Tissues, Glands and Membranes

A. Epithelial Tissue
a. Functions
1. Protecting the underlying structures.
2. Acting as barrier.
3. Permitting the passage of substances.
4. Secreting substances
5. Absorbing substances
b. Classification of Epithelia. They are being classified according to the number of
cell layers and the shape of cell.
1. Simple epithelium- Consist of single layer of cell
2. Stratified (layer) epithelium- Consist of more than one layer of epithelial cell
with some cell sitting on top of other cells.
3. Squamous- Relating to scale
4. Cuboidal- Cube like structure
5. Columnar- Tall and thin structured tissue
6. Simple Squamous Epithelium- single layer of thin, flat cell, found where
diffusion and filtration take place. Example on the Alveoli (Oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange) and kidney (blood filtration). Prevent the abrasion between
organs in the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities by secreting slippery
fluids that acts as lubrication.
7. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium- single layer of cube like cell that carry out active
transport, facilitated diffusion or secretion.
8. Simple Columnar Epithelium- single layer of tall thin cell that can perform
complex functions such as absorption of digested foods from the intestine
through active transport, facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion.
9. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium- special type of simple epithelium. One
layer of cells with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.
10. Stratified Squamous Epithelium- forms a thick epithelium because it consists
of several layers of cell. The deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and can
reproduce.
- Example: Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium in the skin.
11. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium- compose of more than one layer of cuboidal
Epithelial Cell, but only the surface cells are columnar in shape. Carries out
secretions, protection and some absorption.
12. Transitional Epithelium- special type of epithelium than can be greatly
stretched.

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 c. Structural and Functional Relationship
1. Cell Layer and Cell shape. The number of cell layer and cell shape reflect the
function of the epithelium.

Structure Description Example

Single layer of Found in the parts of the body Diffusion of gas along the alveolar
cell/ Simple in which the principal function wall
Epithelium is the movement of materials
Filtration of fluid along the basement
membrane of the kidney.

Secretions in the glands.

Nutrients absorption in the intestine.

Multiple layer Protection. Located in the part Skin, vagina and anal canal.
of cell/ of the body where abrasions
Stratified occur because as the outer
layer may damage, they are
replaced by the cell on the
deeper layers.
Flat and thin Functions on diffusion and Alveoli and kidney
cell/ filtration
Squamous
Cuboidal/ Secretion and absorption Lining of the stomach
Columnar

d. Cellular Connection
1. Tight Junction- bind adjacent cell together and from permeability barrier.
2. Desmosomes- mechanical link that functions to bind cell together
3. Hemi desmosomes- attached the cell to the basement membrane.
4. Gap Junction- small channel that allows molecules to pass through going to the
adjacent cell.

B. Connective Tissues
Connective tissue structure is usually characterized by large amount of
extracellular materials (Extra Cellular Matrix) that separate cells from one
another.
o Components of Extracellular Matrix
Protein Fibers- help to form most of the connective tissues.
Collagen Fibers- resembles as a microscopic thread that is
flexible and can resist stretching.
Reticular Fiber- is very fine, short collagen fiber that branch
to form a supporting network.

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 Elastic Fiber- have structure similar to coiled metal spring,
after being stretched, elastic fiber has the ability to recoil to
their original shape.
Ground Substance- is a shapeless background against which cells
and collagen fibers are seen in the light microscope.
Fluids
a. Functions
1. Enclosing and Separating
2. Connecting tissues to one another
3. Supporting and movements
4. Storing
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting
b. Classification
1. Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue- has extracellular matrix consisting mostly
of collagen fiber and some or few elastic fibers. The most common cell that is
found in loose connective tissue is the FIBROBLAST that is responsible in
the production of fiber ground substance in the extracellular matrix.
Loose connective tissues are widely distributed throughout the body
and can fill the spaces between glands, muscles and nerves.
2. Adipose Tissue- has extracellular matrix with collagen and elastic fiber. It is
not typically a connective tissue because of very little extracellular matrix.
Adipose cells are filled with lipids that functions as an energy bank. It
functions also as padding, support of body parts and thermal insulator.
3. Dense Connective Tissue- with extracellular matrix and a densely packed
fiber.
Categories:
o Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue- consists mostly of
collagen fiber.
o Example: Tendons, Ligaments capsules that
surround the liver and the kidney.
o Dense Elastic Connective Tissue- has abundant elastic fibers
among collagen fibers.
o Example: Vocal Cords and the wall of the large
arteries and elastic ligaments.
4. Cartilage- compose of cartilage cell( Chondrocytes) located in the spaces
called LACUNAE
Types:

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 o Hyaline Cartilage- most abundant cartilage and has many
functions. It covers the end of the bones, ring of the respiratory
tract and nasal cartilage.
o Fibrocartilage- has more collagen than does in hyaline
cartilage. Can resist pulling and tearing forces or pressure.
Found in the disk of the vertebra and some joints.
o Elastic Cartilage- contains elastic fiber in addition to collagen
and proteoglycan. It can able to recoil to its original form after
bending. Examples are the external ear, epiglottis and the
auditory tubes.
5. Bone- is a hard connective tissue that consists of the living cell and
mineralized matrix.
6. Blood.
C. Muscle Tissue- ability to contact thus facilitating the locomotion/ movement. Muscle
Cells are sometimes called the Muscle Fiber.
a. Types:
Feature Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Location Attached to the bones Heart Walls of hallow
organs, blood vessels
and glands
Cell Shape Long and Cylindrical Branched Spindle shaped
Nucleus Multiple, peripheral Usually single, central Single, central
Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Function Moves whole body Heart contraction to Compression/
propel blood thru the contraction of organs,
body ducts, tubes

D. Nervous Tissue- forms the entire nervous system.

Action Potential- ability of the neuron to communicate to each other through
electrical impulses.
Neurons/ Nerve Cells- cell that is responsible for the action potential.
Cell body- site of the general cell function.
Axon- carries impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrite- carries impulses towards the cell body.
Neuroglia- support cell of the nervous system.

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