Global Scale of English

Grammar
Learning Objectives for Adult Learners

Published February 2017

3 GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017

Introduction
The Global Scale of English
The Global Scale of English (GSE) is a standardised granular scale which measures English
language proficiency. It is designed to support a more fine-grained understanding of proficiency
than is possible with other frameworks such as the Common European Framework of Reference
(CEFR). The GSE has been psychometrically aligned to the CEFR.

Global Scale of English 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

+ + +
CEFR <A1 A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

The GSE ecosystem is made up of four parts:

1 The scale itself
2 The GSE Learning Objectives
3 Course materials created using GSE
4 Assessment tools that report on GSE.

Personalisation of progress

Scale Learning Course Testing

Objectives Material

The GSE Learning Objectives describe what it means to be at a level of proficiency in English in
terms of what a learner can do at that level for each functional skill (Listening, Reading, Speaking,
Writing) and their degree of mastery of the related enabling skills (Vocabulary, Grammar). They
also provide a resource for teachers worldwide to create their own courses and syllabuses and
plan their students paths to English proficiency. Four sets of GSE Learning Objectives have been
tailored to meet the needs of specific audiences: Adult Learners of General English, Learners of
Academic English, Learners of Professional English and Young Learners (6-14).
Visit english.com/gse for more information about the Global Scale of English and to download
the sets of GSE Learning Objectives.
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GSE Grammar for adult learners

GSE Grammar for adult learners is designed to provide detailed information on the key enabling
skill of grammar, linking grammatical structures to their usage pattern, related language functions,
and GSE/CEFR levels.
Grammar structures have been selected from a number of authoritative sources, including the
Council of Europes own language syllabuses, and have been rated for usefulness by groups of
experts.
GSE Grammar is designed to enable teachers to find at which GSE value/CEFR level a grammar
structure or group of structures becomes necessary for successful communication. It will also
help them to understand and define the usage of an unfamiliar or partially understood grammar
structure.
The principal sources used in the creation of GSE Grammar were the Council of Europes series
of language syllabuses: Breakthrough (A1), Waystage (A2), Threshold (B1), and Vantage (B2). Other
sources used included Pearsons key grammar publications: MyGrammarLab and Focus on
Grammar. The CEFR levels given in these sources were among the data points used to calculate
the GSE values/CEFR levels of the structures in the inventory.
The grammatical structures in this document are grouped by CEFR level and then ordered by GSE
value.

Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE

Can use and to link NP + and + NP boys & girls | a cat Conjunction |Coordinating 25
nouns and noun and a dog | the
phrases. tall man and the
short woman

The structures themselves are identified (a) by a Can Do descriptor, in the format Can use structure
X to perform task Y, and (b) by a label corresponding to the term(s) normally used in grammar and
course textbooks to refer to the structure. Examples of the structures in use are also provided.

Types of language activity

The structures in GSE Grammar have been rated for productive use, rather than receptive use,
since there is very little research showing how knowledge of grammar contributes to successful
language comprehension. The ratings do not distinguish between written and spoken language,
or between interaction and production. It is assumed that a learner who is able to produce a
structure can do so in both written and spoken forms and in one-to one, one-to-many and two-
way communicative contexts.
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Ranking by GSE and CEFR

Teachers and pedagogical experts trained in a series of workshops were asked to assess
structures on a five-point scale of usefulness. These findings were analysed statistically and
combined with the CEFR levels assigned by the Council of Europe or by Pearsons MyGrammarLab
(C1-C2) to produce a ranking of structures from the most to the least useful for learners. This
ranking was then mapped to the Global of Scale of English to determine GSE values for each
structure.

The acquisition process

All skill acquisition follows a gradual process from the point at which a learner notices that they
need a particular skill or structure, passing through the stages of increasing competence in
applying it, until finally they are able to produce it automatically. The value given to a grammar
structure in the inventory is the mid-point of the process, where a learner has a 50% chance of
using it successfully, as shown in the figure below.

A Learning Objective at 51 on GSE

100%
90%
80%
Likelihood of success

70%
60%

50%
40%
30%

20%

10%
0%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Learner Ability

This model illustrates the link between the ratings given to structures in GSE Grammar and a
learners ability to produce them in practice. If a structure at GSE 51 is systematically introduced
at around GSE 40 (approximately 10 GSE points in advance of its indicated level), then learners at
GSE 51 have, on average, a 50% success rate of producing it correctly.
 6
GSE Grammar Learning Objectives
A1 (22-29)
Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Can ask basic questions using Whats your whats your + NP? Whats your name? Pronoun | Question words 24
...? Whats your job? Verb | Tags and question forms
Clause | With be
Can use the correct form of be with agreement between nouns and verb be The coffee is hot. Clause | Basic construction 24
singular and plural nouns. The boys are Spanish. Clause | With be
Im Chinese. Noun | Plural
Were students.
Can make basic statements with subject + statements with subject + verb + object I like rock music. Clause | Basic construction 24
verb + object. She drinks coffee.
We study English.
Can use subject personal pronouns. subject personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they Pronoun | Personal 24
Clause | With be
Can say their own age using Im [number]. Im + number for age Im 25. Clause | Basic construction 24
Im fifty. Clause | With be
Can make simple statements with its/it is. it + be Its cold. Phrase | With be 24
Its ten oclock. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal
Its Monday today. Clause | Basic construction
Its easy.
Its late.

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Can use regular nouns in the plural form. regular nouns - plural Boys, classes, books, pens, days, chairs Noun | Plural 24
Can use subject pronouns with the correct subject pronouns + be + adj Im French. Pronoun | Personal 24
form of the verb be in the simple present. Theyre old. Clause | With be
Shes nice. Clause | Basic construction
Can use possessive adjectives such as my, possessive adjectives (determiners) my hand, your house, his mother, her Determiner | Possessive 25
your, etc. sister
Can use a/an with the names of jobs. a/an with jobs Im a teacher Determiner | Articles 25
Shes an accountant.
Can form questions with what and who interrogative pronouns: what/who Whats this? Its my phone. Pronoun | Question words 25
and answer them. Whos that? Its the new teacher. Pronoun | Personal
Verb | Tags and question forms
Can ask someones age using How old ? How old + is/are + NP? How old are you? Determiner | Quantifiers 25
How old is Nigel? Verb | Tags and question forms
Clause | With be
Can use and to link nouns and noun NP + and + NP boys and girls Conjunction | Coordinating 25
phrases. a cat and a dog
the tall man and the short woman
 7
Can use the verb be in the simple present be + adjective Im happy. Phrase | With be 25
with adjectives. Its cold. Clause | Basic construction
Her hairs long and dark.
Theyre not friendly.
Can use this is for an introduction. this is for an introduction This is Maria. Determiner | Deictic (this/that) 25
This is my sister. Clause | Basic construction
This is my teacher. Phrase | With be
Can use common forms of have in the have in the present tense I have a sister. Clause | Basic construction 25
present tense. Verb | Tense
Can use common irregular nouns in the irregular nouns plural People, women, children Noun | Plural 25
plural form.
Can ask where other people are using Where + is/are + NP? Wheres the bathroom? Pronoun | Question words 25
Where is/are ? Where are your children? Verb | Tags and question forms
Clause | With be
Can use a/an with single countable nouns. a/an with single countable nouns a good film, an interesting lesson, an hour Determiner | Articles 26
Clause | Basic construction
Can make affirmative statements using the present simple for facts and states He lives in the city. Verb | Tense 26
present simple without time reference. (affirmative only) Shes married.
He works for Siemens.
Can make negative statements using the present simple negative forms He doesnt understand. Clause | Negation 26
present simple. I dont speak Japanese. Verb | Negative forms
Can ask wh- questions using the present wh- questions in the present simple What do you want? Verb | Tags and question forms 26
simple. Where does she live? Pronoun | Question words
Can use the present simple to refer to present simple for daily routines He gets the bus to work. I drink six cups of Verb | Tense 26

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daily routines. tea a day.
Can ask yes/no questions using the yes/no questions in the present simple Do you know her? Verb | Tags and question forms 26
present simple. Does he want a drink?
Can use a/an with jobs to talk about work a/an + jobs Shes a teacher. Determiner | Articles 26
and professions. Im a student. Clause | Basic construction
Hes an architect.
Can use basic prepositions of place with basic prepositions of place (prepositional The moneys in my bag. Preposition | Place 26
nouns and noun phrases. phrases) The wine is on the dining-room table. Adverb | Place & movement
The church is opposite my uncles house. Clause | Basic construction
Can use verbs in the imperative. Imperatives + negative imperatives Tell me! Verb | Imperative 27
Dont speak to me!
Help me!
Can use personal pronouns as objects and object personal pronouns I like him. Pronoun | Personal 27
complements. I can see her. Clause | Basic construction
He wants us.
Can use a range of time expressions with basic time expressions with oclock three oclock Preposition | Time 27
whole numbers (+ oclock). nine (oclock) in the morning Adverb | Time
Can use there + be to express presence/ there is(nt)/are(nt) Theres a small house. Clause | With be 27
absence. There isnt a window. Adverb | Place & movement
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Can ask about the price of something How much + is/are + NP? How much is a sandwich? Determiner | Quantifiers 27
using How much is/are ? How much are the tomatoes? Verb | Tags and question forms
Clause | With be
Can ask a range of wh- questions. types of wh- questions Whats this? Pronoun | Question words 27
Whos that? Clause | Basic construction
Wheres your house? Verb | Tags and question forms
Can say where they and other people are NP + is/are + PP with common Johns in the bar. Preposition | Position 27
using a few basic prepositions. prepositions of place My parents are at home. Clause | With be
Can use the present simple to refer to present simple for opinions, likes and I like football. Verb | Tense 27
likes, dislikes and opinions. dislikes I dont like tennis. Clause | Basic construction
Do you like pop music?
I think its delicious.
Can use but to link clauses and sentences. basic but She likes coffee, but I like tea. Conjunction | Concession and contrast 28
Shes good at maths but not English. Clause | Comparison
Can use common forms of have got (BrE) have got in the present tense Have you got a car? (BrE) Verb | Auxiliary 28
in the present tense.
Can give dates (e.g. their date of birth) ordinal number + month/month + ordinal The thirteenth of May 1979 Phrase | Basic construction 28
using ordinal numbers in the form day- number + year September the 5th 1986
month-year or month-day-year.
Can use s to express possession with s for possession Diegos book Noun | Possessive (genitive) 28
singular nouns. my friends car Clause | Basic construction
Can construct short answers to questions tag responses (short answers to present Yes, I do. Verb | Tags and question forms 28
in the present simple using the verb do. simple yes/no questions) No, I dont. Verb | Auxiliary
Yes, they do.

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Yes, she does.
Can tell when to use the present simple present simple vs. present continuous I get up at 7 oclock every day. Verb | Tense 29
and when to use the present continuous. Its 7 oclock and Im getting up now.
Can use Id like /I want to express Id like/I want + NP Id like a drink. Clause | Basic construction 29
wants and wishes. I want a burger. Clause | Conditional
Can use can to refer to ability in the can for ability I can swim. Modal verb | Ability 29
present. She cant understand that book. Verb | Tense
Can use negative forms of the simple past. past tense negative They didnt understand. Verb | Tense 29
She didnt catch her plane. Clause | Negation
Verb | Negative forms
A2 (30-35)

9
Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Can use that and this as determiners this and that as determiners (general) I like this film. Determiner | Deictic (this/that) 30
relating to people or objects. Can you see that woman?
Can use the present continuous to refer to present continuous for time of speaking Im watching TV. Verb | Tense 30
events at the time of speaking. What are you doing?
Shes not listening.
Hes checking his email.
Can ask about quantities using how much/ Questions with how much/many + count/ How much do you earn? Determiner | Quantifiers 30
many with count and uncountable nouns. mass nouns How many children do they have? Verb | Tags and question forms
Noun | Mass/count
Can make affirmative statements using irregular past simple for finished time We saw the match. Verb | Tense 30
common irregular past simple forms. (affirmative only) They went to London.
Can use and with verbs and verb phrases. VP + and + VP We eat and (we) sleep in the hotel. Shes an Conjunction | Coordinating 30
IT expert, and she speaks good English.
Can ask yes/no questions using the past yes/no questions in the past Did you see him? Verb | Tense 30
tense of verbs. Did they catch their plane? Verb | Tags and question forms
Can use s to express possession with s for possession the soldiers guns Noun | Possessive (genitive) 30
plural nouns. the students books Clause | Basic construction
Can use at as a preposition of time. prepositions of time: at at two oclock Preposition | Time 30
at lunchtime Adverb | Time
at the weekend
Can use an adjective as a subject adjective as subject complement (verb + Chiara is Italian. Adjective | Position 30
complement after a linking verb. adjective) You look tired. Clause | Basic construction

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Clause | With be
Can make affirmative statements using regular past simple for finished time I asked a question. Verb | Tense 30
common regular past simple forms. (affirmative only) They walked home.
Can use a range of prepositions of place. common prepositions of place against; behind; in front of; next to; under Preposition | Place 30
Can use like/hate/love with the -ing forms like/love/hate + VPgerund I love going to museums. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 31
of verbs. Do you like working here?
She hates watching TV.
They love dancing.
Can ask for information about time, how questions for time, measurement, How big is it? Determiner | Quantifiers 31
measurement, size etc. with how + size etc. (except much/many) How tall is he? Verb | Tags and question forms
adjective/quantifier. How long is the film? Pronoun | Question words
Can place adjectives in the correct position position of adjectives (adjective + NP) a white car Adjective | Position 31
(before nouns). a small box of biscuits Clause | Basic construction
Can use a range of common time basic time expressions with past/to and a quarter to/past three Preposition | Time 31
expressions with past/to and fractions. half/quarter half past six Adverb | Time
Can use want to + infinitive to express want to + VPinf for intentions I want to help you. Phrase | With infinitive 31
intentions. Do they want to buy it?
 10
Can ask wh- questions using the past tense wh- questions in the past Where did you go? Verb | Tense 31
of verbs. How much did it cost? Verb | Tags and question forms
When did he arrive? Pronoun | Question words
Can use after as a preposition in time after + NP after the show Preposition | Time 32
expressions. after dinner Clause | Time
Can use uncountable (mass) nouns with no determiners + uncountable nouns I want some food, Determiner | Quantifiers 32
quantifier or an appropriate quantifier. She doesnt eat cheese. Determiner | Articles
Do we have any paper? Noun | Mass/count
Can use was and were with a range of was/were + complement It was cold yesterday. Clause | Basic construction 32
complement phrases. He wasnt at school last week. Verb | Tense
We were in Mexico on Monday. Clause | With be
Can link clauses and sentences with a basic connectors (and/but/or) I did the shopping and cleaned the house. Conjunction | Coordinating 32
range of basic connectors. Its the right size, but I dont like the colour. Clause | Basic construction
We can get the bus, or go there by train.
Can use the definite article to refer to a definite article for specific example the hotel manager Determiner | Articles 32
specific person, thing, or situation. the British people
the house on the hill
Can form questions with How often in the How often + do/does +VPquestion How often do you go to the beach? How Determiner | Quantifiers 32
present tense. often does it rain? Verb | Tags and question forms
Verb | Tense
Can use this with time expressions this + (unfinished) time expression this week Determiner | Deictic (this/that) 32
referring to the present or future. this Monday Adverb | Time
this weekend
this lesson
this afternoon

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Can give, deny or ask about permission in can for permission Can I have some more? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 33
the present and near future with can. You cant use a phone in class. permission
He cant take my car
I need it.
Can use cant to decline offers and cant to decline offers and invitations Sorry, I cant come on Friday. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 33
invitations. Im afraid I cant eat that. permission
Modal verb | Ability
Can ask questions about how to do things. How do you + VPinf? How do you get there? Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 33
How do you do it?
Can use a range of common adverbs of adverbs and adverbials of frequency It always rains. Adverb | Time 33
frequency. She never smokes. Adverb | Position
They usually come by car. Verb | Tense
Can make requests and offers with would would like + NP Id like some more soup. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 33
like + nouns and noun phrases. Would you like a cup of tea? permission
Clause | Conditional
Can make basic polite requests with could. could for polite requests Could I have a drink? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 33
Could you repeat that? permission
 11
Can use the correct preposition (on or at) on vs. at + time On Friday Preposition | Time 33
with various common time expressions. at 7 p.m.
at the same time as
Can describe times exactly using numbers exact time expressions with numbers from five seventeen Preposition | Time 33
from 1 to 59 (+ past/to). 1 to 59 (plus past/to) sixteen minutes to seven Adverb | Time
one minute past three
Can use it as a dummy (impersonal) impersonal it Its raining. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 33
subject when talking about weather Its very windy tonight. Phrase | With be
conditions.
Can use (not) here and (not) there to (not) + here/there for presence and Theres plenty of food here. Adverb | Place & movement 34
refer to presence and absence. absence Theres no one there. Clause | With be
Can make offers, requests, and can for offers, requests, and suggestions Can I help you? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 34
suggestions using can. Can we meet for a coffee? permission
Can you tell her youre sorry? Modal verb | Obligation
Can form questions with what and which interrogative adjectives (determiners): What temperature is it? Determiner | Question words 34
as adjectives. what, which Which train did he get? Pronoun | Question words
Verb | Tags and question forms
Can form questions with whose. interrogative pronoun/adjective: whose ? Whose is this? Determiner | Possessive 34
Whose car is that? Pronoun | Question words
Determiner | Question words
Can use can and cant with verbs of can(not/t) + verbs of perception I can see you. Modal verb | Ability 34
perception. We cant hear him.
Can use Lets for suggestions and Lets for suggestions and invitations Lets go to a movie. Modal verb | Obligation 34
invitations. Lets have dinner now. Verb | Imperative

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Can use a range of common adverbs of adverbs and adverbials of movement going back Adverb | Place & movement 35
movement and direction. coming down
turn left/right
travelling west
Can use a range of common time markers time markers for past, present and future ago Adverb | Time 35
for the past, present and future. last night/week Clause | Time
yesterday Preposition | Time
right now
at the moment
next Saturday/week
Can express personal plans and intentions NP + going to + VPinf Im going to change my job. Verb | Tense 35
for the future using going to. Susans going to call a meeting. Phrase | With infinitive
Can make requests and offers with would would like to + VPinf Id like to go home. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 35
like to + verbs in the infinitive. Would you like to borrow some money? Clause | Conditional
Modal verb | Requests, offers and
permission
Can use (not) many/much with count (not) much/many + mass/count NPs Many people live there. Determiner | Quantifiers 35
(countable) and mass (uncountable) nouns There isnt much food in my apartment. Noun | Mass/count
respectively.
 12
Can use the definite article to refer back to definite article for back reference She was in the meeting too. Determiner | Articles 35
something already mentioned. Did you see the match last night?
Can use plural countable nouns without an zero (dummy) quantifier with plural I love dogs. Determiner | Quantifiers 35
article or quantifier. countable nouns Cars are expensive. Noun | Plural
Can use because with verb phrases to because for causes and reasons I cant buy it because I havent got any Conjunction | Cause and result 35
refer to causes and reasons. money. Clause | Result/cause
Because she loves you, she forgives you.
Can use a range of common prepositions prepositions of movement get on/off the bus Preposition | Movement 35
of movement. get into/out of bed Adverb | Place & movement
walk/go to work
jump into the water
Can use please in the correct position with (please) + VPimperative (, please) (position Please dont say anything. Verb | Imperative 35
imperative verb forms. of please) Come here, please. Adverb | Position
Can use will to ask questions about the will + VP? Will you be here tomorrow? Verb | Tags and question forms 35
future. Will she come back? Phrase | With infinitive

A2+ (36-42)
Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Can form the superlative of longer regular superlative of adjectives (most + the most expensive Adjective | Comparison 36
adjectives with most. adjective) the most interesting Clause | Comparison
Can use uncountable nouns without an zero (dummy) quantifier with uncountable We need food. Determiner | Quantifiers 36
article. nouns Theres no gas.

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Can use a lot of/lots of to refer to a lot of/lots of as quantifiers a lot of money Determiner | Quantifiers 36
quantities. lots of people Noun | Plural
Can use should(nt) to offer or ask for should(nt) for advice or suggestions You should go to a doctor. Modal verb | Obligation 36
advice or suggestions. He shouldnt drink so much. Phrase | With infinitive
Where should we go?
Can make comparisons with more + comparative forms of adjectives with more Youre more intelligent than me. Adjective | Comparison 36
longer adjectives. The film was more interesting than the Clause | Comparison
book.
Can use adverbs of frequency and manner position of adverbs of frequency and I never watch TV. Adverb | Position 36
in the correct position. manner She drives that car very fast. Adverb | Time
You should always tell the truth. Clause | Basic construction
Hes always late.
Can form the superlative of regular superlative of adjectives with -est the biggest Adjective | Comparison 36
adjectives with -est. the funniest Clause | Comparison
Can use of to refer to possession and of for a part or aspect the property of the school; Preposition | Possession 36
attribution. the colour of her hair; Clause | Basic construction
the start of the lesson
Can correctly place adverbs of frequency position of adverbs of frequency (before/ She ^ goes to work by car. (always) Adverb | Position 36
in longer sentences. after verb) I have ^ eaten in this restaurant. (often) Adverb | Time

Can ask questions with what kind/sort of
? What sort of music do you like?
Can deny intention and desire with
wouldnt like/dont want to
Can correctly use a range of nouns
with both countable and uncountable
meanings.
Can use some as a quantifier with count
and mass nouns.
Can use with and without to refer to (lack
of) possession and attribution.
Can express obligation and necessity in
the present and near future with have to.
Can form basic adverbs by adding -ly to
adjectives.
Can use a range of basic quantifiers with
of and noun phrases.
Can use must to express obligation and
necessity in the present and near future.
Can generalise about persons, things,
or situations using plural nouns/noun
phrases with no (zero) article.
Can use verb + -ing forms as the
complement of a sentence.
Can form and use irregular adverbs.
Can use phrases with prepositions +
adjectives + nouns.
Can use some and any as quantifiers in
negative statements and questions with
mass and count nouns.
what kind/ sort of ?
wouldnt like/dont want + to + VPinf
countable vs uncountable nouns
some in affirmative statements with
countable and uncountable nouns
NP + with/without + NP for attribution
have to for present and near future
obligation
formation of basic adverbs with -ly
basic quantifiers: lots/some/a bit/a lot +
of + NP
NP + must + VPinf/Must + NP + VPinf?
plural NPs with no article
gerundives (-ing forms) as complement
irregular adverbs
prepositional phrases (adj./noun phrases)
some and any in questions and
negative statements with countable and
uncountable nouns
What kind of cheese is this?
I wouldnt like to live here.
I dont want to eat that.
This coffee is too hot.
I want three coffees.
I really love cheese.
She bought three cheeses.
Theres some milk in the fridge.
Some men are waiting outside.
a boy with dark hair
a car with a sunroof
the woman with a child
a computer without a screen
I have to do my homework.
I have to get up early tomorrow.
You dont have to pay.
Slowly, badly, carefully
Lots of people like him.
I lost some of my money.
Weve had a bit of luck.
You must try to relax.
I must cook dinner now. Must you go?
People are kind.
I dont like dogs.
I love watching football.
I hate studying English.
She enjoys swimming in the sea.
good well
fast fast
hard - hard
a woman with an old hat and a cheap coat
two men in a large black car
Can I have some coffee?
Do you want some chocolate/biscuits?
Is there any bread?
There arent any biscuits left.
13
Determiner | Question words 36
Pronoun | Question words
Preposition | Logical
Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 36
Clause | Conditional
Verb | Auxiliary
Determiner | Quantifiers 36
Noun | Plural
Determiner | Quantifiers 36
Noun | Mass/count
Preposition | Possession 37
Clause | Basic construction
Modal verb | Obligation 37
Verb | Tense
Adverb | Formation 37
Determiner | Quantifiers 37
Preposition | Possession
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Modal verb | Obligation 37
Verb | Tags and question forms
Determiner | Articles 37
Noun | Mass/count
Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 37
Adverb | Formation 37
Phrase | Basic construction 37
Adjective | Position
Determiner | Quantifiers 37
Noun | Mass/count
 14
Can use a range of common adverbs and adverbs and adverbials of position the level above Adverb | Place & movement 38
adverbial phrases of position. sitting at the back
the man in the middle
Can use will + infinitive for predictions will + VPinf for predictions That will be really difficult. Modal verb | Time-related 38
about the future. Shell be late. Verb | Auxiliary
Im sure it wont be open. Verb | Tense
Can express means using by with nouns by + NP for means of doing something go by bus/train/bike Preposition | Instrumental 38
and noun phrases. send it by email Preposition | Movement
Can distinguish between adjectives ending adjectives with -ed/-ing Im bored. Adjective | Formation 38
with -ed and -ing. Its a very boring film.
Were very excited.
It was an exciting party.
Can form irregular superlatives of superlative of adjectives (irregular) the best Adjective | Comparison 38
adjectives and adverbs such as best, the worst Clause | Comparison
worst. Adverb | Comparison
Can make comparisons with regular inflected comparative forms of adjectives The journey by road is quicker (than by Adjective | Comparison 38
shorter adjectives + -er. train). Clause | Comparison
Shes cleverer than me.
Can use the present continuous to refer to present continuous for temporary Im staying with my parents. Verb | Tense 38
temporary situations. situation Shes working in Oxford.
Shes working a lot at the moment.

Can use in as a preposition of time with in for future time in four weeks Preposition | Time 38
future reference. in a few minutes Adverb | Time
Can use so to refer to results and so for results and consequences Its raining, so were staying in. Conjunction | Cause and result 38

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consequences. He failed the exam, so he didnt get the Clause | Result/cause
certificate.
Can ask wh- questions about the subject. wh- questions about the subject Who loves you? Pronoun | Question words 38
Who saw you? Verb | Tags and question forms
What eats birds?
Who is sitting here?
Can use ll+ infinitive for spontaneous ll for offers and decisions Ill get it. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 38
decisions and offers. Well help you. permission
Verb | Tense
Can make statements and questions with know + wh-clause I know where he lives. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 38
know + wh-clauses. Do you know what they want? Clause | Relative
Can use no as a quantifier to indicate the no as quantifier (determiner) Theres no sugar left. Determiner | Quantifiers 39
absence or lack of something. There are no chocolates in this box.
Theres no time to do it.
Can express sufficiency and insufficiency (not) enough/too much/too many + NP We have enough bread. Determiner | Quantifiers 39
with enough and too. There are too many people here.
Dont have enough money.
Can use adjectives after verbs of sensation verb of sensation + adjective She looks tired. Adjective | Position 39
(e.g. look, sound, feel, taste, smell, seem, It smells nice. Phrase | Basic construction
appear).
 15
Can use that and this as subject and this and that as pronouns Thats clear Pronoun | Demonstrative 39
object pronouns. This is ridiculous
Have a look at this.
Can use direct + indirect objects together usage of common ditransitive verbs such Pass her the book. Clause | Basic construction 39
after ditransitive verbs like give/tell/pass. as give/tell/pass Give it to him. Pronoun | Personal
Give them some food. Verb | Imperative
Dont tell me lies.
Can make irregular comparisons of inflected comparative forms of irregular Its better here than in London. Adjective | Comparison 39
adjectives and adverbs such as better, adjectives and adverbs Im feeling worse today. Adverb | Comparison
worse. Clause | Comparison
Can use the definite article correctly with definite article for: uniqueness, public the Black Sea Determiner | Articles 40
geographical names and locations. buildings, geographical names, other the White House
proper names
Can use before/after as conjunctions with before/after + clause after we got home Conjunction | Time 40
complement clauses. before she had finished speaking Verb | Tense
Can distinguish between the past simple past simple vs. past continuous I opened the door when you arrived. vs Verb | Tense 40
and past continuous. I was opening the door when you arrived. Clause | Time
Can make statements with the verb be it + be + adjective + infinitive It was good to see you. Its difficult to pass Phrase | With be 40
and adjectives with verbs in the infinitive. the exam. Phrase | With infinitive
It wasnt easy to find the restaurant.
Can use all forms of comparatives and comparatives and superlatives (all forms) the best news Adjective | Comparison 40
superlatives of adjectives. older than him Adverb | Comparison
the most useful present
speaking more slowly

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Can use singular verb forms with
impersonal pronouns every/any/no/
some+body/where/one/thing
Can use May I/we ...? for formal and polite
requests for permission.
Can use when to link two clauses in the
past simple.
Can use so to express results and
consequences.
Can distinguish between the most
common ways of expressing the future.
Can use the present perfect to refer to
personal experiences in the past.
impersonal pronouns + single verb forms
May I/we ...?
when + past simple + past simple
so for results and consequences
comparison of all common future forms
(going to, will, present simple and present later.
continuous)
present perfect for personal experiences
in the past
No one is safe. Everything looks good. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 40
Clause | Basic construction
May we come in? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 41
May I explain what I mean? permission
Phrase | With infinitive
I met him when I was at school. Conjunction | Time 41
I played tennis when I was young. Verb | Tense
Clause | Time
You werent there, so I came home. Clause | Result/cause 41
He was very tired, so he went to bed early.
Im going to go to bed now. vs. Ill go to bed Verb | Tense 41
Modal verb | Time-related
The train leaves at 2:15. vs. Im leaving for
Spain in two weeks.
Shes worked in several countries. Verb | Tense 41
Ive been to Kiev before.
Have you seen Star Wars?
 16
Can use a range of indefinite compound some + thing/one/where/body Someone is waiting for you. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 41
pronouns prefixed with some-. I need something to eat.
Can refer to impossibility and inability in couldnt for past impossibility and inability I couldnt go to the party. Modal verb | Ability 41
the past using couldnt. I couldnt swim when I was ten. Verb | Tense
Women couldnt vote in the 19th century.
Can qualify adverbs with really/quite/very. really/very/quite + adverbs He talks really fast. Adverb | Modifier 41
She goes there quite often.
She can speak Chinese very well.
Can ask questions using the present present perfect + ever (questions) Have you ever been to Las Vegas? Verb | Tense 41
perfect with ever. Has she ever seen your apartment? Adverb | Time
Can use a bit/a little to refer to quantities a bit/a little (+ of) + mass (uncountable) Theres only a little/a bit of milk left. Determiner | Quantifiers 41
with mass (uncountable) nouns. nouns Theres a little/a bit of money in the desk. Noun | Mass/count
Can make offers and suggestions using could for offers and suggestions I could drive you to the airport. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 41
could. You could look it up on the internet. permission
Modal verb | Obligation
Can use like with sensory verbs to express sensory verbs + like She looks like her mother. Preposition | Logical 42
similarity. It tastes like chocolate. Clause | Comparison
Can use the present perfect with present present perfect with present reference Ive hurt my knee. Verb | Tense 42
reference. (indefinite past) Hes cooked us a delicious dinner.
Can report current and future plans and tell/say + present/future for reported He says he can do it. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 42
intentions. speech She tells me shes happy
Can use the present continuous with present continuous with future reference What are you doing on Saturday? Verb | Tense 42
future reference. Were playing tennis tomorrow.
Were meeting at 3 p.m.

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Can use both and both of with nouns and NP + both + VP/NP + both of + NP They both went home. Determiner | Conjunction and disjunction 42
noun phrases. I want both of them. Conjunction | Coordinating
Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction
Can use a range of pronouns and anaphoric reference (overview) The child was unhappy; he wanted his Pronoun | Demonstrative 42
adverbials for anaphoric (back) reference. mother. Clause | Result/cause
I quickly walked home. There I found
Marsha waiting for me.
The house had already been sold. This was
a great surprise to me.
Can construct double-complement object pronouns as indirect objects give him the book Pronoun | Personal 42
sentences with verbs such as give, tell, tell me the time Phrase | Basic construction
ask, etc. ask them a question
Can express basic cause and effect with because of + NP We didnt go out, because of the weather. Preposition | Logical 42
because of Because of my illness, I wasnt able to go Preposition | Cause and result
with them. Clause | Result/cause
Can form adjectives from nouns with adjectives from nouns with common success - successful Adjective | Formation 42
common affixes. suffixes (-y, -ful) sport - sporty
B1 (43-50)

17
Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Can use a range of indefinite compound every + thing/one/where/body Everyone loves chocolate. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 43
pronouns prefixed with every-. Everywhere I go, shes there.
Can use a wide range of quantifiers with overview of all quantifiers incl. several several people Determiner | Quantifiers 43
countable (count) and uncountable (non- with countable/uncountable (count/non- few customers Noun | Plural
count) nouns. count) nouns many years
some coffee
a little wine
Can use neednt and dont/doesnt have dont/doesnt have to/neednt for absence You dont have to apologise. Modal verb | Obligation 43
to to express absence of obligation in the of obligation She neednt stay if she wants to go home.
present and future.
Can use with to refer to the instrument or instrumental with-adjunct You can open the door with this key. Preposition | Instrumental 43
means of doing something. Wash it with soap.
Can use verb + -ing forms as the subject gerundives (-ing forms) as subject Swimming is my favourite sport. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 43
of a sentence. Learning English is fun. Clause | Basic construction
Can form compound nouns from nouns compound nouns credit card, bookshelf , DVD player, Noun | Formation 43
plus other nouns and adjectives. whiteboard, great-grandfather
Can use a range of indefinite compound no + thing/one/where/body No one knows you. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 44
pronouns prefixed with no-. Theres nothing to do.
Can use common adverbials to express conjunction with common adverbials (as Johns leaving too. Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction 44
combinations and similarities between well, as well as, both ... and ..., also, too) She ate my dinner as well as hers.
nouns and phrases.
Can use reflexive pronouns as objects or reflexive pronouns as object/complement Did you enjoy yourself? Pronoun | Reflexive 44

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complements. I hurt myself.
Shes hurt herself.
He wanted to kill himself.
Can use all of, none of, and most of all/none/most + of + people/things Most of the students did the homework. Determiner | Quantifiers 44
to describe subsets and proportions of We spent all of the money.
groups of people and things.
Can use a range of prepositions of time, other prepositions in time phrases, e.g. before 7 p.m. Preposition | Time 44
such as before, during, since, till/until. during, for, since, throughout, till, until after breakfast Clause | Time
during lunch
Between 3 and 4 p.m.
by Friday
till tomorrow
Can correctly use since and for in time since/for + NP since 2011 Preposition | Time 44
expressions. for two weeks Clause | Dependent
since I arrived Adverb | Time
Can use the present perfect with for/since present perfect + adverbial clauses with Shes lived there since 2011. Verb | Tense 44
to talk about the duration of states and since/for Ive been here for a long time. Adverb | Time
conditions. I havent seen her for two weeks.

Can refer to someones practical
knowledge using know how to + verb
phrase.
Can make statements and ask questions
with know about + nouns and noun
phrases.
Can use the present perfect with yet and
still.
Can use need in affirmative statements
and questions relating to the present and
near future.
Can make comparisons using (not) as as comparisons with (not) as as
with adjectives and adverbs.
Can use a few to refer to quantities with
count (countable) nouns.
Can use going to with reference to
predicted future events and situations.
Can make comparisons with regular
shorter adverbs + -er.
Can describe live (e.g. sporting) events
using the present simple.
Can tell when to use the past simple and
when to use the present perfect (BrE).
Can express agency using by with nouns
and noun phrases.
Can use possessive pronouns as objects
and complements.
Can construct basic phrases with (not)
(the) same as
Can use Shall I/we ? to make formal
suggestions and offers.
Can use verbs of state change with object
complements.
Can use used to to refer to past habits
and routines.
know how to + VPinf
know (+ anything) + about + NP
present perfect + yet/still
affirmative statements and questions with
need
Hes not as tall as you.
count nouns with a few
going to for predictions
inflected comparative forms of adverbs
present simple for live events
present perfect vs past simple (BrE)
by + agent
possessive pronouns as complement
(not) (the) same as
offers and suggestions with Shall I/we ?
factitive as object of verb of state change
used to + VPinf for past habits
18
I dont know how to change a wheel on a Phrase | With infinitive 44
car.
Do you know how to use this camera?
Do you know (anything) about Thai Preposition | Topicalising 44
cooking?
She already knows about your problems.
Have you done it yet? Adverb | Time 44
Have they arrived yet? Verb | Tense
They still havent called.
She hasnt done the report yet.
She needs to stay here. Modal verb | Obligation 44
Do we need to pay? Phrase | With infinitive
Clause | Comparison 44
Im as good as you.
Your car isnt as fast as mine.
Only a few people came. Determiner | Quantifiers 44
Ive seen a few of his films. Noun | Plural
Its going to be a fantastic party. Verb | Tense 44
I dont think its going to rain. Phrase | With infinitive
Whats going to happen to us?
The film lasted longer than three hours. Adverb | Comparison 44
She drove faster than me. Clause | Comparison
He passes the ball to Rooney. Verb | Tense 44
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Rooney scores.
The Queen waves to the crowd.
Ive eaten at that restaurant many times. Verb | Tense 44
vs. I ate that restaurant yesterday. Adverb | Time
a book by Dickens Preposition | Instrumental 45
a painting by Picasso Verb | Passive
These are ours. Pronoun | Possessive 45
Lets use theirs. I dont like hers.
I gave him his.
Your problem isnt the same as mine. Adjective | Comparison 45
The time in London is the same as in Clause | Comparison
Dublin.
Shall I do it for you? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 45
Shall we try it again? permission
Modal verb | Wishes and intentions
She made everything better. Clause | Basic construction 45
We painted the wall green.
I used to smoke 20 a day. Modal verb | Time-related 45
He used to live in Athens. Phrase | With infinitive
 19
Can express preference with like better like better/more than I like coffee more than tea. Adverb | Comparison 45
more/than . She likes dancing better than running. Clause | Comparison
Can use a range of indefinite compound any + thing/one/where/body I cant find anybody. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 45
pronouns prefixed with any-. Anything is OK by me.
Can respond to a suggestion with Yes, Yes, lets. Shall we go? - Yes, lets. Verb | Tags and question forms 45
lets. Modal verb | Requests, offers and
permission
Modal verb | Obligation
Can qualify adverbs with too/enough. too/enough + adverbs of manner She speaks too fast. Adverb | Modifier 45
He eats too quickly. Adverb | Position
They dont work hard enough.
Can use the present perfect with just present perfect + just (BrE) The alarms just gone off. Verb | Tense 45
(BrE). Ive just had lunch. Adverb | Time
Hurry, the match has just started.
Can refer to the recipient or indirect object dative in to-adjunct He gave the ticket to my brother. Clause | Basic construction 45
with to + noun or noun phrase. Ill explain the situation to you. Preposition | Logical
Can use a range of common linking words common linking words for chronological in the end, finally, before/after that, next, Adverb | Time 45
to sequence events or activities. sequence during Preposition | Time
Adverb | Position
Can correctly use a bit/a little and a few a bit/a little/a few + mass (uncountable) Theres a little/a bit of cheese in the fridge. Determiner | Quantifiers 46
to refer to quantities with mass and count vs. count quantities Ive got a few ideas. Noun | Mass/count
nouns respectively. We need a little/a bit of help here.
They bought a few books.
Can use the present continuous to refer to present continuous for changing states Prices are going up. Verb | Tense 46

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changing situations.
Can identify which article (including no
article) to use with a range of nouns and
noun phrases.
Can make suggestions using what about/
how about with verbs in the gerund.
Can use of with possessive forms to
describe possessions or attributes.
Can use had to .../Did have to? to
refer to past necessity and obligation.
Can make offers using the first conditional.
and situations Hes getting better.
Its getting colder.
Were getting hungry.
definite/indefinite/no article (overview) the BBC Determiner | Articles 46
a broadcasting organisation broadcasting Noun | Plural
German railways
a German train
the German railway system
what about/how about + NP/VPgerund? What about going out for a drink? Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 46
How about calling them? Pronoun | Question words
NP + of + NP + s + NP one of Johns best ideas Noun | Possessive (genitive) 46
the size of Akikos flat Preposition | Possession
part of the citys financial centre
had to/Did ... have to + VPinf (+ ?) They had to walk home. Modal verb | Obligation 46
Did you have to pay? Verb | Tense
if + present simple + will + VP for offers Ill pay for lunch if you pay for dinner. Clause | Conditional 46
Ill help you if you help me. Clause | Result/cause

Can use common quantifiers such as a lot
and much as adverbs.
Can speculate about the future using may/ NP + may/might/could + VPinf
might/could + infinitive.
Can make offers and suggestions with
Why not/why dont you/we ?
Can use the present simple with future
reference.
Can use infinitives after some common
adjectives.
Can use phrasal verbs with separated
object.
Can form a range of nouns from adjectives
and verbs with common suffixes.
Can describe possible future outcomes of
a present action or situation using the first
conditional.
Can use transitive verbs in the passive with
the object as the grammatical subject.
Can use mustnt to express prohibition in
the present and near future.
Can express preference with regard to
things using prefer (to )
Can describe quantities using hardly/not + negative quantifiers such as hardly any/
any/much/many.
Can use indefinite compound pronouns
followed by infinitive verb phrases.
Can use that with time expressions
referring to the past.
Can use when to link clauses in the past
simple and past continuous.
verb + a lot/a bit/a little/(very) much as
adverbs
Why not + VPinf?/Why dont we/you +
VPinf?
present simple with future reference
adjective + to + VPinf
phrasal verbs with separated object
nouns formed with suffixes (overview)
if + present simple + will + verb (first
conditional)
objective as subject of passive
NP + mustnt + VPinf
prefer + NP (+ to + NP)
not much/not many
something/anything/nothing + to + VPinf
that + (finished) time expressions
when + past continuous + past simple
20
It didnt hurt very much. Determiner | Quantifiers 46
She talked a lot. Adverb | Modifier
I only understand a bit. Adverb | Position
He could get better. Modal verb | Likelihood 46
They may accept the offer. Phrase | With infinitive
Why not stay at my place? Verb | Tags and question forms 46
Why dont we get a taxi? Phrase | With infinitive
The train leaves at 6 p.m. Verb | Tense 46
The concert starts at eight. Adverb | Time
We land at 5 a.m. tomorrow.
easy to do Phrase | With infinitive 46
happy to help
not difficult to learn
put on your jacket/put your jacket on Phrasal verb 46
take your shoes off/take off your shoes Verb | Phrasal and prepositional
Clause | Basic construction
arrive - arrival Noun | Formation 46
transport - transportation
happy - happiness
safe - safety
If we dont hurry, well be late. Clause | Conditional 46
What will you do if they dont call? Verb | Tense
The door was opened by John. Verb | Passive 46
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The picture was painted by Rembrandt. Preposition | Instrumental
Verb | Tense
He mustnt come here again. Modal verb | Obligation 46
You mustnt tell anyone. Modal verb | Requests, offers and
permission
Verb | Negative forms
I prefer dogs to cats. Clause | Basic construction 46
She prefers tea. Clause | Comparison
Theres hardly any milk left. Determiner | Quantifiers 46
Not many people came. Adverb | Modifier
Something to do Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 46
Have you got anything to eat? Phrase | With infinitive
Ive got nothing to read.
that day, that week, that Monday, that Determiner | Deictic (this/that) 46
summer, that weekend, that afternoon Adverb | Time
I was eating when the phone rang. Verb | Tense 46
The phone rang when I was eating. Clause | Dependent
I was talking when you interrupted me. Conjunction | Time
 21
Can use till/until with the present tense to clause1 + till/until + clause2 (present) with Im staying here till it stops raining. Conjunction | Time 46
refer to events in the future. future reference Can you wait until she comes out? Verb | Tense
Can distinguish between present perfect present perfect simple vs. continuous Ive lived here before. vs Ive been living Verb | Tense 47
simple and continuous. here for six months. Adverb | Time
Can correctly use (the) other and another (the) other vs. another Give me another book. Adverb | Modifier 47
with nouns. I want the other book. Determiner | Deictic (this/that)
Can describe simple conditions where one if + present simple + present simple If you heat ice, it melts. Clause | Conditional 47
event follows another. If you dont water plants, they die. Verb | Tense
Clause | Result/cause
Can use you in a generic or impersonal you as generic pronoun You use this key to open it. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 47
sense. You cant buy love.
Can form and use phrases with prepositional phrases (verb phrases) after leaving school Preposition | Time 47
prepositions + verbs (+-ing). without talking to us Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
Preposition | Logical
Can use the present perfect continuous present perfect continuous with present I havent been feeling well lately. Verb | Tense 47
with present reference plus recently/ reference (+ recently/lately) Shes been drinking a lot recently. Adverb | Time
lately.
Can express attitude and agreement with agree/think (+ that) + complement clause I think London is great. Clause | Dependent 47
agree/think (that) + complement clause. Do you agree that we should go home
now?
Can form a range of adjectives from nouns adjectives formed with suffixes (overview) drink drinkable Adjective | Formation 47
and verbs with common suffixes. amuse - amusing/amused
beauty - beautiful
home - homeless

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Can form nouns from adjectives with nouns from adjectives with common reliable reliability Noun | Formation 47
common suffixes. suffixes (-ity, -ness, etc.) happy - happiness
Can use after/before as prepositions with after/before + VPgerund You spoke before thinking. Preposition | Time 47
the gerundive (-ing) form of verbs. After leaving home she caught a bus. Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
Can express thanks for an action using thank + NP + for + VPgerund Thank you for listening to me. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 47
verbs in the gerund. Can you thank her for inviting us? Preposition | Complementiser
Can correctly use as and like with noun as vs. like + NP working as a teacher talk like a teacher Preposition | Instrumental 47
phrases to express capacity and similarity. Preposition | Logical
Can make comparisons with more + comparative forms of adverbs with more He works more carefully than you. Adverb | Comparison 47
longer adverbs. She speaks more fluently than her sister. Clause | Comparison
Can use the present perfect continuous present perfect continuous + for/since + Ive been working since three oclock. Preposition | Time 47
with for/since and time expressions. time adverbial Weve been waiting for hours. Verb | Tense
Adverb | Time
Can use a range of verbs taking to + verbs taking to + infinitive agree to do it Phrase | With infinitive 47
infinitive. promise to do it
offer to help
refuse to leave
want to go

Can use a range of common prefixes with
verbs.
Can correctly use the present perfect
with been (to) and gone (to), referring to
places.
Can form questions with prepositional
verbs and final prepositions.
Can report past orders and requests with
tell/ask.
Can express strong wishes or aversion
using would love/hate to
Can make statements and ask questions
with know (that) + complement clauses.
Can use conjunctions such as when and
before with the present simple, with
future reference.
Can use the present perfect continuous to
refer to ongoing states and conditions.
Can correctly place the indirect object with
verbs taking for and to.
Can use till/until referring to events in the
past using appropriate verb forms.
Can use one/ones to replace nouns.
Can use who/that/which in basic defining
(restrictive) relative clauses.
Can use by with verbs and verb phrases
to express the means or way of doing
something.
Can give, deny or ask about permission in
the past with was(nt) able to/allowed to.
Can refer to general truths using can.
Can negate adjectives with the correct
negative prefix.
Can use a wide range of subject and object overview of relative pronouns
relative pronouns, including zero (omission
of pronoun).
prefixes + verbs (overview)
present perfect + been vs gone (BrE)
questions with prepositional verbs
asked/told + person + to + VPinf
would love/hate + to + VPinf
know + (that) + complement clause
when/as soon as/before, etc. + present
simple with future reference
present perfect continuous (general)
transitive verbs with for/to and indirect
object
clause1 + till/until + clause2 (past)
one/ones as substitutes/propwords
who/that/which in relative clauses
by + VPgerund
was(nt) able/allowed to for permission
can for generalisations
negation of adjectives with prefixes
22
dis+connect Verb | Formation 47
re+write
un+do
Have you been to Paris? Verb | Tense 47
Hes just gone to the shop.
She hasnt gone yet.
What are you laughing at? Preposition | Position 47
Who are you talking about? Phrasal verb
What kind of music do you listen to? Verb | Phrasal and prepositional
I told you to shut the door. Phrase | With infinitive 48
Did you ask them to help you? Clause | Reported speech and ideas
Id love to come to your party. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 48
Id hate to miss the party. Clause | Conditional
I didnt know (that) she was still married. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 48
We know (that) you dont like us. Clause | Dependent
Ill tell her when I see her. Conjunction | Time 48
Ill call as soon as I get there. Verb | Tense
Ill do it before I leave. Clause | Time
Ive been sitting here waiting. Verb | Tense 48
Its been raining all day. Clause | Time
Thank him for the present. Phrasal verb 48
Ask her for the book. Verb | Phrasal and prepositional
Invite them to the party.
I worked till John arrived. Conjunction | Time 48
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She stayed in bed until everyone had left. Verb | Tense
Which one do you want? Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 48
I like those ones.
Hes the friend who lives in Prague. Clause | Relative 48
Thats the car that/which Im going to buy.
I learned French by watching French TV. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 48
You make it by cooking fruit and sugar Preposition | Instrumental
together.
He wasnt able to leave the room. Modal verb | Ability 48
Were you allowed to leave the hotel? Modal verb | Requests, offers and
permission
Verb | Tense
It can get very cold in November. Modal verb | Likelihood 48
People can be very cruel sometimes.
un+likely Adjective | Formation 48
in+appropriate
the house where I was born Clause | Relative 48
the girl who lives next door Pronoun | Question words
the carpet I bought in Egypt
 23
Can use when and where in relative when/where in relative clauses The day when we arrived was a Thursday. Clause | Relative 48
clauses. Is there a place where I can get a coffee? Pronoun | Question words
Can use was/were going to to refer to NP + was/were going to + VPinf We were going to eat at home tonight. Verb | Tense 48
past intentions. I was going to tell you, but I forgot. Verb | Auxiliary
Can describe hypothetical (counterfactual) second conditional Id call her if I had her number. Clause | Conditional 48
results of a current action or situation If I had the money, Id buy it.
using the second conditional.
Can make generalisations about groups the + NP derived from adjective for the unemployed Determiner | Articles 48
and nationalities using the + adjective (+ generalisations the Brazilians
s). the young
the rich
the Europeans
Can use let/make/help to refer to make/help/let + NP + VPinf Help her find it. Clause | Result/cause 48
enabling, forcing, or allowing things to be Make him do it. Phrase | With infinitive
done. Let me help you.
Help me carry this.
Can use both and to connect two both and Both John and Mary speak Italian. Determiner | Conjunction and disjunction 48
words or phrases. I drink both tea and coffee. Conjunction | Coordinating
Can use the past simple passive. past simple passive It was built in 1922. Verb | Passive 48
John was taken to hospital. Verb | Tense
Can use a range of common placeholders propwords: one(s), some, any Which one do you like? Do you prefer the Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 48
or propwords. red ones or the blue ones? Pronoun | Question words
She wants some too.
Do you want any?

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Can correctly use a range of common
phrasal (separable) and prepositional
(inseparable phrasal) verbs.
Can express purpose with for + verb +
-ing.
Can use the present simple passive.
Can use whose to talk about possession
in relative clauses.
Can put a range of different adjectives into
the correct sequence.
Can form adjectives from verbs and nouns
with common suffixes.
Can make negative suggestions with Lets
not ...
verb + NP + preposition/verb + preposition Put your clothes on. Phrasal verb 48
+ NP; separable/phrasal verb vs. Put on your clothes. Verb | Phrasal and prepositional
inseparable phrasal/prepositional verb Im looking for my clothes.
(Im looking my clothes for - INCORRECT).
for + VPgerund for purpose I use it for washing the car. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 48
This moneys for spending on holiday. Clause | Result/cause
Preposition | Logical
present simple passive Its only sold online. Verb | Passive 48
Theyre made with flour and water. Verb | Tense
relative clauses with whose the man whose brother won a gold medal Clause | Relative 49
the man whose dog you took for a walk Pronoun | Possessive
Clause | Dependent
sequence of different types of adjectives a big old yellow French car Adjective | Position 49
a tall attractive young Asian man Phrase | Basic construction
adjectives from verbs with common believe - believable Adjective | Formation 49
suffixes (-able, -less) hope - hopeless
Lets not for negative suggestions Lets not fight about this. Modal verb | Obligation 49
Lets not spend too much money. Verb | Imperative

Can refer to general concepts using
abstract nouns without articles.
Can use must and cant for inferences
and assumptions in the present.
Can ask indirect questions using would
like to know with wh- pronouns.
Can use quite and quite a(n) as adverbials uses of quite (a)
with adjectives and noun phrases.
Can use either ... or in relation to a
choice between two things or actions.
Can distinguish between to + infinitive
and -ing after certain verbs with a change
of meaning.
Can construct complement clauses
starting with about.
Can correctly use positive/positive (Br Eng),
positive/negative and negative/positive
question tags.
Can correctly use between and among
with noun phrases referring to two or
more items or entities.
Can use the present perfect with the
superlative forms of adjectives.
Can give, deny or ask about permission
in the future with will/wont be able to/
allowed to.
Can use a range of negative question tags.
Can ask indirect questions using would
like to know with if/whether.
Can use past participles as adjectives.
abstract nouns without article
cant/must for inferences
NP + would like to know + wh-pronoun
+ VP
either or
verb + to + VPinf vs. VPgerund with
change of meaning
complement clauses with about + VP
pos/neg, neg/pos and pos/pos question
tags
between vs. among
present perfect + superlative of adjectives
will/wont be able/allowed to + VPinf for
permission
question tags (negative, all tenses)
NP + would like to know + if/whether +
clause
past participles as adjectives
24
Hope never dies. Determiner | Articles 49
Love is the answer.
She cant be over 30 - she looks so young! Modal verb | Likelihood 49
From her accent, she must be American.
Id like to know where I can buy this. Clause | Conditional 49
Would you like to know how much it costs? Clause | Relative
Pronoun | Question words
quite interesting Adverb | Modifier 49
quite an expensive meal
quite a lot of money
We can either take the bus or get a taxi. Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction 49
We can have either Italian or Chinese food. Conjunction | Coordinating
remember to do/remember doing Phrase | With infinitive 49
stop to do/stop doing Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
forgot to do/forget doing
Her talk was about how to make money Preposition | Complementiser 49
working from home. Clause | Dependent
His email is about why hes leaving the
company.
You know her, do you? vs. You know her, Verb | Tags and question forms 49
dont you? vs. You dont know her, do you? Verb | Auxiliary
The village is between the river and the Preposition | Place 49
mountain.
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She found herself among unfamiliar
people.
the best book Ive ever read Verb | Tense 49
the worst film Ive seen Clause | Comparison
the best holiday Ive ever had
Youll be able to go home soon. Modal verb | Ability 50
We wont be allowed to drive there. Phrase | With infinitive
Its easy, isnt it? Verb | Tags and question forms 50
You know him, dont you? Verb | Auxiliary
Hes finished the job, hasnt he?
Id like to know if its available now. Clause | Conditional 50
Would you like to know whether shes Clause | Dependent
free?
made of/by/in Verb | Passive 50
built in Preposition | Instrumental
painted/written/directed by Preposition | Position
discovered/invented by/in
 25
Can refer to groups and sub-groups using neither/either/each/all (+ of) + NP I dont like either of them. Determiner | Conjunction and disjunction 50
neither, either, each and all with noun Neither of my sisters lives here. Determiner | Quantifiers
phrases. All of us agree with you.
Can express hope and aspiration with hope (that) + complement clause I hope you get better soon. Clause | Dependent 50
hope (that) + complement clause. They hope that well forget the incident.
Can use a range of common prefixes with prefixes + nouns (overview) semi+circle Noun | Formation 50
nouns. ex+wife mal+function
Can form a range of verbs from adjectives verbs formed with suffixes (overview) soft+en Verb | Formation 50
and nouns with common suffixes. sympath(y)+ise
activ(e)+ate
Can form a range of hyphenated adjective/adverb + hyphen + adjective/ well-paid Adjective | Formation 50
compound adjectives. noun high-quality Adverb | Formation
full-time
Can report past wh- questions. reported past tense questions with wh- She asked me how much I earned. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 50
clauses I wondered how long they had been there. Determiner | Quantifiers
Can use should to express likelihood in should for likelihood She should be here soon. Modal verb | Likelihood 50
the present and near future. It should work.
Can correctly place prepositions (particles) prepositional vs. phrasal (separable vs. looking for my bag/looking for it Verb | Phrasal and prepositional 50
with phrasal (separable) and prepositional inseparable phrasal) verbs putting on your coat/putting your coat on/ Phrasal verb
(inseparable phrasal) verbs. putting it on. Preposition | Position
Can usewhilewith the past simple and past continuous with while I saw her while I was shopping. Conjunction | Time 50
past continuous to refer to past actions We met while we were living in Paris. Verb | Tense
and states. Clause | Dependent
Can use going to and will future forms of NP + going to/will + VPpassive The house is going to be sold. Verb | Passive 50

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the passive. Everything will be explained. Verb | Tense
Phrase | With infinitive
Can express hope and aspiration with hope to + VPinf I hope to see you again soon. Phrase | With infinitive 50
hope to + infinitive. Shes hoping to hear from you.
Can construct relative clauses with what. free relative (noun) clauses with what I decided what Im going to do. Clause | Relative 50
You can say what you like. Clause | Dependent
Can use a range of common prefixes prefixes + adjectives (overview; not over+used Adjective | Formation 50
enhancing the meaning of adjectives. negation) under+paid
super+human
B1+ (51-58)
Learning Objective
Can refer to acquired information using
hear + of/about with nouns and noun
phrases.
Can use the present continuous with
always and other adverbs of frequency to
express negative attitude.
Can use embedded defining (restrictive)
relative clauses.
Can use a range of adverbial intensifiers
with adjectives.
Can make requests using Will you (please)
...?
Can use so + adjective/quantifier + that
to express results and consequences.
Can express necessity or absence of
necessity with (not) necessary to
Can use object relative clauses with
relative pronouns to specify or define.
Can use do/did as a general placeholder
(substitute) for verbs.
Can give advice using If I were you
Can correctly use each other and reflexive
pronouns.
Can correctly use not either and
neither (nor) with noun and verb
phrases.
Can use a range of positive question tags.
Can use phrasal verbs with two particles.
Can express agreement and disagreement
with hope so/not.
Structure
hear of/about + NP
present continuous (+ always) expressing
negative attitude
embedded relative clauses
adverbial intensifiers
requests with will you (please) ?
so [adjective/quantifier] that + VP for
result
(not) necessary + (for + NP) + to + VPinf
Defining (restrictive) object relative clause
do/did as a placeholder (substitute) for
verbs
If I were you Id/I wouldnt + VP for advice
themselves vs. each other/one another
disjunction with common adverbials:
either/neither ( nor)
question tags (positive, all tenses)
phrasal (prepositional) verbs with two
particles
hope so/not
26
Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Ive never heard of him. Preposition | Topicalising 51
Have you heard about Marys boyfriend? Clause | Reported speech and ideas
Youre always working. Verb | Tense 51
Shes usually talking on the phone when I Adverb | Time
go to see her.
The car we rented broke down outside Clause | Relative 51
Reno. Clause | Dependent
The woman who was looking for you has
just gone.
extremely hot Adverb | Modifier 51
amazingly difficult
surprisingly cheap
Will you tell me something? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 51
Will you please stop doing that? permission
Verb | Imperative
He ate so much that he became ill. Clause | Result/cause 51
It was so cold that we all went home. Conjunction | Cause and result
Is it necessary to fill this in? Phrase | With infinitive 51
Its not necessary for the children to stay.
This is the film that/which I wanted you to Clause | Relative 51
see.
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Henry is the man whom I intend to marry.
She asked me to buy it, so I did. Verb | Auxiliary 51
He doesnt think I like him, but I do. Verb | Tags and question forms
I wouldnt do that if I were you. Clause | Conditional 51
If I were you, Id apologise. Modal verb | Obligation
They were looking at themselves in the Pronoun | Reflexive 51
mirror. vs. They were looking at each
other.
Johns not here either. Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction 51
Neither John nor Mary was at home.
Theyre not here, are they? Verb | Tags and question forms 51
It isnt true, is it?
It wasnt too cold, was it?
Stand up for yourself. Verb | Phrasal and prepositional 51
Weve run out of milk. Phrasal verb
Is she coming? - I hope so/not. Verb | Tags and question forms 51
 27
Can express indirect requests with would would like + NP + to + VPinf Id like you to stay. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 51
like + noun phrase + verb (infinitive). Would you like Mustafa to come as well? permission
Clause | Conditional
Phrase | With infinitive
Can use reflexive pronouns for emphasis. reflexive pronouns for emphasis I made it myself. Pronoun | Reflexive 51
Do it yourself.
Can use s in time expressions. time expressions with s a weeks holiday Noun | Possessive (genitive) 51
a years break Adverb | Time
a days rest Clause | Time
Can correctly place adverbs of comment position of adverbs of comment and Youre ^ going to have to take it back ^. Adverb | Position 51
and manner in longer sentences. manner (before/after verb, end of (probably)
sentence) He ^ explained the problem to me ^.
(carefully)
Can use the correct verb form (infinitive verb+-ing vs. + to+inf. think about leaving Verb | Phrasal and prepositional 51
or -ing) following a range of phrasal expect to go Phrase | With infinitive
(separable) and prepositional (inseparable manage to finish Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
phrasal) verbs. succeed in finishing
Can use the past continuous to refer to past continuous for temporary or I was living in Rome at the time. Verb | Tense 51
temporary or changing past states or changing past situations I was studying in Germany during the early Adverb | Time
situations. 1990s. Clause | Time
Can construct phrases with wh- question wh- adverbials + to + VPinf She knows where to go. Phrase | With infinitive 51
words followed by verbs in the infinitive. I asked her what to do. Pronoun | Question words
Do you know how to get there?
Can use a range of common verb + verb verbs taking VPgerund I look forward to hearing from you soon. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 51
combinations using the -ing form. We started eating dinner at eight oclock.

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Can use the present perfect passive with
yet.
Can use the present perfect passive with
just/already.
Can correctly use such and such a with
mass and count nouns respectively.
Can use genitive s + genitive s in a noun
phrase.
Can correctly use so and such (a) with
adjectives and nouns respectively.
Can use would rather (than) to
express preference.
Can correctly use little/a little and few/a
few to refer to quantities with mass and
count nouns respectively.
present perfect passive + yet It hasnt been delivered yet. Verb | Passive 52
They havent been told yet. Verb | Tense
Has it been released yet? Adverb | Time
present perfect passive + just/already Its just been done. Verb | Passive 52
Shes just been fired. Adverb | Time
Theyve already been marked. Verb | Tense
such (a) (+ adjective) + NP It was such fun! Adverb | Modifier 52
He is such a nice boy! Noun | Mass/count
Double genitive s my brothers girlfriends car Noun | Possessive (genitive) 52
her teachers computers password Clause | Basic construction
so + adjective vs. such (a) (+ adjective) + Theres such a lot of rain. Adverb | Modifier 52
NP Its so wet. Determiner | Conjunction and disjunction
would rather + VPinf (+ than + VPinf) Id rather not eat there. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 52
Id rather take a taxi. Clause | Comparison
Wed rather stay in tonight than go out.
a little vs. little; few vs. a few She eats very little food. Determiner | Quantifiers 52
We have a little money left. Noun | Mass/count
Few people understand statistics.
A few people came to the party.

Can use as with a noun or noun phrase
referring to a job, or instrument for doing
something.
Can use (in order) to to express purpose
and intention.
Can ask negative questions with wasnt,
didnt, etc.
Can use except (for) and apart from after
general and other noun phrases.
Can use plan/intend/mean + to + mean/intend/plan to + VPinf
infinitive to talk about present and future
plans and intentions.
Can refer to general truths and frequent
occurrences using could.
Can talk about permission using (not)
allowed/permitted to .
Can use may/might (+not) have ... to talk
about past possibilities.
Can use may not to express prohibition in
the present and near future.
Can use verbs of state change in the
passive with object complements.
Can use such a/an + adjective with
finite clauses to refer to results and
consequences.
Can use so and neither in short phrases
to express agreement and disagreement.
Can use parallel comparatives (the +
comparative1, the + comparative2).
Can use must have to express
inferences and assumptions about the
past.
as + NP (job or instrument)
clause + (in order) to + VPinf
negative yes/no questions
apart from/except (for) + NP
Do you intend to stay in this house?
could for generalisations
(not) allowed/permitted to + VPinf
may/might (not) have + VPpp for
speculation
may not for prohibition
factitive as subject of passive
such a/an + adjective + NP (+ that) +
clause
so/neither for agreement and
disagreement
the + adj1/adv1 (comparative) + the +
adj2/adv2 (comparative)
must have + perfect participle for
inferences about the past
28
work as a waiter Preposition | Instrumental 52
use it as a tool
He came to help me. Conjunction | Cause and result 52
I do it in order to save money. Phrase | With infinitive
So as to save money, she walks
everywhere.
Wasnt the film rubbish? Verb | Tags and question forms 52
Didnt you enjoy the book? Verb | Auxiliary
Ive seen all their films apart from/except Preposition | Logical 52
(for) True Grit.
The house was silent, apart from/except
for the ticking of the clock.
Phrase | With infinitive 52
Were planning to sell our car.
I mean to get this job.
Letters could take days to arrive in those Modal verb | Likelihood 52
days.
She could be very aggressive at times.
Children are not allowed to come in here. Phrase | With infinitive 52
Will we be permitted to see her? Verb | Passive
He may not have known the answer. Modal verb | Likelihood 52
She might have paid for it herself. Modal verb | Time-related
You may not leave without permission. Modal verb | Requests, offers and 53
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Passengers may not use this door. permission
This cathedral was built in the thirteenth Verb | Passive 53
century.
The house hasnt been painted for years.
Its such an important event; everybody will Adverb | Modifier 53
be there. Conjunction | Cause and result
It was such a hot day that we decided to Clause | Dependent
stay at home.
so am/do I Verb | Tags and question forms 53
me too
neither do I
nor do I
The faster you drive, the more dangerous Adjective | Comparison 53
it is. Adverb | Comparison
The more he drinks, the less sense he
makes.
He must have made a mistake. Modal verb | Likelihood 53
You must have spoken to my brother. Verb | Tense

Can use neither nor to connect two
words or phrases.
Can use ever for emphasis with
comparatives and superlatives of
adjectives.
Can use a wide range of common
reporting verbs with that + complement
clause and appropriate tense changes.
Can use a repeated comparative to
emphasise the rate or amount of change.
Can use I wish/if only to express wishes
related to the present or future.
Can make polite requests with would you
+ verbs in the infinitive.
Can use get with the passive in informal passive with get compared with be
speech to express unexpected or dramatic
change.
Can describe present or future outcomes
of a hypothetical situation using even if.
Can express intentions and plans for the
near future with thinking of and verbs in
the gerund.
Can use the past perfect in a range of
common situations.
Can use could(nt) have ... to talk about
past possibilities.
Can express preference with regard to
actions using prefer (to )
Can construct a range of phrases using
compound adverbials composed of wh-
words + -ever.
Can report yes/no questions with if/
whether.
Can correctly use even and not even in
the right position to emphasise a point.
Can talk about expectations and
obligations in the present tense using (not)
supposed to
neither nor
the + superlative of adjectives + ever/
comparative of adjectives + than ever
reporting verbs + that + complement
clause
repeated comparative adjective or adverb
(comparative + and + comparative)
I wish/If only + VP (past simple)
Would you + VPinf (, please)?
even if + first/second conditional
thinking of + VPgerund in the present
past perfect (general)
could(nt) have + VPpp for speculation
prefer + VPgerund (+ to + VPgerund)
phrases with when-/what-/where/who-
+ ever
reported yes/no questions
(not) even for emphasis
(not) supposed to + VPinf
29
I neither speak nor write Chinese. Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction 53
Its neither funny nor interesting.
the best ever Adjective | Comparison 53
wider than ever
He suggested that we come back later. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 53
She warned me that she would have to Verb | Tense
report it.
Petrol is becoming more and more Adjective | Comparison 53
expensive. Adverb | Comparison
He drove faster and faster.
I wish you were here. Clause | Time 54
If only we had more time. Verb | Tense
Clause | Conditional
Would you stop talking, please? Modal verb | Requests, offers and 54
Would you explain something? permission
He got killed in a fight outside a pub. Verb | Passive 54
Youll get hurt if you arent more careful.
Even if shes wrong, Ill still support her. Clause | Conditional 54
Id marry him if, even if he had no money. Verb | Tense
Im thinking of going back to the States. Phrase | With gerund ing) 54
Is he thinking of leaving? Preposition | Complementiser
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I remembered it after Id already left home. Verb | Tense 54
By the time I got there shed gone. Adverb | Time
Clause | Time
You could have died in there. Modal verb | Likelihood 54
They couldnt have understood you. Modal verb | Time-related
Modal verb | Ability
They preferred staying silent (to speaking). Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 55
Most people prefer drinking tea with milk. Clause | Comparison
Wherever you go, Ill be there. Adverb | Formation 55
I dont have time to see him, whoever he Pronoun | Generic/impersonal
is.
She asked whether I was feeling better. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 55
He wanted to know if Id finished the work. Conjunction | Coordinating
Clause | Dependent
She even wanted me to pay her hotel bill. Adverb | Modifier 55
Not even a dog would eat that.
Youre not supposed to touch that. Modal verb | Obligation 55
Are we supposed to eat this? Phrase | With infinitive
 30
Can use one of/some of/among in one of/some of/among + superlative one of the best schools Adjective | Comparison 55
phrases with superlative adjectives. phrases among the richest people Preposition | Logical
some of the finest examples
Can use about to to talk about imminent immediate future or future in the past with Shes about to have a baby. Adverb | Time 55
events in the present and past. about to + VPinf We were about to go out when Jane called. Verb | Tense
Clause | With be
Can use would to refer to past habits and would + VPinf for past habits When I lived in the country I would go for Modal verb | Time-related 55
routines. long walks. Phrase | With infinitive
Can use the present continuous passive. present continuous passive My car is being repaired. Verb | Passive 55
Its being discussed. Verb | Tense
The book is being printed.
Your son is being spoken to.
Can describe present or future outcomes unless + first/second conditional Unless you want it, Ill take the last Clause | Conditional 55
of a hypothetical situation using unless. sandwich. Verb | Tense
Im sure he would call us, unless he had a
problem with his phone.
Can make statements about plans using intend/plan to + VPinf Do you intend to stay in this house? Phrase | With infinitive 55
plan/intend to + infinitive. Theyre planning to go to Egypt for their
holidays.
Can express dislike using not with verbs in NP + hate/dont like/etc. + not + I hate not arriving on time. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 55
the gerund. VPgerund I dont like not knowing where she is. Clause | Negation
Can make passive statements with dative as subject of passive He was given a book. Verb | Passive 56
ditransitive verbs like tell and give. The children love to be told stories.
Can use get/have to refer to having things have/get + NP + past participle for Im having my flat painted. Clause | Result/cause 56

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done by other people. impersonal agency Ive just had my car repaired.
You need to get your hair cut.
Can construct defining (restrictive) relative defining infinitive clauses (NP + to + VP1inf the first person to fly Clause | Relative 56
clauses with to + infinitive verb phrases. + VP2inf) the only one to stay up late Phrase | With infinitive
Can use in case with the present tense to in case + subordinate clause (present Take an umbrella in case it rains. Clause | Conditional 56
refer to future eventualities. tense) In case no one there speaks English, Im Verb | Tense
bringing Paul as an interpreter.
Can use only as an adverb in the correct only as adverb in correct position I only wanted to help. Adverb | Modifier 56
position. Its only a small flat. Adjective | Position
Can use in case of with noun phrases to in case of + NP In case of fire, break the glass. Preposition | Cause and result 56
speak of eventualities. Call this number in case of accident.
Can talk about indirect causation with get/ get/make + person + to + VPinf for Ill get a friend to pick you up. Phrase | With infinitive 56
make + person + action. indirect causation You cant make people like you. Clause | Result/cause
Can construct reduced defining reduced relative clauses with verb + -ing I didnt see the man driving the car. Clause | Relative 56
(restrictive) relative clauses with verb +-ing. The winner is the person ending with the
most cards.
Can use beforehand/afterwards to advanced adverbials of time: beforehand/ I arrived at the hotel late, but I had booked Adverb | Time 56
express sequences of events or actions. afterwards a room beforehand.
They went to the play first and had dinner
afterwards.

Can use had/d better (not) + verb for
strong advice and recommendations.
Can use despite/in spite of with noun
phrases to express concession.
Can use so and therefore to express (declarative sentence) + so/therefore +
conclusions and inferences.
Can make tense changes (present to past)
in reported speech.
Can use meant/planned/intended + to
+ infinitive to talk about past plans and
intentions.
Can use though and although as
conjunctions to express concession.
Can use thought to express past
expectations, with appropriate tense
changes.
Can use a range of verbs of advice and
recommendation with noun phrases plus
verbs in the infinitive.
Can omit words and phrases in a range of
parallel structures.
Can soften orders and requests using
think, imagine, wonder, etc. hope/think/wonder
Can use due to and owing to to express
causation and consequence.
Can use non-defining (non-restrictive)
relative clauses to add information.
Can talk about past beliefs and intentions
in the passive.
had better
concession with despite/in spite of
This book has my name on it, so it must
declarative sentence
reported speech changing present to past
tenses
meant/intended/planned to + VPinf
concession with though/although
thought + past tense referring to
expectations
NP + verb + NP + to + VPinf
ellipsis: omission of noun/verb/
infinitive/wh- clauses
softening orders and requests with I
Do you think youll be able to lend me
prepositions of reason and purpose: due
to, owing to
non-defining relative clauses for
information
Past clause of belief/reporting +
would/was/were going to + passive
infinitive
31
Youd better not tell anyone. Modal verb | Obligation 56
Your brother had better try to get a job. Phrase | With be
Despite the terrible weather, we had a Conjunction | Concession and contrast 56
lovely day. Preposition | Logical
He climbed the mountain in spite of his
headache.
Clause | Result/cause 56
be mine. Conjunction | Cause and result
I think, therefore I am. Clause | Dependent
He said (that) he was tired. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 56
She told me (that) she wasnt feeling well. Verb | Tense
Clause | Dependent
Did you intend to invite so many people? Phrase | With infinitive 56
They planned to go to Egypt for their
holidays.
I meant to tell her, but I forgot to.
Shell listen to you, although she wont Conjunction | Concession and contrast 56
like it.
Though were poor, were happy.
I thought you were going to help me. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 57
I thought we were friends. Verb | Tense
Clause | Dependent
I want you to do it now. Phrase | With infinitive 57
I advised them to get the train. Clause | Dependent
I recommend people to eat first.
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My parents expected me to go to college, Clause | Basic construction 57
but I didnt want to. [go to college] Conjunction | Coordinating
We need money for the flight and [money]
to pay for the hotel.
I wonder if youd like to come for a walk. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 57
Conjunction | Coordinating
some money? Clause | Dependent
Due/Owing to the hot weather, the school Preposition | Cause and result 57
is closed today. Clause | Result/cause
The concert was cancelled due to/owing to
problems with the sound system.
My sister, who is married, lives in Prague. Clause | Relative 57
His house, which is for sale now, is Clause | Dependent
beautiful.
We thought she would be killed. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 57
I told you he wasnt going to be elected. Verb | Tense
Verb | Passive

Can use so in sentence-final positions as a so as a placeholder
placeholder (substitute) for verbs and verb
phrases.
Can use should(nt) have to express
regrets, wishes, or disapproval about the
past.
Can make statements about appearance
using seem/appear with verbs in the
infinitive.
Can use a range of verbs in the past
continuous to refer to past plans and
intentions.
Can express various degrees of likelihood
and possibility using complement clauses.
Can describe hypothetical (counterfactual)
past results of a previous action or
situation using the third conditional.
Can use for to introduce an infinitive
clause with a different subject.
B2 (59-66)
Learning Objective
Can use a range of modals with passive
infinitives referring to the present or
future.
Can refer to certainty and probability using
certain/likely/due to with verb phrases.
Can omit the relative pronoun in defining
(restrictive) relative clauses.
Can use need with the passive infinitive to
express necessity.
Can express alternative conditions with
whether or not.
Can describe beliefs and opinions using
verbs of judgement and evaluation in the
passive.
past regrets with should(nt) have + past
participle
seem/appear + to + VPinf
NP + was intending/planning/hoping + to
+ VPinf
Its (un)certain/(im)probable/(im)possible/
(un)likely (+ that) + complement clause
third (past) conditional
clause with is + for + VPinf
Structure
modals + passive
certain/likely/due + to + VPinf
omission of relative pronoun in defining/
restrictive clause
need + passive infinitive
whether + VP1 + or VP2/whether or not
+VP
its thought/believed/considered/etc. +
that + complement clause
32
It was too expensive. - I told you so. Adverb | Position 58
John is from Seattle. - I thought so. Verb | Tags and question forms
Adverb | Conjunction and disjunction
I should have gone to bed earlier. Modal verb | Obligation 58
You shouldnt have bought that house. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions
He seems to be quite rich. Phrase | With infinitive 58
She appears to work hard.
I was planning to buy a car. Verb | Tense 58
I wasnt intending to talk about it, but I
changed my mind.
Its unlikely that theyll come. Clause | With be 58
Its possible Im wrong. Clause | Dependent
I could have passed, if Id studied harder. Clause | Conditional 58
If wed left earlier, we wouldnt have missed Verb | Tense
her.
The important thing is for you to arrive on Phrase | With infinitive 58
time. Clause | Dependent
My aim is for my children to go to
university.
GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017
Example Grammatical Categories GSE
It could be done. Modal verb | Likelihood 59
It could be improved. Modal verb | Ability
The train might be delayed. Verb | Passive
Hes certain to pass the exam. Phrase | With be 59
The train is likely to be late. Phrase | With infinitive
When are they due to arrive?
Hes the friend (who) I told you about. Clause | Relative 59
Thats the movie (that) I wanted to see.
The report needs to be completed this Modal verb | Obligation 59
week. Phrase | With infinitive
Homework needs to be handed in today. Verb | Passive
Whether she likes it or not, shes coming Conjunction | Coordinating 59
with us. Clause | Conditional
The show starts tomorrow, whether or not
it rains.
Its believed that he died in Iraq. Verb | Passive 59
Its expected that students will graduate in Clause | Dependent
three years. Clause | Reported speech and ideas

Can use clauses with It + be to
emphasise the topic or main point.
Can use verb phrases with to + infinitive
as subject and complement.
Can use clauses with What ... to
emphasise the topic or main point.
Can soften orders and requests by using
verbs like thought, wondered, etc. in the
past tense.
Can use while, whereas and whilst (Br
Eng) to contrast and compare actions and
situations.
Can talk about past plans and intentions
using (not) meant/supposed to + infinitive.
Can express prohibition in the present or
future with forbid and (not) allow.
Can report orders, requests and advice
with infinitive clauses.
Can express negative purpose with so as/
in order not to.
Can correctly use defining (restrictive)
and non-defining (non- restrictive) relative
clauses.
Can use the future continuous with
reference to actions in progress at a
specific time in the future.
Can use adverbials such as however, on
the other hand, and though to express
concession.
Can make statements about appearance
using seem/appear (+ like/that) with
complement clauses.
fronting: cleft sentences with it + be
VPinf as subject and complement
fronting: cleft sentences with What ...
softening orders and requests with past
tense
while/whilst/whereas for contrast
(not) meant/supposed to + infinitive
forbid/not allow + person + to + VPinf
reported orders/requests/advice with to +
VPinf+ VPinf
so as/in order + not to + VPinf for
negative purpose
defining (restrictive) vs. non-defining (non-
restrictive) relative clauses
future continuous
concessive adverbials
seems/appears/looks (+ like/that) +
complement clause
33
Its the money that keeps me in this job. Clause | Clefting and fronting 59
It was his accent that made him hard to Phrase | With be
understand.
My dream is to live in New York. Phrase | With infinitive 59
The effect of the drug was to give him a
headache.
What we need now is a good nights sleep. Clause | Clefting and fronting 59
What I said was that I dont need your Clause | Relative
help.
I thought perhaps you could help me. Verb | Tense 59
We hoped youd come to our party.
I was wondering if you could get me a
ticket for the concert?
You enjoy running, whereas I find it very Conjunction | Concession and contrast 60
boring. Clause | Comparison
While(st) I sympathize with you, I cant
forget about what you did.
It was meant to be fun. Verb | Passive 60
He wasnt supposed to do that. Phrase | With infinitive
I forbid you to speak to him. Phrase | With infinitive 60
We wont be allowed to take pictures. Verb | Passive
She told me not to do it. Phrase | With infinitive 60
He warned us not to be late. Clause | Reported speech and ideas
She encouraged him to study.
GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017
In order not to seem stupid, he didnt say Conjunction | Cause and result 60
anything. Phrase | With infinitive
I came in very quietly, so as not to wake Clause | Negation
anyone.
I told my sister, who already knew what Clause | Relative 60
happened.
Tell only the people who need the
information.
This time tomorrow Ill be flying to Rio. Verb | Tense 60
Ill be driving home from work at 5 p.m. Adverb | Time
this evening.
I dont earn much - however, I have plenty Conjunction | Concession and contrast 61
of free time. Clause | Dependent
Well get there quicker by train. On the
other hand, the bus is much cheaper.
It looks like he isnt coming. Clause | Dependent 61
It appears that John has misunderstood. Clause | Reported speech and ideas

Can construct phrases with (not) worth
... and (no) point ... to express the (lack
of) usefulness or value of an action or
suggestion.
Can emphasise a statement by adding do
or did.
Can express past intentions and plans with NP + was/were thinking of + VPgerund
thinking of and verbs in the gerund.
Can use non-defining (non-restrictive)
relative clauses to make a comment.
Can describe past beliefs and opinions
using it was + passive forms of verbs of
judgement and evaluation.
Can speak about information acquired
from others using hear + (that +)
complement clause.
Can use ought(nt) to to offer or ask for
advice or suggestions.
Can use as soon as with the past simple
and past perfect.
Can use the past perfect continuous in a
range of common situations.
Can use a range of common reporting
verbs with that + complement clause.
Can use I wish/if only to express regrets
and wishes about the past.
Can make complex comparisons between
verb/noun phrases.
Can use need with verbs in the gerund to
express necessity.
Can use the past perfect with adverbial
clauses of time.
34
expressing (lack of) use or value in an Theres no point in talking about it. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 61
action with (not) worth/(no) point (in) + Its not worth repairing such an old car.
VPgerund
additional auxiliary do or did for stress or He does look nice in his new suit. Verb | Auxiliary 61
emphasis I didnt get to see John, but I did see his
mother.
We were thinking of selling the house. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 61
Were you thinking of driving there? Preposition | Complementiser
Verb | Tense
non-defining relative clause for comment He was late, which was unusual. Clause | Relative 61
Its raining, which is really annoying.
its/it was thought/believed/considered/ It was expected that women would get Verb | Passive 61
etc.(that) + complement clause married in their 20s. Clause | Dependent
It was thought that all the records had Verb | Tense
been destroyed.
hear + (that) + complement clause I hear that John and Susie are getting Clause | Reported speech and ideas 62
married. Conjunction | Coordinating
Ive heard that Martins lost his job.
ought(nt) to for advice or suggestions You ought to go to a doctor. Modal verb | Obligation 62
He oughtnt to drink so much. Phrase | With infinitive
Where ought we to go?
as soon as + past simple + past perfect I handed the work in as soon as I had Conjunction | Time 62
finished it. Verb | Tense
As soon as shed eaten, she fell asleep.
GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017
past perfect continuous Id been living in London for three years Verb | Tense 62
when I met her. Verb | Auxiliary
How long had you been waiting when I
arrived?
reporting verbs + that + complement He suggested that we come back later. Clause | Reported speech and ideas 62
clause She warned me that she would have to tell Conjunction | Coordinating
her father. Clause | Dependent
past regrets with I wish/if only If only Id worked harder. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 62
I wish wed bought that house. Verb | Tense
VP1/NP1 + comparative adjective + than Being happy is more important than Adjective | Comparison 62
+ VP2/NP1 making money. Conjunction | Coordinating
The loss of his job made a bigger
difference than the end of his marriage.
need + VPgerund My hair needs cutting. Modal verb | Obligation 63
The children need picking up. Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
past perfect with adverbial clauses of time I remembered it after Id already left home. Clause | Time 63
By the time I got there shed gone. Verb | Tense
Adverb | Time

Can use the past perfect passive.
Can use noun phrases in place of verb
phrases in formal written language.
Can use gerunds in the passive form as
complement.
Can use a range of complex conjunctions
in conditional statements (all three types).
Can use will + infinitive for orders and
instructions.
Can make complex comparisons between
clauses.
Can express purpose using so as to with
infinitive clauses.
Can express regrets and preferences with
would rather/its time with past tense
clauses.
Can use as if/as though with the present
simple to refer to what appears to be the
case.
Can omit subject + be after if in fixed
expressions.
Can use shall + infinitive for formal first-
person statements about the future.
Can use the future perfect with reference
to actions to be completed by a specific
time in the future.
Can use adverbial phrases to make
comments.
past perfect passive
noun phrases to verb phrases
(nominalisation)
NP + VP +VPgerund (passive)
clause1 (action or event) + on condition
that/as long as/ providing that/provided
that + clause 2 (condition)
he/you/they will + VPinf for instructions
clause1 + comparative adjective + than +
clause2
so as to + VPinf for purpose
would rather/its time + VP (past)
as if/as though + complement clause
(present; equivalent to first conditional)
if + adjective/NP/PP with omission of if necessary, if any, if anything, if in doubt
pronoun + be
I/we shall + VPinf
future perfect
adverbial phrases for comment
35
The goods had already been stolen. Verb | Passive 64
It had all been said before. Verb | Tense
The show had been cancelled.
The weather has changed, which surprised Clause | Basic construction 64
us. vs. The change in the weather hrase | Clefting and fronting
surprised us.
The money disappeared, which puzzled
Marian. vs. Marian was puzzled by the
disappearance of the money.
My mother loves being taken out. Phrase | With gerund (-ing) 64
Children enjoy being read to. Verb | Passive
on condition that Clause | Conditional 64
as long as Conjunction | Cause and result
providing/provided that
You will do as you are told. Modal verb | Obligation 65
They will wait till theyre called. Verb | Imperative
Verb | Tense
Theres more work to do than we have Adjective | Comparison 66
time for. Conjunction | Coordinating
She was more concerned with getting the
job done than with doing it well.
I got up at 6:00 so as to be on time. Conjunction | Cause and result 66
So as to keep fit, I go for a run every Phrase | With infinitive
morning.
Id rather we stayed in tonight. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 66
GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017
Id rather we went to the cinema.
Its time we left.
It looks as though theyre not coming. Clause | Conditional 66
Verb | Tense
Clause | Conditional 66
Phrase | Basic construction
I shall do my best. Modal verb | Wishes and intentions 66
Verb | Tense
Ill have finished it by Saturday. Verb | Tense 66
The match wont have finished by 8 p.m. Adverb | Time
Preposition | Time
Practically speaking Adverb | Modifier 66
At the end of the day... Phrase | Clefting and fronting
Taking the long view
B2+ (59-66)
Learning Objective
Can use the future perfect passive.
Can use it is/was believed/reported that
+ VP to report beliefs, reportes, rumours,
etc.
Can describe hypothetical current results
of a past action or situation using would
with the third conditional.
Can use initial No matter with relative
pronouns for emphatic statements about
the present and near future.
Can express beliefs and opinions with is/
are/was/were + thought/believed to.
Can use should in hypothetical
statements about the present and near
future with inversion and omission of if.
Can use as if/as though with the past
simple to refer to hypothetical or
counterfactual circumstances.
Can ask questions with is it/was it and
complement clauses.
Can use a range of cleft sentences in the
present, past and future.
Can add information using not only but
also
Can order a sequence of events using an
appended clause with present participle or
having + past participle.
Can describe present or future outcomes
of a hypothetical situation using initial only
if with inversion of subject and object.
Can use ones as an impersonal
possessive adjective.
36
Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
future perfect passive The job will have been completed by next Verb | Passive 67
month. Verb | Tense
The package will have been delivered
before you get home.
passive reporting structures: it + be + Its now believed that over 300 people died Clause | Reported speech and ideas 67
believed/reported that + VP in the fire.
It was reported that the army had taken
control of the capital.
if + past perfect, hypothetical with would If Id married your sister Id be so much Clause | Conditional 67
+ VPinf (present) happier now. Clause | Result/cause
She would be here now if anyone had told Verb | Tense
her about the party.
No matter + relative pronoun + clause No matter what you say, Im coming. Clause | Clefting and fronting 68
No matter how much it costs, were buying Clause | Relative
it.
NP + be + thought/considered/believed/ Hes thought to be about 50. Verb | Passive 69
etc. to + VPinf Everyone was believed to have died in the Phrase | With infinitive
fire. Clause | Reported speech and ideas
should + NP + VP. would clause (second Should you wish to invest in the business, Clause | Conditional 70
conditional) please contact our office. Verb | Tags and question forms
as if/as though + complement clause (past You talk as though we didnt know each Clause | Conditional 71
GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017
simple; equivalent to second conditional) other. Verb | Tense
wh- word + is/was it + complement What was it you wanted? Phrase | Clefting and fronting 71
clause (question) Where is it that you were brought up? Clause | Relative
cleft sentences (fronting) The fact is that we cant go. Phrase | Clefting and fronting 71
What well do is call the airport.
What we did in the end was to apologise.
not only + but also The information is not only poorly Clause | Result/cause 71
presented, but also inaccurate.
reduced adverbial clauses with present Walking into the room, I bumped into Hiro. Clause | Appended (participle) 71
participle or having + past participle Having bought the tickets, we went for a Clause | Dependent
coffee.
Only if + first/second conditional with Only if you pay now will you avoid Clause | Conditional 71
inversion prosecution. Clause | Clefting and fronting
Only if the weather conditions became
much worse would they turn back.
ones as generic possessive adjective One should always do ones best. Pronoun | Generic/impersonal 71
Noun | Possessive (genitive)

Can use on the point of (Br Eng) to talk
about imminent events in the present and
past.
Can use as if/as though with the
past perfect to refer to hypothetical
(counterfactual) circumstances in the past.
Can use since to talk about reasons,
causes and explanations.
37
immediate future with on the point of + Shes on the point of leaving her job. Adverb | Time 71
VPgerund We were on the point of going out when Phrase | With gerund (-ing)
Jane called.
as if/as though + complement clause (past The house looked as though no one had Clause | Conditional 71
perfect; equivalent to third conditional) lived there for years. Conjunction | Coordinating
Verb | Tense
since (=because) + sub-clause Since you dont need your car today, can I Clause | Result/cause 72
borrow it? Conjunction | Cause and result
I assumed that you were out, since the
lights were off.

Can express impersonal belief and opinion
using thought/believed to
Can invert subject and verb after initial
complex adverbials.
thought/considered/believed/etc. + to +
VPinf
inversion with negative adverbials
Leonardo is often thought to be the Phrase | With infinitive 73
greatest artist who ever lived. Verb | Passive
This is believed to be the most valuable
diamond in the world.
In no way do I approve of the way he Clause | Clefting and fronting 74
talked to you.
Under no circumstances should you
approach him.

C1 (76-84)
Learning Objective Structure Example Grammatical Categories GSE
Can add information using appended appended participle clauses (present and Being a student, he gets a discount. Clause | Appended (participle) 76

GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017

clauses with being and/or passive passive) Given enough time, shell do it eventually. Clause | Dependent
participles. Clause | Result/cause
Can replace past conditionals with but for but for + NP, would have clause (third But for their support, I would never have Clause | Conditional 77
in formal statements. conditional) succeeded. Preposition | Logical
He would have died but for the doctors
prompt action.
Can make very polite requests with Would you be so kind as to + VPinf ...? Would you be so kind as to lend me some Modal verb | Requests, offers and 80
would you be so kind as to + verbs in the money? permission
infinitive. Phrase | With infinitive
38 GSE Grammar Photocopiables Pearson Education Ltd 2017

References
Bonner, M., Fuchs, M., Maurer, J., Schoenberg, I., and Westheimer, M. (2012) Focus on Grammar (1-5).
Pearson Education, White Plains, N.Y., USA.
Council of Europe (2009) Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR): A Manual. Strasbourg: Council of
Europe; Language Policy Division. Available on http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/
ManualRevision-proofread-FINAL_en.doc.
van Ek, J. and Trim, J (1990) Waystage. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, and Cambridge University
Press. Available on https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Waystage_CUP.pdf
van Ek, J. and Trim, J (1990) Threshold. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, and Cambridge University
Press. Available on https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Threshold-Level_CUP.pdf
van Ek, J. and Trim, J (2001) Vantage. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, and Cambridge University Press.
Available on https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Vantage_CUP.pdf
Foley, M. and Hall, D. (2012). MyGrammarLab. Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex, UK.
Trim, J. (2009) Breakthrough. Strasbourg, Council of Europe. Available on www.ealta.eu.org
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