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Brian Kay
PHY 495
Objective
Examine the Friedmann equation and its impact on our
understanding of the evolution of the universe
universe (1917)
Introduction of Cosmological
Constant by Einstein
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/060913/index.html
Rate of Expansion
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/01
1.6
1.4
1.2
a(t)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
H0t
Matter Only ( = 1)
Exact Solution
These are closed universes with a
finite time
At some time in the future expansion
will cease and all matter will collapse 12
Matter Only Positve Curvature
a(t)
6
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
H0t
Matter Only ( = -1)
Exact Solution
Expansion will continue for all
time. Universe ends in the Big
Chill
Matter Only Negative Curvature
2
0 0.1
1.8
0 0.3
1.6 0 0.5
1.4 0 0.7
0 0.9
1.2
a(t)
0 0.999
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
H0t
Matter Only
Numerical Solutions
Matter Only Numerical
1.8
0 0.1
1.6
0 0.3
1.4 0 0.5
0 0.7
1.2
0 0.9
1 0 1.0
a(t)
0 1.1
0.8
0 1.5
0.6 0 1.8
0 2.0
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
H0t
Matter + ( = 0)
Matter + ( = 0)
Matter + Universe
2.5 Matter + Universe
30
25
2
20
1.5
15
a
a
1
10
0.5 5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H0t
H0t
Matter +
Curved
a(t)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
H0t
Conclusion
www.sciencenews.org/view/download/id/72459/name/Cosmic_Armageddon_
Bibliogrpahy
Ryden, Barbara Sue. Introduction to
Cosmology. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley,
2003. Print