VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL.

VIDYA PRATISHTHANS
Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of
Engineering and Technology
Vidyanagari, Bhigwan Road, Baramati, Dist. Pune 413 133.
Web: www.vpkbiet.org

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT: SWITCHGEAR AND
PROTECTION
[SUBJECT CODE: 403147]

CLASS: B.E. (ELECTRICAL)

YEAR: 2016-17

APPROVED BY:

Subject Teacher H.o.D. [Electrical]

Prepared by Mr. rohit s. tarade

VALIDITY UP TO: ACADEMIC YEAR 2017 2018

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

VIDYA PRATISHTHANS
Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of
Engineering and Technology
Vidyanagari, Bhigwan Road, Baramati, Dist. Pune 413 133.
Web: www.vpkbiet.org

B. E (Electrical) Switchgear and protection

Experiment No:

Title: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class: b. e Electrical Batch: ------------------

Roll No: ---------------------------- Date: ---------------------
Sign: ------------------------------------- Grade: -----------------

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 VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

EXP.NO: LIST OF EXPERMENTS PG. NO:

1 Study of Operational Working of Switchgear/Protective Relay
Testing System

2 Fusing Factor of Rewirable Fuse

3 Study the Fusing Characteristics of Fuse Element

4 Study of Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) & their testing

5 Study & testing of contactors

6 Study & testing of MCCB.

7 Study & testing of thermal overload relay for Induction Motor protection

8 Study & plotting Characteristics of IDMT type Induction over current relay

9 Percentage differential protection of transformer

10 Protection of alternator

11 Protection of Transmission line using P441 relay

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GUIDELINES FOR WRITING AN OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right side.

2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left
side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience.
4. Result should always be in the ending.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or
model calculations purpose.

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DOS AND DONTS IN THE LAB

DOS:-

1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and shoes,
girls with apron)
2. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
3. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
4. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted.
5. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the
Lab Store Room.
6. The results must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
7. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position.

DONTs:-

1. Dont come late to the Lab.

2. Dont enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Dont make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Dont switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Dont leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

EXPERIMENT NO. : Study of Operational Working of Switchgear/Protective Relay

Testing System
AIM: Study of Operational Working of Switchgear/Protective Relay Testing System
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Patch Cords
Protective Relay
Technical Specifications
S. No. Equipment Ratings
1. Mains Supply 230V 10%, 50Hz
2. DC Variable Source 0-500V

3. AC Variable Source 0-500V

4. AC Current Source 0-200V

5. Digital Meters : 1 No.
6. AC Voltmeter 1 No.
7. DC Voltmeter 1 No.
8. AC Current 1 No.
9. Time interval Meter with 1 No.
reset
10. MCB 1No. (TPN)

PRE-LAB:

1. How the electrical power system protection is divided?

The overall system protection is divided into

Generator protection

Transformer protection

Bus bar protection

Transmission line protection and Feeder protection

2. What is the function of circuit breaker in the Power system?

It is one of the protective equipments in substation. The main function of the CB is to open or
close a circuit under normal as well as fault conditions.

3. What are the major electrical equipments used in the power system?

Generator, power transformer, bus bars, circuit breakers, switching circuits

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THEORY:

Power System:

An electric power system is a network of electric components used to supply, transmit and use
electric power

Power system can be broadly divided into:

Generation system
Transmission system
Distribution systems

Components of Power System:

Supply
Transformer
Loads
Protective devices

Need of protective devices:

Power systems contain protective devices to prevent injury or damage during failures.
Protection devices keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that
are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
Choices of protective devices vary according to the strength of power in the system.
Earlier, Safety fuses were used in lower powered applications but now-a-days, in lower
powered applications, miniature circuit breakers are used and in higher powered
applications, protective relays are used. Early relays working was based upon
electromagnetic principles, but modern relays are application-specific computers that
determine whether to trip based upon readings from the power system. Different relays
initiate trips depending upon different protection schemes.

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Faults in power system:

Line faults-

Electrical line faults are characterized as:

Line to Ground Fault

Line to Line Fault

Line-Line to Ground Fault

L-L-L Fault(Line-Line-Line Fault)

L-L-L-G Fault(Line-Line-Line to Ground Fault)

Line to Ground Fault:

In this type of Electrical fault all the three sequence components (positive, negative and zero
sequence components) are present and are equal to each other. In case of isolated neutral
connection to the generator, there will be no return path for the current. So for such fault, fault
current is zero.

Line to Line fault:

These are unsymmetrical faults as these faults give rise to unsymmetrical currents (Current differ
in magnitude and phase in the three phases of power system).In case of Line to Line fault,
positive and negative sequence component of current are present, they are equal in magnitude
but opposition in phase. Zero sequence components are absent.

Line-Line to Ground Fault:

These faults are of unsymmetrical nature. In this type of faults negative and zero sequence faults
are in opposition with positive sequence components.

Line-Line-Line Fault:

This type of faults are called symmetrical fault. Such types of faults occur very rarely but are
more severe as compared to other faults. In these faults, negative and zero sequence component
currents are absent and positive sequence currents are present.

To summarize:

Positive sequence currents are present in all types of faults

Negative Sequence currents are present in all unsymmetrical faults

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Zero sequence currents are present when the neutral of the system is grounded and the fault
also involves the ground, and magnitude of the neutral currents is equal to 3Io.

Open circuit faults:

These faults are caused either due to parting of the overhead line or due to the partial
opening of pole of the circuit breaker.

Overloading:

Overloading can occur due to various reasons.Generally,overloading takes place when

excess amount of current flows through a single conductor.It can also occur due to the
sudden hike in supply voltage.

Interturn faults:

Interturn faults occur in machines i.e. Transformers, Motors and Generators. An Interturn
fault occurs due to the insulation breakdown between the turns of the same phase or
between the parallel windings belonging to the same phase of the machine. The cause of
the interturn fault is usually an overvoltage or mechanical damage of the insulation.

Protective Device:
All electrical circuits must be protected against over current therefore a protective device has
to be installed in order to isolate the fault from the supply so as to protect the equipment and
appliances from being damaged.
Over current is caused by:
Short circuit Two or more live conductors touching each other
Overload Adding loads greater than that of the rated value
A phase conductor touching the protective conductor by means
Earth fault of direct or indirect contact

Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

Each relay contains a few simple parts that all work together to allow the relay to function.

A simple relay contains the following components:

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

Electromagnet-It controls the opening and closing of relay.

Armature-It actually opens and closes.

Spring-Spring forces the relay back to its original state after each cycle.

Set of electrical contacts-For transferring of power.

Application of Relays:

Amplification of a digital signal: Relays can be used for switching a large amount of
power with a small operating power. Some special cases are:

A telegraph relay, repeating a weak signal received at the end of a long wire

Controlling a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or

audio amplifiers,

Controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an

automobile,

As a protective device:-Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by

opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays)

Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage
switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are
easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also
be controlled by room occupancy detectors to conserve energy,

Implementation of Logic functions:-For example, the Boolean AND function is realized

by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting
normally open contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the
XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished
using normally closed contacts.

Protective relays:

For protection of electrical apparatus and transmission lines, electromechanical
relays with accurate operating characteristics were used to detect overload, short-circuits,
and other faults. Such relays are called protective relays. These relays monitor the
current, voltage, frequency, or any other type of electric power measurement either from
a generating source or to a load for the purpose of triggering a circuit breaker to open in
the event of an abnormal condition.

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Basic Connection diagram of Protection relay

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All connections should be tight.
2. Dont touch live terminals.
3. The meter used should be of proper range.
4. The zero settings of the various instruments should be checked before switching the
circuit on.
5. Dont insert the resistance in field winding, when motor begins to start.
6. In case starter for d.c motor is not available, rheostat of proper rating should be used in
the armature circuit.
7. Reading should be obtained carefully.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
First make sure that three phase mains supply is Off.

For Using AC and DC Voltage Source.

Connect three phase variable supply to the testing system

Switch On three phase MCB provided at the testing system and vary three phase variac
knob (connected externally) upto 415V

By the time user varies three phase supply, three phase indicator with respective color will
glows, shows three phase supply appears on testing system

As shown in above figure, there is a separate switch to enable AC and DC Voltage Source

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

Now user has an option to either use AC Voltage or DC Voltage source at the same time,
for the same, one more switch is there (placed at the middle of selector switch as shown in
above figure) to select EITHER AC or DC

SOURCE.

Turn the switch to AC Voltage Source and make sure that DC Voltage source mains switch
is at Off position

Now, as shown in figure, two push button switches are there which helps user to increase
or decrease the voltages as per their application and that can go upto 500V

Now to use DC Voltage Source.

Firstly, ensure that AC Source is at zero volt or else DC Voltage source will not operate

Now turn Off AC Voltage Source Mains Switch and Move the middle switch to DC
Position.

Now turn On DC Voltage Source Mains Switch and increases / decreases voltage by using
available push button switch.

After completing respective experiment, make sure that either of the Voltage Source is at
zero volts or else, it will not operate again

Reduce three phase supply to zero volt by using three phase variac and turn all the selector
switch from AC or DC Voltage source is at Off position.

Now to analyze AC Current Source Section

Make sure that AC Current source knob is at zero position as shown in above figure.

Turn the selector switch (placed at Current Source Section) at On position and press green
push button to enable the same.

Digital timer is provided to count the tripping time of the IDMT Relay.

Toggle switch is placed just below the digital timer meter to stop or start the timer, it is
usually at upward side to start the timer.

User need to connect IDMT Relay at current source terminal so that system start injecting
current based on the rating of Relay

At the right side of the testing system, as shown in above figure, one selector switch is
there with selecting option as SET, Off and TEST

When user select SET option, means user can set the current for which they want relay to
get tripped

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

When user select TEST option, means user enables RELAY and test its current versus
time characteristic. Also at this, digital timer will stops by the time relay gets tripped so
that user can record this value into observation table.

At just below to this switch, N-O and N-C points are there, which user will have to use
while testing IDMT or any Current Relay with shorted N-C points itself and connect N-O
to respective N-O terminal of Relay.

After conducting experiments, make sure that all the switches are at Off position, current
source is at zero position and three phase mains as well as its MCB is Off.

POST LAB:

1. What is protective relay

2. How relays are connected in the power system?
3. What are the different relays that employed for protection of apparatus and
transmission lines?

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VPKBIET BARAMATI ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT VOL. 1

EXPERIMENT NO. : FUSING FACTOR OF REWIRABLE FUSE

AIM: Fusing Factor of Rewirable Fuse
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Switchgear Testing Kit, Rewirable Fuse Element, Flexible Wires, Fuse
Wires
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

S. No. Equipment Ratings

1. Mains Supply 230V 10%, 50Hz
2. DC Variable Source 0-500V

3. AC Variable Source 0-500V

4. AC Current Source 0-200V

5. Digital Meters : 1 No.
6. AC Voltmeter 1 No.
7. DC Voltmeter 1 No.
8. AC Current 1 No.
9. Time interval Meter with 1 No.
reset
10. MCB 1No. (TPN)
PRELAB:

1. What is mean by HRC Fuse?

2. What is the difference between MCB, MCCB, RCCB, and ELCB?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Circuit Diagram: Fusing Factor of Rewirable Fuse

Sw itch 20 A

Com.

230 V V
(0 -300 V )
A . C. 20 - 100 A Test
Supply Object

A uto-2 Current
Source Com.
TR-2
CR Zero Current
Detector
A
Pow er
Contact (0 - 500 A )
To Stop Timer Command

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Procedure:

1. Connect the Testing Kit to power supply.

2. Connect the Rewirable fuse element to be tested to output terminals of A.C. source.
3. Make the connection to determine terminal co-efficient of A.C. current source capacity.
4. Make sure that source input switches are OFF.
5. Make sure that variac on zero position.
6. Switch ON the main switch, this gives supply to logic control circuit. The digital meter
displays are ON showing zero reading.

7. Short the external interlock terminals, if it is not used in the test set up then terminals
should be shorted through the potential free NC contact of device under test.

8. Start the kit by pushing PUSH button (Pb). The Pb is ON which energizes the input contactor coil
C when contactor is ON.
9. Now switch ON A.C. current source control switch which gives supply to variac and to indicating
lamp.
10. Increase A.C. current source output current to desirable value with the help of variac.
11. The timer selector switch is kept on the internal position for using the timer.
12. Adjust the source output to desired values, stop the kit power contactor by stop Pb2. Reset the
timer with reset Pb keep variac to set value.
13. start kit power contactor with start Pb, this will also start the timer, when device trips, the kit power
contactor is de-energized and timer stops, showing required time period on display.
14. Repeat the same procedure for 15A and 5A element and also note down the fusing elements current
i.e. fusing current and fusing time and then calculate fusing factor both.

Fusing Factor: Fusing factor is the ratio of minimum fusing current to the rated current of

fuse element.

Observation Table :

Sr. No. Rated Ampere (A) Trip Ampere (A)

1
2
3

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Calculations : The Fusing Factor = Trip Ampere / Rated Ampere

Results :

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