca mt t m l tng s cc v tr bit khc
khng trong t m ny. Ta cng c th coi trng lng ny l khong cch Hamming gia mt t
m khc khng vi t m ton khng. Do thuc tnh ca m khi tuyn tnh l tng (hoc hiu)
hai t m bt k lun lun bng mt t m th ba cu m, nn c th ni rng trng lng
Hamming cc tiu ca cc t m khc khng ca m khi tuyn tnh chnh bng khong cch
Hamming cc tiu.
kt thc phn ny ta xt th d v m Hamming.
n
Th d 4.1
.v
Ta xt mt h m c gi l m Hamming c cc thng s sau y:
di t m n= 2m -1
S cc bit bn tin
S cc bit chn l
trong m3
k = 2m - m -1
n-k=m du
.e
lm th d ta xt m Hamming (7,4) c n=7 v k=4 tng ng vi m=3. Ma trn to m
ca m ny phi c cu trc ph hp vi phng trnh (3.13) v c dng nh sau:
tit
1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
G= (4.17)
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
.p
11 20 31 014020431
P I k
en
100 1011
H = 010 1110 (4.18)
001 0111
op
12 3 1 2 3
In k P T
92
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
cch Hamming cc tiu dmin = 3. Tt nhin cc m Hamming c thuc tnh l khong cch
Hamming cc tiu lun lun bng 3 khng ph thuc vo m. Do dmin = 3 nn t cc phng trnh
.v
(4.1) v (4.2) ta thy cc m ny ch c th sa c mt li v pht hin c hai li.
Quan h ny cho m Hamming (7,4) c cho bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2. Bng gii m cho m Hamming (7,4)
Syndrome
000
Mu li
0000000
du
.e
100 1000000
010 0100000
001 0010000
110 0001000
tit
011 0000100
111 0000010
101 0000001
.p
4.4.2. a thc to m
93
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
xt phn trc.
a thc to m ca m vng c cc thuc tnh sau.
.v
Thuc tnh 1: a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k) l n nht ngha rng n l a
thc t m bc (n-k) cc tiu duy nht.
sau:
c(x) = a(x)g(x)mod(xn-1) du
Thuc tnh 2: Mi bi s ca a thc to m g(x) l mt a thc t m mi, xc nh nh
.e
trong a(x) l mt a thc ca x.
Hay: Mt a thc bc n-1 hay thp hn l mt a thc t m ch v ch khi n l bi s
ca g(x).
tit
trong gi={0,1}
Cn m(x) l a thc ca khi bn tin k bit c biu din nh sau:
m(x) = m0 + m1x + m2x2 + . . . . . . . + mk-1xk-1 (4.24)
en
b ,b ,....., b
op
n k 1 ,m 0 ,m 1 ,.....,m k 1 (4.25)
1 4 4 2 4 43 1 44 2 4 43
0 1
n-k bit chn l k bit bn tin
94
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
x n k m ( x) b ( x)
= a ( x) + (4.27)
g ( x) g ( x)
hay :
n
xn-k m(x) = a(x)g(x) + b(x) (4.28)
trong :
.v
a(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . . . + ak-1 xk-1 (4.29)
v:
b(x) = b0 + b1 x + . . . . . + bn-k-1 xn-k-1
du (4.30)
Trong s hc mun 2 b(x) = - b(x), nn ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.26) nh sau:
c(x)= b(x) + xn-k m(x) = a(x)g(x) (4.31)
.e
Bc ca phn d b(x) lun lun nh hn bc ca s chia: n-k. Cc h s ca phn d b(x)
chnh l cc bit chn l.
T phn tch trn ta c th tng kt cc bc trong qu trnh thc hin m ho cho mt m
tit
sau:
h(x) g(x) = 1 + xn (4.32)
trong h(x) l mt a thc chn l dnh ngha nh sau:
op
h(x)g(x)mod(xn-1) = 0 (4.33)
hay t phng trnh (4.31), ta c:
h(x)c(x)mod(xn-1) = 0 (4.34)
95
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Thuc tnh ny cung cp cho ta c s chn a thc to m hay a thc kim tra chn l.
Chng hn ta c th pht biu rng nu a thc g(x) l mt a thc bc n-k v ng thi l mt
tha s ca 1 + xn th n l mt a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k). Tng t ta c th pht
biu rng nu h(x) l mt a thc bc k v ng thi l tha s ca 1 + xn th n l mt a thc
kim tra chn l ca m vng (tun hon) (n,k).
Mi tha s ca 1 + xn c bc (n-k) (s cc bit chn l) u c th c s dng nh mt a
thc to m. Khi gi tr n ln, a thc 1 + xn c th c nhiu tha s bc n-k. Mt s trong s ny
to ra cc m vng tt cn mt s khc li to ra cc m vng ti hn. Vn tm ra cch chn
m vng tt l mt vn rt kh m cc nh bc hc mt nhiu cng nghin cu.
Th d 4.2 Cc m Hamming
minh ho cc vn lin quan n vic trnh by a thc cho cc m vng ta kho st
qu trnh to ra mt m vng (7,4) cho m Hamming. Vi di t m n = 7, ta thc hin khai
trin a thc 1 + x7 vo ba a thc tha s ti gin nh sau:
x7 + 1 = (1 + x)(1 + x2 + x3) (1 + x + x3 )
n
a thc ti gin l a thc khng th phn chia thnh tha s bng cch s dng cc a
thc c cc h s l m c s hai. Mt a thc ti gin bc m c gi l a thc nguyn thu nu
.v
tn ti quan h n = 2m - 1, trong n l bc ca a thc 1+xn chia ht cho a thc nguyn thu.
Vy th d ang xt ta ch c hai a thc nguyn thuy l (1 + x2 + x3) v (1 + x + x3). Gi s ta
chn:
g(x) = 1 + x + x3
du
lm a thc to m vi bc bng s cc bit chn l, th a thc kim tra chn l s l a
thc sau:
.e
h(x) = (1 + x) (1 + x2 + x3)
= 1 + x + x 2 + x4
tit
c bc bng s cc bit ca khi bn tin.
By gi ta s xt cc th tc to m cho mt khi bn tin 1001 bng cch s dng a thc
to m ni trn. Trc ht ta vit a thc khi bn tin nh sau:
.p
m(x) = 1 + x3
Nhn a thc bn tin vi xn-k = x3, ta c:
en
x3 (1 + x3) = x3 + x6
Sau ta chia tch trn cho a thc to m nhn c phn d b(x).
op
96
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
x + x+1
3
+x
6 3
x 3
x +x
x +x +x
6 4 3
4
x
x +x +x
4 2
x +x
2
n
= x + x3 +
1+ x + x 3 1+ x + x3
.v
Vy ta c a thc ca thng v phn d l:
a(x) = x + x3
b(x) = x + x2
S b m ho vng
Trong phn trc chng ta thy rng th tc m ho vng (n,k) bao gm ba bc sau:
1. Nhn xn-k vi a thc bn tin m(x)
en
97
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
g1 g2 g n k 1
n
nhn chng vi nhau. Chng hn nu gi = 1 th b nhn c ngha l "ni trc tip", cn nu gi = 0
th b nhn c ngha l "khng ni". Mi ln c sn tng ca xung ng h, ni dung ca thanh
.v
ghi dch li dch i mt v tr theo chiu mi tn.
Hot ng ca s hnh 4.5 nh sau:
1.u tin cc flip-flop c t vo khng v kho chuyn mch CM1 pha trn ca s
du
v tr ng mch, v kho chuyn mch pha di v tr di. k bit bn tin dch vo knh
v b to m to ra (n-k) bit chn l trong thanh ghi dch (nhc la rng cc bit chn l ny c
cng gi tr nh cc h s ca phn d b(x) ).
2. Sau kho chuyn mch trn ngt v kho chuyn mch di chuyn vo v tr trn.
.e
Ni dung ca thanh ghi dch c dch vo knh.
Th d 4.3. B lp m vng Hamming (7.4)
tit
98
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
Syndrome
Gi thit t m c = (c0, c1, . . . . , cn-1) c truyn trn mt knh c tp m. dn n thu
.v
c t m y = (y0, y1, . . . . ., yn-1). Bc u tin gii m cho mt m khi tuyn tnh l phi
tnh Syndrome cho t m thu. Nu Syndrome bng khng th t thu khng b li, ngc li nu
Syndrome khc khng th t ny b mc li v cn sa n.
(4.35)
.e
tnh Syndrome ta chia a thc y(x) cho a thc to m g(x). Gi s a(x) l thng cn
s(x) l phn d ca kt qu chia, ta c th biu din y(x) nh sau:
y(x) = a(x) g(x) + s(x) (4.36)
tit
li truyn dn t m thu c.
B tnh ton Syndrome c s ging nh b to m ch khc ch cc bit ca t m thu
c c a vo (n-k) tng ca thanh ghi dch c hi tip t pha bn tri (xem hnh 4.7). Sau
en
khi cc bit cu t m thu dch ht vo thanh ghi dch, ni dung ca thanh ghi ny s xc nh
syndrome s. Bit c s ta c th xc nh c mu li v a ra c quyt nh sa nh xt
phn trc.
op
99
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
CM1
g1 g2 g n k 1
Cc bit thu
F-F F-F F-F F-F F-F
y(t)
n
CM
.v
Cc bit thu
F-F F-F
du
F-F
.e
Hnh 4.8. B etnh syndrom cho m vng (7.4) vi a thc g(x)=1+x+x2
Ga s t m pht l (0111001) v t m thu l (0110001); ngha l bit gia b sai. Ni dung
thanh ghi dch ca b tnh syndrome trong trng hp ny c cho bng 4.4.
tit
Bng 4.4. Ni dung b tnh syndrome hnh 4.8 khi t m thu (0110001)
.p
3 0 001
4 0 110
5 1 111
6 1 001
op
7 0 110
Sau by ln dch syndrome c xc nh bng 110. V syndrome khc khng t m nhn
c b mc li. T bng 4.4 ta c mu li tng ng l 0001000, ngha l bit gia ca t m
b li.
100
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
4.4.3. li m ha
E E
G(dB)= b [dB] - b [dB]
N 0 u N 0 c
trong ch s "u" v "c" k hiu cho khng m ha v m ha tng ng.
4.5. M XON
4.5.1 M u
n
ca b lp m, cn s nguyn n l tng s bit hay k hiu cu t m u ra ca b lp m. r =
k/n c gi l t l m, l s o nh gi lng d c b sung. M xon c trnh by bi
.v
ba s nguyn: n, k v K, trong r = k/n cng c gi l t l m nh trng hp hp m khi.
S nguyn K c gi l di hn ch ; n th hin s ln dch cc i ca mt nhm k bit bn
tin m trong nhm k bit ny vn cn gy nh hng u ra b to m. Mt c tnh quan trng
ca cc m xon khc bit so vi cc m khi l b to m ca chng c b nh, nn qu trnh
4.5.2. To m xon
du
to ra n phn t u ra ca cc b lp m ny khng ch ph thuc vo k bit u vo m cn
.e
S tng qut ca mt b lp m xon c cho hnh 4.9.
tit
.p
en
op
101
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
M xon c to ra bng cch cho mt chui bit thng tin i qua cc tng nh (thng l
cc thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh tuyn tnh trng thi hn ch). Tng qut cc b nh trong b m
ho xon bao gm M tng (k bit mi tng) v n b to hm i s tuyn tnh dng cng
modul-2 nh hnh 4.9. Cc bit s liu u vo ca b m ho c dch vo b nh mi ln k
bit. S cc bit u ra ca b lp m cho mi ln dch k bit u vo l n bit, trong k<n. Tng t
nh i vi m khi tuyn tnh, t s r = k/n c gi l t l m. Theo nh ngha v di hn
ch th K=M+1 nu u vo ca b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng mdul2, tri li nu
u vo ny khng c ni n cc b cng modul 2 th di hn ch K=M.
Trong ti liu ny ta ch xt cc b lp m xon hay c s dng vi k = 1. Trong trng
hp ny M b nh s ch c mt phn t nh v tr thnh thanh ghi dch M tng. i vi cc b
lp m ny mi ln c mt bit m dch vo thanh ghi th tt c cc bit trc dch mt tng sang
bn phi, v trong trng hp tng qut n u ra ca cc b cng c ly mu ln lt v c
pht i. V c n bit u ra i vi mt bit u vo nn t l m l: r = 1/n. Ngoi ra ta ch xt
trng hp K=M (u vo b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng modul2). S tng qut
ca b m ha xon ny c cho hnh 4.10.
n
.v
m
du
g1 g2 gj gn
c ,1 c ,2 c ,j c ,n
.e
c =c ,1,c ,2,..,c ,j,...,c ,n
tit
2. a thc to m
3. Biu cy
4. Biu trang thi
op
5. Biu li
102
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
4.5.3.1. Chui to m
n
p=0,1,2,..., M l s th t ca phn t nh (p=0 tng ng vi u vo ca phn t nh
th nht)
.v
Cc khi ny c phn cch vi nhau bng cc on ui K-1 cc s 0 cc on ny
khng nh hng ln nhau (trong trng ny ta c K-1=M), khi ny chui vo b lp m c dng
du
sau:
M
cl ,j = g p ,j m l p , l = 0,1, 2,.., L + M 1
p=0
j = 1, 2,...., n (4.41)
pl
103
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
4.5.3.2. a thc to m
n
trong h s ci,j=0/1 tng ng vi bit i u ra j.
minh ha cch s dng chui to m v a thc to m ta xt th d di y.
.v
Th d 4.6.
Gi s b to m c cho trn hnh 4.11.
du c1
.e
m
D D
tit
c2
.p
n
c3,1 = g0,1 m3 + g1,1 m2 + g2,1 m1 = 11 + 00 + 10 = 1
c4,1 = g0,1 m4 + g1,1 m3 + g2,1 m2 = 11 + 01 + 10 = 1
.v
c5,1 = g0,1 m5 + g1,1 m4+g2,1m3 = 10 + 01 +11 = 1
c6,1 = g0,1 m6+ g1,1 m5 + g2,1 m4 = 10 +00+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh trn l :
c1 = (1011111)
Tng t i vi nhnh di j=2 ta c:
du
.e
c0,2 = g0,2 m0 = 1 1 = 1
c1,2 = g0,2 m1 + g1,2 m0 = 10 + 1 1 = 1
tit
c2 = (1111001)
op
Bng cch s dng a thc to m cc phng trnh (4.42), (4.43) v (4.44), ta c th vit:
m(x) = 1 + x3 + x4
g1(x) = 1 + x2
g2(x) = 1+x + x2
c1(x) = (1 + x3 + x4) ( 1 + x2) = 1+ x2 + x3 + x5 +x4+ x6
=1+ x2 + x3 + x4+ x5 + x6
hay: c1 = (c0,1, c1,1, c2,1, c3,1, c4,1, c5,1, c6,1) = ( 1 0 1 1 1 1 1)
c2(x) = ( 1 + x3 + x4 )( 1 + x + x2 ) = 1 + x3 + x4 + x + x4 +x5+x2+x5+x6
=1+x+x2+x3+x5
hay: c2 = (c0,2, c1,2, c2,2, c3,2, c4,2, c5,2, c6,2) = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 )
Cui cng ta c chui u ra l ghp xen ca hai chui trn nh sau:
n
c = ( 11 01 11 11 1010 11 )
Nh vy chui bn tin vo 5 bit cng thm hai bit dui bng "0" khi u hai tng sau
.v
ca thanh ghi dch vo trng thi "0" chng khng nh hng ln chui bit tip theo ta s c
7 bit. Do vy t l m trong trng hp ny l r= 1/2 .
Trong thc t chui hay a thc to m gj xc nh tr ca bit vo i khi a ln nhnh
(bng 4.9).
Bng 4.9. Th d v tnh ton m xon cho b lp m 4.11.du
cng j, nn ta c th d dng xc inh chui u ra ca b to m bng cch lp bng nh sau
.e
Chui bn tin m 1 0 0 1 1
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m' 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
tit
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
c1 = m'+m'x2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
.p
c2 = m'+m'x+m'x2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
c 11 01 11 11 10 10 11
en
bng 4.9 sau khi thc hin b sung hai bit ui vo chui bit u vo ca b lp
m, ta thc hin tr mt bit (dch ton b chui sang phi mt bit), tr hai bit (dch chui sang
phi hai bit). Sau thc hin cng 1/ vi 3/ (tng ng vi g1,1 =1, g2,1 = 0 v g3,1 = 1) c
c1 v 1/ vi 2/ v vi 3/ (tng ng vi g1,2 = 1, g2,2 = 1, g3,2 =1) c c2. Cui cng kha
op
106
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
.v
4.5.4. Biu trng thi
Hnh 4.12. B to m xon r=1/2, M=3, K=M+1=9
du
.e
Biu trng thi bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi nhau bng cc nhnh th hin s
chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng thi c nh nhn bng
cc bit u ra cu b to m. Trng thi ca mt b to m xon c nh ngha l t hp M bit
tit
bn trng thi sau: S0 = (00), S1= (10), S2=(01) v S3=(11). Khi cc bit mi c a vo, hai bit
ni trn s kt hp vi cc bit vo to ra hai bit ra v trng thi c chuyn i. Chuyn i
trng thi dc th hin bng mt nhnh ni gia trng thi c v mi. Nhnh t nt trn hnh v
en
107
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
00
S0=00
11 11
00
S1=10 S2=01
01
10 10
S3=11
n
01
.v
4.5.5. Biu li
du
bng cc nhnh th hin s chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng
thi cng c nh nhn bng cc bit u ra cu b to m. Tuy nhin biu li cho php ta
theo di c qu trnh hot ng ca b to m theo thi gian. Biu li cho b to m trn
hnh 4.11 c v trn hnh 4.14.
.e
Cc bit vo
m 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
tit
00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S0=00
11 11 11 11 11 11 11
11 11 11 11 11 11 11
.p
S1=10
00 00 00 00 00 00 00
01 01 01 01 01 01 01
en
S2=01 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
01 01 01 01 01 01 01
S3=11
Cc k hiu ra
op
c 11 01 11 11 10 10 11
108
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Biu li trn hnh 4.14 cho thy t mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh ra v n
mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh hi t vo.
Hnh 4.14 cng cho thy ng dn qua li (ng m nt) khi cho cc bit u vo cng
vi hai bit ui nh th d 4.6 l: m=(1001100). ng dn bt u t trng thi S0=00 (y l
trng thi tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui bit trc chui ang xt) v cng kt thc ti trng
thi S0=00 (tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui ang xt). Da trn hai bit u ra ca mi nhnh
trn ng dn ny ta c th tm c cc k hiu m u ra: c=(11 01 11 11 10 10 11).
n
%
c(m) l mt trong s cc vect c th c pht (mt trong s cc ng dn c th xy ra trn
%
biu li). Nhim v ca b gii m l phi chn ra trong s cc vect c(m)
.v
c th c (hay s
ng dn trn li tng ng vi chng) mt vect (hay ng dn) gn nht vi vect v.
lm iu ny ngi ta s dng quy tc quyt nh theo kh nng ging nht t phng trnh
du
(3.26). Trong trng hp ny ta c th biu din quy tc ny nh sau:
Quyt m nu
% %
ln P( v | cm ) = max lnP(v| c(m) ) i vi mi c(m) (4.45)
.e
%
V knh khng nh nn hm kh nng ging P(v| c(m) ) c xc nh nh sau
I
ln P(v| c(m) ) = ln P(vi | ci( m%) )
%
tit
i=1
I n
= ln P (v ji | c (jim%) ) (4.46)
.p
i =1 j =1
%
l nhnh i ca mt chui t m c(m)
%
trong : vi l nhnh i ca chui thu v, c(m
i
)
c xt (i l s
en
109
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
.v
Hnh 4.15. Th d gii thch cc k hiu trong phng trnh (4.45)
Hnh 4.15 cho thy li vi nm nhnh i=1,2,3,4,5. Mi nhnh c hai k hiu m (n=2)
ji
i j =1
(Soft decision).
Gii m theo (4.46) i hi khi lng tnh ton ln v v th b nh ln. Viterbi a ra
mt gii thut cho php gim ng k khi lng tnh ton. Nghin cu biu li (xem hnh
4.15) ng thy rng cc ng dn xut pht t trng thi S0 i qua li s hi nhp ti mt nt
op
I
PM(v,c) = d i (4.49)
i=1 min
Phng trnh (4.48) ch ra rng ta phi chn ng dn c tng khong cch Hamming ca
cc nhnh so vi chui thu l nh nht.
Di y ta s trnh by gii m quyt nh cng theo Viterbi cho s m ha c xt
n
trong trn hnh 4.11 v th d hnh 4.15, trong chui k hiu thu c chuyn thnh 0 v 1
nh trn hnh 4.16. Lu rng trn hnh ny cc nhnh c nh nhn bng khong cch
.v
Hamming gia cc k hiu thu v cc k hiu m c xt.
du
.e
tit
.p
en
111
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
S1=10 1
0 1
0
2 2
S2=01
2
S3=11 0
S o trng thi
n
b) Li n thi im t4 khi chn ng sng st (s o ng dn tch ly
n thi im t4)
t1 2 t3
.v
t2 t4
S0=00 PMS0=1
0 1
S1=10
0
1
1
0 du PMS1=1
.e
2
S2=01 PMS2=3
tit
S3=11 0 PMS3=2
4.6. M TURBO
4.6.1. M u
en
112
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
d free 2 + (n 1) ( 2M 1 + 2 ) (4.50)
Ngoi ra du bng trong cng thc trn t c khi m trn to m c dng sau:
g ( x) g ( x)
g ( x) = 1, 1 ,...., n 1 (4.51)
Q( x) Q( x)
Trong Q(x) l mt a thc nguyn thy trn GF(2) bc M, g1(x), gn-1(x) l cc a thc
khc Q(x) c dng (1+.+gixp++xM), p=1,,M; gi(0,1); x l ton t tr v thng k hiu D
c s dng thay cho n.
PCCC c xy dng trn c s ba tng sau:
n
Chuyn i cc m xon khng h thng vo cc m xon h thng
.v
S dng gii m vo mm ra mm. Thay v s dng cc quyt nh cng, b gii m
s s dng cc xc sut v s liu thu to ra u ra mm. u ra ny cng cha
thng tin v mc chc chn ca cc bit u ra
du
Cc b m ha v gii m hot ng hot ng trn cc phin bn c hon v ca
cng mt thng tin. iu ny t c bng cch s dng b an xen.
Gii thut gii m lp da trn hai khi nim sau cng ni trn s tinh lc u ra sau mi
bc lp ging nh u my turbo trong my bay. Chnh v th m ny c gi l m turbo.
.e
Di y ta s xt nguyn l xy dng PCCC cho m turbo
M xon c coi l m xon h thng (SC: Systematic Convolutional) khi cc bit thng tin
c a trc tip ra u ra. Trng hp ngc li m xon c coi l phi h thng. Trong h
cc m SC, cc m hi quy c c bit quan tm v chng c hiu nng tt hn cc m phi h
.p
113
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
dk
Sk0 Sk1
ck
n
y l b m ha c nh ngha bi a thc 5/7.
Ma trn to m trong trng hp ny c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
.v
g ( x)
g( x ) = 1, 1
Q( x )
= 1,
1 + x2
1 + x + x 2
Ti u ra ca b m ha ta nhn c chui m:
du (4.52)
.e
C1,N=(c1, c2,ck.., cN) (4.53)
Trong Ck= (dk, ck), dk l bit u vo b m ha ti thi im k v ck l bit c m ha
tit
ti thi im k, k=1,2,..,N.
Ta s m t cu trc li cu b m ha ny trn hnh 4.19. Trn hnh ny, ta c tt c cc
chuyn i trng thi c th c ca b m ha. Mi nhnh ca li cung cp cho ta ba thng tin.
.p
l: cc trng thi cu nhnh (trng thi hin ti v trng thi tip theo), u ra c m ha ca
b m ha (ck) v bit s liu khng m ha ca chuyn i (dk).
en
op
114
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
sksk
0 1 (d k c k )
00 00 00 00
a=0 0 dk = 0
11 11 11 11 dk = 1
11 11 11 11
b=1 0
00 00 00 00
10 10 10 10
c=0 1 01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01
10 10 10 10
d=1 1
n
Nu ta chn ng t nt m ca li trn hnh v, ta c th thy rng b m ha i t
.v
trng thi 00 n 10 khi bit ti u vo b m ha l 1. Ngoi ra s liu c m ha ti u ra
ca b m ha s l 1 (ck=1) v cp bit u ra ca b m ha s l 11 (dk=1, ck=1).
du
Khi bit c chui bit thu c t knh tp m, mt cch gii m chui pht l tm mt
ng dn c xc sut ln nht trong s tt c cc ng dn c th c ca li. iu ny c th
thc hin c bng gii thut Viterbi. Ta s khng s dng gii thut Viterbi v cc u ra ca n
ch c cc quyt nh cng. Thay vo ta s dng gii thut MAP cho php cc u ra mm.
Gii thut ny da trn vic tm kim bit c xc sut ln nht, khi bit chui bit b tp m.
.e
4.6.3. S b to m turbo
Hnh 4.20 cho thy s b to m turbo dc xy dnng trn hai b to m RSC trn hnh
tit
4.18.
.p
en
op
115
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
dk
ck(1)
A
D D
B Ck
B an ck(2)
xen
A
D D
n
B
.v
Hnh 4.20. B to m turbo da trn b to m RSC hnh 4.18.
du
Nguyn l hot ng ca b to m turbo nh sau. Khi u cc trng thi thanh ghi dch
trong cc m m ha RSC thnh phn c t vo 0. Sau N bit ca chui s liu mt mt
c a ra trc tip, mt khc c dch vo cc b m ha thnh phn theo v tr trn ca
chuyn mch trn hnh v. u ra ca b to m ta c N t hp hai bit hoc ba bit ty thuc
vo s bit c m ha c gi i cng vi mi bit khng m ha, nh vy t l m c th l r=1/2
.e
hoc 1/3 (xem hnh 4.21).
tit
.p
d4 d3 c1 d2 d1
(2)
d4 d3 d2 d1 c (2)
3
(1) (2) (1) (1)
(1)
(2) (1) (2) (1) (2)
c 4 c 4 c 3 c 2 c 2 c1
c 4 c 3 c 2 c1
en
Sau khi a ra N bit thng tin cng vi cc bit c m ha tng ng. Kha chuyn
op
116
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
For I:=1toN
Indata[int[I]:=dat[I]
.v
Hnh 4.22 cho thy th d vi N=10.
du
mt a chi mi ngu nhin
Mi s liu tng ng
.e
tit
.p
en
op
117
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Khi s dng cc m turbo, qu trnh gii m l qu trnh lp. Cc gii thut ny c hai khi
gii m vo mm ra mm (SISO) hot ng gn b vi nhau. C hai loi gii thut gii m turbo
chnh hin ang c s dng cho cc b gii m turbo SISO: gii thut Viterby ra mm
(VA/SOVA) v gii thut cc i hu nh (MAP), gii thut ny cng c bit n nh l gii
thut BCJT theo tn ca cc tc gi Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek v Ravive. C hai gii thut u da trn
li. Gii thut MAP l gii thut tt nht trong s hai gii thut ni trn, v th trong ti liu ny
ta ch xt MAP.
n
bit u vo b m ha v ck bit c m ha m ha ti thi im k. Ta c:
xk= ak+nk (4.54)
.v
yk=bk+mk (4.55)
trong :
du
ak= (1-2dk) l k hiu ca bit khng m ha (thng tin h thng)
bk= (1-2ck) l k hiu ca bit c m ha (s liu kim tra chn l)
k=1,2,..., N
.e
Mc ch cu gii m MAP l tm ra dk c xc sut cao nht khi cho trc R1,N. iu ny
t c bng cch tnh log hm kh nng ging (LLR: Log likelihood ratio) k cho tng dk, hm
ny c nh ngha nh sau:
tit
P(dk = 1 R1,N
L (dk ) = ln (4.56)
P (dk = 0 R1.N
.p
Nu L (dk ) 0 dk = 0
en
. (4.57)
Nu L (dk ) < 0 dk = 1
( ) (
P dk = 0 R1,N = P dk = 0, Sk = m R1,N ) (4.58)
m
Tng t
118
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
( ) (
P dk = 1 R1,N = P dk = 1, Sk = m R1,N ) (4.59)
m
( )
Ta t k ,i (m) = P dk = i, Sk = m R1,N vi i=0 hoc 1 v cng tt c cc trng thi c th
c ca b gii m, ta c:
k ,0 (m )
L (dk ) = ln m (4.60)
k ,1 (m )
m
(
trong k ,i (m) = P dk = i, Sk = m R1,N ) l xc sut m ti thi im k, trng thi cu b gii
m l Sk , bit pht bng i khi cho trc chui k hiu thu R1,N. Gi s:
R1,N=[Rk-1,Rk,Rk+1], ta c th vit li k ,i (m ) vo dng sau:
n
k ,i (m) = P dk = i, Sk = m R Rk Rk+1 (4.61)
.v
1 44 2 4 43 {k-1 { {
A B C D
S dng quy tc Bayes sau y:
P(A | B, C, D) =
=
P(A, B, C, D) P(B | A, C, D)P(A, C, D)
P(B, C, D)
=
P(B, C, D)
( ) ( )
tit
P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) / P ( R1,N ) (4.62)
.p
P ( Rk 1 dk = i, Sk = m, Rk , Rk +1 ) = P ( Rk 1 Sk = m ) = k (m) (4.63)
op
119
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
( ) ( )
P RkN+1 dk = i, Sk = m, Rk = P RkN+1 Sk +1 = f (i, m) = k +1 ( f (i, m)) (4.64)
P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) = k ,i (m) (4.65)
k ,i (m) c gi l s o nhnh (Branch Metric). N biu din xc sut pht lin hip dk,
thu k hiu Rk ti trng thi m.
n
S dng cc phng trnh (4.62)-(4.65) ta c cc phng trnh sau.
k (m) k ,i (m) k +1,i ( f (i, m))
.v
k ,i (m) = (4.66)
P(R1,N )
k (m) k ,0 (m) k +1,0 ( f (0, m ))
L (dk ) = ln m
k (m) k ,1 (m ) k +1,1 ( f (1, m))
m du (4.67)
.e
4.6.4.2. Tnh ton s o nhnh k ,i (m)
k ,i (m) = P ( dk = i, Sk = m, Rk ) = P ( Rk dk = i, Sk = m ) P ( dk = i, Sk = m )
= P ( Rk dk = i, Sk = m ) P ( Sk = m dk = i ) P ( dk = i ) (4.68)
.p
P ( Sk = m dk = i ) =
1
(4.69)
2M
K hiu P(dk=i)=k,i. Ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.68) nh sau:
op
k ,i 1 x a 2
k ,i (m ) = exp - k k ,i
dxk
2M 2 2
120
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
1 1 y b (m) 2
exp - k k ,i dyk (4.70)
2 2
Lu ch bk,i l ph thuc vo trng thi m. n gin ha phng trnh (4.70) bng cch
loi b cc tha s chung cho mu v t trong phng trnh (4.70), ta c:
1
2 ( k k ,i
k ,i (m) = k ,i exp x a + yk bk ,i (m) ) (4.71)
Hnh 4.23 th hin k ,i (m) trn biu li.
( x 2 y2 ) ( x 3 y3 )
2,0 (00)
2,1 (01)
3,1 (01)
2,0 (01)
3,1 (10)
n
2,0 (10)
3,1 (11)
.v
du
Hnh 4.23. Th hin k ,i (m) trn li
Nu ta xt th d cho hai nhnh trn hnh 4.23, s dng phng trnh (4.71) vi coi rng
.e
k,i=1/2 ta c:
1 1
2,0 (01) = exp ( x2 1 + y2 1)
2 2
tit
1 1
3,1 (01) = exp ( x3 1 + y3 1)
2 2
.p
Biu thc k (m ) c gi l s o trng thi thun v n biu din s o trng thi cho
en
chuyn i t trng thi m sang trng thi tip theo, ti thi im k. T phng trnh (4.63) ta c
th biu din k (m) l tng tt c xc sut chuyn i trng thi c th xy ra nh sau:
1
k (m) = P ( dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 Sk = m ) (4.72)
op
m ' j =0
Biu din Rk-1 thng qua [ Rk-2 , Rk-1] v s dng quy tc Bayes ta c th vit li phng trnh
(4.72) nh sau:
121
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
1
k (m) = P ( Rk 2 Sk = m, dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 )
m ' j =0
P ( dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = m ', Rk 1 Sk = m )
1
k (m) = P ( Rk 2 Sk 1 = b j (m) ) P ( dk 1 = j , Sk 1 = b j (m), Rk 1 ) (4.73)
j =0
trong bj(m) biu th cho trng thi trc k chuyn n trng thi m khi bit u vo l j.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.63) v (4.64) ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.73) nh sau:
1
k (m) = k 1 (b j (m)) k , j (b j (m)) (4.74)
j =0
n
.v
k (00) = k 1 (00) k 1,0 (00) + k 1 (10) k 1,0 (10)
du
k +1 (10) = k (00) k ,1 (00) + k (01) k ,1 (01)
.e
tit
Biu thc k(m) rt ging vi biu thc k(m). Thay v tnh tt c thun theo thi gian, ta
tnh ton chng ngc theo thi gian. Chnh v th chng c gi l cc s o trng thi ngc.
122
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
(
k (m) = P ( Rk Sk = m ) = P Rk , RkN+1 Sk = m ) (4.76)
( )
1
k (m) = P dk = j , Sk +1 = m ', Rk , RkN+1 Sk = m (4.77)
m ' j =0
( )
1
k (m) = P RkN+1 Sk = m, dk = j , Sk +1 = m '
m ' j =0
P ( dk = j , Sk +1 = m ', Rk Sk = m ) (4.78)
Sk=m, dk=j hon ton xc nh trng thi dn n Sk+1=m'=f(j,m),(trng thi tip m) khi cho
n
trc u vo j v m nn trong thnh phn th hai ca phng trnh (4.77) ta c th thay Sk+1 =m'
bng Sk=m v vit li phng trnh (4.77) nh sau:
.v
( )
1
k (m) = P RkN+1 Sk +1 = f (i, m) P ( dk = j , Sk = m, Rk )
j =0
1
= k , j (m) k +1 ( f ( j , m ))
j =0
10
.p
01
11
en
ng. Hi quy ngc c khi u bng cch buc trng thi cui cng tr v 0 v t:
N + M ,i (00) = 1 v N+ M,i (m 0) = 0 (4.80)
j=0
B gii m turbo trn c s b gii m SISO (Soft in soft out) c cho trn hnh 4.26.
n
a ( dk )
xk (dk )
.v
yk
du
Cc b gii m SISO tnh ton u ra mm (Soft Output) LLR L(d k ) ba thng tin u vo:
.e
Thng tin tin nh La (d k ) l xc sut tin nh bit dk
tnh ton thng tin mm u ra b gii m SISO s dng gii thut MAP
Ta c th tnh LLR ti u ra ca SISO cho bit thng tin dk trong iu kin cho trc ton
b chui k hiu thu theo phng trnh (4.56) nh sau:
en
P(dk = 1 R1,N
L (dk ) = ln
P(dk = 0 R1,N
124
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Le (d j ) l thng tin ngoi lai c rt ra t tt c yk ' , xk ' , La (dk ' ) ; k' khc k v
Lc=4Es/N0, thng tin ny khng ph thuc vo cc u vo hin thi cu b gii m. Ta c th coi
Le (d j ) l thnh phn hiu chnh do b gii m to ra hiu chnh mi sai li trong knh.
tng cng hiu qu gii m, ngi ta s dng hai b gii m SISO ni trn mc ni tip
nhau, trong hiu s gia thng tin mm u ra ( L(d ) ) vi thng tin mm u vo ca b gii
k
m th nht ( La (dk ) )s c s dng lm u vo cho b gii m tip theo. Theo phng trnh
(4.81) ta c u vo cu b gii m th hai nh sau:
tng hiu sut gii m, qu trnh gii m turbo c thc hin theo mt qu trnh lp
nh trn hnh 4.27. Trong qu trnh ny nhiu b gii m MAP theo nguyn l SISO ni trn c
n
s dng.
B gii m turbo lp trn hnh 4.27 c xy dng trn c s cc cp b gi m thnh
.v
phn mc ni tip nhau. Ti thi im k, c ba kiu u vo: thng tin h thng
x = ( x1 , x2 ,....., xN ,..., xN + M ) , thng tin d y = ( y1 , y2 ,....., y N ,..., y N + M ) v thng tin tin nh
{ }
du
(thng tin ngoi lai) v bit thng tin Le = L1 (d1 ), L2 (d 2 ),....., LN (dN ),..., LN + M (d N + M ) .
a ( d j ) b loi tr khi L1 ( d j ) c , Lc x j + Le ( d j ) .
(1)
Trn hnh 4.27 ta thy rng L(1)
cch cc k hiu lin k trong chui pht. Sau an xen, s liu L x + L(1) (d ) c a vo b
c i e j
gii m MAP2.
en
i vi b gii m MAP2 ,thng tin tin nh ca n l thng tin ngoi lai nhn c t
b gii m MAP1, nn nu t: L(1) (d ) = L(2) (d ) , ta c:
e i a i
L2 (dh ) = Lc xh + L(2)
a ( dh ) + Le ( dh )
(2)
(4.84)
op
125
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Lc xi + L(1)
e ( di ) mc t li hn xi, nn b m ha th hai s hiu chnh li tt hn khi s dng
yk(2) .
n vi Lc x h + L(2)
a ( dh ) c L (dh ) . Sau ta gii an xen n c
(2)
e
(1)
e ( d k ) = La ( d k ) , trong l tng tr ca b gii m MAP1, b an xen, b gii m
L(2)
MAP2 v b gii an xen. Khi ny L(1)
a ( d k ) s tr thnh thng tin tin nh cho b gii m 1 v
n
L1 (dh )
Lcxk D
Channel 0 Lc x j + L(1)
e (d j )
MAP1 Le (dh ) e (dk )
.v
Int Int MAP2
Decoder L1 (di ) Deint
Decoder
Lc yk(1) 1 (dj )
RSC2
Lc yk(2) L2 (dh )
Channel
du dh
dk
Deint
.e
L(1)
a ( dk ) L(1)
a ( d j )
Interation 2
D Lc xh + L(2)
a ( di )
D
Lc xk + L(1)
a ( dk ) Lc x j + L(1)
e ( d j )
Le (dh )
MAP1 INT Le (dh 2 )
MAP2
tit
Decoder Deint
Decoder
Lc xk (1) 1 (d j )
Lc yk Lc xi + e(1) ( di )
L2 (dh )
Lc yk(2)
.p
dh
Deint
dk
en
D l tr ca qu trnh gi m 1 v gii m 2
Tr l tr ca mt ln lp ca qu trnh gii m
op
2)
L(1/
a (dk / i ) l thng tin tin nh ti u vo b gii m th nht (hoc th 2) ca mt ln
lp
126
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
cui cng cng vi Lcxk. B gii m s thc hin quyt nh cng bng cch so snh u ra vi
ngng bng khng:
.v
L( d k ) 0, th bit c gii m bng 0
L(1)
Lu rng ta khng a L(2)
(1)
(1)
du
(1)
a ( dh ) = Le ( di D ) vo La ( d k ) , v sau khi gii an xen,
(1)
e ( d i D ) tr thnh Le ( d k ) . V sau gii an xen li cm trong Le ( d k ) li xut hin. nn ta
Hnh 4.28 cho thy hiu nng ca m turbo 16 trng thi, t l 1/2, K=5 vi g1=[11111],
g2=[10001] v b an xen c kch thc 256x256. T hnh 4.28 ta thy sau 18 ln lp, xc sut li
bit thp hn 10-5 ti Eb/N0= 0,7dB. T hnh 4.28 ta cng thy rmg khi s ln lp ln, ci thin
cht lng t c nh m ha gim.
op
127
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Pb
1
10
2
10 Khng m ha
3
10
4
10
n
10 18 5 3 2 iteration 1
.v
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Eb / N0 [dB]
4.7. TNG KT du
Hnh 4.28. Cc sut li bit ph thuc vo s ln lp v Eb/N0
.e
Chng ny xt cc phng php m ha c s dng ph bin trong thng tin v
tuyn. Cc m c chia lm hai loi m pht hin li v sa li. C hai m ny u c s dng
trong cc h thng thng tin i hi tin cy truyn dn cao, chng hn h thng thng tin di
ng. Trong chng ny trc ht tng quan v m ha kim sot li c trnh by. Mt s
tit
n m xon. Cui cng gii m xon theo kh nng ging nht da trn gii thut Viterby c
trnh by.
128
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
4.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c bng
7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
2. Tm xc sut li ban tin cho h thng truyn dn trong bi 1 cho:
n
a) Trng hp khng m ha (PM)
.v
b) Trng hp m ha (PMc)
3. Bng thng cho h thng c m ha trong bi 1 tng ln bao nhiu ln so vi h thng
khng m ha.
Eb/N0=6dB.
du
4. Mt h thng iu ch BPSK c tc bit Rb=4800bps. T s tn hiu trn tp m thu:
a) Tm xc sut li bit (Pb) v li bn tin (PM) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
.e
di 11 bit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (Pbc) v li bn tin (PMc) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
tit
sa li n
5. Cho mt b to m khi tuyn tnh c ma trn to m sau:
.p
0 1 1 1 0 0
G = 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
en
a) Tm cc t m
a) Thit k s b to m
n
11.(Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng : v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm khong cch
Hamming gia k hiu thu v k hiu pht.
.v
12.(Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
13.(Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th hai hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
14.Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
g1(x) = 1+x+x2
g2 (x)= 1+x2 du
.e
a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li
tit
15. (Tip).
a) V biu li
.p
g(x)=1+x2
a) Thit k b m ha xon h thng SC
b) V biu li.
op
1 + x2
g(x) = 1,
1 + x + x2
130
Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s
n
21. (Tip). Tnh s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric).
.v
22. (Tip).
a) in cc s o tm c trong cc bi trc ln biu li
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
131
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
CHNG 5: THIT B VI BA S
n
Cc kin trc v tuyn
5.1.2. Hng dn
.v
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
du
Hiu s khi chung ca mt thit b truyn dn v tuyn s
Hiu c hot ng ca cc phn t c bn trong thit b truyn dn s
.e
Thit k n gin cc phn t ca thit b v tuyn s
Trong chng ny ta s xt cc phn t c bn ca thit b v tuyn s. Nguyn l ca mt
s phn t ny c xt c th trong cc gio trnh cu kin in t, siu cao tn v anten v
tit
132
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
Ghp lung
S Khi Duplexer
Khi bng tn gc MODEM Khi khuych
1 khuych (B ghp
i IF
i RF song cng)
S
Ghp lung
2 M Up Isolator B lc
Radio Scram- iu Khuych RFP SCT
ha Conv
mux bler ch i IF A pht
knh -erter
D
Phn lung
RLO1 RLO2
n
D
n
.v
K hiu
Si: Source: Ngun s pht i
Di: Destination: Ni nhn lung s i
Scrambler: B ngu nhin ha
Descrambler: B gii ngu nhin ha
du
IF: Intermediate Frequency: trung tn
TLO: Transmitter Local oscillator: b giao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
RFPA: Radio frequency power amplifier: b khuych i cng
sut v tuyn
LNA: Low noise amplifier: b khuych i tp m thp
SCT: Siu cao tn
.e
Isolator: b cch ly SCT
2. Khi bng tn gc
3. Khi MODEM (iu ch v gii iu ch)
4. Khi khuych i IF (trung tn)
en
ghp chung vi lung iu khin t khi khai thc ti b Radio mux (ghp lung v tuyn) sau
lung ghp chung c a ln b m ha knh. Lung s u ra b m ha knh c ngu
nhin ha ti b ngu nhin ha (Scrambler). Sau ngu nhin ha lung s s iu ch sng mang
trung tn pht (IF: intermediate frequency). Dao ng sng mang c to ra bi b dao ng
133
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
Ti pha thu, sng v tuyn c thu t anten v c circulator theo chiu mi tn a
n b lc thu SCT. Sau b lc thu SCT tn hiu v tuyn c a n b khuych ai tp m
.v
thp (LNA: Low noise amplifier). Nhim v ca LNA l khuych i tn hiu thu nhng lm gim
t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: signal to noise ratio) t nht. Sau LNA, tn hiu thu c a
n b bin i h tn (Down converter) chuyn tn s tn hiu thu t tn s v tuyn (RF) vo
du
tn s trung tn thu IF. Ti b bin i h tn tn hiu thu RF c trn vi tn hiu n t b
dao ng ni thu RLO2 cho u ra tn hiu thu IF. Tip theo tn hiu thu IF c a ln b
khuych i trung tn thu c khuych i n mc cn thit cho cc tng sau. gim nh
hng do phainh gy ra ti u vo my thu, b khuych i IF thu c th t ng iu chnh h
s khuych i ty theo mc tn hiu u vo (di iu chnh c th ln n 80 dB). Qu trnh t
.e
ng iu chnh khuych i ny c gi l t iu khuych (AGC: Automatic Gain Control).
Ngoi ra b khuych i IF thu cng c cc mch iu chnh mo pha v bin ca tn hiu thu do
mo c tnh pha tn v bin tn ca ng truyn dn gy ra. Sau b khuych i trung tn thu,
tit
134
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
- Trong mt s trng hp ngu nhin ho cc knh v tuyn khc nhau s gim nhiu gia
cc knh ny khi chng lm vic tn s gn nhau.
Ngu nhin ho c thc hin theo hai phng php:
- Ngu nhin ho ng b (hay ngu nhin ho khi ng li).
- Ngu nhin ho d b (hay cn gi l ngu nhin ho t ng b).
Nguyn tc chung ca c hai phng php ngu nhin ho ni trn l lung s cn pht
c cng modul-2 vi lung s c s hai gi ngu nhin (PRBS: Pseudo Random Binary
Sequence) c to ra t mt b to m gi ngu nhin. Cc b to m gi ngu nhin c xy
dng trn c s cc a thc to m c cu trc l mt chui cc flip-flop mc ni tip vi nhau
hay cc thanh ghi dch c dng tng qut c cho hnh 5.2.
g1 g2 g m 1
n
gi = 1
.v
gi = 0
g ( x) = x m + g m 1 x m 1 + ... +g1 x + 1
du
B to chui gi ngu nhin trn hnh 5.2 c xc nh bi a thc thc to m sau y:
(5.1)
trong gi=0 hoc 1 ty thuc vo v tr kha trn hnh 5.2 m hay ng.
.e
S cc phn t nh trong thanh ghi dch xc nh di ca chui PRBS. Nu a thc to
m c chn hp l (a thc nguyn thu) th di ca chui PRBS t gi tr cc i v bng:
N = 2m-1
tit
135
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
g(x) = xm +xm +1
n
Hnh 5.3: Ngu nhin ha t ng b
Trong ngu nhin ho t ng b c lung s pht v thu u tham gia vo qu trnh to
.v
chui gi ngu nhin. Trn hnh 5.4 A l lung s cn pht, C l tn hiu iu khin c to ra t
b to PRBS, S l lung s sau ngu nhin ho v a thc to m c dng:
g(x)=1+xm-1+xm, (lu + theo mod-2)
nn : C = S( xm-1+xm) v tn hiu sau ngu nhin ho c dng:
S=A+C= A+S(xm-1+xm) du
Nu s liu n nh th sau khi qua b cng modul-2 n s tr thnh gi ngu nhin. Tuy
.e
nhin c mt ngai l: nu s liu ging chui gi ngu nhin th kt qu cng modul-2 s cho
chui ra ton 0. Tt nhin xc sut xy ra trng hp ny khng ln. Chng hn nu m=7 th
N=2m-1= 127, xy ra trng hp ny mu tn hiu phi cha 127 bit ging chui gi ngu
tit
A=S+C= S(1+xm-1+xm)
Vy nu mt bit ca lung thu S b mc li th li ny xy ra ba ln lung s sau gii ngu
en
136
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
My pht My thu
A Mi trng S A
S liu S
truyn dn S liu
C C
THB Dm Dm
THB
Xung khi ng li
Dm-2 Dm-2 THB: tn hiu
ng b khung
D21 D2
D1 D1
Scrambler Descrambler
n
Nu lung s pht cha mt k hiu ng b nh k chng hn tn hiu ng b khung ca
lung s, th tn hiu ny c th c s dng lm tn hiu khi ng li cho b to PRBS c
.v
phi pht ln pha thu.
Khc vi ngu nhin ho t ng b, b ngu nhin ho ng b tn hiu PBRS c
S khi ca b khi phc sng mang kho pha vng nhn pha cho BPSK c cho
op
hnh 5.6.
137
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
Hnh 5.6. S khi phc sng mang cho iu ch BPSK bng vng kha pha nhn 2.
n
Tn hiu BPSK thu Acos(2fct+(i-1) +) c a qua b lc bng thng BPF c nhn
.v
pha hai ln:
y'(t) = Acos(4fct+2(i-1) +2) = Acos(4fct+2) (5.2)
trong : i=1,2 v l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu thu v tn hiu a n t b VCO.
du
T phng trnh (5.2) ta thy thnh phn iu ch pha c loi b. Sau b lc bng
thng th hai n c nhn vi tn hiu cng c nhn pha hai ln t b dao ng iu khin
bng in p (VCO: voltage controlled oscillator):
.e
y"(t) = A cos(4fct + 2) . cos(4fct + 2')
= A/2 . cos(8fct + 2 + 2') + A/2 . cos 2( - ')
tit
(5.3)
trong ' l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu VCO
Sau b lc thng thp ta c in p sai pha a ln hiu chnh cho tn s ca b dao
.p
ng ni VCO nh sau:
Ve(t) = A/2 . cos2( - ') (5.4)
en
Qu trnh iu chnh pha dn n sai pha 2(-') trn tin ti khng v kt qu cui cng c
sng mang c khi phc c pha bng vi pha pha pht.
C th p dng s trn cho M-PSK vi vng kho pha nhn pha M ln.
op
138
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
cos ( 2 f c t + ')
sin ( 2 f c t + ')
n
.v
du
.e
Hnh 5.7. S khi phc sng mang cho M-PSK bng vng kha pha Costas
Khc vi s vng nhn pha, s ny in p sai pha c tch ra x l bng gc
sau khi thc hin tch sng. Tn hiu sau cc b lc thng thp LPF trong cho BPSK (hnh 5.7a)
tit
xc nh nh sau:
u1 (t) = A/2. cos[(i-1)+ - '] (5.5)
u2 (t) = A/2. sin [(i-1)+ - ']
.p
(5.6)
trong i=1,2 v , ' l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu thu v VCO.
Sau b nhn v b lc vng thng thp in p sai pha c xc nh nh sau:
en
nht.
T phng trnh (5.7) ta li thy rng trong qu trnh x l pha, thnh phn pha iu ch
c loi b nh nhn pha hai ln. Trong s M-PSK v M-QAM (5.7b) thnh phn ny c
139
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
loi b nh nhn pha bn ln. So vi s nhn pha M ln, kho pha vng Costas c thc hin
vng tn s thp nn c mch n n gin hn, nht l khi M tng.
5.4.3. M ho vi sai
trong : (t-T) l trng thi pha ca tn hiu c iu ch k hiu trc, (t) l trng thi pha
ca tn hiu c iu ch hin thi, T l rng ca k hiu, l hiu s pha mang thng tin
ca lung s c iu ch.
Ti pha thu bng cch s dng b gii m vi sai ta c th ly ra c hiu s pha chnh
n
xc:
= '(t)-'(t-T) (5.9)
.v
trong '(t) v '(t-T) l c tnh pha thi im xt v thi im trc ti my thu.
Nh vy ta c th khi phc li chnh xc lung s m khng cn chnh xc c tnh pha
cao.
du
S khi cho b m ho v gii m vi sai cho QPSK c cho hnh 5.8.
.e
tit
.p
en
140
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
Vic ng b k hiu gia pht v thu c th thc hin theo ba cch:
.v
1. Pht ring ng h, tuy nhin cch ny tn cng sut v chim ph.
2. Dng mch tch sng khng nht qun ly ra ng h, v ng h thng n nh
hn sng mang. Cch ny phc tp.
trn.
du
3. Khi phc ng h sau gii iu ch, cch ny trnh c nhc im ca cc cch
T
y2 = s(t )d (t )dt
0
(5.11)
en
trong s(t) l xung nh thi, dch thi cho xung nh thi m cng sm hay mun cc
nhnh tnh tng quan, d(t) s d liu nhn c t khi x l bng tn gc, dch thi s liu so
vi nh thi (+ l nh thi mun, - l nh thi nhanh).
op
141
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
T T
y2 = s (t )d (t )dt = = s (t )d (t )dt =( T-)
0
T T
y2 = s (t )d (t )dt = s (t )d (t )dt =( T-+)
0
Nh vy in p sai li Ve= y1 y2 =-2 (cc hnh gch cho trn hnh 5.9c). Sau b lc
vng in p sai li ny s iu chnh nh thi mun hn cho b dao ng iu chnh bng in
p (VCO).
n
.v
a) S ng b nh thi m cng sm mun Ly mu
T
y1 Ly tr |y1|
0
(.) d t tuyt i
T
T/H bng gc
Sm
To sng
k hiu
VCO
du Lc vng
nh thi k hiu
Ve +
-
.e
Mun
T
T
Ly tr
(.)d t
tit
tuyt i
0 y2 |y2|
Ly mu
b) nh thi ng c) nh thi sm
T T
.p
+1 d(t- )
d(t) +1
-1 -1
en
s(t) s(t)
s(t+ ) s(t+ )
| y1 | | y1 |
s(t- )
s(t- )
op
| y2 | | y2 |
t
T+ t 0 T- T+
0 T-
142
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
S 1 S0 S1
C1 C0 C1
n
.v
du
Hnh 5.10. B cn bng ngang ba nhnh.
Gi s pha pht pht i ba xung lin tip vi bin d-1=1, d0=1/3 v d1=1. Pha thu ta
.e
thu c ba xung tng ng S-1, S0, S1 nh trn hnh 5.11.
tit
.p
en
v sau cho xung S0, xung sau ta phi iu khin trng s C1=S1/A v C-1=S-1/B, C0=1 v tn hiu
ly mu tai t=0 trong trng hp ny s l Seq=S0+A+B v nh vy ta s loi b c nhiu giao
gia cc k hiu. Gi tr A v B v du ca chng ph thuc vo vo gi tr v du ca k hiu
pht.
143
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
Khi ny tng qut cho b cn bng vi 2M+1 nhnh tr ta c th vit phng trnh p
ng u ra ca b cn bng nh sau:
Z=xC (5.13)
trong
n
Z= Z (0) , x= ... ,C= .
..
. .
CM 1
.v
Z (M ) CM
x(2M ) ... x(0)
Cc trng s Ci c th tm c bng cch gii phng trnh (5.12):
C=x-1z (5.14)
Tng tr = 2MT
du
.e
Chui xung vo Tr T xk 1 xk 2 xk m xk 2 M
tit
Tr T Tr T Tr T
xk
C-M C-M+1 C0 CM-1 CM
.p
Chui ra
zk
en
144
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
.v
du
.e
tit
C 1 0,20
C = 1
0
C 1 0,10
op
145
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
Xung sau cn bng c cho hnh 5.13. Ta thy rng c hai pha ca t=0 (ti t=T),
xung ra i qua gi tr khng.
n
.v
du
Hnh 5.14. B cn bng min tn s
Mo do mch b gy ra phi ngc vi mo dng ph tn hiu vo. Sau khi b thng l
.e
mt b khuych i c tuyn phng c h s khuych i thay i c gi cho mc ra
khng i. Mch t iu khuych AGC b tr tn hao do mch b gy ra. Cc tn hiu a
ln h thng iu khin c ly mu t mt s tn s c trng (chng hn f1, fc, f2 hnh v;
tit
5.8. CC B TRN
.p
tn c loi tr tn s nh.
Cc b trn hot ng da trn tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh Vn-Ampe (hnh 5.15a).
op
146
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
a) b)
in p thun
i
V
i
n
Quan h gia dng in diod vi in p trn n xc nh theo cng thc sau:
.v
i=1v+2v2+3v3+..... (5.15)
khi in p thun (hnh 5.15b), v
i=1v-2v2+3v3-......
khi in p ngc (hnh 5.15b),
trong :
(5.16)
du
.e
v=vRFcostVLOcost (5.17)
vi du + hoc du - ph thuc vo cc ca cc n p v tuyn vRF v dao ng ni vLO t vo
tit
diod.
Cc b trn n ch s dng mt diod c s n gin nht (hnh 5.18)
Ghp nh
.p
f RF hng Mng
phi khng Lc IF
en
f LO
op
147
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
2 2
i= (VRF + VLO2 ) + ..... thnh phn mt chiu
2
+ 1VRFcost+....... thnh phn tn hiu v tuyn
+ 1VLOcost+....... thnh phn dao ng ni
2 2
+ VLO cos 2LO t + ....... hi LO bc 2
2
2 2
n
+ VRF cos 2RF t + ....... hi RF bc 2
2
.v
3 3 A12 A 2
+ cos(2LO RF )t thnh phn tn s nh
4
Thnh phn tn s nh (thng dc k hiu l I) l thnh phn c tn s i xng vi
du
thnh phn c ttn s RF theo kiu nh gng (xem hnh 5.19a). Tn s b lc trung tn ti u
ra cu b trn c nhim v lc ra thnh phn trung tn ca tn hiu hu ch a n b khych
i trung tn. Trong trng hp mt tn hiu nhiu c tn s bng tn s nh th hiu s ca n
vi tn hiu dao ng ni c th dn n tn hiu nhiu trung tn (xem hnh 5.19a,b).
.e
L 0 = RF + IF L 0 = RF + IF
RF LO I = 2LO RF I = 2LO RF LO RF
tit
.p
IF IF IF IF
en
Hnh 5.19. Tn s nh
Tn hiu ny c th qua b lc trung tn v ta khng th loi b n. V th tn hiu nhiu
nh gng ny phi c loi b hoc mch vo my thu hoc trong qu trnh bin i t RF v
IF. Di y ta xt bin trn cho php loi tr tn s nh thng c s dng trong cc b bin
op
i h tn.
148
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
.v
Hnh 5.19. Mch trn loi tn s nh
C th gii thch hot ng ca b trn loi tn s nh nh sau. Gi s tn hiu RF gm bin
du
tn cao (USB: Upper Side Band) v bin tn thp (LSB: Lower Side Band):
VU V
VRFA = cos(LO + IF ) t + L cos(LO IF ) t (5.19)
.p
2 2
VU V
B
VRF = cos[(LO + IF )t + 900 ] + L cos[(LO IF )t + 900 ] (5.20)
2 2
en
B
VIF = kVU sin( IF t + 90 0 ) kVL sin( IF t 90 0 ) (5.22)
Kt hp hai tn hiu ny cu sai ng 900 u ra ca nhnh IF trn c tn hiu:
149
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
V1 =
k
2
[V U sin IF t VL sin IF t + VU sin( IF t + 180 0 ) VL sin IF t ]
= 2kVL sin IF t (5.23)
V2 =
k
2
[VU sin(IF t 90 0 ) VL (sin IF t 900 ) + VU sin(IF t + 900 ) VL sin(IF t 900 ] (5.24)
n
Phn v tuyn ca mt thit b v tuyn s c th s dng cc cc kin trc sau: ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex), bn ghp song cng phn chia
.v
theo tn s (HFDD: Halff Frequency Division Duplex) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex).
Kin trc FDD
tuyn.
du
Hnh 5.20 cho thy kin trc FDD. Cc phn t m l cc phn t nht trong thit b v
.e
tit
.p
Synth: Tng hp tn s
en
BB: Bng gc
dng b lc song cng. Vic phi s dng c b lc ti tuyn thu lm cho gi thnh ca kin trc
ny cao hn. Tuy nhin vic khng phi s dng chuyn mch siu cao tn nh kin trc TDD
dn n cn phi gii quyt vn ng b thi gian v th thit k cu trc ny s n gin hn
hn. Phn mm lp MAC s n gin hn v khng phi x l vn ng b thi gian.
150
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
.v
du
Hnh 5.21. Kin trc TDD
.e
Kin trc HFDD
Kin trc HFDD c cho trn hnh 2.22.
tit
.p
en
5.10. TNG KT
Chng ny xt s khi tng qut ca thit b truyn dn v tuyn s. Chng ny
m t chc nng cc phn t chnh ca thit b v tuyn s nh:
1. Ghp knh
2. Khi bng tn gc
3. Khi MODEM (iu ch v gii iu ch)
4. Khi khuych i IF (trung tn)
n
5. Khi khuych i RF (v tuyn)
6. Khi ghp song cng Duplexer
.v
Chng ny cng phn tch chi tit hot ng ca mt s khi x l tn hiu s trong thit
b v tuyn s nh: b ngu nhin ha, m ha vi sai, khi phc nh thi k hiu, cn bng trong
min thi gian. Cc khi x l tn hiu tng t ti trung tn v tn s v tuyn nh: cn bng
5.11. CU HI V BI TP
du
min tn s, b trn, b trn loi tr tn s nh cng c phn tch trong chng. Cui chng
.e
1. Cho s b ngu nhin ha t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x4+x4vi iu kin ban
u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
a) V s b ngu nhin ha
tit
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng sau ngu nhin ha s c bin i thnh lung
s c s s "1" v s s "0" gn bng nhau.
.p
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng c ngu nhin ha sau khi c gii ngu nhin
s tr li lung s ton khng.
3. Thit k mch logic cho b m ha vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8.
op
4. Thit k mch logic cho b gii m vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8
5. Tm sai pha u ra b dao ng ni trong s kha pha vng Costas trn hnh 5.7.
6. (Tip) Thit k mch logic cho vng kha pha.
152
Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s
n
12. Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung v
.v
tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
a) Tm tc u ra b ghp lung v tuyn v tc lung khai thc
b) Thit k b ghp lung v tuyn.
13. (Tip). Thit k b to xung c c c l.
14. a) Thit k b phn knh v tuyn cho lung s trong bi 12.
b) Thit k mch to ng h u 34,368 MHz.
du
.e
15. Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu v tuyn s gm ba my pht
. . . . .
v ba my thu s dng ba cp tn s thu pht : (f i f i ) = (f1f1 ), (f 3f 2 ), (f 3f 3 ) , trong f i l tn
tit
s pht cn f i l tn s thu.
.p
en
op
153
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
6.1.2. Hng dn
n
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
.v
Nm c cc vn chung khi quy hoach tn s cho mt h thng truyn dn s
Hiu c hot ng ca cc cu hnh v tuyn s
du
Thit k cu hnh v tuyn cho hot ng c th ca mt h thng v tuyn s
quc t v v tuyn (ITU-R: International Telecommunications Union- Radio Sector) thuc Lin
Hp quc, U ban thng tin lin bang cu M (FCC: Federal Communications Commision) v
Lin on kinh doanh v cng nghip v tuyn ca Nht (ARIB: Association of Radio Industry
.p
and Busines). Cc khuyn ngh v lut l do cc t chc ny quy nh c p dng chung cho
cc thit b v tuyn ca chu u, Bc M v Nht. Phn ln cc thit b v tuyn s dng nc
ta da trn cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-R. Nhim v ca t chc ny l nghin cu cc vn khai
en
thc v k thut c bit lin quan n thng tin v tuyn v pht hnh cc khuyn ngh v cc
vn ny trn quan im tiu chun ho vin thng ton cu. ITU-R chia thnh 11 nhm nghin
cu. Cc nhm ny thng tin hnh cc nghin cu vn mi trong nhiu nm. Bn nm ITU-
R triu tp hi ngh ton th mt ln thng qua cc cng trnh nghin cu v a ra cc khuyn
ngh mi. ITU-R a ra cc vn bn th hin mc tiu v kt qu ca cc cng trnh nghin cu
op
154
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
ca cc t chc quc t ni trn. Nc ta s dung cc thit b v tuyn ca cc nc c cc t
chc ni trn nn cc thit b v tuyn s s dng cc tn s theo khuyn ngh ca cc t chc
.v
ny. c th nhp mt thit b v tuyn s dng trong nc, trc ht c quan s dng thit b
v tuyn phi nghin cu la chn tn s theo khuyn ngh quc t, sau phi xin ng kim
tn s Cc qun l tn s thuc B Bu chnh Vin thng. trnh gy nhiu i vi cc nc
du
lng ring tn s ca thit b v tuyn c s dng cng cn phi thng bo vi ITU-R. Trong
cc phn di y ta s nghin cu cc hoch nh tn s khc nhau da trn cc khuyn ngh cu
cc t chc ni trn.
6.2.2. S phn b tn s
.e
s dng hiu qu nht di tn v tuyn v cc knh v tuyn ca cc trm v tuyn
khng gy nhiu cho nhau U ban t vn v quc t v v tuyn (ITU-R) nghin cu xut
tit
vic s dng tn s cho cc mc ch khc nhau: thng tin, o hng ... Cc bng tn chnh c
n nh cho thng tin mt t v v tinh vng tn s t 1 GHz n 13 GHz c cho bng 6.1.
n 13 GHz
Mt t, f [GHz] V tinh , f[GHz]
1,427 1,535 2,5 2,535
1,7 2,7 2,655 2,690
op
155
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
khuych i anten v.v.... Tn hao i vi cc ng truyn dn im n im t l vi bnh
phng khong cch do anten t cch xa mt t, cn tn hao ca cc ng truyn dn di ng
.v
do anten khng cch xa mt t nn t l vi khong cch m n>2. H s khuych i anten
cng t l vi bnh phng tn s. Tn s cng cao th nh hng ca phainh ln ng truyn
dn cng ln.
du
Cc thit b v tuyn thng s dng chung anten cho thu v pht. t chc mt knh v
tuyn song cng (hai chiu) c hai cch. Cch th nht ch cn mt tn s cho c thu ln pht, tuy
nhin pht thu pht khng gy nhiu cho nhau pht v thu phi lun phin theo thi gian. Phng
php ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD: Time Division Duplexing).
.e
y l phng php thng c s dng h thng thng tin di ng hay a truy nhp nhp v
tuyn vi phn b knh ng.
Cch th hai i hi phi s dng hai tn s: mt cho pht v mt cho thu, phng php
tit
ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing). i
vi cch th hai bng tn khuyn ngh s dng cho mt h thng thng tin v tuyn s thng
c chia thnh hai na bng tn: na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao. Tn s na bng cao
.p
hiu l y. Khong cch gia hai tn s cnh nhau trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong
cch gia hai knh ln cn v c k hiu l x. tng s phn cch gia hai knh ln cn hai
tn s cnh nhau c th s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: phn cc ngang (H) hoc ng (V).
Trng hp ny c gi l phn b an xen cc (hnh 6.1. b). tit kim bng tn cc knh v
op
tuyn c th s dng cng tn s. Nhng m bo phn cch gia hai thit b v tuyn s dng
cng tn s cc thit b ny phi s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: mt s dng phn cc ngang H
cn thit b kia s dng phn cc ng V chng hn. Trng hp ny c gi l phn b ng
knh (hnh 4.2.c).
156
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
.v
du
.e
tit
Hnh 6.1. S t chc tn s cho cc knh song cng pht thu FDD
a) n cc, b)xen cc, c) ng knh
fn = f0 - A + x.n
fn = fn + y (4.12)
en
trong : fn, fn l tn s pht hoc thu na bng tn thp v cao, x l phn cch knh
ln cn, y l phn cch song cng, A l hng s ph thuc vo phn b c th cn n l s th t
knh, f0 l tn s trung tm.
op
mi thit b thu pht ca mt trm pht tn hiu c thc hin mt tn s (nm trong
mt na bng tn) cn thu tn hiu c thc hin tn s khc (nm trong na bng tn khc)
(hnh 4.4).
157
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
f 1'
f 1'
f 2'
f 2'
f 3'
f 3'
f1 f1
f2 f2
f3 f3
n
.v
Hnh 6.3. An ten hai phn cc: V-phn cc ng, H-phn cc ngang
phn tp cho php gim thiu nh hng ny. Phn tp c nh ngha l truyn dn thng tin
trn nhiu knh c tng quan pha inh so vi nhau nh nht hay ni c lp vi nhau. Nhiu
bin php phn tp khc nhau c s dng v tuyn s chng pha inh nh:
Phn tp tn s
op
n
s dng chuyn mch chn tn hiu tt. Phn tp tn s (hnh 6.4b) cn hai b thu pht lm
vic hai tn s khc nhau to ra hai knh truyn dn khc nhau. Thng tin c pht i ng
.v
thi c hai knh truyn dn ( c hai TX1 v TX2). Pha thu thc hin chuyn mch chn ra
knh c cht lng truyn tt hn (t RX1 hoc RX2). Phn cc gc (hnh 6.4c) s dng hai bp
hng anten thu tn hiu v chn ra bp hng cho tn hiu tt hn.
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
Hnh 6.4. Cu hnh phn tp; a) phn tp khng gian, b) phn tp tn s, c) phn tp gc
159
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
D phng m khi ch c cc b phn quan trng ca thit b d phng c cp ngun
tit kim nng lng
.v
D phng nng khi ton b thit b d phng c cp ngun. Vic s dng loi d
phng no trong s cc d phng ni trn ph thuc vo iu kn cp in ngun v
tm quan trng ca ng truyn dn.
du
cc ng truyn dn quan trng ngi ta thng s dng d phng nng.
H thng chuyn mch th hai s dng cc phng php phn tp c t nht hai ng
truyn dn: mt ng cng tc (knh cng tc) v mt ng d phng (knh d phng).
.e
H thng d phng vi n knh cng tc chung nhau mt knh d phng c gi l h
thng chuyn mch bo v n+1.
Thng thng thut ng "bo v" v "phn tp" c th dng ln cho nhau. Tuy nhin bo v
tit
thng ng mc an ton thng tin di hn (nhiu hn 10 giy SES/s kin) cn phn tp thng
ng mc an ton thng tin ngn hn (t hn 10 giy mc li nghim trng/s kin).
Xc sut s c knh truyn dn di han (c gin on lu lng) gy ra do cc s kin c
.p
160
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
thp nht (khong 30-60 ms)
Mc 4. Chuyn mch xuyn trc khng ng b vi thi gian gin on di hn.
.v
P. Chuyn mch mt phn (mt chiu hay mt anten)
Khng. Khng bo v hay phn tp.
Di y ta xt cc s bo v sau:
D phng nng (HS)
Phn tp khng gian (SD)
du
.e
Phn tp khng gian kt hp vi cc my pht chia cng sut (SD+ST)
Phn tp khng gian vi kt hp trung tn cc h thng bo v xuyn v phn tp
khng gian vi kt hp trung tn h thng n+1
tit
Phn tp gc (AD)
Phn tp tn s (FD)
.p
1. D phng nng, HS
en
161
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
TxA
TxA CM
S liu vo
TxB
n
vi t l chia 1/7 dB) ch khng s dng t l chia thng thng l 3/3 dB. L do s dng b chia
khng i xng nh sau. Nu s dng chia 3/3 dB th tn hao trn 2 dB lm gim t s tn hiu
.v
trn tp m CNR qu ln. Chuyn mach thu s chn thng tin ra t my thu cho cht lng tt
hn.
du
S t chc phn tp khng gian kt hp d phng nng c cho hnh 6.6.
.e
tit
.p
S s dng hai anten t cch nhau theo chiu cao t 3-30 m t c s khng
tng quan gia hai tn hiu thu (khong cch ny vo khong 150 , l bc sng cng tc).
162
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
CM
TxA
S liu vo Anten
chnh
TxB
Lnh RCS
Khong cch
RxA chiu cao 3-30m
S liu ra
CM
Anten
RxB phn tp
Hnh 6.7. Cu hnh phn tp khng gian kt hp cc my pht chia cng sut (SD+ST)
Trong s ny mi my pht cng vi my thu ca mnh c ni n mt trong hai
anten t cch nhau theo chiu cao. Trong hai anten th mt anten chnh v mt l anten phn tp.
Cc my thu c chuyn mch hoc khng li hoc ng b khi xy ra pha inh ngn hn hoc
n
my thu b s c. Nhng cc my pht khng ch chuyn mch theo s c hoc gim cp ca n
nh s d phng nng thng thng m cn chuyn mch theo s gim cp ca mc thu tn
hiu hoc BER c hai my thu hai u ng truyn. Khi xy ra cc s c nh: mt ng
.v
chnh anten chnh, truyn sng kiu ng dn, s c ng dn sng (lt nc..) lnh chuyn mch
knh v (RCS) c my thu u kia gi tr li chuyn mch t ng my pht u ny sang
anten tt. Cn lu rng nhiu nghin cu cho thy phn tp khng gian t c cht lng cao
du
hn khi hai anten c t cch nhau khng phi theo chiu cao m theo phng ngang. Do c
im cc thp anten ng nn hai anten thng c t cch nhau theo chiu cao.
163
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
Phng php thng c s dng nht phn tp khng gian l kt hp hai tn hiu thu
hai anten nhn c tn hiu thu cc i hay kt hp ng pha hai tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin
phng php ny khng trit b hon ton c s phn tn trong bng. l do tn hiu thu
ngoi sng trc tip cn cha cc sng giao thoa v cc tn hiu giao thoa ny c mt thi gian tr
nht nh so vi sng trc tip. V th gim thiu phn tn tn hiu trong bng phn tp
khng gian c thit sao cho cc sng giao thoa c pha ngc nhau. Phng php ny c
gi l phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu (MID-SD: Minimum in Band
Dispersion type Space Diversity). Nguyn l v s ca MID-SPD c cho hnh 6.9.
n
SR: Sng kt hp
b) Mng phn nhnh
.v
Ti h thng tip theo
RLO
B kt hp
du Kt hp tn hiu ra
.e
B dch pha
v tn
RLO: B dao ng ni thu
tit
B iu khin
.p
MID-SD hnh 6.9 gm b tch sng phn tn bin , b iu khin, b dch pha v tn
en
v b kt hp. Khi iu khin quyt nh hng dch pha ca b dich pha v tn (EPS: Endless
Phase Shift) lm cho b ny quay i mt gc pha c nh. trng thi ny cc sng giao thoa gn
nh lch pha hon ton. Tuy nhin khi cng sut thu gim t ngt, thng tin b mt do tp m
nhit v nhiu giao thoa tng. V th khi cng sut thu gim n mt ngng no cn iu
op
chnh tng cng sut. Phng php ny cho php gim phn tn trong bng m vn m bo hiu
qu nh phn tp khng gian kt hp ng pha thng thng.
164
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
T chc phn tp tn s (FD) vi chuyn mch 1+1 c cho hnh 6.10. cu hnh ny
knh cng tc v knh bo v s dng hai cp tn s khc nhau mt khong cch ln trnh
pha inh xy ra ng thi hai knh ny. Lung s cn pht c truyn c hai knh, pha thu
thc hin nh gi cht lng truyn dn. Nu cht lng truyn dn thp hn cho php th
chuyn mach s thc hin chuyn lu lng t knh cng tc sang knh d phng. Chuyn mch
c thc hin hai mc: mc vi mch ( b gii iu ch DEMOD) v mc Rle. B phn phi
lung s thc hin phn phi cc lung s u ra ca cc knh cng tc v bo v n cc
chuyn mach vi mch DEMOD v Rle.
n
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
S h thng chuyn mch n+1 phn tp tn s vi hai u pht thu c cho hnh 6.11.
h thng ny n knh cng tc hot ng n cp tn s phn cch nhau chia s chung mt knh
phn tp c gi l knh bo v. V n knh cng tc cng c chung mt knh bo v nn phi c
quy nh u tin trnh xung t gia cc knh ny khi xy ra nhu cu chuyn mch ng thi
op
t nhiu knh cng tc. Hot ng chuyn mch xy ra nh sau. Chuyn mach khng mc li
(Erorrless) v chuyn mch ng b (Hitless) bao gi cng c khi xng t pha thu. Pha thu
nh gi cht lng truyn dn theo ch tiu t trc (BER chng hn). Nu gim cp vt qu
ngng th pha thu gi theo ng nghip v n pha pht yu cu chuyn mch. Pha pht
165
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
kim tra knh bo v xem c ri v m bo cht lng hay khng. ng thi n xem xt mc
u tin ca knh yu cu, nu m bo cc yu cu chuyn mch th phi pht s thc hin
chuyn mch bng cch chia cng sut gia knh cng tc v knh bo v (cn c gi l u
cu). Lu lng s c pht ng thi c hai knh ny n pha thu. My thu thc hin ng
b hai lung s thu c t hai knh sau thc hin chuyn mch.
Lung s vo
CH1
CH 1 MOD Tx
Chia
Mng
Phn
CH n CH n nhnh
Chia MOD Tx P Tx
CH P
CH P
Chia MOD Tx P
n
CM Tx
.v
Phn phi
lung s
du
Lung s ra
CH 1
CH 1
R le DEMOD Rx 1
Mng
phn
nhnh
Rx
.e
CH n CH n
R le DEMOD Rx 2
CH P CH P
Rx P
tit
R le DEMOD
K hiu:
CH n: Knh cng tc; CH P: Knh bo v
.p
S ca h thng chuyn mch n+1 s dng phn tp khng gian c cho hnh 6.12.
op
166
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
h thng ny n knh cng tc lm vic n cp tn s phn cch nhau chia s chung mt
knh phn tp khng gian c gi l knh bo v. V n knh cng tc cng c chung mt knh
.v
bo v nn phi c quy nh u tin trnh xung t gia cc knh ny khi xy ra nhu cu
chuyn mch ng thi t nhiu knh cng tc. Phn cp u tin ph thuc vo: tm quan trng
ca knh cng tc, tnh trng gim cp ca knh cng tc v thi im yu cu chuyn mch ca
knh cng tc.
10. Phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc, SD+PD
S t chc phn tp lai ghp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc c cho hnh
6.14.
167
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
chn knh cho cht lng tt hn.
.v
11. Phn tp khng gian pht
Trong cc phn trc ta ch xt phn tp khng gian thu trn c s s dng hai my thu tn
hiu t hai im khc nhau trong khng gian. Cc cng ngh thng tin di ng mi hin nay cn
du
s dng phn tp khng gian pht cho cc phng thc ghp song cng theo thi gian TDD v
CDMA. phng thc phn tp ny pha pht pht i lu lng hai anten khc nhau. Pha thu
chn lu lng t anten c cht lng tt hn hoc kt hp cc tn hiu nhn c t hai anten
pht t c mt tn hiu tt nht.
.e
12. Truyn dn a sng mang
gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Interference) dn n mo tuyn tnh c tuyn bin tn ca
knh truyn dn (xem hnh 6.15).
.p
1/T
op
fc-1/T fc fc+1/T Tn s
T: rng k hiu
Hnh 8.17. Phn tn bin trong bng
168
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
chng pha inh nhiu ng ngi ta c th s dng k thut pht a sng mang
(Multicarier). Truyn dn nhiu sng mang c thit k trn c s bin i lung s thnh
nhiu lung tc thp iu ch nhiu sng mang c cc tn s khc nhau v cng cc tn
hiu ny vng tn s. Phng php truyn dn ny cho php gim nh hng gim cp ca c
tuyn tn s bng cch phn chia ph v s dng nhiu b iu ch v gii iu ch. i vi 16-
QAM nu cho php phn tn tuyn tnh l 5 dB tng ng vi tc iu ch, chng hn
h thng truyn dn 200 Mbit/s tc iu ch l 50 Mbit/s, th phn tn tuyn tnh cho php
trong bng tn 50 MHz l 5 dB. i vi h thng truyn dn bn sng mang tc iu ch
gim xung bn ln cn 12,5Mbit/s tng ng vi bng tn 12,5 MHz, nn phn tn tyn tnh
cho php i vi c bn tn s s l 45dB=20 dB bn ln ln hn trng hp n sng mang
(xem hnh 6.16). truyn dn cng mt dung lng bng nhiu sng mang ta cn nhiu b iu
ch v gii iu ch, nhng kh nng chng li mo dng sng do pha inh gy ra s c ci
thin ng k.
n
pha inh cho php (5dB)
Phn tn
cho php (5dB)
.v
50 MHz
du 12 MHz
.e
Bn sng mang
Hnh8.22.
Hnh 6.16. Tc
Tcdng
dngca
catruyn dn
truyn a a
dn sng mang
sng mang
6.4. TNG KT
tit
tuyn s trn th gii thng s dng cc tn s theo quy nh cu cc t chc ny. Ti Vit Nam
t chc ng kim tn s l Cc qun l tn s ca b Bu chnh Vin thng. Cn lu rng c
mt s di tn min php nh ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical band). Ngi khai thc thit
b v tuyn trong di tn min php khng cn xin php s dng
op
169
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
n
a sng mang (Multicarier). u im ca bin php ny l gim thiu nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Tuy nhin bin php ny i hi bng thng rng hn v cn khang bo v gia bng thng
.v
ca cc sng mang con. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng phng php iu ch
phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) s c trnh
by trong gio trnh L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn.
6.5. CU HI
1. Trnh by cc t chc lin quan n quy hoch tn s.
2. Trnh by s phn b tn s.
du
.e
3. Trnh by cc dng phn tp.
4. Trnh by cu hnh chuyn mch bo v n+1.
tit
170
Chng 6. Quy hoch tn s v cu hnh h thng v tuyn s
15. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
16. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
17. Trnh by phn tp khng gian pht.
18. Trnh by truyn dn a sng mang.
n
.v
du
.e
tit
.p
en
op
171
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
7.1.2. Hng dn
7.1.3. Mc ch chng
n
Nm c cc vn chung khi quy hoach tn s cho mt h thng truyn dn s
.v
Hiu c hot ng ca cc cu hnh v tuyn s
Thit k cu hnh v tuyn cho hot ng c th ca mt h thng v tuyn s
7.2 M U
du
Vic phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s cho php ta thit k cc ng truyn dn v
tuyn s m bo cht lng truyn dn quy nh. Mt trong s cc i lng c quan tm nht
trong qu trnh phn tch ny l suy hao ng truyn. Suy hao ng truyn lm gim t s tn
.e
hiu trn tp m, v th gim cht lng ng truyn. Trong phn ny trc ht ta xt phn tch
ng truyn vo tuyn s v nh hng ca tp m ln cht lng ng truyn, sau ta xt
mt s vn lin quan n thit k ng truyn v tuyn s mt t.
tit
172
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
trong Ptz, Prx l cng sut pht v thu tng ng; G1, G2 l h s khuych i anten pht
v antenthu tng ng; Lrf1 v Lrf2 l tn hao do cc phn t v tuyn ca thit b pht thu gy ra
.v
nh: tn hao ca cc conect, tn hao ca cc b lc siu cao tn ti u pht v u thu tng
ng; Lph1, Lph2 l tn hao ca phi pht v thu tng ng; Lp l suy hao truyn sng.
khng phi xt c tn hao ca cc phn t v tuyn, phi pht v h s khuych i
EIRP =
PTx G1
Lrf 1 Lph1
du
anten pht ngi ta s dng khi nim EIRP (Equivalent isotropic radiated power: cng sut pht
x ng hng tng ng) c xc nh nh sau:
(7.2)
.e
Phng trnh (7.2) cho thy EIRP l cng sut my pht cn thit mt my pht to ra ti
pha thu cng sut ging nh h thng pht thc t khi anten gi nh pht x ng hng
tit
(G1=1). Lu rng trong trng hp ngi ta nh ngha EIRP khi khng c tn hao phi cng
nh cc phn t v tuyn (Lrf1 =Lf1=1): EIRP=PTxG1.
Thay phng trnh (7.2) vo phng trnh (7.1) ta c:
.p
EIRPG2
PRx = (7.3a)
LP Lph 2 Lrf 2
en
Lu nu xt cng sut thu l cng sut ti anten th phng trnh (7.3a) c biu din
nh sau:
EIRPG2
PRx = (7.3b)
LP
op
173
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
PRx
PRX [dBm] = 10 lg
1mW
= EIRP[dBm]+G2[dBi]-Lp[dB]-lph2[dB]-Lrf2[dB] (7.4)
trong dBi l n v so snh h s khuych i cu anten thc t vi anten ng hng
(Isotropic anten) c h s khuych i bng 0 dBi.
Tng t ta cng c th biu din phng trnh (7.3) theo dBW nu thay tt c cc k hiu
dBm trong phng trnh (7.4) bng dBW.
Trong mi trng truyn sng ng nht khng c vt chn hay cn gi l khng gian t do
ta c th tnh tn hao truyn sng Lp nh sau:
Ls =
(4d )2 (7.5)
2
trong : Ls l tn hao trong khng gian t do, d l khong cch gia an ten pht v anten thu, l
n
bc sng.
Phng trnh (7.5) c tnh theo dB nh sau:
.v
Ls [dB] = 10 lg Ls
= 92,5+20lgf[GHz] +20lgd[km]
= 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km]
du (7.6)
Cht lng ng truyn dn v tuyn s ph thuc vo t s ca tn hiu thu trn tp m,
v th di y ta s xt cch tnh tp m cho my thu.
.e
7.3.2. Tnh cng sut tp m nhit
174
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
SNRin
NF = (7.9)
SNRout
NF cho thy t s tn hiu trn tp m s b gim i bao nhiu ln sau khi tn hiu thu i qua
phn t thu.
Cc chng minh cho thy h s tp m ca mt phn t th ng (cp ni chng hn) c
suy hao bng L chnh bng L:
NF=L (7.10)
Khi tnh ton tp m, cng sut tp m gy ra do phn t thu trng c quy i vo u
vo ca phn t ny (xem hnh 7.2).
n
Hnh 7.2. Cng sut tp m quy i u vo
.v
Hnh 7.2 xt tp m cho mt b khuych i thu c h s khuych i A, gy ra cng sut
tp m Na, tp m u vo Ni. Nu k hiu Nai l tp m ca b khuych i quy i u vo:
Nai=Na/A, th tng tp m quy i u vo l Ni+Nai v tng tp m u ra b khuych i bng
du
Nout=A(Ni+Nai).
t SNRin=Pr/Ni v SNRout=Pr/(Nai+Ni) trong Pr l cng sut thu vo phng trnh (7.9),,
ta c th tnh cng sut tp m phn t thu quy i u vo nh sau:
Nai=(NF-1)Ni (7.11)
.e
Chn nhit tp m u vo my thu Ti=290K lm nhit tham chun, t Ni=k.290K
v Nai=kT vi T l nhit tp m ca phn t thu vo phng trnh (7.10), ta c:
T=(NF-1)290K (7.12)
tit
tp m quy i u vo nh sau:
NF2 1 NF3 1 NFM 1
NFtol = NF1 + + + .... + (7.13)
A1 A1 A2 A1 A2 .... AM 1
en
T2 T TM
Ttol = T1 + + 3 + .... + (7.14)
A1 A1 A2 A1 A2 .... AM 1
n
PRx EIRPG2
= (7.17)
N NLP Lph 2 Lrf 2
.v
PRx EIRPG2
= (7.18)
N 0 N 0 LP L ph 2 Lrf 2
du
i vi cc my thu tng t rng bng tp m (xt t pha b gii iu ch) thng ln
hn rng bng tn hiu v PRx/N l thng s chnh nh gi kh nng pht hin tn hiu v
cht lng hot ng. Nhng i vi cc my thu s cc b tng quan hay cc b lc thch ng
thng c s dng v rng bng tp m c coi bng rng bng tn hiu. V th thay
.e
cho cng sut tp m (N) mt ph cng sut tp m (N0) thng c s dng.
Thay N0=kT vo phng trnh (7.18) ta c:
tit
PRx EIRPG2 / Ts
= (7.19)
N 0 kLP L ph 2 Lrf 2
176
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
A=1080/10=108
.v
Theo phng trnh (7.12) ta tnh nhit tp m b khuych i (TR), nhit tp m h
thng (TS) nh sau:
du
TR = (NF-1)290K = 2610 K
T S = T A + TR = 150K+2610K = 2760K
S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m u ra nh sau:
Nout = AkTAf +AkTRf = AkTzf
.e
= 1081,3810-236106(150K+2610K)
ng gp ca ngun ng gp ca tng u
PRx 1011
( SNR ) in = = = 806,5 (29,1dB)
kTA f 1, 24 1014
en
Pout 108 10 11
(SNR) out = = = 43,9 (16,4dB)
N out 22,8 10 6
op
177
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
TR 2 2610K
Ttol = TR1 + = 290K + = 420,5K
20
.v
A1
Ts = TA+Ttol = 150K +420,5K = 570,5K
NF2 1 9
NFtol = NF1 +
A1
= 2+
20
= 2,5 (4dB)
du
S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m u ra nh sau
Nout = AkTAf + AkTtolf = AkTsf
.e
= 201081,3810-236106(150K+420,5K)
24,8W 69,6W
= 6 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 8 + 6 4 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 48 = 94,4W
tit
ng gp ca ngun ng gp ca tng u
T s tn hiu trn tp m u ra my thu trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
.p
Pout 10 11 20 108
(SNR) out = = = 212,0 (23,3 dB)
N out 94,4 10 6
en
178
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
TLpd=(Lph-1)290K
TL1=(L1-1)290K
.v
TL2=(L2-1)290K
S dng phng trnh (7.14) ta tm c Ttot:
Ttol=TA+TLpd+LpdTa1+
Lpd L1Ta 2
A1
+
Lpd L1 L2Ta 3
A1 A2
du
S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m quy i u vo nh sau:
.e
N=kTtolf
T s tn hiu trn tp m u ra c xc nh nh l t s tn hiu u vo vi tp m u
ra quy i u vo nh sau:
tit
SNRout=PRx/N
7.3.4. D tr ng truyn
.p
Vic phn tch qu ng truyn cho php cn i cc tn hao v li cng sut trong
qu trnh truyn dn c th a ra mt lng d tr cng sut cn thit m bo truyn dn
trong iu kin khng thun li (pha inh) m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Lng
en
E E
M = b b , dB (7.20)
op
N 0 Rx N 0 req
179
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
G2 E
M(dB) = EIRP [dBW] + [dB / K ] - b [dB] - Rb[dB-bit/s]
T N0 req
- k[dBW/K-Hz] - Lp[dB] -L2[dB] (7.21)
trong : EIRP=PTx[dBW]+G1[dBi]-Lph1[dB]-Lrf[dB], (7.22)
L2= Lph2[dB] -Lrf2[dB]
Thay k = -228,6 dBW/K-Hz vo phng trnh (7.21) ta c:
G2 Eb
M(dB) = EIRP [dBW] + [dB / K ] - [dB] - Rb[dB-bit/s]
Ts 0 req
N
n
Phng trnh (7.22) thng c s dng tnh ton cc ng v tinh. c phng
trnh s dng cho v tuyn s mt t ta b qua nhit tp m anten TA v tnh mt ph cng
.v
sut tp m quy i u vo h thng nh sau:
kTs = k[ (L2-1)290K + L2(NF-1)]290K
= k(L2NF-1)290K kL2NF290K
du
(7.24)
trong : L2=Lph2Lrf2 l tn hao cc phn ni gia my thu vi anten bao gm: tn hao phi, b
lc phn nhnh v cc conect; NF l h s tp m my thu.
S dng cc phng trnh (7.19), (7.20) v (7.24) ta c:
.e
M(dB) = EIRP(dBW) + G2(dB) - LP[dB] - L2[dB]
Eb
+ 204 (dBW/Hz) - NF(dB) - Rb(dB-bit/s) - (dB) (7.25)
tit
N 0 req
trong : EIRP tnh theo phng trnh (7.23). G2, L2 l h s khuych i v tn hao phi , b
.p
Eb
en
180
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
5. Tn hao ng truyn (dB) 202,7 Ls
6. Cho php phainh (dB) 4,0 L0
.v
7. Cc tn hao khc (dB) 6,0 L1
8. Cng sut thu ng hng (dBW) -143,1 PRx
9. Khuych i anten thu (dBi)
10. Tn hao bin anten (dB)
11. Cng sut thu (dBW)
H s tp m my thu cng
vo anten (dB), NF
35,1
2,0
-110,0 duG2
L0
PRx
11,5
.e
Nhit my thu (dB-K), TR
Nhit anten thu (dB-K), TA 35,8 (3806 K)
12. Nhit h thng (dB-K), Ts 24,8 (300 K)
tit
13. nhy G2/Ts (dB-K) 36,1 (4106 K)
14. Hng s Boltzman (dBW/K-Hz), -1,0 G2/Ts
k -228,60
.p
15. Mt ph tp m
16. PRx/N0 thu (dB-Hz) -192,5 N0 = kTs
17. Tc s liu (dB-bit/s) 82,5 (PRx/N0)
18. Eb/N0 thu (dB) 63,0 (2 Mbit/s) Rb
en
181
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
4. EIRP pht (dBW) 41,1 EIRP
5. Tn hao ng truyn (dB) 144,1 Lp
6. Cng sut thu ng hng (dBW) -103 Pr
.v
7. Khuych i anten thu (dBi) 44 G2
8. Cng sut thu (dBW) -59 PRx (ti anten)
9. Tn hao phi thu (dB) 1,5 Lpd2
Tn hao phn nhnh (dB)
Tn hao gia anten v my thu (dB)
H s tp m my thu (dB)
10. Hng s Boltzman (dBW/K-Hz)
1,4
2,9
5
Lb
L2
NF
du
.e
11. Nhit tham chun (dB-K) -228,60 k
12. Mt ph cng sut tp m 24,6 TR = 290 K
13. PRx/N0 thu (dB-Hz) -196,1 N0 = kL2NFTR
tit
Suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t chu nh hng ca pha inh
nhiu tia gy ra do s thay i chit sut hay phn x t mt t hoc mt bin. Cc tn hiu phn
x hoc khc x khc nhau vi mt thi gian tr nht nh s cng hoc tr tn hiu i thng. V
th tn hiu tng s b thay i v thi gian tr, ph thuc vo c vo thi gian ln tn s (Phainh
182
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
ch lc). S thay i ng k thi gian tr nhm cng nh bin rng bng tn tng ng
ca h thng s xy ra v thay i theo thi gian. tuyn v tuyn tng t iu tn s mo dng
mt phn ph ca ng truyn v tuyn ch lm hng mt s knh thoi, cn h thng v
tuyn s cng mo dng nh vy dn n tng t s bit li. Nu t s bit li ny gn ngng, ton
b tn hiu c th b mt. Ngoi ra do mi trng truyn dn h nn tn hiu truyn dn cn b
nhiu t cc i pht khc. C th chia cc li bit gy ra do truyn sng thnh cc nhm ring
bit:
Cc li bit gy ra do tp m nhit khi tn hiu suy gim (phainh phng: Flat Fade).
Cc li bit gy ra do mo dng thi gian tr nhm bin ph thuc vo tn s
(phainh chn lc: Selective Fade)
Cc li bit gy ra do nhiu
Theo tiu chun ITU-R th khong thi gian m su phainh vt qu gi tr d tr
ng truyn ch c l phn trm rt nh ca thi gian c xt. Vic thit k ng truyn
dn v tuyn s ta phi a ra cc d tr ng truyn trnh t s li bit gy ra do cc nguyn
n
nhn ni trn b khng vt qu khong thi gian do ITU quy nh.
.v
Hnh 7.15 cho thy cc mc nhiu, tp m v d tr phainh, nhiu cho mt h thng v
tuyn s in hnh c tc bit 34 hoc 45 kbps, iu ch 64QAM khng m ha knh.
+30
+20
+10
Cng sut pht (+30dBm)
-40
Ngng thu D tr phainh
-50 D tr D tr phainh
=-75dBm phainh phng phng +nhiu D tr phainh tng hp
-60 (BER=10-3 ) mFI = 39dB mtol = 38,9dB
mF = 40dB chn lc
.p
-70 ms = 61dB
-80
-90 T s (C/N)req=25dB
Tp m nhit=-100dBm
en
-100 N
-110 I Nhiu ng knh=-106dBm
34Mbps, 64QAM )
n
cng thc thc nghim sau y:
.v
1
T = KQ . fB . dC. 100 (7.28)
m
trong :
KQ, B, C: cc thng s ph thuc vo kh hu v a hnh,
du
f : tn s (MHz), m = 10 M /10 : d tr phainh, M l d tr phainh o bng dB.
Nu ta tch ring thi gian gim qu ngng (Outage Time) Ts do phainh chn lc gy ra
(s mo dng tn hiu, tng ng vi d tr phainh chn lc) v thi gian gim cp do phainh
phng (phainh trung bnh trn rng bng tn tng ng ca h thng, lin quan n d tr
en
phainh phng mF), th ton b thi gian gim qu ngng gy ra do phainh (Te: thi gian hiu
dng) s c tnh nh sau:
Te = T s + T F (7.29)
Khi ny phainh hiu dng c xc nh nh sau:
op
1 1 1
= + (7.30)
me m F ms
Nu xt c nh hng gim cp cho nhiu ta c:
184
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
Ttol=Te+TI=Tf+Ts+TI (7.31)
trong Ti l khong thi gian gim qu ngng do nhiu gy ra. d tr ng truyn tng
hp s l
1 1 1 1
= + + (7.32)
mtol mF ms mI
hay theo dB :
(
mtol = 10 10 M F /10 + 10 M s /10 + M M I /10 ) (7.33)
TF
M F = 10 lg
KQf d 100
B c
n
trong MF l d tr phainh phng cn thit t c s phn trm thi gian vt ngng
.v
BER gy ra do phainh phng : TF yu cu.
Gi s f=6GHz, KQ=7.10-7 , c=1, B=1, C=3, d=64 km, thi gian vt ngng TF cho thng
thp nht trong nm bng 0,01 phn trm (BER ca ng truyn ti hn 10-3 trong khong thi
nn TF=0,005 v ta c:
M F = 10 lg
0,005
5
3
7 10 6 64
= -10lg(0,0000454) = 43,4 dB
du
gian 0,01% ca thng ny). V phn trm vt ngng phi chia u cho c hai hng truyn dn
.e
Vy d tr ng truyn cho phainh 24,6 dB trong trng hp ny khng . tng
thm d tr phainh ta phi s dng cc bin php chng pha inh. Chng hn nu s dng phn
tit
tp khng gian th h s ci thin d tr phainh c tnh theo cng thc Vigant nh sau:
f .m
I M (dB) =10 lg1,2.10 3 S 2 V 2 (7.34)
d
.p
M / 10
m=10 F l su phainh phng hay d tr ng truyn cn thit m
bo thi gian vt ngng BER.
185
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
6.10 43, 4 / 10
I M =10 lg1,2.10 3.10 2 = 23,91 dB
F
64
Vy d tr pha inh phng mi nh c phn tp khng gian l:
M'F = MF+I = 24,6 dB + 23,91dB = 48,51 dB
trong MF l tr ng truyn khi khng c phn tp khng gian. So vi d tr phainh cn
thit m bo cht lng l 43,4 dB th cn d l 5,11 dB.
7.6. TNG KT
Chng ny phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m.
Trc ht qu ng truyn c xt. Da trn qu ng truyn ta c th tnh cc cng sut
thu. Sau tp m c xt. Trong chng ny cc khi nim thng s v tp m nh: cng sut
n
v mt ph cng sut tp m, h s tp m v nhit tp m c trnh by. Tip theo
chng ny trnh by nh ngha v t s tn hiu trn tp m v cc cng thc tnh ton t s
tn hiu trn tp m. Sau nh ngha v cng thc tnh ton d tr ng truyn c a
.v
ra. Cui cng vn thit k ng truyn v tuyn s c kho st.
7.7. CU HI V BI TP
tin l 5 km.
a) Tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do
du
1. Mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s lm vic ti tn s 1000MHz v khong cch thng
.e
b) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v
anten thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c) Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
tit
c) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBm nu c ly thng tin 10 km v ch c suy hao
khng gian t do.
186
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
theo W/Hz
.v
b) Tnh nhit tp m cho php cc i ca my thu, nu nhit tp m anten l
290 K
c) Tnh h s tp m cho php cc i ca my thu theo dB.
du
7. B tin khuych i my thu c h s tp m 13 dB, khuych i 60 dB v bng thng
2MHz. Nhit tp m anten 490K v cng sut u vo l 10-12W.
a) Tm nhit tp m b tin khuych i theo Kelvin
.e
b) Tm nhit h thng theo Kelvin
c) Tm SNRout theo dB.
8. Gi thit my thu c cc thng s sau: khuych i=50dB, h s tp m=10dB, bng
tit
187
Chng 7. Phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s
n
s cng sut u vo l 10pW, nhit anten l 290K, bng thng l 0,25GHz. Tm:
a) SNR u vo, u ra b khuych i
.v
b) u ra cp c tn hao.
14. Mt my thu c h s tp m 13 dB c ni n anten qua cp 300 m di 25m c tn
hao 10dB trn 100m..
a)
b)
Tm h s tp m tng ca cp ni v my thu
du
Gi s mt b tin khuych i 20 dB vi h s tp m 3dB c ni gia cp v
my thu, tm h s tp m tng ca cp, b tin khuch i v my thu
.e
c) Tn h s tp m tng nu b tin khuych i c u vo gia anten v cp ni.
15. Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
tit
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt
t s dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng
cc anten c hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc Lo bng 2dB.
.p
188
Hng dn gii bi tp
HNG DN GII BI TP
CHNG 2
Bi 1
Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung t (t<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon nn
n
T1
.v
T
1 1 1 A 2 T1
T T T 0
2 2
b) P[]= lim s(t) dt = s(t) dt = w
-
T
Bi 2.
Cho hm bc thang
a) L hm kiu g?
Gii
.p
a) E[]= s(t) dt =
2
-
en
1
T T
2
b) P[]= lim s(t) dt = 1 w
-
Bi 3
Cho hm m
189
Hng dn gii bi tp
- -
1 1
T T
s(t) dt = lim exp(-2t)dt
2
b) P[]= lim
T T
- -
1
= lim [ exp(-2T)-1] = 0 w
n
T 2T
c) L hm kiu nng lng
.v
Bi 4
Cho hm
1/ 1 + t
a) Tm tng nng lng
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh
du
.e
a) L hm kiu g?
Gii
tit
1
a) E[]= s(t) dt = 1 + t dt = log
2
e (1 + t) 0 = Joule
- -
.p
1 1 1
T T
s(t) dt = lim
2
b) P[]= lim dt
-
T T
-
1 + t
1
= lim log e (1 + T) = 0 w
en
T T
c) L hm kiu nng lng
Bi 5
op
190
Hng dn gii bi tp
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon c gi tr thc nn
Field Code Changed
+T T
1 1
( ) = lim
T T
s (t ) s (t + )dt = s (t ) s (t + ) dt
T 0
2 T 2
A A
=
T 0 {cos(2 f1t+ )cos[2 f1 (t+ )+ ]} dt = 2 cos(2 f1 )
b) Ta c th biu din
1 j 2 f1 j 2 f1
cos(2 f1 ) = e +e
n
2
V th
.v
A2 A2
(f ) = F cos(2f) = [(f + f1 ) + (f f1 )]
2 4
P() = ( = 0) =
(f )df =
A
2
2
w
du
.e
Bi 6
Cho dy xung ch nht bin A , chu k T nh hnh v di y
tit
T/2
.p
+A
t
0
-A
en
c) Tm ACF
d) Tm cng sut trung bnh
191
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) Bin i Fourier c dng sau:
S(f)=ASinc(Tf/2)f1(f)-A(f)
trong f1=1/T
f 1 (f ) = (f kf1 )
k
c) T quan h bin i Fourier: s (z)s (z )dz = s () s () S (f ).S (f )
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
Ta c () = 2A (2 / T) T () = 2A (2 / T) pI(-kT)-A2
.v
d) P=(0)=A2
Bi 7
k =
T
X (t ) = AK pT (t + kT )
2
du
Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
Field Code Changed
.e
trong Ak={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
tit
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
.p
Gii
a)
Field Code Changed
en
x ( ) = E [ X (t ) X (t + ) ]
2
A 1 , T
= T
op
0 , nu khc
= A T ( )
2
192
Hng dn gii bi tp
c) P=(0)=A2
Bi 8
Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s dc
=1. Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps , tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Gii
a) Rs=2Rb=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
BN=(1+)Rs/2=19200 Hz
n
Bi 9
Mt ng truyn dn bng thng c d liu nh bi 10. Tm:
.v
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Gii
a) Rs=2Rb=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
du
.e
BN=(1+)Rs=2x19200=38400 Hz
Bi 10
tit
Gii
a) SNR= (11-1)/1=10 SNRdB]= 10lg10= 10dB
b) p dng cng thc (2.54) vi: A2/ 2 =SNR =10 v tra bng trong ph lc
op
Bi 11.
193
Hng dn gii bi tp
Pe=Q( 5 )=Q(2,24)=0,0125
n
Bi 11
.v
Gi s cc mc cng sut tn hiu v tp m ging nh trong bi11 v tn hiu l mt tn
s duy nht ti tm ca b lc bng thng. Tm bng thng b lc khi t s tn hiu trn tp m
o c l SNR=30dB.
Gii
Chuyn SNR vo s ln: SNR=1030/10=1000
10
du
.e
B ' 6 B '
10
2B
Vy bng thng ca b lc l: B'=2Bx10-2
tit
Bi 12.
Cho mt chui nh phn di v tn c phn b 1 v 0 ngu nhin i qua knh AWGN. Tm
.p
194
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 ( yA)2 /(2 2 )
fY ( y |1) =
1 2 2
e ( y ) /(2 ) fY ( y | 0) = e
2 2
n
.v
Pe = P0Pe(0) + P1Pe(1)= (1/2)[ Pe(0) + Pe(1)]
trong P0 = P1 = 1/2, Pe(0) = Pe(1). V th ta c th vit
Pe =
U
1
2
t y/=z ta c
2 2
exp( y / 2 )dy
du
.e
1 2
Pe =
A / 2 2
exp( z / 2)dz =Q(A/2)
tit
CHNG 3
.p
Bi 1
Cho mt tn hiu bn mc ai={-3a/2,-a/2,a/2,3a/2}, i=1,2,3,4 vi thi gian truyn mi mc
l T . Hy biu din tn hiu ny trong khng gian tn hiu.
en
a) Tm vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
Gii
op
a) Vect n v c xc nh nh sau:
195
Hng dn gii bi tp
a3 a/2 1
1 (t) = = =
E3 T
2 T
(a / 2) dt
0
T
1
si1 = si (t) dt = a i T
0 T
b)
3 1 1 3
a T a T a T a T
2 2 2 2
Bi 2
n
Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau {00,01,11,10}.
.v
Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
Gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
sau.
Pe(00)= P(01|00)+ P(10|00)+ P(11|00)
du
T phng trnh (3.32) ta c th biu din cc hm xc sut c iu kin nh trn hnh v
.e
fY1 (y1 |01) fY1 (y1 |11) fY1 (y1 |10)
fY1 (y1 |00)
tit
.p
3 y1
en
a T 1 1 3
a T a T a T a T a T
2 2 P (01|00) 2 P(11|00) 2 P (10|00)
e e
:
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
op
1 1 3 2
Pe(00)= N 0
exp -
N0
(y1 + a T ) dy1
2
a T
196
Hng dn gii bi tp
3
t z= y1 + a T / N 0 , sau khi bin i ta c:
2
1 2
1 a T
exp -z dz = erfc
2
P e(00)=
2 2
a T 2 N0
2 N0
3
t z= 2 y1 + a T / N 0 , ta c
2
1
T
exp -z / 2 dz = Q a
2
P e(00)=
2
a
T 2N 0
2 N0
Bi3
(Tip) Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
n
Gii
.v
Pe(01)= P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)
T phng trnh (3.32) ta c th biu din cc hm xc sut c iu kin nh trn hnh v
sau.
3 1 1 3 y1
a T a T a T a T a T a T
2 2 2 P(11|01) 2 P (10|01)
Pe (00|01) e
.p
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
a T
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
Pe(01)= exp - (y1 + a T ) dy1 + exp - (y1 + a T ) dy1
en
N 0 N0 2 0 N 0 N0 2
1 1 1 2
=2
0 N 0
exp -
0N
(y1 + a T ) dy1
2
op
1
t z= y1 + a T / N 0 , sau khi bin i ta c:
2
197
Hng dn gii bi tp
2
a T
exp -z dz = erfc
2
P e(01)=
a T 2 N0
2 N0
1
z= 2 y1 + a T / N 0
2
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q a
2
P e(01)=
2 2N
a
T 0
2N 0
Bi 4
Tim xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 11
Gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
n
0
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
Pe(10)= exp - (y1 a T ) dy1 + exp - (y1 a T ) dy1
.v
N 0 0N 2 a T N 0 0N 2
1 1 1 2
=2 exp - (y1 a T ) dy1
N 0
du
a T 0 N 2
1
t z= y1 a T / N 0 , sau khi bin i ta c:
2
.e
dz = erfc a T
2
exp -z
2
P e (01)=
2 N
a T 0
2 N0
tit
1
z= 2 y1 a T / N 0
2
.p
2
T
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q a
2
P e(01)=
2
a
T 2N 0
2N 0
en
Bi 5
Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 10.
Gii
op
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
198
Hng dn gii bi tp
a T
1 1 3 2
Pe(11)=
N 0
exp -
0 N
(y1 a T ) dy1
2
1 1 3 2
= N 0
exp -
0N
(y1 a T ) dy1
2
2a T
3
t z= y1 a T / N 0 , sau khi bin i ta c:
2
dz = 1 erfc a T
1 2
exp -z
2
P e(11)=
2 2 2 N
a T 0
2 N0
3
z= 2 y1 a T / N 0
2
n
1
T
exp -z / 2 dz = Q a
2
P e(11)=
2
2N 0
.v
T
a
2N 0
Bi 6
bng 1/4.
Gii
Pe= P(00)Pe(00) + P(01)Pe(01)+ P(11)Pe(11)+ P(10)Pe(10)
du
Tm xc sut thu sai k hiu trung bnh vi gi thit xc sut pht cc mc ai bng nhau v
.e
trong P(xx) v Pe(xx) l xc sut pht k hiu xx v xc sut c iu kin thu sai k hiu xx
tng ng.
tit
T cc kt qu bi 2,3,4,5 v P(xx)=1/4 ta c:
Pe= [Pe(00)+Pe(01)+Pe(11)+Pe10)]/4
.p
3 a T
= erfc
4 2 N0
6 T
en
= Q a
4 2N 0
Bi 7
Cho mt tn hiu iu ch 4-ASK c xc nh nh sau:
op
2E
si(t) = aicos(2fct+)
T
199
Hng dn gii bi tp
vi:
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = 2Eb, Eb l nng lng trn mt bit.
T l thi gian ca mt k hiu bng 2Tb, Tb l thi gian ca mt bit,
i = 1, 2, 3,4; fc tn s sng mang, l mt gc pha ban u bt k khng nh
hng ln qu trnh phn tch nn ta s b qua; ai={-3,-1,1,3}.
a) Tim vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
Gii
2E 2E
a 3cos(2f c t) a 3cos(2f c t)
T T 2
a) 1 (t) = = = cos(2f c t)
E3 T
2E
2 T
T
a 3cos(2f c t) dt
n
0
.v
T T
2 2E 2
si1 = si (t) cos(2f c t)dt = a i cos(2f c t) cos(2f c t)dt
0
T
du
.e
2E 2 E
a i cos(2f c t) cos(2f c t) = a i [1 + cos(4f c t) ]
T T T
tit
ta c
.p
E E E E
op
Bi 8
(Tip) Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau
{00,01,11,10}. Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
200
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
Pe(00)= P(01|00)+ P(10|00)+ P(11|00)
T phng trnh (3.32) ta c th biu din cc hm xc sut c iu kin nh trn hnh v
sau.
fY1 (y1 |01) fY1 (y1 |11) fY1 (y1 |10)
fY1 (y1 |00)
y1
3 E 2 E E E 2 E 3 E
n
Pe (01|00) P(11|00) Pe (10|00)
:
.v
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
1 1 2
Pe(00)= N 0
exp - (y1 + 3 E ) dy1
2 E
(
1 2
)
N0
2 1
E
exp -z dz = erfc
du
.e
N
P e(00)=
2 E
2 0
N0
( )
tit
t z= 2 y1 + 3 E / N 0 , ta c
1
2E
exp -z / 2 dz = Q
2
P e(00)=
.p
2 2E
N0
N0
Bi 9
en
201
Hng dn gii bi tp
y1
3 E 2 E E E 2 E 3 E
Pe (00|01) P(11|01) Pe (10|01)
n
1 1 2
=2 N 0
exp -
N0
(y1 + E ) dy1
.v
0
( )
t z= y1 + E / N 0 , sau khi bin i ta c:
P e(01)=
2
E
N0
exp -z
2
dz = erfc E
N
0
du
.e
z= (
2 y1 + E / N 0 )
tit
2
2E
exp -z / 2 dz =2 Q
2
P e(01)=
2
2E N0
N0
.p
Bi 10
(tip) Tm xc sut li bit trung bnh.
en
Gii
V mi k hiu pht ng thi hai bit nn xc sut li bit trung bnh s bng 1/2 xc sut li
k hiu v c tnh nh sau:
Pb=1/2[P(00)Pe(00)+ P(01)Pe(01)+P(11)Pe(11)+P(10)Pe(10)]/4
op
Da trn cc bi 8, 9 ta c th vit:
202
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 E 2E
Pe(00)= erfc = Q
2 N 0 N0
E 2E
Pe(01)= erfc =2 Q
N N
0 0
E 2E
Pe(11)= erfc =2 Q
N N
0 0
1 E 2E
Pe(10)= erfc = Q
2 N 0 N0
V th xc sut li bit tringbinhg nh sau:
3 E 3 2E
Pe= erfc
N 4 Q N
=
n
8 0 0
Bi 11
.v
Tm s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy i vi my thu iu ch BPSK nht qun hot ng
lin tc. Rb=10.000bps, P=0,1.10-6 W v N0= 10-11W.Hz-1 . Gi thit rng cng sut v nng lng
bit c chun ha ti tr ti bng 1 m.
Gii
du
Eb=P/Rb= 0,1.10-10; 2Eb/N0= 2; tra bng ta c Pb =0,0228
Vy s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy bng:
.e
Nb= Rb.(3600. 24).0,0228= 10.000(3600.24).0,0228 1970 bit
Bi 12
tit
Mt h thng BPSK hat ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 5000 bit li trn mt ngy.
Rb=10000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1 .
.p
a) Tm xc sut li bit
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
Gii
en
50000
a) Pb= =5,79.10-5
10000(3600x24)
b) Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
op
203
Hng dn gii bi tp
2E b 2 2E b
r(t) = k sin (2fct) 1 k cos(2fct) +x(t), 0tTb
Tb Tb
trong du cng tng ng vi k hiu '0' v du tr tng ng vi '1', thnh phn th nht th
hin sng mang ng b my thu vi my pht, Tb l rng bit v Eb l nng lng bit, x(t) l
tp m Gauss trng cng.
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh Pb vi xc sut pht k hiu 1: P(1),
xc sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin Pe(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng quyt
nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin Pe(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng quyt nh thu
k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh Pe(0|1) v Pe(1|0)
Gii
n
a) Cng thc lin h xut li Pe:
Pb= P(1).P(0|1)+ P(0).P(1|0)= 1/2[P(0|1)+P(1|0)
.v
b) Sau tch phn gii iu ch BPSK ta c:
T
2
Y1= s(t) cos(2f c t)dt = (1 k )E b + X1
2
0
T
du
trong Y1 l tn hiu sau mch tch phn, '+" tng ng k hiu '0' c pht, '-' tng ng k
hiu '1' c pht, W1 l tp m Gauss trng cng trung bnh khng.
.e
(1 k )E b nn:
2
V Y1 l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
fY1(y1|0)=
1 1
exp ( 2
y1 (1 k )E b v
2
)
tit
N 0 N0
1 1
exp ( 2
y1 + (1 k )E b
2
)
.p
fY1(y1|1)=
N 0 N0
Vy xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh 1 khi k hiu 0 c pht:
en
0 0
1 1 2
2
1 1 2
2
= exp y (1 k )E b dt
op
N 0 N 1
0 0
204
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 1 2
2
2
z= 2 y1 + (1 k )E b / N 0
ta c
( )
2
1 2
2(1 k )E b
P(1|0)=P(0|1)=
2 2 exp z / 2 dt = Q N0
n
2(1 k )E b
N0
.v
Bi 14
(Tip) i vi h thng BPSK nh cho trong bi 13.
Gii
a) Xc sut li bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:
.p
2
2(1 k )E b
=P(0|1)=P(1|0)= Q
en
N0
b) Cng sut trung bnh chun ha cho in tr 1m ca hnh phn sng mang ng b
c xc nh nh sau;
op
2
1 2E
Tb
Pc = 0 k Tbb sin(2fc t) dt =k P=0,1P k =0,1, nn cng sut cho tn hiu bn tin
2 2
Tb
s chim 1-k2=0,9 tng cng sut . Rt ra:
205
Hng dn gii bi tp
2
2E b 2 1,8E b Eb u
u= (1 k ) = =
N0 N0 N 0 1,8
n
h thng thng thng l:
6,42:5,78=1,1 ln
.v
Bi 15
Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng
T T
2 2E b 2
Y1= s(t) cos(2f c t)dt = cos(2f c t) cos(2f c t + )dt + X1
0
T 0
Tb Tb
.p
= E b cos +X1
1 2
fY1(y1|0)=
1
N 0
exp
N0
(
y1 E b cos
)
1 2
op
fY1(y1|1)=
1
N 0
exp
N0
(
y1 + E b cos
)
206
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 1 ( y1 Eb cos )2 / N 0
fY1 ( y1 |1) = e
( y1 + Eb cos ) 2 / N 0 fY1 ( y1 | 0) = e
2 N 0 2 N 0
Eb cos Eb cos
0
1 1
n
Pe (1) =
( y1 Eb cos )2 / N 0 ( y1 + Eb cos )2 / N 0
Pe (0) = e dy1 e dy1
2 N 0 0 2 N 0
.v
Do xc sut truyn bit "1" bng xc sut truyn bit "0" nn: P(0) =P(1)=1/2 v tnh i xng
ca cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin, nn cc sut li bit trong trng hp ny c tnh nh
sau:
Pb=P(0)Pe(0)+P(1)Pe(1)= 1/2[Pe(0)+Pe(1)]=Pe(0)=Pe(1)
1
N 0
1
exp
N0
(
2
y1 + E b cos dy1 )
du
.e
0
t
y1 + E b cos
tit
z= 2
N0
ta c:
.p
( ) 2E b
1 2
Pb=
2 exp z / 2 dy1 = Q cos
2E b N0
en
cos
N0
2E b
Thay Eb/N0= 109,6/10=9,12; =250cos250=0,8; cos = 2x9,12x0,8 = 3, 417 .
N0
op
207
Hng dn gii bi tp
2E b
= 2x9,12xcos = 3,1 cos=0,726=43,460
N0
Bi 16
Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut
thu trung bnh Pavr=10-5W, Rb=5000bps, N0=10-10WHz-1.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2
Gii
a) Tc k hiu cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
Rs-16QAM= Rblog(16)=20000 bps
Rs-QPSK= Rb/log(4)=10000 bps
n
Nng lng bit trung bnh cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
Eavr-16QAM= P/Rs= 1,6.10-6/20000=0,8.10-10
.v
Eavr-QPSK= P/Rs= 1,6.10-6/10000=1,6.10-10
T s tn hiu trn tp m cho hai h thng nh sau:
2 Eavr-16QAM/N0=2x0,8.10-10/10-10= 1,6
2 Eavr-QPSK/N0=2x1,6,10-10/10-10= 3,2
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
du
.e
Pb-16QAM=5,48.10-2
Pb-QPSK= 7.10-4
b) Bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng c xc nh nh sau:
tit
BN-16QAM=(1+)Rs-16QAM=1,2x20000bps=24000bps
BN-QPSK=(1+)Rs-QPSK=1,2x10000bps=12000bps
.p
Bi 17
h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li bit ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng cng
en
208
Hng dn gii bi tp
Nh vy ta cn pht cng sut cho 16QAM gp hai ln cng sut cho QPSK hai h thng
c cng xc sut li bit.
CHNG 4
Bi 1
Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c
bng 7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
Gii
2E b
Eb/No=107/10=5 = 2x5 = 3,16 . Tra bng trong ph lc ta c Pb=7,9.10-4. i
N0
n
vi ba bit mc li 2 ta c s t hp li hai bit trong 3 bit nh sau:
.v
3 3!
= = 3.
2
2!(3 2)!
du
Xc sut li 2 bit nh sau:
3
( ) (1 7,9x10 ) 6, 4.10
4 2 4 7
pe = ( Pb ) (1 Pb )
2 3 2
= 3 7,9x10
2
trong Pb, Pb2 v (1-Pb)3-2 l xc sut li mt bit, xc sut li 2 bit v xc sut mt bit
.e
khng mc li.
b) Tc bit sau m ha tng v bng: Rbc=Rb/r, trong Rb l tc bit khng m ha v
tit
r=3/5 l t l m. Nng lng bit cho trng hp m ho bng:
Ebc=P/Rbc=rP/Rb=rEb. V th
2E bc 2rE b
.p
= = 10x3 / 5 = 2, 45
N0 N0
Pbc=7,14.10-3
Bi 2
Tm xc sut li ban tin cho h thng truyn dn trong bi 1 cho:
op
209
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) PM=1-(1-Pb)3=1-(1-7,9.10-4)3=2,37.10-3
5
5
PMc = ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc )
k 5 k
k
k =2
5 5
( ) (1 7,14.10 ) =4,99.10
3 2 3 3
PMc ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc ) = 7,14.10
2 3 -4
2 2
n
Ta nhn thy rng nh m ha xc sut li bn tin c ci thin
.v
( 2,37.10-3) (4,99.10-4)=4,75 ln
Bi 3
du
Bng thng cho h thng c m ha trong bi 1 tng ln bao nhiu ln so vi h thng
khng m ha.
.e
Gii
Bi 4
Eb/N0=6dB.
a) Tm xc sut li bit (Pb) v li bn tin (PM) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
di 11 bit
op
b) Tm xc sut li bit (Pbc) v li bn tin (PMc) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
sa li n
Gii
210
Hng dn gii bi tp
2E b 0,8
a) = 2x10 = 3,55 Pb=1,9.10-4
N0
PM=1-(1-Pb)11=1-(1-1,9,10-4)11=2,1.10-3
2E b 0,8 11
b) r = 2x10 x = 3, 04 Pbc=1,18.10-3
N0 15
(
15
) (1 1,18.10
15 15 2
PMC = ( Pbc ) (1 Pbc )
k 15 k 3 3 15 2
1,18.10 ) =1,44.10-4
k =2 2 2
Bi 5
n
Cho mt b to m khi tuyn tnh c ma trn to m sau:
.v
0 1 1 1 0 0
G = 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
a) Tm cc t m
du
b) Tm Syndrome trong trng hp t m pht l "111" cn t m thu l "110"
.e
Gii
tit
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
.p
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 011 011
c=mG= 1 0 1 0 1 0 =
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
en
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
op
b) H=[I n k
P ]= I 3 MP ; I3 = 0 1 0 ;P = 1 0 1 H=
T 0 1 0 1 0 1
T
T
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
211
Hng dn gii bi tp
1 0 0
0 1 0
T
0 0 1
H =
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
= [1 1 0]
T
s=yH =[0 0 0 1 1 0]
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
n
Bi 6
.v
Mt b to m vng (7,4) c a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x3 v bn tin u vo 101. Tm t
m u ra.
Gii
du
a thc bn tin c dng sau: m(x)=1+x2. Nhn a thc bn tin vi x7-4=x3 ta c: x3+x5.
Chia tch trn cho a thc to m nhn c phn d b(x):
.e
3
5 3 x + x +1
tit
x +x 2
x
.p
5 3 2
x +x +x
2
x
en
Bi 7
op
a) Thit k s b to m
212
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) S b m ha nh sau
n
.v
b) Ni dung thanh ghi dch khi bn tin vo (10110)
ch
D
vo
Bit Ni dung thanh ghi
(D1D2D3) du
000 (trng thi u)
.e
1 1 101
2 0 111
tit
3 1 011
4 1 010
.p
Bi 8
Mt b to m xon vi chui to m sau:
en
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit ngoi
cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin
213
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a) S b to m nh sau:
n
b) Tnh ton chui m u ra theo bng
.v
Chui bn tin m
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m'
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x2
c1 = m'+m'x2
du
.e
c2 = m'+m'x+m'x2
c 11 01 00 01 00 10 1011
tit
Bi 9
.p
M
cl , j = gp, j ml -p j = 1, 2; p = 0,1, 2; l = 0,1, .., 7; p l
l =0
214
Hng dn gii bi tp
n
Tng t i vi nhnh di j=2 ta c:,
.v
c0,2 = g0,2 m0 = 1 1 = 1
du
c3,2 = g0,2 m3 + g1,2 m2 + g2,2 m1 = 10 + 11 + 10 = 1
c4,2 = g0,2 m4 + g0,2 m3 + g2,2 m2 = 11 + 10 + 11 = 0
c5,2 = g0,2 m5 + g1,2 m4+g2,2m3 = 11 + 11+ 10 = 0
.e
c6,2 = g0,2 m6+ g1,2 m5 + g2,3 m4 = 10 +11+11 = 0
c7,2 = g0,2 m7+ g1,2 m6 + g2,3 m5 = 10 +10+11 = 1
tit
c 16 bit.
Bi 10
(Tip) Tm chui m u ra theo phng php a thc to m.
op
g2(x) = 1+x + x2
c1(x) = (1 + x2 + x4+x5) ( 1 + x2) = 1+ x2 + x2+x4+x4+x6 + x5 +x7
=1+ x5 + x6 + x7
hay: c1 = (c0,1, c1,1, c2,1, c3,1, c4,1, c5,1, c6,1, c7,1 ) = ( 1 0 0 0 01 1 1)
c2(x) = (1 + x2 + x4+x5)( 1 + x + x2 ) = 1 + x + x2 + x2 +x3 + x4 + x4 +x5+ x6+x5+x6+ x7
=1+x+x3+x7
hay: c2 = (c0,2, c1,2, c2,2, c3,2, c4,2, c5,2, c7,2) = ( 1 1 0 1 0 0 01 )
Cui cng ta c chui u ra l ghp xen ca hai chui trn nh sau:
c = ( 11 01 00 01 0010 1011 )
Bi 11
(Tip) Tm chui m u ra theo biu li
n
Cc bit vo
m 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
00
.v
00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S0=00
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
S1=10
00 00 00 00 00 00 00
du
00
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
S2=01 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
.e
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
S3=11
Cc k hiu ra
c 11 01 00 01 00 10 10 11
tit
Bi 12
(Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng:v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm khong cch
Hamming gia chui k hiu thu v k hiu pht.
en
Gii
Ta biu din khong cch Hamming ca chui k hiu thu cho tng nhnh trn biu li
trn hnh sau.
op
216
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bi 13
n
(Tip). Biu th cc ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
.v
Gii
S0=00
0
2
2
du
.e
S1=10
0
tit
0 0
S2=01 0
.p
2 0
0 0
S3=11
en
Bi 14
217
Hng dn gii bi tp
S0=00
1
0 1
S1=10
0 1
0 0 0
S2=01 0
2 0
0 0 0
S3=11
Bi 15
n
Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
g1(x) = 1+x+x2
.v
g2 (x)= 1+x2
a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li
Gii
du
.e
a)
Vo
D1 D2
tit
.p
en
Ra
op
b)
218
Hng dn gii bi tp
00
S0=00
11 11
00
S1=10 S2=01
10
01 01
S3=11
n
10
Bi 16
.v
(Tip)
a) V biu li
Gii
a)
du
b) Tm chui k hiu ra theo biu li khi chui bit vo l: m=[101011].
.e
00 00 00
S0=00
11 11 11
tit
11 11 11
S1=10
00 00 00
.p
10 10 10
S2=01
en
01 01 01
01 01 01
10 10 10
S3=11
op
b)
219
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bi 17
Cho a thc ta m sau:
n
g(x)=1+x2
a) Thit k b m ha xon h thng SC
.v
b) V biu li
c) Tm chui k hiu ra khi chui bit vo l m=[100].
Gii
a)
du
.e
dk
tit
Vo
D1 D1 ra
.p
en
ck
b)
op
220
Hng dn gii bi tp
00 00 00
a=0 0
01 01 01
11 11 11
b=1 0
10 10 10
00 00 00
c=0 1 01 01 01
11 11 11
10 10 10
d=1 1
c)
n
d 1 0 0
.v
00 00 00
a=0 0
01 01 01
11 11 11
b=1 0
10
00
10
00
du
10
00
.e
c=0 1 01 01 01
11 11 11
tit
10 10 10
d=1 1
C 11 00 01
.p
1 + x2
g(x) = 1,
1 + x + x2
op
221
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a)
dk
Sk0 Sk1
ck
b)
00 00 00
S0=00
n
11 11 11
11 11 11
.v
S1=10
00 00 00
S2=01 01
10
01
01
10
01
01
10
01
du
.e
10 10 10
S3=11
tit
Bi 19
(Tip). Chui bit s liu vo b m ha RSC l d=[100]
a) Tm chui k hiu u ra ca b m ha da trn biu li.
.p
a)
op
222
Hng dn gii bi tp
d 1 0 0
00 00 00
a=0 0
01 01 01
11 11 11
b=1 0
10 10 10
00 00 00
c=0 1 01 01 01
11 11 11
10 10 10
d=1 1
C 11 00 01
n
C={1,1,0,0,0,1}
.v
b) Chui lng cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
ak=1-2dk
bk=1-2ck
C={-1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1}
Bi 20
du
.e
2
(Tip) Vi gi thit = 1 v chui k hiu thu c ti u vo b gii m MAP ti cc
thi im k=[0,1,2] nh sau: R=[(-0,5;-0,2), (1,5;1,2),(0,8;-0,4)]. Gi thit xc sut pht dk=0 v
dk=1 l nh nhau. Tnh ton s o nhnh cho
tit
a) k=0
b) k=1
.p
c) k=2
Gii
en
1
( xk ak ,i + yk bk ,i (m) ) . V xc sut pht dk=0 v dk=1 bng nhau, nn
k ,i (m ) = k ,i exp
2
k ,i = 1/ 2 . Gi thit =1.
2
op
R1=(-0,5;-0,2)
1
1,0 (00) = 1,0 (10) = exp ( (0, 5 1) + (0, 2 1) ) =0,25
2
223
Hng dn gii bi tp
1
1,1 (00) = 1,1 (10) = exp ( (0, 5 1) + (0, 2 1) ) = 1
2
1
1,0 (01) = 1,0 (11) = exp ( (0, 5 1) + (0, 2 1) ) =0,37
2
1
1,1 (01) = 1,1 (11) = exp ( (0, 5 1) + (0, 2 1) ) =0,67
2
R2=(1,5;1,2)
1
2,0 (00) = 2,0 (10) = exp ( (1, 5 1) + (1, 2 1) ) =7,4
2
1
2,1 (00) = 2,1 (10) = exp ( (1, 5 1) + (1, 2 1) ) =0,03
2
1
2,0 (01) = 2,0 (11) = exp ( (1, 5 1) + (1, 2 1) ) = 0,67
n
2
1
2,1 (01) = 2,1 (11) = exp ( (1, 5 1) + (1, 2 1) ) = 0.37
.v
2
R3=(0,8;-0,4)
1
3,0 (00) = 3,0 (10) = exp ( (0, 8 1) + (0, 4 1) ) =0,75
2
1
3,1 (00) = 3,1 (10) = exp ( (0, 8 1) + (0, 4 1) ) =0,34
2
du
.e
1
3,0 (01) = 3,0 (11) = exp ( (0, 8 1) + (0, 4 1) ) = 1,66
2
tit
1
3,1 (01) = 3,1 (11) = exp ( (0, 8 1) + (0, 4 1) ) = 0,15
2
Bi 21
.p
k=2
m=00: 2 (00) = 1 (00) 1,0 (00) + 1 (01) 1,0 (01) = 1,0 (00) =0,25
m=10: 2 (10) = 1 (00) 1,1 (00) + 1 (01) 1,1 (01) = 1,1 (00) =1
k=3
m=00: 3 (00) = 2 (00) 2,0 (00) + 2 (01) 2,0 (01) = 1,85
n
k=4
.v
m=00: 4 (00) = 3 (00) 3,0 (00) + 3 (01) 3,0 (01) = 13,67
m=01:
m=11: du
4 (01) = 3 (10) 3,0 (10) + 3 (11) 3,0 (11) =0,55
j =0
k=4
en
m=00 4(00)=1
m=10 4(10)=0
m=01 4(01)= 0
op
m=11 4(11)= 0
k=3
m=00 3 (00) = 3,0 (00) 4 (00) + 3,1 (10) 4 (10)
225
Hng dn gii bi tp
= 0,75x1+0,34x0=0,75
m=10 3 (10) = 3,0 (01) 4 (01) + 3,1 (10) 4 (11)
= 0,75x0+0,34x0=0
m=01 3 (01) = 3,0 (00) 4 (00) + 3,1 (10) 4 (10)
= 1,66x1+0,15x0=1,66
m=11 3 (11) = 3,0 (01) 4 (01) + 3,1 (11) 4 (11)
= 1,66x0+0,15x0=0
k=2
m=00 2 (00) = 2,0 (00) 3 (00) + 2,1 (10) 3 (10)
= 7,4x0,75+0,3x0=5,55
n
m=10 2 (10) = 2,0 (01) 3 (01) + 2,1 (10) 3 (11)
= 7,4x1,66+0,67x0=12,5
.v
m=01 2 (01) = 2,0 (00) 3 (00) + 2,1 (10) 3 (10)
= 0,67x0,75+0,37x0=0,5
k=1
m=11 2 (11) = 2,0 (01) 3 (01) + 2,1 (11) 3 (11)
= 0,67x1,66+0,37x0=1,11 du
.e
m=00 1 (00) = 1,0 (00) 2 (00) + 1,1 (10) 2 (10)
= 0,25x5,55+12,28x1=13,67
tit
= 0,25x0,5+1x1,11=1,24
.p
= 0,37x5,55+0,67x12,28=10,28
en
= 0,5x0,37+0,67x1,11=0,93
Bi 23
op
(Tip).
a) in cc s o tm c trong cc bi trc ln biu li
226
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
a)
=1 = 0, 25 = 1,85 = 13, 67
= 13, 67 =1
= 5,55 = 0, 75
=0 = 0, 07 = 1, 74
= 1, 24 =1
=0 =0
= 12, 28
=0 =0 = 7, 4 = 0,55
= 10, 28 = 0,5 = 1, 66 =0
n
=0 =0 = 0,3 = 0, 07
= 0,93 =0
.v
= 1,11 =0
b) T phng trnh (4.67) ta c:
k (m) k ,0 (m) k +1,0 ( f (0, m ))
L (dk ) = ln m
k (m) k ,1 (m ) k +1,1 ( f (1, m))
m
du
.e
k=1
1x 0, 25 x 5, 55
L (d1 ) = ln = 2,18 d1 = 1
1x 1x 12, 28
tit
k=2
0, 25 x 7, 2 x 0,75 + 1x 7, 4 x 1, 66
.p
L (d2 ) = ln = d2 = 0
0
k=3
en
1, 85 x 0,75 x 1 + 7, 4 x 1, 66 x 1
L (d2 ) = ln = d3 = 0
0
CHNG 5
op
Bi 1
227
Hng dn gii bi tp
n
.v
b) Lung bit u ra b ngu nhin ha cho 24 bit lung s ton khng u vo c xc
nh theo bng i y.
Th t Vo Ra Thanh ghi dch
dch bit
/K ban
u
1
A
-
0
B
1
1
C
-
1
D
1
1
E
0
1
du F
1
0
G
0
1
H
1
0
.e
2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tit
5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
.p
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
en
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
13 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
14 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
op
16 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
17 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
18 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
19 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
228
Hng dn gii bi tp
20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
21 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
22 0 I I I I 0 1 0
23 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
24 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
n
Gii
a) S b gii ngu nhin t ng b
.v
du
.e
b) 24 bit trong lung s u ra b gii ngu nhin c xc inhj theo bng di y. khng.
tit
u
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
en
3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
op
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
229
Hng dn gii bi tp
11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
14 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
17 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
18 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
19 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
21 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
22 I I 0 I I 0 1 0
23 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
24 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
n
Lung bit u ra b gii ngu nhin: A=[000000000000000000000000]
.v
Bi 3
Thit k mch logic cho b m ha vi sai trn hnh 5.8.
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
u1 (t T)u 2 (t T)
du
.e
0 0 0 0
0 90 180 270
u1(t)u2(t)
tit
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 90 180 270
0 0 0 0 0
90 90 180 270 0
.p
0 0 0 0 0
180 180 270 0 90
en
0 0 0 0 0
270 270 0 90 180
ca tn hiu c iu ch
Dng u ca bng th hin quan h ca cp bit thng tin (AB) cn m ha vi sai pha
(t) = (t) (t T)
230
Hng dn gii bi tp
Bng phi di 4x4 th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra b m ha vi sai v pha ca tn hiu
c iu ch.
Nhn xt cc ct ca bng th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra ca b m ha vi pha ca
tn hiu iu ch ta thy:
n
u 2 (t) = ABu 2 (t T) + ABu1 (t T) + ABu 2 (t T) + ABu1 (t T)
Bi 4
.v
Thit k mch logic cho b gii m vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8.
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
u1 (t T)u 2 (t T)
t-T 0
0
00
0
90
01
180
0
11 du 270
0
10 u1(t)u2(t)
t
.e
00 00 01 11 10 AB
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 90 180 270
01 10 00 01 11
tit
0 0 0 0 0
90 270 0 90 180
11 11 10 00 01
0 0 0 0 0
.p
Ct u ca bng logic trn th hin quan h gia cp bit u vo b gii vi sai v pha ca
tn hiu c iu ch
op
n
+ u1 (t T)u1 (t)u 2 (t)
.v
Bi 5
Tm sai pha u ra b dao ng ni trong s kha pha vng Costas trn hnh 5.7.
Gii
du
Bn cht ca kha pha vng costas trn s 5.7 l tm cch nhn pha bn ln tn hiu sau
.e
sin 4 +4 (2i-1) = sin(4 )
4
1 1
Sau xt du ca sin(4 ) = sin(2 )cos(2 ) = sin cos sin( + / 4)cos( + / 4)
tit
4 4
tm v tr sai pha s kha.
Ta c : sign sin(4 ) = sign sin si gncossign sin( + / 4)signcos( + / 4)
.p
232
Hng dn gii bi tp
n
.v
= +
4 4
. du
Nu chn cc thi im i du t dng sang m chnh pha ta c sai pha nh sau:
k
.e
Bi 6
(Tip) Thit k mch logic cho vng kha pha.
tit
Gii
Ta s dng cc bin i sau y:
2
.p
sign sin '+ = sign ( sin '+ cos')
4 2
2
en
233
Hng dn gii bi tp
co s '
signcos '
si gn sin 4 '
signsin '+
4
signcos '+
4
n
Bi 7
.v
Thit k b iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn diod.
Gii
du
.e
tit
0 0
180 0 (t) = 180
0
en
Bi 8
Thit k b iu ch QPSK s dng xuyn diod.
Gii
op
Ta phn tch iu ch QPSK thnh hai mch iu ch BPSK: mch iu ch BPSK 1 (nhnh
0
I) v mch iu ch BPSK 2 (nhnh Q). Mch iu ch th nht c tham kho pha ti 0 cn
0
mch th hai c thao kho pha ti 90
234
Hng dn gii bi tp
B iu ch BPSK 2
(nhnh Q)
Tham kho 2
01 00
B iu ch BPSK 1
(nhnh I)
Tham kho 1
11 10
B iu ch BPSK 1
n
.v
Lung nh phn nhnh I
TLO1 0
1
/2
du
.e
Lung nh phn nhnh Q
0
1
tit
Bi 9
Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch BPSK.
.p
Gii
a)
op
235
Hng dn gii bi tp
0
(t) = 0 0
0
(t) = 180 1
b)
0
Dng sng khi bit '"0" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch (t) = 0 c truyn
n
0
.v
(t) = 0
du 0
Dng sng khi bit '"1" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch (t) = 180 c truyn
.e
tit
0
(t) = 180
.p
en
Bi 10
Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch QPSK.
a) Thit k b gii iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn Diod
op
236
Hng dn gii bi tp
a)
/2
n
b) Ta xt cho trng hp gc pha tham kho =0 (knh I)
.v
du
.e
tit
Tham kho
Tn hiu thu
.p
vi (t)=
en
Tn hiu thu
vi (t)=5
op
u ra nh phn sau b lc m 1
Bi 11
237
Hng dn gii bi tp
f IF f IF
fimage fc f RLO2
n
cos(c t + (t))
cos(image t)
.v
0
cos(image t)
90
0 cos(RLO2 t)
du
.e
0
cos(c t + (t) + 90 )
0
cos(image t + 90 )
tit
b)
0 0
u ra b trn th hai B = cos((c RLO2 )t + (t) + 90 ) B ' = cos((RLO image )t 90 )
0
Cng C = A + B = 2cos((c RLO2 )t + (t) + 90 ) C=A+B=0
op
Bi 12
238
Hng dn gii bi tp
Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung
v tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
a) Tm tc u ra b ghp lung v tuyn v tc lung khai thc
b) Thit k b ghp lung v tuyn.
Gii
a) Tc u ra b ghp khung: R=34,368 Mbps x 36/35 35,35Mbps; Tc lung khai
thc bng: Rkt=R-Rb=35,35 -34369 0,982Mbps
b)
n
.v
Bai 13
(Tip). Thit k b to xung c c c l.
du
.e
tit
.p
Bi 14
a) Thit k b phn knh v tuyn cho lung s trong bi 12.
en
239
Hng dn gii bi tp
b)
ng h 35,35
B so B lc
MHz c l
pha thp tn
n
VCXO
.v
Bi 15.
. . .
du
Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu vi ba s gm ba my pht v
. .
ba my thu s dng ba cp tn s thu pht : (f i f i ) = (f1f1 ), (f 3f 2 ), (f 3f 3 ) , trong fi l tn s pht
cn f i l tn s thu.
.e
Gii
tit
Anten
.p
50
en
f1 f2 f3
,
f1
,
f2
,
f3
op Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Tx2
Tx1
Tx3
240
Hng dn gii bi tp
CHNG 7
Bi 1
Mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s lm vic ti tn s 1000MHz v khong cch thng tin
l 5 km.
a) Tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do
b) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v anten
thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c) Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
d) Nu ng knh cho anten tng gp i, tnh s tng ca h s khuych i anten theo
dB
e) i vi h thng phn a), cho anten cn c ng knh l bao nhiu h s khuych
i anten l 10dBi, gi thit hiu sut anten l 0,55.
n
Gii
a) T phng trnh (7.6), ta c:
.v
Ls [dB] = 10 lg Ls = 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km]
2
Df
G = 8
, trong l hiu sut ante, c=3.10 m/s l tc nh sng;
c
en
ta c:
2 8
Df c 3.10
1010/10=10=0,55 D= 10 / 0,55 = 4, 26 =0,4 m
c f .1000.10
6
op
Bi 2
Mt h thng v tuyn s c cng sut pht 3 W, tn s pht 2 GHz, anten pht v anten thu
c ng knh 1 m v hiu sut anten 0,55.
a)Tnh h s khuych i anten
241
Hng dn gii bi tp
Df 2 x1x2.109
2
=23,82dBi
a) 10 lg G = 10 lg = 10 lg 0,55 8
c 3.10
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+10lg2+10lg10=105,5dB
PRX=EIRP-Ls=56,62dBm-105,5dB-48,88dBm
Bi 3
n
Mt h thng v tinh qung b c EIRP=57dBW, tn s 12,5GHz, ch c tn hao khng
.v
gian t do, tc tn hiu s bng 5.107bps. My thu nc nh c nhit tp m T=600K v i
hi t s tn hiu trn tp m Eb/N0=10 dB. Tm bn knh cho anten thu ti thiu p ng yu
cu trn.
Gii
Cng sut thu ti thiu c tnh nh sau:
du
.e
Eb P 10 /10
= RX = 10 = 10 PRX=10kTRb=10x1,38.10-23x600x5.107
N 0 kTR b
=4,14.10-12W-114dBW
tit
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg12,5+20lg36.000
=200dB
en
f .15,5.10
9
Bi 4
242
Hng dn gii bi tp
Nout=(100.10-6)2/50=2.10-10WNa=2.10-10-4.10-17x106=1,6.10-10W
Tp m b khuych i quy i vo u vo:
Nai=1,6.10-10/106=1,6.10-16=kTafTa=1,6.10-16/(1,38.10-23x10.103)
=1,16.103K=1160K
n
Bi 5
.v
Mt b khuych i c h s tp m 4dB, bng thng 500 KHz v tr khng vo 50 m.
Tnh in p tn hiu u vo cn thit c SNRout u ra bng 1, khi u vo b khuych i
c ni n in tr 50 m ti nhit 290K.
Gii
du
Cng sut tp m u vo: Ni=kTif=1,38.10-23x290x500.103=2.10-15W.
T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo: SNRin=NFxSNRout=100,4x1= 2,5.
.e
Cng sut tn hiu u vo tnh nh sau: Pi/Ni =2,5Pi=2,5x2.10-15=5.10-15W
15
Ta c: Pi=(Ui)2/RU= Pi R = 5.10 x50 =5.10-7V=0,5V
tit
Bi 6
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh c cc thng s sau: tn s truyn dn 3GHz, iu ch
.p
BPSK, xc sut bit li 10-3, tc bit 100bps, d tr ng truyn 3dB, EIRP=100W, khuych
i anten thu 10dB, khong cch pht thu 40.000km.
a) Tnh mt ph cng sut tp m cho php cc i quy i vo u vo my thu theo
en
W/Hz
b) Tnh nhit tp m cho php cc i ca my thu, nu nhit tp m anten l 290 K
c) Tnh h s tp m cho php cc i ca my thu theo dB.
op
Gii
a)
243
Hng dn gii bi tp
E
Tra bng trong ph lc 1 ta c u= 2 b =3,1(Eb/N0)req=0,5x3,12=4,8
N 0 req
(Eb/N0)Rx=Mx(Eb/N0)req= 100,3x4,8=9,6.
Suy hao khng gian t do:
Ls [dB ] = 10 lg Ls = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg3+20lg40.000=194dB
PRX=EIRP-Ls+G2=10lg100-194+10=-164dBW
PRX
(Eb/N0)Rx= =9,6N0=PRX/(9,6xRb)= 10-16,4/(9,6x100)
R b N0
= 10-18 /(9,6.100,4)=4.10-20W/Hz
b) N0=kTsTs=N0/k= 4.10-20/1,38.10-23= 2,9.103=2900K
TRX=Ts-290=2900-290=2610K
n
c) TRX=(NF-1)290NF=TRX/290 +1=99,5dB
.v
Bi 7
B tin khuych i my thu c h s tp m 13 dB, khuych i 60 dB v bng thng
2MHz. Nhit tp m anten 490K v cng sut u vo l 10-12W.
a) Tm nhit tp m b tin khuych i theo Kelvin
b) Tm nhit h thng theo Kelvin
c) Tm SNRout theo dB.
du
.e
Gii
a) TRX=(NF-1)290=(101,3-1)290=5496K
tit
b) Ts=490+5496=5886 K
c) SNRin= P/Ni=Pi/(kTif)=10-12/(1,38.10-23x490x2.106)=0,74.102=7416,7dB
.p
NF[dB]=SNRin[dB]-SNRout[dB] SNRout=16,7dB-13dB=3,7dB
Bi 8
en
Gii
K hiu Ni, Na l cng sut tp m ngun v cng sut tp m my thu, ta c cng sut
tp m h thng thu cha mc thm b tin khuych i quy i u vo my thu :
244
Hng dn gii bi tp
n
K hiu h s tp m ca b tin khuych i l NFp, ta c:
Np=k(NFp-1).290.f=1,38.10-23(NFp-1)x290x500.106=1,54.10-12
.v
NFp=1,54/(1,38x2,9x0,5)+1=1,772,5dB
Bi 9
du
Mt my thu gm ba tng: tng vo l b tin khuych i c h s khuych i 20 dB v
h s tp m 6dB. Tng th hai l cp ni vi tn hao 3 dB. Tng ngoi cng l b khuych i c
h s khuych i 60 dB v h s tp m 16 dB.
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca my thu
.e
b) Lp li a) khi loi b b tin khuych i.
Gii
tit
Bi 10
245
Hng dn gii bi tp
2E b
u= =3,4 Eb/N0=5,78
N0
n
=10-17/(5,75x2)=8,6.10-19W/Hz
.v
N0=k.TsTs=N0/k=8,6.10-19/1,38.10-23=6,232.104K
Bi 11
Cn thit k mt my thu nhiu tng c Ttol=300K. Gi thit nhit tp m v khuych
a)
Ttol=T1+T2/A1+T3/(A1.A2)+T4/(A1A2A3) Ttol-T1 = (1/A1)[T2+T3/A2+T4/ (A2A3)]
A1=[T2+T3/A2+T4/ (A2A3)]/(Ttol-T1)= [600+2000/101,3+2000/ (101,3x102)]/(300-T1)
.p
= 701/(300-T1)
T1,K 200 230 265 290 300
en
A1 7 10 20 70
A1[dB] 8,5dB 10dB 13dB 18,5dB
op
246
Hng dn gii bi tp
b)
A1 , dB
n
T1 , K
.v
Bi 12
tp m 600K.
a) Tm cng sut tp m ngun trong bng 40MHz du
Mt my thu c khuych i 80dB, nhit tp m 3000k c ni n anten c nhit
.e
b) Tm Tm cng sut tp m my thu quy i vo u vo my thu
c) Tm cng sut tp m u ra my thu trong bng 40MHz.
Gii
tit
Nri=kTr f=1,38.10-23x3000x40.106=1,66.10-12W
c) Cng sut tp m u ra my thu:
en
Bi 13
op
247
Hng dn gii bi tp
b) u ra cp c tn hao.
Gii
a) K hiu t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo v u ra b khuych i l SNRi v SNRout,
ta c:
SNRi=Pi/(kTAf)= 10-9/(1,38.10-23x290x0,25.109)=100030dB
SNRout=SNRi-NF=30-3=27dB
b) K hiu SNRL , HFL l t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra cp tn hao v h s tp m cp tn
hao, ta c:
SNRL=SNRout-NFL=SNRout-L=27-10dB=17dB
Bi 14
Mt my thu c h s tp m 13 dB c ni n anten qua cp 300 m di 25m c tn
hao 10dB trn 100m..
n
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca cp ni v my thu
b) Gi s mt b tin khuych i 20 dB vi h s tp m 3dB c ni gia cp v my
.v
thu, tm h s tp m tng ca cp, b tin khuch i v my thu
c) Tn h s tp m tng nu b tin khuych i c u vo gia anten v cp ni.
Gii
du
a) K hiu NF1=L, NF2 l h s tp m ca cp ni v my thu, ta c:
Ntol=L+L(NF2-1)=LNF2 Ntol[dB]= L+NF2 -1=25x10/100+ 13-1=14,5dB
.e
b) K hiu NFr v A l h s tp m b tin khuych i v khuych i ca my thu, ta c:
Ntol= L+L(NFr-1)+L(NF2-1)/A=100,25+100,25(100,3-1)+100,25(101,3-1)/102
tit
=3,95,9dB
c)
Ntol= NFr+ (L-1)/A+ L(NF2-1)/A=100,3+ (102,5-1)/102 +100,25(101,3-1)/102
.p
=2,343,7dB
Bi 15
en
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt t s
dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng cc anten c
hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc Lo bng 2dB.
op
248
Hng dn gii bi tp
Gii
D1f 2 x1x8.109
2
=35,86dBi
a) G1= 10 lg G1 = 10 lg = 10 lg 0,55 8
c 3.10
D 2 f 2 x2,5x8.109
2
=46,42dBi
G2= 10 lg G 2 = 10 lg = 10 lg 0,55 8
c 3.10
Tn hao khng gian t do:
Ls=92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg8+20lg10.000=190,56dB
Cng sut thu ti trm mt t bng:
PRX=PTx+G1+G2-Ls-Lo=10lg20+35,86+46,42-190,56-2=-97,28dBW
n
N0=kTs=1,38.10-23 x100=1,38.10-21W
.v
2E b
Tra bng trong ph lc 1 ta c: =3,4 Eb/N0=5,78
N0
du
PRX/(RbN0)=5,78Rb=PRX/(5,78N0)=10-9,7/(5,78x1,38.10-21)=0,025.1012bps
= 25 Gbps
.e
b)
D1f 2 x1x2.109
2
tit
=23,82dBi
G1= 10 lg G1 = 10 lg = 10 lg 0,55 8
c 3.10
.p
D 2 f 2 x2,5x2.109
2
=31,78dBi
10 lg G 2 = 10 lg = 10 lg 0,55 8
c 3.10
en
Ls=92,5+20lg2+20lg10.000=175,5
PRX=PTx+G1+G2-Ls-Lo=10lg20+23,82+31,78-175,5-2=-109dBW
op
PH LC 1: HM Q V ERFC
erfc(u) = 2Q(u 2 )
1 u
Q(u) = erfc( )
2 2
Bng PL 13.1 . Bng Q(u)
n
Q(u)
u 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
.v
0.0 0.50000 0.49601 0.49202 0.48803 0.48405 0.48006 0.47608 0.47210 0.46812 0.46414
0.1 0.46017 0.45620 0.45224 0.44828 0.44433 0.44038 0.43644 0.43251 0.42858 0.42465
0.2 0.42074 0.41683 0.41294 0.40905 0.40517 0.40129 0.39743 0.39358 0.38974 0.38591
du
0.3 0.38209 0.37828 0.37448 0.37070 0.36693 0.36317 0.35942 0.35569 0.35197 0.34827
0.4 0.34458 0.34090 0.33724 0.33360 0.32997 0.32636 0.32276 0.31918 0.31561 0.31207
0.5 0.30854 0.30503 0.30153 0.29806 0.29460 0.29116 0.28774 0.28434 0.28096 0.27760
0.6 0.27425 0.27093 0.26763 0.26435 0.26109 0.25785 0.25463 0.25143 0.24825 0.24510
0.7 0.24196 0.23885 0.23576 0.23270 0.22965 0.22663 0.22363 0.22065 0.21770 0.21476
.e
0.8 0.21186 0.20897 0.20611 0.20327 0.20045 0.19766 0.19489 0.19215 0.18943 0.18673
0.9 0.18406 0.18141 0.17879 0.17619 0.17361 0.17106 0.16853 0.16602 0.16354 0.16109
1.0 0.15866 0.15625 0.15386 0.15151 0.14917 0.14686 0.14457 0.14231 0.14007 0.13786
tit
1.1 0.13567 0.13350 0.13136 0.12924 0.12714 0.12507 0.12302 0.12100 0.11900 0.11702
1.2 0.11507 0.11314 0.11123 0.10935 0.10749 0.10565 0.10383 0.10204 0.10027 0.09853
1.3 0.09680 0.09510 0.09342 0.09176 0.09012 0.08851 0.08692 0.08534 0.08379 0.08226
.p
1.4 0.08076 0.07927 0.07780 0.07636 0.07493 0.07353 0.07215 0.07078 0.06944 0.06811
1.5 0.06681 0.06552 0.06426 0.06301 0.06178 0.06057 0.05938 0.05821 0.05705 0.05592
1.6 0.05480 0.05370 0.05262 0.05155 0.05050 0.04947 0.04846 0.04746 0.04648 0.04551
en
1.7 0.04457 0.04363 0.04272 0.04182 0.04093 0.04006 0.03920 0.03836 0.03754 0.03673
1.8 0.03593 0.03515 0.03438 0.03363 0.03288 0.03216 0.03144 0.03074 0.03005 0.02938
1.9 0.02872 0.02807 0.02743 0.02680 0.02619 0.02559 0.02500 0.02442 0.02385 0.02330
2.0 0.02275 0.02222 0.02169 0.02118 0.02068 0.02018 0.01970 0.01923 0.01876 0.01831
op
2.1 0.01786 0.01743 0.01700 0.01659 0.01618 0.01578 0.01539 0.01500 0.01463 0.01426
2.2 0.01390 0.01355 0.01321 0.01287 0.01255 0.01222 0.01191 0.01160 0.01130 0.01101
2.3 0.01072 0.01044 0.01017 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
2.4 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
250
Ph lc
2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
3.0 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00104 0.00100
3.1 0.00097 0.00094 0.00090 0.00087 0.00084 0.00082 0.00079 0.00076 0.00074 0.00071
3.2 0.00069 0.00066 0.00064 0.00062 0.00060 0.00058 0.00056 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050
3.3 0.00048 0.00047 0.00045 0.00043 0.00042 0.00040 0.00039 0.00038 0.00036 0.00035
3.4 0.00034 0.00032 0.00031 0.00030 0.00029 0.00028 0.00027 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024
3.5 0.00023 0.00022 0.00022 0.00021 0.00020 0.00019 0.00019 0.00018 0.00017 0.00017
3.6 1.59E-04 1.53E-04 1.47E-04 1.42E-04 1.36E-04 1.31E-04 1.26E-04 1.21E-04 1.17E-04 1.12E-04
3.7 1.08E-04 1.04E-04 9.96E-05 9.57E-05 9.20E-05 8.84E-05 8.50E-05 8.16E-05 7.84E-05 7.53E-05
3.8 7.23E-05 6.95E-05 6.67E-05 6.41E-05 6.15E-05 5.91E-05 5.67E-05 5.44E-05 5.22E-05 5.01E-05
3.9 4.81E-05 4.61E-05 4.43E-05 4.25E-05 4.07E-05 3.91E-05 3.75E-05 3.59E-05 3.45E-05 3.30E-05
4.0 3.17E-05 3.04E-05 2.91E-05 2.79E-05 2.67E-05 2.56E-05 2.45E-05 2.35E-05 2.25E-05 2.16E-05
n
4.1 2.07E-05 1.98E-05 1.89E-05 1.81E-05 1.74E-05 1.66E-05 1.59E-05 1.52E-05 1.46E-05 1.39E-05
4.2 1.33E-05 1.28E-05 1.22E-05 1.17E-05 1.12E-05 1.07E-05 1.02E-05 9.77E-06 9.34E-06 8.93E-06
.v
4.3 8.54E-06 8.16E-06 7.80E-06 7.46E-06 7.12E-06 6.81E-06 6.50E-06 6.21E-06 5.93E-06 5.67E-06
4.4 5.41E-06 5.17E-06 4.94E-06 4.71E-06 4.50E-06 4.29E-06 4.10E-06 3.91E-06 3.73E-06 3.56E-06
4.5 3.40E-06 3.24E-06 3.09E-06 2.95E-06 2.81E-06 2.68E-06 2.56E-06 2.44E-06 2.32E-06 2.22E-06
4.6
4.7
4.8
2.11E-06
1.30E-06
7.93E-07
2.01E-06
1.24E-06
7.55E-07
1.92E-06
1.18E-06
7.18E-07
1.83E-06
1.12E-06
6.83E-07
1.74E-06
1.07E-06
6.49E-07
1.66E-06
1.02E-06
6.17E-07
du
1.58E-06
9.68E-07
5.87E-07
1.51E-06
9.21E-07
5.58E-07
1.43E-06
8.76E-07
5.30E-07
1.37E-06
8.34E-07
5.04E-07
.e
tit
.p
en
op
251
Ph lc
p(t) = { 1, t < 1
0, nu khc
pT (t) = { 1, t < T
0, nu khc
n
s(t) =
== pT (t - nT)
n
T n
.v
Sng vung i xng chu k T bin A
Hm tam gic n v
1 - |t | ,
khi| t |< T
L T (t) = T
tit
0, nu khc
Hm ly mu l tng chu k T
T(t)=
k
d(t - kT)
tng t hm f(f)
op
252
Ph lc
Hm bc thang n v
Xung hm m tt dn
exp(- t), khi t > 0
s(t)= exp(-t)U(t)= 1 / 2, khi t = 0
0, khi t < 0
Xung hm m tng dn
0, khi t > 0
s(t) = exp(t)U(t) = 1 / 2, khi t = 0
exp(t), khi t< 0
Hm du
n
sgn(t) = {1, t> 0
- 1, t < 0
.v
Hm Sinc n v
sin(p x)
Sinc(x) =
du
px
{s p (t), - T / 2 t T / 2
.e
sg(t) =
0, nu khc
rng mT:
s1(t)=p(t/(mT))cos(2ft)
en
253
Ph lc
s(t)=A0 + A n cos(2nt/T) + B n sin(2nt/T)
n =1 n =1
trong :
n l s nguyn dng (1n<)
A0 = s(t)
An = 2s(t)cos(2nt/T
Bn = 2s(t)sin(2nt/T
a+T
1
f(t) = f(t)dt
T T
n
(
2p nt
)
.v
n
n= 1 T
trong
du
n l s nguyn dng
C0=A0
Cn= 2
A n + Bn
2
.e
n = tan-1[Bn/An]
tit
3. Chui Fourier hm m
trong
n l s nguyn bt k (-<n<)
en
f l tn s c bn = 1/T
Sn l h s Fourier phc = sp(t)exp(-jn2f1t) (phng trnh phn tch)
2.2.2. i vi cc hm qu
op
254
Ph lc
S(f) = F[S(t)] = S(t) exp(- j2p ft)dt (Bin i Fourier)
-
n
nu s(t)S(f) th s*(t)S*(-f)
.v
4. i thang thi gian
Nu s(t)S(f) th s(at)
1 f
S
|a| a
3.5. i thang thi gian
nu s(t)S(f) th s(t-t0), th s(t-t0)s(f)exp(-j2ft0) du
.e
6. Dch tn
nu s(t)S(f), th s(t)exp(j2f0t)S(f-f0)
7. Din tch di s(t)
tit
nu s(t)S(f), th s(t)dtS(0)
.p
255
Ph lc
s1 ()s 2 ( t )d = s1 ( t ) s 2 ( t ) S1 (f )S2 (f )
.v
Cc thuc tnh ca tch chp:
* hon v: fg=gh
* lin ht: f(gh)=(fg) h
* phn phi: f(g+h)=(fg)+(fh)
P ( t+ T/2
T
) hay p T (t + T / 2) TSinc(fT)
.p
Tam gic
t TSinc2(fT)
hay L T (t)
T
en
Sinc
1 f + w
Sinc(2Wt) P
2w 2w
op
Sinc2(2Wt)
1 f
2W 2W
Hm m
256
Ph lc
1 (f)
(t-t0) exp(-j2 ft0)
T0(t) fo f0(f)
n
Sin
.v
cos(2 f0t) [ (f+f0)+ (f-f0)]
2
sin(2f0t)
1 [ (f-f )- (f+f )] hay
0 0
Sign (du)
2j
j [ (f+f0)- (f-f0)]
2 du
.e
sgn(t) 1/(j f)
1/( t) -jsgn(f)
tit
Bc thang
U(t) 1 (f)+ 1
.p
2 j2f
Ly mu
k =
en
1
(t kT0 ) T0
d(f - kf0 )
k = k= -
257
Ph lc
1
x dx = loge|x|
1
exp(ax )dx = a exp(ax )
1
cos(ax)dx = a sin(ax)
1
sin(ax) = a cos(ax)
1
x exp(ax )dx = a 2 (ax 1) exp(ax)
1
x exp(ax )dx = exp(ax 2 )
2
2a
n
2.5.2. Cc tch phn xc nh
.v
1
Sinc( x )dx = 2
0
du
1
Sinc ( x )dx =
2
0 2
1
exp(ax )dx = a
.e
0
1
x exp( x )dx =
2
0 2
tit
1
exp(ax )dx = /a, a > 0
2
0 2
.p
1
x exp(ax 2 )dx = , a >0
2
0 4a a
en
\
op
258
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying iu ch kha chuyn pha hai trng thi
n
FD Frequency Diversity Phn tp tn s
.v
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Kyeing Kha chuyn pha cc tiu Gauss
HFDD
HS
Half Frequency Division Duplex
Hot Stanby
s
du
Ghp bn song cng phn chia theo tn
D phng nng
.e
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
259
Thut ng vit tt
Rx Receiver My thu
n
Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian
TDD Time Division Duplex
gian
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Tx Transmitter My pht
du
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tit
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en
op
260
Ti liu tham kho
5. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 1997. Quy hoch tn s v thit k tuyn vi ba s,
HVCNBCVT.
n
7. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 2001. C s truyn dn vi ba s
.v
8. Dr. Simon Haykin, 1988. Digital Communications, John Winley & Sons.
9. Dr. Behzad Razavi, 1998. RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall.
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tit
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en
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261
Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U..................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 3
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng .................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Mc ch chng ......................................................................................................................... 3
n
LNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S ................................................................................ 7
1.4.1. T chc quy hoch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn........................................................................ 7
.v
1.4.2. T chc cu hnh hp l .............................................................................................................. 7
1.4.3. S dng cc cng ngh x l tn hiu s phc tp...................................................................... 8
1.4.4. Hon thin cc mch in v tuyn............................................................................................. 9
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1.5.1. Pha pht....................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.2. Pha thu:...................................................................................................................................... 10
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1.5.3. Giao din mi trng truyn dn.............................................................................................. 11
262
Mc lc
3.2. IU CH S .........................................................................................................35
n
3.3. CC KHUN DNG IU CH S.....................................................................36
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3.4. KHNG GIAN TN HIU ......................................................................................38
3.5. P NG CA CC B TNG QUAN LN TP M....................................40
3.6. B TCH SNG KH GING NHT..................................................................43
3.7. TNH TON XC SUT LI TRUYN DN TRONG KNH TP M GAUSS
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TRNG CNG, AWGN ..........................................................................................................44
3.8. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK NH PHN HAY HAI TRNG THI
.e
(BPSK) NHT QUN .............................................................................................................45
3.9. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK BN TRNG THI HAY VUNG GC
(QPSK) NHT QUN.............................................................................................................49
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263
Mc lc
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4.2. M U ................................................................................................................. 85
4.3. CC NGUYN TC M HA KNH KIM SOT LI .................................... 87
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4.4. CC M KHI TUYN TNH .............................................................................. 89
4.4.1. Ma trn to m ........................................................................................................................... 89
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4.4.2. a thc to m ...........................................................................................................................93
4.4.3. li m ha.......................................................................................................................... 101
264
Mc lc
4.8. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................................129
CHNG 5: THIT B VI BA S ...............................................................................132
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG ...........................................................................................132
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng ................................................................................132
5.1.2. Hng dn ................................................................................................................................132
5.1.3. Mc ch chng .....................................................................................................................132
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5.5. KHI PHC NH THI K HIU....................................................................141
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5.6. B CN BNG MIN THI GIAN ....................................................................143
5.7. B CN BNG MIN TN S ..........................................................................146
5.8. CC B TRN ....................................................................................................146
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5.8.1. Nguyn l chung ......................................................................................................................146
5.8.2. B trn loi tr tn s nh.......................................................................................................149
265
Mc lc
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7.4. TH D V TNH TON NG TRUYN .................................................... 181
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7.4.1. Th d v tnh ton qu ng truyn thng tin v tinh ...................................................... 181
7.4.2. Th d tnh ton qu ng truyn cho v tuyn s mt t .................................................. 181
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7.5.1. D tr phainh v nhiu .......................................................................................................... 182
7.5.2. Tnh ton d tr ng truyn v tuyn s............................................................................. 184
266