Night School Session 1 - Fundamental Concepts, Part I

AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E.
, PhD
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONNECTION DESIGN Emeritus Professor, Virginia Tech
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Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

American Institute of Steel Construction January 14, 2013
1
AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E., PhD
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Fundamentals of Connection Design

Session 1: Fundamental Concepts Part I
January 14, 2013
Presented by
Thomas M. Murray, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia

2
SCHEDULE
January 14, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part I
January 28, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part II
February 4, 2013 Shear Connections Part I
February 11, 2013 Shear Connections Part II
February 25, 2013 Moment Connections Part I
March 4, 2013 Moment Connections Part II
March 11, 2013 Moment Connections Part III
March 18, 2013 Bracing Connections
REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS
and
NOMENCLATURE

3
SPECIFICATION AND
MANUAL PROVISIONS
AISC/ANSI 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Chapter D Design of Members for Tension
Chapter J Connection, Joints and Fasteners
14th Edition AISC Manual of Steel Construction
RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using

ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
SPECIFICATION AND
MANUAL PROVISIONS

4
Nomenclature
LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design

Factored Loads and Resistance Factors,
Required Strength < Design Strength
Ru < Rn
where Ru = Required Strength using LRFD Load
Combinations (Factored Loads)
= Resistance Factor
Rn = Nominal Strength
Rn = Design Strength
Nomenclature
ASD: Allowable Strength Design

Service Loads and Factors of Safety,
Factored Loads < Allowable Strength
Ra < Rn/
where Ru = Required Strength using ASD Load
Combinations (Service Loads)
Rn = Nominal Strength
= Factor of Safety
Rn / = Allowable Strength
10

5
Nomenclature
Note: Available Strength is generic for
Design Strength and Allowable Strength in
the Specification.
AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings AISCS
14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual AISCM
RCSC Specification Bolt Spec.
11
Nomenclature
For the course:
AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings AISCS
14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual AISCM
RCSC Specification Bolt Spec.
12

6
Nomenclature
Resistance Factors:
Ductile Limit States: = 0.9
Example: Tension Yielding
Non-Ductile Limit States: = 0.75

Example: Tension Rupture
13
Steel Properties
A36 Steel: Primarily Plates and Angles
Fy = 36 ksi (Tension Yield Stress)
Fu = 58 ksi (Tension Rupture Strength)
A992 Steel: Beams and Columns
Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi
Note:
Shear Yield = 0.6 Fy
Shear Rupture = 0.6 Fu
14

7
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
PART I
15
TOPICS
Types of Connections
Classification of Beam-to-Column Connections
Limit States in the Load Path
Basic Bolt related Limit states and Detailing
Basic Weld Related Limit States and Detailing
16

8
CONNECTION TYPES
TENSION CONNECTIONS
Direct Loaded
Hanger
Light and Heavy Bracing
17
Hanger
Connection

9

10
CONNECTION TYPES
COMPRESSION CONNECTIONS
Column Splice
Beam Bearing Plate
Column Base Plate
21
Please do not design a beam

bearing connection like one.
22

11
23
CONNECTION TYPES
FRAMING (SHEAR) CONNECTIONS
Double Angles
Single Angle
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate
Tee Connections
Seated
24

12
Double Angles
Single Angle

13
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate

14
Tee Connection
CONNECTION TYPES
MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Flange Welded
Flange Plate Welded
Flange Plate Bolted
Tee-Stub
Flange Angle
Moment End-Plate
30

15
Flange Welded
Flange Plate
Bolted

16
Tee-Stub
33
Flange Angle
34

17
Moment
End-Plate
CLASSIFICATION
OF CONNECTIONS
36

18
Classification of Connections
Classification: All techniques depend on

member length and moment
diagram/magnitude of
moment.
Example: Beam Line/Connection Curve
37
FR Moment Connection
M = 0.9MF
Typical Beam Line

Moment, M
PR Moment Connection
M = 0.2MF
PR Pinned
Rotation, S
38

19
Fully Restrained FR
Flange Welded
Flange Plate Welded or Bolted
Tee-Stub
Moment End-Plate
39
Partially Restrained PR
Flush End-Plate
Flange Angle
Double Angles
40

20
Partially Restrained/Pinned PR
Double Angles
Single Angle
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate
Seated Connections
41
LIMIT STATES
IN THE
LOAD PATH
42

21
Load Paths/Limit States
Example: Tension Connection

5/16
5/8" PL 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
Tu
A
3/4" Dia. Section A-A
A325 Bolts, Typ
43

1 A
2
3,4 Tu
4 2
1 A
1. Angle Yielding
2. Angle Rupture including Shear Lag
3. Angle Bolt Bearing/Tear Out
4. Angle Block Shear
44

22
5. Bolt Shear
6. Plate Bearing / Tear Out
7. Plate Block Shear (N/A) 5
9 8
8. Plate Rupture
10
9. Plate Yield
10. Weld Rupture 6,7
7
98
45
BASIC BOLT RELATED

LIMIT STATES
AND
DETAILING
46

23
Bolt Types
A307 machine bolts

Ft = 45 ksi
Group A high strength bolts
Ft = 90 ksi
Group B high strength bolts
Ft = 113 ksi
Ft = tensile strength from AISCS Table J3.6

47
Bolt Types
Group A high strength bolts Ft = 90 ksi

ASTM A325, A325M, F1852,
A354 Grade BC, A449
Group B high strength bolts Ft = 113 ksi
ASTM A490, A490M, F2280, and
A354 Grade BD
Note: F1852 and F2280 are Twist-Off Bolts
48

24
A325 and A490 Bolts
3/4 in. Dia.
7/8 in. Dia.
1 1/4 in. Dia.
Note: Thread length is a function of bolt diameter

49
ASTM F1852 Twist-Off Bolt
Note: Requires a special tightening tool.
50

25
Bolts: Connection Types

Types of Connections:
(a) Bearing Type
N - threads included in shear plane
X - threads excluded from shear plane
(b) Slip Critical
SC - slip critical (friction)
Example Designations: in. A325 N
1 in. A490 SC
51
Bolts: Tightening
-N or -X Bearing Type Bolts
Snug Tight (Tightened so that a wrench is
needed to remove the nut.)
Pretensioned with no faying surface
preparation)
52

26
Bolts: Tightening
-SC Slip Critical Type Bolts
Requires faying surface preparation and
field inspection
Pretensioning - Turn of Nut Method
- Calibrated Wrench
- Direct Tension Indicator
- Twist-Off Bolt
53
Bolts: Pretensioned Installation
Turn of Nut Tightening
from Bolt Spec. Table 8.2

Example: Bolt Length < 4db, = 1/3 Turn
54

27
Calibrate
Wrench
Tightening
55

Direct Tension Indicator
56

28
Twist Off Bolt
57
Bolt Holes
Hole Types and Dimensions (Table J3.3)
Standard (STD) db + 1/16 in.
Oversized (OVS) db + (3/16 in. to 5/16 in.)
Short Slots (SS) STD by OVS + 1/16 in.
Long Slots (LS) STD by up to 2.5 bolt
diameters
(Standard Hole, STD, is Default for Course.)
58

29
Use of Slotted Holes
59
Bolt Tensile Strength

Design Tensile Strength of one Bolt, rt
(AISCS J3.6)
= 0.75
rt = Ft Ab
Ab = nominal bolt area
Ft = nominal strength from Table J3.2
rt = 0.75 Fv Ab = Design Tensile Strength
Note: Tensile area is accounted for in Ft.0
60

30
Bolt Shear Strength

Design Shear Strength of one Bolt, rv
(AISCS J3.6)
= 0.75
rv = Fv Ab
Ab = nominal bolt area
Fv = nominal strength from Table J3.2
rv = 0.75 Fv Ab = Design Shear Strength
Note: Area at threads is accounted for in Fv.
61
Bolt Nominal Strengths
62

31
Bolt Nominal Strengths

Table J3.2 Continued
63
Bolts: Connection Length Effect

Table J3.2 Footnote [b]
64

32
Bolt Shear Strength

Design Strength of the Connection
Rv = 0.75 rv x Number of Bolts
x Number of Shear Planes
Tn / 2
Tn
Tn / 2
Ex. For three bolts per row, there are twelve

(3x2x2) shear planes in this connection.
65
Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)

Section J3.8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-
Critical Connections
rsc = Du hf Tb ns (J-3.4)
= 1.00 for STD and SS Perpendicular

= 0.85 for OVS and SS Parallel
= 0.70 for long slots Note: Section J3.8 of ASICS
indicates that Eq. J-3.-4 is
Design Strength: available strength. It is
actually nominal strength.
rsc = Du hf Tb ns
66

33

Critical Connections Continued
= mean slip coefficient depending on
faying surface preparation:
Class A 0.3 Class B 0.5
Du=1.13, a multiplier that reflects the ratio
of the mean installed pretension to the
specified minimum bolt tension
67

Critical Connections Continued
hf = factor for fillers
= 1.0 for no fillers or one filler
= 0.85 for two or more fillers
Tb= minimum fastener pretension, Table J3.1
Ns= number of shear planes
68

34

IMPORTANT:
Slip Critical Connections are expensive because of
faying surface preparation, tightening and
inspection requirements.
SC-Connections are not needed for typical framing
connections and most moment connections.
SC-Connections may be needed when dynamic or
vibration loads are present or may be used to
control drift in frames and are required in some
moment connections.
69
70

35
Bearing Bolts: Combined

Shear and Tension Strength
ft
fv
Bearing Bolt Interaction Diagram
71
Bolts: Combined Tension and

Shear Strength in Bearing
AISCS J3.7 Combined Tension and Shear Bearing
R n = F'nt A b = 0.75 ft
Fnt
F'nt = 1.30Fnt f v Fnt
Fnv
and f v Fnv fv
Fnt = nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2
Fnv = nominal shear stress from Table J3.2
f v = the required shear stress = Vu/ Ab
72

36
Bolt Holes in Calculations
For all hole related limit states except tear

out, the effective hole diameter used in
calculations is
dh = dh + 1/16 in.
The additional 1/16 in. accounts for damage
from punching and drilling.
For tear out, the actual hole diameter is used.
Note: For bearing, the bolt diameter is used.
73
Bolts: Bearing and Tear Out
T
Bearing u
Tear-Out Tu
Lc Lc
74

37
Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out
Tear-Out
Bearing
75
Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out

Section J3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
= 0.75
For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes
Rn = 1.2 L ct Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
1.2 L ct Fu is the tear out strength

2.4 db t Fu is the bearing strength
Lc = clear distance between
Tu
between holes or to edge
Lc Lc
76
76

38
Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear-Out

Design Strength
PL 1/2" x 7"
A36, Fu = 58 ksi
112"
4" Tn
112"
3/4" A325-N Bolts

112" 3" Std. Holes = 13/16 in.
Bearing Strength at Holes:
2.4dbtFu = 2.4 x 0.75 x 0.5 x 58 = 52.2 k
77
Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear-Out

Design Strength
Tear-Out Strength:
Edge Bolts: L c = 1.5 13/32 = 1.09 in.

1.2LctFu = 1.2 x 1.09 x 0.5 x 58 = 37.9 k < 52.2 kips
Other Bolts: L c= 3.0 13/16 = 2.19 in.

1.2 L ct Fu = 1.2 x 2.19 x 0.5 x 58
= 76.2 k > 52.2 k
78

39
Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear Out

Design Strength
Design Strength:
Tn = 0.75 [2 x edge + 2 x other]
= 0.75 [2 x 37.9 + 2 x 52.2]
PL 1/2" x 7"
=135.2 k A36, uF= 58 ksi
112"
4" Tn
1
12"
3/4" A325-N Bolts
112" 3" Std. Holes
79
Bolts: Minimum Spacing and

Edge Distance
e s
e
s Tu
e
Section J3.3 Minimum Spacing
The distance between centers of standard,
oversized, or slotted holes, shall not be less than
2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener;
a distance 3d is preferred.
Typical spacing when db < 1 in. is 3 in.
80

40
81
BASIC WELD RELATED

LIMIT STATES
AND
DETAILING
82

41
Weld Rupture
J2. Welds J2.4. Design Strength
Design Strength = Fw Aw.

Tu
For Fillet Welds
= 0.75 Weld
Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5)

FEXX = electrode strength, ksi
= angle of loading measured from
the weld longitudinal axis, degrees
= (angle of attack)
83
Weld Rupture
Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5)
= 0o Fw = 0.6FEXX = 90o Fw = 1.5x0.6FEXX
= 45o Fw = 1.3x0.6FEXX
84

42
Weld Rupture Special Case
Tu
Rwt Rwl
Rn = max Rwl + Rwt

0.85Rwl + 1.5Rwt
Rwl and Rwt are the weld strengths with = 0o.
85
Weld Rupture: Effective Areas
t t
t t
teff = 0.707 t for t < 3/8 teff = t

for t > 3/8 teff = t + 0.11
FCAW, GMAW, SMAW SAW (Machine

(Manual Welding) Welding)
86

43
Weld Rupture: SMAW Weld
Example: = 00 E70xx
1/16 1"
Rn = 0.75 (0.6x70)(0.707x 1/16) = 1.392 k/in/1/16
Example: E70xx
1/4 5"
Let D = no. of 1/16s
Rn = 1.392 D Lweld= 1.392 x 4 x 5 = 27.84 k
87
Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes
88

44
Maximum Fillet Weld Size
Maximum Fillet Weld Size:

(AISCS J2.2b)
tp < in. tw = tp
1/16"
tp > in. tw = tp 1/16 in.
89
Base Metal Strength at Weld

Section J4.1 Shear Rupture Strength
The design rupture strength for the limit state
of rupture along a shear failure path in the
affected elements of connected members
shall be taken as
Rn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)

Where Anw = area of the element at the weld
Fu = tensile strength of base metal
90

45
Example: Determine Tn for Welds

PL 3/8" x 8"
A36 Steel E70XX
1/4
Fu = 58 ksi
Tn
PL 5/16" x 5"
Weld Rupture: 5"
Tn.= (1.392x4) (5x2) = 55.7 k

Base Metal:
Tn.= 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)
= 0.75 (0.6x58) (5/16) (5x2) = 81.6 k
Tn = 55.7 k
91
End of Session 1
Thank You for
Attending
Next Up
92

46
Next Session
January 14, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part I
January 28, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part II
Topics
Eccentric Bolted and Welded Connections
Direct Loaded Tension Connections
Light Bracing Connection Example
93
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AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E.

Thank you for joining our live webinar today.

Todays audio will be broadcast through the

Alternatively, to hear the audio through the

International callers, dial 00+1 212 231 2900.

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Todays live webinar will begin shortly.

Todays audio will be broadcast through the internet.

International callers, dial 00+1 212 231 2900.

Fundamentals of Connection Design

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design

ASD: Allowable Strength Design

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual AISCM

RCSC Specification Bolt Spec.

14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual AISCM

RCSC Specification Bolt Spec.

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Non-Ductile Limit States: = 0.75

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Classification of Beam-to-Column Connections

Limit States in the Load Path

Basic Bolt related Limit states and Detailing

Basic Weld Related Limit States and Detailing

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Please do not design a beam

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Classification: All techniques depend on

Typical Beam Line

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Load Paths/Limit States

Example: Tension Connection

Load Paths/Limit States

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

Load Paths/Limit States

BASIC BOLT RELATED

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

A307 machine bolts

Ft = tensile strength from AISCS Table J3.6

Group A high strength bolts Ft = 90 ksi

Copyright 2013 Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I

A325 and A490 Bolts

3/4 in. Dia.

7/8 in. Dia.

1 1/4 in. Dia.

Note: Thread length is a function of bolt diameter

ASTM F1852 Twist-Off Bolt

Note: Requires a special tightening tool.