Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rick Orman
Americas Sales Manager
Power Factor Correction/Surge
Protection/Power Conditioning
Wasted Capacity
(VARs)
Capacity
Useful Work (kVA)
(Watts)
Gas Pressure
Other Benefits:
Increased system capacity (generators, cables, transformers)
Reduced losses in transformers and cables
Improved voltage regulation
Greening the power system
Explicit
Power Factor Penalty
Power Factor Adjustment
Power Factor Multiplier
Reactive Demand Charge
Calculated Demand
Billed Demand
years 6.5
Price/KWH (cents)
has accelerated in the
5.5
past few years
5
If your penalty is KW
related, such as PF 4.5
multiplier applied to KW 4
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Demand, your penalty Year
amounts will track with
Energy Cost.
Source Energy Information Administration
Power Factor
= 0.80
125 kVA
100 kW
125 kVA
150 A
100 kW
150 A
75 kvar
125 HP
Power Factor
0.80 ==> 0.97
103 kVA
100 kW
124 A
125 kVA
25 kvar
100 kW
153 A
75 kvar
125 HP 50 kvar
75 kva
isolation
Reference: Dr. Mack Grady, University of Texas at Austin, Proc of the EPRI Power Quality Issues & Opportunities
Conference (PQA 93), San Diego, CA, November 1993.
For more info: http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~grady/POWERFAC.pdf
Linear Non-Linear
COMPUTERS
INCANDESCENT
LIGHTING
ELECTRONIC
INDUCTION BALLASTS
VARIABLE
MOTORS
FREQUENCY
FLUORESCENT &
DRIVES
HID LIGHTING
SEC.
-
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 43
43
Non-Linear Loads Draw Power Unevenly
Current
Current is drawn in short
gulps or pulses.
+ Voltage
46
Why talk about - Harmonic Resonance
100000
10000
Impedance in Ohms
1000
100
Harmonic Current 10
XC XL Source 1
60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140 1260 1380 1500
Frequency in Hz
Equivalent Parallel Resonant Circuit Frequency Scan for Parallel Resonant Circuit
48
Parallel Resonance
MVASC
hR
MVARCAP Xs
1000 kVA
5.75%
480 V
49
Parallel Resonance the Problem
Solution?
Make sure you perform calculation
Purchase Power Factor caps with detuned anti-resonance filter
Use capacitor-less solutions (HCU & others)
Frequency Scan
1000
100
Impedance in Ohms
10
XL Harmonic Current 1
Source
0.1
XC 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140 1260 1380 1500
Frequency in Hz
Equivalent Series Resonant Circuit Frequency Scan for Series Resonant Circuit
51
Expected Harmonics
Source Typical Harmonics*
6 Pulse Drive/Rectifier 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
12 Pulse Drive /Rectifier 11, 13, 23, 25
18 Pulse Drive 17, 19, 35, 37
Switch-Mode Power Supply 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
Fluorescent Lights 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
Arcing Devices 2, 3, 4, 5, 7...
Transformer Energization 2, 3, 4
H = NP+/-1
i.e. 6 Pulse Drive - 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 52
52
Harmonic Resonance - Solutions
1. Change the method of kvar compensation (harmonic
filter, active filter, etc.)
2. Change the size of the capacitor bank to over-
compensate or under-compensate for the required kvar
and live with the ramifications (i.e. overvoltage or PF
penalty).
Cost
Capacitors Hardened Capacitors Harmonic Filters Active Filters
Variable Load
Variable System
Eaton Unipump
Variable System w/
harmonics Advantages
Auto-regulating, comes on and off with load
Rapidly changing
Capacitor matched with load reduces concern
load of overcorrection
Electronic VAR Relatively small in size easy to locate, no
Injector additional distribution equipment required
Variable Load
Eaton Unipak Filter
Variable System
When to use
Variable System w/
Facility load is relatively constant 24/7/365
harmonics
Few anticipated changes to plant system &
Rapidly changing loads
load Capacitors protected from harmonics
Electronic VAR through the use of a detuned, anti-
Injector resonance filter / reactors
MV at a motor Considerations
MV variable load Possibility of over-correcting (leading
power factor, increases current)
Overvoltage can occur if load drops
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 59
Application Example Variable Load
At a motor Resistive
Group of Motors R1 R2 Load
Group of Motors w/
harmonics Motor Load
Variable Load
Eaton AutoVAR 300
Variable System
Advantages
Variable System w/
Single installation
harmonics
Load is monitored and brings individual
Rapidly changing capacitors in / out as required to meet
load power factor target value
Electronic VAR Wall mounted
Injector
When to use
MV at a motor When load flexibility is required
MV variable load Facility loads turned off at night
Future load expected to change
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 60
Application Example Variable System
At a motor Resistive
Group of Motors R1 R2 Load
Group of Motors w/
harmonics
Motor Load
Variable Load
Eaton AutoVAR 600
Variable System
Advantages
Variable System w/
Single installation
harmonics
System is monitored and brings individual
Rapidly changing capacitors in / out as required to meet
load power factor target value
Electronic VAR Floor mount
Injector
When to use
MV at a motor When system flexibility is required
MV variable load Facility loads turned off at night
Future load expected to change
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 61
Application Example Variable System
with harmonics
At a motor Resistive
Group of Motors R1 R2 Load
Group of Motors w/
harmonics Harmonic
Motor Load
Variable Load
Eaton AutoVAR 600 Filter
Variable System
Advantages
Variable System w/
Single floor mount installation
harmonics
System is monitored and brings
Rapidly changing individual capacitors in / out as
load required to meet
Electronic VAR power factor target value
Injector Floor mount
Variable Load
Variable System
Variable System w/
Eaton MV UniVAR & MV
harmonics
Rapidly changing Advantages
load Designed for industrial and commercial
Electronic VAR power systems with their own substations
Injector UniVAR XV: 2.4kV to 4.8kV
UniVAR MV: 6.6kV to 13.8kV
MV at a motor Available from 25 kVAR to 900 kVAR
MV variable load
Variable Load
Variable System
Variable System w/
Metal-Enclosed MV
harmonics
Rapidly changing Advantages
load Built in detuning, anti-
Electronic VAR resonance filtering to protect
the capacitors
Injector
Up to 15 MVAR of
compensation
MV at a motor Top of Bottom Cable Entry
MV variable load Up to 12 automatic switched
capacitor/reactor stages
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 66
Power Quality Experience Center and Lab
Overview of Lab and Capabilities
Purpose
To demonstrate and Test PQ
Problems and Solutions
Power Quality solutions, especially
harmonic solutions, are difficult to
understand
Demystify solutions mis-information and confusion regarding PQ and
energy savings
Equipment (Harmonic Related)
18 Pulse Drives Passive (Fixed) Filters
HMTs Passive (Switched) Filters
Active Filters Active Rectifier (UPS)
Broadband Filters Reactors
Link:http://www.eaton.com/EatonCom/Markets/Electrical/ServicesSupport/Experi
ence/index.htm Simply search on Google for Eaton Experience Center
2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 67
67
Eaton Power Factor Correction ToolTM - Resonance
Equipment damage
Insulation breakdown
Premature aging
Process interruption
Data loss
900 14 AWG
10 AWG
(Additional to device Let Through)
800 4 AWG
Additional Let Through Voltage
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3 Feet Loose Wire 3 Feet Twisted Wire 1 Foot Twisted Wire