Legal Counseling
Basedon the Lectures of Atty. Angeles
I.
PRACTICE OF LAW
A. Definition
An act of performing any activity pertaining to a
bona fide member of the bar carried out on a
habitual or continuous process, translated into
action by means of giving legal advice, drafting
of documents or appearance in court or any
other administrative or quasi-judicial body,
involving the use of faculty or intelligence of one
skilled in law who is entitled to a legal fee .
(from the author of the book).
Atty. Angeles:
:: carried out in a habitual or continuous process
- Pag once mo lang ginawa, nagbigay ng advice,
hindi sya maconsider as a practice of law. There
must be a pattern of doing things so that we
can conclude that an individual is engaged in the
practice of law.
:: involving the use of faculty or intelligence -
applying all that you have learned and all
aspects of your training and education, e.g.
statutes, provisions, jurisprudence, statutory
construction, you put all of them into use for
one particular work
:: legal fees - not limited to attorney's fees, it
includes salaries, compensation or remuneration
Why is it important to determine that one
is in the practice of law?
Practically because we need to know whether
you are entitled to a legal fee or whether you
are legitimately engaged in the practice of law
because if you are not, you can be guilty of
violation of our penal laws, i.e. usurpation of
official functions.
Cayetano vs. Monsod
Atty. Monsod was a nominee for the position of
COMELEC Chair. Atty. Cayetano questioned the
said nomination of Atty. Monsod because one of
the requirements for the position is that the
person must have practiced law for the last 10
years. Atty. Monsod is not a lawyer in a law
firm.
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ISSUE: WON Atty. Monsod was engaged in the
practice of law.
HELD:
Practicing law is not limited to the conduct of
cases in court. A person, for a valuable
consideration, engaged in the practice of
advising persons, firms, associations or
corporations as to their rights under the law or
one who appears in a representative capacity as
an advocate in proceedings is considered
practicing law.
II.
WHAT IS LEGAL COUNSELING AND
WHAT IT IS NOT
A. Practice of Law is NOT a:
1. Business. The practice of law is not about
profit.
Members of the bar often forget that the
practice of law is not a money-making
venture and law advocacy is not a capital
that necessarily yields profit. The gaining of
livelihood is not the primordial but a
secondary consideration ( Burbe vs. Atty.
Magulta).
Duty to public service and to the
administration of justice should be the
primary consideration of lawyers.
Lawyer must subordinate personal interest.
It is a noble calling in which emolument is
just a by-product and the highest eminence
may be attained without making much
money.
Atty. Angeles: The practice of law is more than
just a business, it is nobler than that. As a
lawyer you must be instrumental to the
dispensation of justice. Remember, however,
that when you set up a law office, you must be
able to maintain that office. You must strike a
balance between earning to survive the practice
and keeping your practice an honest
undertaking, not making profit the primary
objectice.
2. Legal Right.
A candidate does not have the right to enjoy

the practice of legal profession simply by
passing the bar. It is a PRIVILEGE that CAN
BE REVOKED subject to the mandate of due
process of law (Case of Ui).
B Instances NOT Considered as Practice of
Law:
1. Gratuitous furnishing of legal aid to the poor
who are in pursuit of any civil remedy, as a
matter of charity does not constitute practice of
law.
2. Search of records of realty to ascertain what
they may disclose without giving any opinion or
advise as to the legal effects of what may be
found.
3. When you are merely doing clerical work.
Work involving only clerical labor or filling in
finished documents without giving legal advice.
C. What is Legal Counseling?
Definition: It is the art of giving advice or
information concerning the solution of a legal
problem arising from given state of facts and the
adoption of appropriate use of remedies under
the law for the satisfaction and enforcement of a
legal obligation before a judicial or quasi-judicial
body.
giving advice or information - It is either
preventive or curative. Curative means
trying to remedy the problem without
necessarily bringing the subject matter
before the court for adjudication.
solution of a legal problem - Does not
include social problems (Atty. Angeles
talking about the movie of John Lloyd and
Bea where everyone is crying). If it is not a
legal problem, there is no legal counseling.
HOWEVER, in a case of common-law
partners, who acquired a condominium, the
issue of who owns the condo and other
properties after the break-up becomes a
legal problem as it now involves property
rights.
given state of facts - Minimum requirement
is to deal with facts. Avoid hypothetical or
theoretical situations.
satisfaction and enforcement of a legal
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obligation - we're talking of a legal
obligation and not of a unilateral, voluntary
act of a client. What can be imposed is only
the legal obligation, A unilateral act of
kindness of another party cannot be
imposed.
before a judicial or quasi-judicial body - It
must be before a branch of government
vested with jurisdiction to hear and
adjudicate non-litiguous cases with power to
enforce its judgments.
Is legal counseling a science or an art?
Legal counseling is both a science and an art.
It is a science because it pertains to the
application of laws, jurisprudence that must
be applied in a given set of facts. You
cannot just pull something out of thin air
and create a story or law.
It is an art because it involves conducting a
human activity. There are some lawyers
who are very good with showing empathy
with the clients' cause while there are
lawyers that are very distant. I wonder how
some of you would turn out to be.
III.
LEGAL ETHICS
Definition: It is a branch of moral science which
treats of the duties which an attorney owes to
his client, to the bar, to the court and to the
public.
A. Duties of a Lawyer
1. to the client - Ensure that the client is advised
of the progress of the case. More importantly,
you must be honest, even in your expections of
the case --- Does it have a chance? Do not give
your client false hope.
2. to the bar or fellow lawyers - a lawyer is
never a loner, he is part of a community of
lawyers. Hence, if the Bar Association calls on
you for help, if time permits and if your
resources would allow, you extend your services
to the Bar.
3. to the court
4. to the public
Code of Professional Ethics

Canon 7: A lawyer shall at all times uphold the
integrity and dignity of the legal profession and
support the activities of the Integrated Bar.
Rule 7.03: A Lawyer shall not engage in
conduct that adversely reflects on his fitness to
practice law, nor shall he, whether in public or
private life, behave in a scandalous manner to
the discredit of the legal profession.
As officers of the court, lawyers must not only in
fact be of good moral character but must also
be seen to be of good moral character and
leading lives in accordance with the highest
moral standards of the community. More
specifically, a member of the Bar and officer of
the court is not only required to refrain from
adulterous relationship or the keeping of
mistresses but must also so behave himself as
to avoid scandalizing the public by creating the
belief that he is flouting those standards. Tolosa
v Cargo, Adm. Case No. 2385, March 8, 1989.
Atty. A: Integrity and dignity of the legal
profession is not only limited to work but
involves your personal life. As lawyers we should
be mindful of certain things, we cannot totally
separate our lives from the public. The legal
profession sets a high standard because we
want to be removed from the multitude because
we perceive our profession as a noble calling
and only people who have strong convictions
can really attain that status.
B. When does a lawyer-client relationship
begin?
The moment complainant approached the then
receptive respondent to seek legal advice, a
veritable lawyer-client relationship evolved
between the two. Such relationship imposes
upon the lawyer certain restrictions
circumscribed by the ethics of profession.
Among the burdens of the relationship is that
which enjoins the lawyer, respondent in this
instance, to keep inviolable confidential
information acquired or revealed during legal
consultations (Hadjula vs. Madianda).
The moment the cmplainant approached the
respondent to seek legal advice, the lawyer-
client relationship has already established. Such
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III-Manresa 2014-15
relationship imposes upon the lawyers certain
restrictions circumscribed by the ethics of the
legal profession to keep inviolate confidential
information acquired or revealed during the
consultations.
The fact that one is (lawyers in a partnership or
a law firm), at the end of the day, not inclined
to handle the client's case is hardly of
consequence. Of little moment is the fact that
no formal professional engagement follows the
consultation nor would it make any difference
that no contract whatsoever was executed by
the parties to memorialize their relationship.
A lawyer-client relationship is established at the
very first moment complainant asked
respondent formal advice regarding his
business.
To constitute professional employment, it is not
essential that the client employed the attorney
professionally.
C. Client's Funds and Property
Rule 16.01: Lawyers shall hold in trust all
moneys of their clients and properties that may
not be in their possession. Office accounting
must separate client funds properly from own
funds.
Lawyers who convert the funds entrusted to
them are in gross violation of professional ethics
and guilty of betrayal of public confidence. It
may be true that a lawyer has a lien over the
clients' funds but you cannot unilaterally apply
the money given for a different purpose to pay
for your own services.
D. Conflict of Interest
A lawyer conferring with a prospective client
shall ascertain, as soon as practicable, whether
or not the matter would involve a conflict with
another client or his personal interest.
V.
MAJOR AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION
A. Transactional/Commercial
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Requires the development of knowledge on Office must be clean and organized. It must
setting-up or initiating a business convey an image of professionalism
transaction from the beginning of the Staff must be polite and language used
process to closure of the transaction. must be appropriate
E.g. Client wants to set-up a family Staff must be accommodating
corporation, the lawyer needs to know the Appropriate furniture
sharing of stocks amongst the family Charting an ideal law office (see: Barte, pg.
members if so desired by the client, the 17-18)
paperwork and government agencies
involved, as well as the tax aspect of C. Filing System
business, etc. Lawyer will design the filing system for his
easy access
This includes: Major Categories of Files
o Land transaction e.g. buy & sell, 1. Client Files must contain
mortgages Folders for client must
o Estates, succession contain: contact details;
o Franchising general correspondence;
o Communications billing sent out to client
o Agrarian If litigation is filed, there
must be a folder for
B. Litigation pleadings.
Lawyer who takes up court litigation as a 2. Accounting Files must contain
specialization must know the rules of Office accounting for
procedure and evidence by heart. clients/bookkeeping;
Problem of backlog and court cases also salaries of staff; accounts
spring from the fact that many practitioners receivables and payables;
are not prepared to be litigators. overhead expenses and
Litigation also encompasses modes of government fees.
alternative dispute resolution. NOTE: It must be separate
from accounts folder
VI.
GENERAL PRACTICE 3. Administrative Files must contain
Personnel must sign
confidentiality agreement
A mix of both litigation and transactional
Membership in professional
areas of law practice in small cities, towns
organizations
and rural areas
Publications (articles written
and published)
VII. Marketing (sponsorships)
OPENING A LAW OFFICE Information Technology

A. Location D. Calendar System

Preferable to be in a busy district A calendar system must be set up in the
Near government offices like the Hall of office where scheduled appearances in court
Justice, ROD, BIR, City Hall or meetings should be monitored by all
Accessible to public transportation It could be done electronically
Sufficient client parking Deadline for pleadings must also be
monitored.
B. One-man Law Office The following weeks schedule should be
Draw a floor plan finalized, if possible, Friday of the previous
Physical set-up week. A copy of the schedule should be
Shelf with law books and other references given to the lawyers.

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E. Software for Law Practitioners
Supreme Court Decisions
Word Processing
Billing Accounting
Office Networking
Avail of software application for efficiency
VIII.
PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE OF A START-UP
LAW FIRM/OFFICE
IX.
BILLING THE CLIENT
Client must feel that he is not overcharged.
Determine how valuable the matter is for
your client.
Client must feel he gets the value for his
money.
A. Two Concepts of Attorneys Fees
1. Ordinary Concept
Reasonable compensation paid to a
lawyer by his client for legal services
rendered to the latter.
2. Extraordinary Concept
Attorneys fee is an indemnity for
damages ordered by the court to be
paid by the losing party in litigation.
Basis: 2208 of the Civil Code
Payable to prevailing party, not to
the lawyer, unless the client has
agreed that award shall pertain to
the lawyer as additional
compensation or part thereof.
B. Two Kinds of Retainers Fees
1. Operational Retainer (Retaining Fee)
Fee paid to a lawyer to secure his
futures services as general counsel
for any ordinary legal problem that
may arise in the ordinary business
of the client.
2. Special Retainers Fee
Fee for a specific case handled for
special services rendered by lawyers
to clients.
Where there is no mention of a
special retainers fee, the measure
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Legal Counseling
Basedon the Lectures of Atty. Angeles
III-Manresa 2014-15
of compensation is quantum
meruit.
How do you compute for the
quantum meruit? Sesbereno vs. CA,
245 SCRA 30
C. Guidelines in Ascertaining the Real Worth of a
Lawyers Services
1. Rule 20.01, Canon 20, Code of
Professional Responsibility - A lawyer
shall be guided by the following factors in
determining his fees:
a) The time spent and the extent of the
services rendered or required;
b) The novelty and difficulty of the
questions involved;
c) The importance of the subject matter;
d) The skill demanded;
e) The probability of losing other
employment as a result of acceptance of the
proffered case;
f) The customary charges for similar
services and the schedule of fees of the IBP
chapter to which he belongs;
g) The amount involved in the controversy
and the benefits resulting to the client form
the service;
h) The contingency or certainty of
compensation;
i) The character of the employment,
whether occasional or established; and
j) The professional standing of the lawyer.
2. Contract of Employment
Highly recommended although not
required
Case of Traders Royal Bank
Maybe express or implied, verbal or
written.
3. Contingent Fee Contract
As long as the contract is not tainted
with fraud, undue influence, malice or
suppression of facts on the part of the
lawyer, terms of the contract shall be
implemented against the portion of the
clients property subject of the contract,
not only if the suit or litigation ends
favorably to the client.
4. Other Factors

Business-like approach in fixing and
payment of fees
Other unexpected incidents
Transportation and representation
expenses
Appearance fees
Expenses to be incurred in perfecting an
appeal
X.
BUSINESS
DEVELOPMENT/MARKETING
FOR LAW PRACTITIONERS
Getting your name out there.
Big law offices have rainmakers, the rest
of lawyers do not develop their books of
business.
Aim for sustainability of practice
o To achieve success in their legal
careers
o To promote growth in their law
offices
A. Strategies Marketing is a Contact Sport
Pursue profile and confidence building
activities; e.g. speaking engagements,
publishing articles
Establish targets identify types of work
and clients
Identify 3-4 business activities in a year
o Something lawyers like and does
naturally
o Get active in trade organizations
Support execution
Check results vis--vis your financial plan so
that success can be measured
B. Important Considerations
Know what your clients value
Know your goals short term and long term
Know your resources
C. Following 4Ps of Marketing
1. Product
Identify the need then provide a service
that addresses that need uniquely.
Dont be a me too law firm; create a
quality product or service.
2. Place
A question of access, physical access;
also consider the internet.
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3. Price
This is the entity point; allow your
clients to see if they can continue a
relationship with your office.
4. Promotion
Within the bounds allowed by rules
(advertising your name on magazines,
referrals, etc.)
D. Things to remember:
Never take more clients than you can handle
with loving care.
Keep your friends close and your enemies
closer, you will never know where that
referral would come from.
Keep in mind to keep the clients perspective
foremost is both delivering and marketing
your legal services.
XI.
KEEPING CLIENTS
A. Protect and nurture the relationship
Client is boss
Define the relationship from the start;
things you will do; make sure is satisfied
with the agreement; misunderstandings
must be clarified right away.
B. Personal demeanor and behavior of lawyers
towards the client
Doing good job is not enough.
Friendliness; promptness (no
procrastination); courtesy; respect for
clients; business-like attitude; keeping
clients informed or updated.
Availability at all times e.g. telephone
calls, e-mails, text messages
C. You must keep your clients informed on what
Update of case or matter subject of
retainorship
Prompt response to inquiries (re: billing;
status of case)
Opening alternative or options to client
for speedy disposition of cases
Bringing client abreast with
developments in area of concern
Transparency in billing

D. Train personnel or support staff for
professionalism; must understand pressure of
legal work and confidential nature or work.
XII.
WORK TASKS
A. WORK TASK - The Interview
Initial client interview
o to obtain information about the
legal problem of the client
o information gathered to be used to
evaluate the courses of action open
to the client and to decide whether
to agree or not.
First interview is akin to a first date; getting
to know each other
Lawyers agenda from the lawyers point 3. Non-legal Advice
of view
o Determine if lawyer of firm would be
interested to take matter
o Determine if client is someone
lawyer or firm would like to take on
o Communication to client suitability
of lawyer, qualifications and
availability of lawyer
o Generally outlining the scope of the
propose representation
o Communicating to client anticipated
steps ahead, including matters
which cannot be known at this time
Checklist when interviewing prospective
client
o Why client chose you?
o Has client seen other lawyers? Why
didnt the other lawyer take the
case?
o Is client a shopper?
o Is client under influence of relative,
co-worker, etc.?
o How much is the matter affecting
client?
o Listen to what your client says.
B. WORK TASK Advice
Giving recommendations as to courses of
action to follow including reasons and data
supporting these courses of action.
Based on lawyers conception and learning
of relevant substantive law and doctrine
applicable on particular facts and subject
involved.
Considerations:
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o Anticipate reactions of courts and
other quasi-administrative agencies
or bodies
o Probative value of evidence
1. Alternative Courses of Action
Indicate his preferences as to which cause
of action should be followed by client;
Convince client as to why he should adopt a
course of action;
Avoid showing any preference; merely pose
available alternatives in neutral terms.
2. Sidelights of advisory
Mastery of legal doctrines and
substantive/procedural laws.
For example, widows, spouses with marital
difficulties or small business owners with
financial difficulties.
4. Role Conflict in Giving Advice
Lawyers may run into role conflict when
giving advice brought about by
circumstances in the relationship with client.
For example, when client does not want to
be criticized or when a client may just want
reassurance from lawyer of his ideas, etc.
5. Lawyers ultimate word
Clients role must be defined clearly
Lawyer to stand by client but only to such
extent as will not compromise his ethics.
C. WORK TASK- NEGOTIATION &
CONCILIATION
Essential factors in negotiation
1. Proposal to the other side
2. Counter proposal
3. Reconsideration
4. Compromise
5. Advice to clients
6. Clients instruction to counsel
Parties to negotiation normally, it is one-
on-one
Mechanics of Negotiation
Lawyer may come in anytime in the
process if some clients want their
lawyers to be part of the team from the
beginning. Some clients just sent their
lawyers to negotiate.

Lawyer must be armed with a SPA when
negotiating; relationship is similar to
agent and principal in a contract of
agency
NOTE: Compromise agreement without a
SPA from the client renders the judgment
based on the contract NULL and VOID.
General power does not include Special
Power
Special authorities needed when the law
is not included in the general power
granted to a lawyer under his contract
of employment with client.
However, acts entered into by lawyer
without the SPA are not, ipso facto,
NULL and VOID; it can be ratified.
Effective Negotiation Techniques
1. Speeding up litigation process
2. Concealment of facts
3. Shifting negotiation techniques
D. WORK TASK DRAFTING
It is the writing and revision of written
instruments; includes complete preparation
of instrument, its review and revision by
others.
Lawyer may be tasked to draft original
document tailored to a single transaction, or
standard forms applicable to several
transactions.
Examples cited by Barte
1. Contracts and Deeds
2. Sales
3. Lease
4. Mortgage
5. Wills
E. WORK TASK Clarity and Precision Writing
Gifted document writer is not required
o Document should have essential
requisites and formalities required
by law.
o The simpler the language, the
better.
Keep sample documents on file
F. WORK TASK Litigation
Not limited to court litigation
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Difference between negotiation and
litigation:
o In litigation, a third-party decides
the issues; in negotiation, the party
seeks to resolve the issues by
mutual agreement among
themselves.
G. WORK TASK Financing
Lawyer invited by a client to be involved in
business venture as principal himself
Most business relationship between client
and lawyer reap enormous benefits
sometimes as contingent fees when the
transaction pushes through.
Arrangement acceptable so long as there is
no violation of lawyers oath nor anything
unethical with huge fees; no shady deeds
H. WORK TASK Property Management
Property management for clients includes:
1. Leasing
2. Eviction
3. Contract for repairs
4. Rent collection
5. Arranging for maintenance services
and insurance
6. Payments of taxes and other
expenses
7. Acting as executors and trustees
- Compliance Officer
- position is needed in companies
competing in heavily regulated
industries
- he is expected to the regulations that
must be complied with
Compliance Officer - functions as a liaison
between a regulatory body and the
company itself. He must conduct a routine
inspection of the company practices and
determine WON they are in compliance with
the standards or requirement of the law,
statutes or ordinances.
Acting as executor or trustee
Specialization
1. Tasks performed
2. Goods/services produced
3. The person the lawyer works for
4. The place where the lawyer works

SKILLS THAT A LAWYER MUST HAVE!
1. Collaboration Skills
A lawyer must know how to collaborate in a
multi-party environment
A lawyer must know how to trust the
wisdom of the group.
One must not be an isolationist.
The whole surpasses the sum of parts
2. Emotional Intelligence
Clients need empathy, perspective, and
personal connections
Colleagues need our engagement, respect
and understanding
3. Financial Literacy
A lawyer must have a working knowledge
and an understanding, not necessarily an
expert, of the financial world.
4. Project Management
This involves time-management
Lawyer must know how to estimate time
and budget costs and not to rely heavily on
'it-depends' cost. In other words, a lawyer
must know how to quantify their time and
other costs so as not to give their clients a
vague estimate or projection of the costs.
5. Technological Affinity
Lawyers must effectively use e-mail,
internet, mobile, RSS, etc.
6. Time Management
XIII.
ADVOCACY: CASE
MANAGEMENT AND
PREPARATION
A. Theory of the Case
1. Definition: Line of reasoning of either party
to a suit which brings together certain facts
of the case in a logical sequence so as to
produce a result that will assure that the
party gets a favorable.
2. Analysis and Development of Theory
Proceed to research pertinent statutes,
legal provision of substantive and
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procedural la, decisions of the SC
applicable to the given set of facts.
Start formulating theory of the case.
Final product should be cohesive, logical
view of the merits of the case that is
consistent with common everyday
experience, which builds on your
strengths and finds ways to compensate
for your weakness.
3. Elements of a good case theory
a) Factual Narrative - what happened
before, during, and after must be rich
but not too creative. It must be
consistent with your clients story, can
be supported by admissible evidence
b) Identify key facts not all facts are of
key importance, theory must identify
key facts that will lead to your
conclusion.
c) Motives must cite plausible motives to
actors and witnesses; must be
supported by admissible evidence
d) Law
e) Emotions
f) Opponents case remember the other
side also has a lawyer; in trial you have
to play defense as well as offense;
attack on the other sides strengths
g) Short summary
XIV.
CASE PRESENTATION
How do you prepare for a case?
1. Interview with the Client.
a. Set the terms straight!
Lawyer-client relationship must be
established
Appearance fees must be agreed upon and
terms of payment
Client cannot dismiss his lawyer whimsically,
especially if the case is already in court. A
withdrawal of council must first be filed and
approved.
b. Determine the facts.
Interviewing a client is a continuous
process. All the facts are not expected to be
out in the first interview.
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Client is supposed to be telling you the concise manner, using appropriate

naked truth. Hence, you have to make your
client at ease and without malice to enable
to get the client's utmost interest.
c. Interview must be in a language known or
familiar to the client.
d. Reduce to writing the interview and narration
of the witnesses.
e. Interview all witnesses and classify each
according to importance and probative value.
f. Ocular Inspection
language.
b) Brief should lessen the burden of the
appellate court in the examination and
not make the task of review difficult.
c) Every argument must be supported by
citation of authorities indicating page or
page of the record where such
authorities are cited and transcript of
stenographic notes, where testimonial
or documentary evidence can be found.

2. Preparing an appellate brief

Guidelines in the preparation of an
appellants and appellees brief found in
Section 13 and 14, Rule 44, Rules of Court.
Content Structure as required by law for
appellants brief:
1. Subject Index
2. Assignment Of Errors
3. Statement Of Cause
4. Statement Of Facts
5. Statement Of Issues Of Facts And
Law
6. Arguments
7. Relief
8. Where case not brought up by
record on appeal, the appellants
brief shall contain, as an appendix,
a copy of the judgment.

3. Preparing an appellees brief

Content structure for an appellees brief:
1. Subject Index
2. Statement of Facts where appellee
shall the facts in the other partys
brief, or under the heading Counter
Statement of Facts, party shall
point out such inaccuracies as he
believes exist with reference to the
pages of the record in support
thereof (no repetition of matters)
3. Argument where appellee will set
forth each assignment of error with
reference to the record.

4. Things to remember when preparing an

appellate brief:
a) Court does not know your case. Hence,
case must be presented as simply as
possible of the issues involved, in a

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