bO

ADVANCED STUDY OF THE COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD

by

DAVID K. C. CHENG

5. S., Taiwan Provincial Taipei Institute of

Technology, 1957

A MASTER'S REPORT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Civil Engineering

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Manhattan, Kansas

1964
 11

sir
'^V TABLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS ... iii

INTRODUCT ION 1

DERIVATION 2

Formulas for a Symmetrical Cross Section 2

Formulas for an Unsymmetrical Cross Section 8

SIGN CONVENTION 12

GENERAL PROCEDURE 13

APPLICATION OF THE METHOD 14

Loaded Gable Frame 14

Loaded Double Gable Frame 17

CONCLUSIONS 53

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 54
'

NOTATION 55

REFERENCES 57
 Ill

SYNOPSIS

The purpose of this report is to show a general derivation and

application of the method of column analogy. This method can be used

in finding the moments in third degree statically indeterminate struc-

tures. It is also very effective in calculating the stiffness and

carry-over factors for nonprismatic members for moment distribution.

The application section of this report shows how this method

can be applied to actual problems of finding moments and stiffness

and carry-over factors. A comparison of the results of the column

analogy method and the moment distribution method is presented, which

demonstrates the fact that these results are essentially identical

for the problem solved.

 INTRODUCTION

The method of column analogy was first discovered in 1930, by

Professor Hardy Cross (l, 6). This method can be used in computing

the moments in rigid frames and the stiffness and carry-over factors

of the moment distribution method. Professor Cross stated that, "The

column analogy is a mathematical identity between the moments pro-

duced by continuity in a beam, bent or arch and the fiber stresses

in a short column eccentrically loaded." (l)

The method of column analogy is one of the most important methods

used in solving rigid frames or any structures which can be considered

to be closed rings. These include pipes, culverts, tanks, arches,

bents, and single span fixed ended beams.

In general, the method of column analogy can be applied to the

three types of structures shown in Fig. 1. (6)

V L_i :

W '-,
.:.

(a) Single Span (b) Bent (c) Culvert

Fixed Ended
Beam
Fig. 1

^Numbers in parentheses refer to corresponding items in the

References.
 The earth support is considered as a portion of the ring with

EI of infinite magnitude. These three types of structures are sug-

gestive of the many structures to which the method is applicable.

The column analogy method is used to compute the fiber stresses

in an analogous column loaded with the statically determinate moment

diagram from the reduced ring. The axis of the analogous column is

the same as that of the ring; the thickness of the analogous column

is equal to 1/EI of the ring. E and I can be either constant or vari-

able. The fiber stresses in the analogous column are numerically equal

to the moments required to restore continuity to the reduced ring struc-

ture. Thus by adding the determinate moment at a section to the fiber

stress in the analogous column at that section one obtains the total

moment in the actual structure for the section investigated.

DERIVATION

Formulas for a Symmetrical Cross Section

A ring structure as shown in Fig. 2(a) is being considered. The

ring is loaded with a set of forces P. Under the action of P, there

will exist shear, thrust (or tension) and moment at section A. F is

used to indicate the resultant of these shears, thrusts (or tension),

and moments on each side of section A.

After the ring is cut at A, the combined effect of the external

loads P, and the forces F, would keep it continuous at this section.

Assume that these two sets of forces, P and F, are acting separately.

(1) The loads ? 1 , Y> , P , P _ 15 P will cause

2 n n

bending of the structure and produce statically determinate moment, M ,

d
 (a) Geometry of closed
ring

A~7\
/ EI

/
V.

(b) Portion of the analogous

column of the ring

Fig. 2. A portion of the (c) A portion of the analogous

analogous column column loaded with M^
diagram and reaction
force F
 at any section throughout the ring. Owing to this moment there will

be relative rotation and relative displacement of both ends at the

section where it is cut. The rotation in a small length ds is

Md * ds
dQ = Q
d EI
u;

In Fig. 2, since both Ax and Ay are very small, AA* and AB

are assumed to be mutually perpendicular, then

A ABC c- AAA'D
or
^x d = y ( 2 )
KZ)
AA T
and,

A vd = X
(3)
AA" AB

Solving equations (2) and (3) for A d

and A ,
yields

A , _ AA' (x) , .

and,

AB

Since 9 is very small, it can be assumed equal to its own

tangent, then

M. '
ds
0= -ML
AA then0d = f_J
AB J EI

Substitute into equations (4) and (5), then

= M d(ds)x
^yd J/
( 6)
EI

and,
 A = I u{ ds )y

( 7)
xd J d
EI

(2) As a result of the F forces, which are acting on both sides

of the section at A, after the ring is cut, there is a statically

indeterminate moment M i at every section throughout the whole ring.

By the same reasoning as found in section (l), the rotation and de-

formation caused by the indeterminate moment WL, are

Q. = I M. ( ds )
(8)
J
EI

yi = !m. (ds ) ..
O)
X
J EI

and,

xi = (m. ( ds )
(10)
J EI

Since the forces P and F are assumed to keep the ring continuous,

the total rotation and total displacement due to both determinate

moment, NL, and indeterminate moment, M._, must be equal to zero. Hence,

G , + 0. =0 (n)
d l

A yd +A .
*-*yi
= (12)

A xd +Axi
" . . = (I 3 )

or substituting equations (l), (6), (7), (8), (9), and (10) into

equations (ll), (12), and (13) respectively.

 (m (ds) + (m. (ds) =0 (14)
* J
EI EI

JM, (ds)x + [m. (ds)x = (15)

J EI J
EI

[m (ds)y + (m. (ds)y = (16)

J EI J EI

The above equations are called the equations of moments in a

closed ring.

(3) Take a small element ds at some distances x and y along

the X and Y axes respectively from the centroid of the analogous column.

M, is the load acting on the top of the analogous column and F is the

reaction force acting at the bottom of the column, as shown in Fig. 2(c).

ds/EI is the area of the portion of the column. Considering the con-

ditions of equilibrium, the following equations are obtained.

IV =

or,

M ( ds ) + F( ds ) = (17)
EI EI

and,

ZmXX = o

or.

M ( ds )y + F( ds)y =0 (18)
d
EI EI

and,
 IM
* yy =

or.

M, ( ds )x + F( ds )x = (19)
EI EI

Integrating to include the entire column, equations (17),

(18), and (19) can be written respectively as

/m ( ds ) + (f( ds ) = (20)
J d
EI J EI

Jm ( ds )y + ( F( ds )y =
J d
EI ^ EI (21)

fM d ( ds )x + F( ds )x = (22)
J EI 'EI
J

In computing the fiber stresses F of a column, either con-

centrically loaded or eccentrically loaded, the following formula is

used.

M
y M *
x
F =A + -^ + -*
I I
* y

In comparing equations (14), (15), and (16), and equations (20),

(21), and (22), Mj_ is equal to F. The final moment in the ring is

equal to M^ - M. , or M - F. This is the basic principle of the column

analogy method. (6)

 Formulas for an Unsymmetrical Cross Section

The formulas for an unsymmetrical cross section have been

de-

rived by Chu-Kia Wang as follows (8). Assume a column as shown in

Fig. 3a, which is subjected to a set of downward loads

P^ P^ P
3
>

Y^, (X Y and (Xg, Yg), etc.

acting on the points (X p 2, 2
) ,

cross section of
These loads can be transferred to the centroid of the
concentric load and
the column as indicated in Fig. 3b, as a downward

one bending moment about each axis.

l(x ,y 1 )
1 x
(x2_iVol

(x
3 ,y 3 )

(a) A column loaded with (b) The transformation

eccentric loads of load

Fig. 3. Eccentrically loaded column

and its transformation.

the
According to the principles of statics, after the transfer,

new load P, and the new moments, M x and M , may be written as

= P + P + P (24a)
P 3
x 2
 = + P y + P Y
\ Vl 2 2 3 3
< 24b >

= P X + P X + P X
\ 1 1 2 2 3 3
(24C >

The pressure F at any point can be expressed as

F = a + bx + cy (25)

where the constants a, b, and c can be determined from the three

equations of statics, as follows:

P =] FdA (26a)
'

= j
F(dA)(y) (26b)
J

= F(dA)(x) (26c)
y J

Substituting equation (25) into equation (26a), then

A
P = j F(dA)
J
'o

A
r
= (a + bx + cy)dA
J

/A /A /A
= j
dA + (x)dA +1 (y)dA

Since

f
J
dA = A
 10

('x)dA =
J

A
f
(y)dA =
J

Hence.

-J*dA

= aA (27)

Substituting equation (25) into equation (26b), then

F(dA)y
M =J
'0

=1
r (a + bx + cy)(dA)y

_(A
2
-J r (ay + bxy + cy )dA

Ik ik k
( 2
= a y(dA) + bj (xy)dA + c (y )dA
J

= + b(l ) + c(l )
xy x

b(l ) + c(l ) (28)

xy x

Substituting equation (25) into equation (26c), then

F(dA)x
y =J-o

rk
- l (a + bx + cy)(dA)x
J
 11

M
y
-\ (ax + bx
= \ + cxy)dA

(
A /A 9
/A
= a (x)dA + bj (x )dA + cj (xy)dA
J

= + b(l
v ) + c(l )
y xy

- b(l ) + c(l ) (29)

Y xy

Solving equations (27), (28), and (29) for the constants a, b, and c.

_ P
a
"A
xy
M.. -
Y X I
x.
b =
r-2-
xy
I (1
v - T~rr
x
'

xy
(M - M^
x

2
xy

x y

Let
xyy
M' = M - M ( )
x x y j
y

i
= M _
xy
M M ( )
y y x i

I = I (1
x x^ I
X
' I
y
 12

T 2
xv
I =1 (1 --^ )
y y i i

then

My

I
y

M
x
c = ,

Substitute the values of a, b, and c into equation (25),

then
'
i

F
P
+ ^_ (x)+ -i M (30)

SIGN CONVENTION

Chu-Kia
The sign convention of this report is that used by
regular
Wang. (7) This convention is known by most engineers as the

beam sign convention.

(statical
(1) Loading on the top of column is downward if M,

simple beam AB as
moment, or moment due to the applied loading on the
means that it
determined by the law of statics) is positive, which

causes compression on the outside. The definition of the terms inside

and outside is as indicated in Fig. 4.

 13

outside
| 1
^ inside
p

outside

Fig. 4. Simple Ring Type Structure

(2) Upward pressure on the bottom of column, M. (indeterminate

moment, or moment to be determined to satisfy the conditions of

geometry), is positive.

(3) The moment at any point in the structure is equal to

M = M . - M. , which is positive if it causes compression on the outside.

(4) The sign of the moment-arms, x and y, is taken from the

coordinate system. That is, positive up and to the right from the axis

of the coordinates.

GENERAL PROCEDURE

There are five steps in finding moments by the method of the

column analogy.

(1) Make the ring (or any structure which can be considered

as a ring) statically determinate.

(2) Compute the statically determinate moment M d , which is

produced by the external loads P, according to the laws of statics.

(3) Apply the M, diagram which is obtained in the second step,

as a load, on the top of the analogous column.

 14

(4) Compute the fiber stresses in the analogous column by the

laws of statics.

(5) The final moment in the ring (or any structure which can

be considered as a ring) is

M = M , - M.
d 1

or,

M = Md - F

In a manner similar to that for finding moments, the stiffness

and carry-over factors for members with either constant or

variable

cross section can also be found by using the method of column analogy.

The details of finding these factors are illustrated in the section,

Applications of the Method.

APPLICATION OF THE METHOD

Loaded Gable Frame

Assume a gable frame with one axis of symmetry and loaded with

15 Kip external concentrated load as indicated in Fig. 5a.

Assume
a

that ends A and E of the frame are fixed. The dimensions of each member

of the frame are given in Fig. 5a.

The properties of the analogous column of Fig. 5b are

(assume EI = l):

A = 2(l/2 x 36)*+ 2(30) = 96

Y
= 36(10) + 60(35) = 2 ^^,
96
 15

3 2
I =2 -J2 (1)(30) + 30(1)(9.4) +

1 / / w v2,20 N ,
o
2-75 (l/2)(36) (35) + 18(15. 6T = 19.78

2 2
I = 2(30)(30) + 2 -i5(l/2)(36) (g) + 18(15)'

= 54,000 + 2(1350 + 4050)

= 64,800.00

(a) Loaded Gable Frame (b)- Analogous-column

section
(considering EI = 1)
Fig. 5

Cut the right support, E, of the frame in order to make the

whole frame a determinate structure as shown in Fig. 6a. The de-

terminate moment diagram, which is produced by the external load, is

treated as a load acting on the top of the analogous column as shown

in Fig. 6b.

The total load on the top of the analogous column, and the

moments about the axes of the cross section of the analogous column

are calculated to be:

 16

15
(300)

(3001

225

15

(a) Basic determinate (b) Analogous column with

structure M. diagram as a load

Fig. 6
 17

P * 1/2(18)(150) + 30(300)

= 10350.00

M = 30(300)(9.4) - 1/2(18)(150)(8.9)

= 84,600 - 12,000

= 72,600.00 (clockwise)

My = 30(300)(30) + 1/2(18)(150)(25)

= 270,000 + 33,750

= 303,750.00 (clockwise)

The calculations and the results are shown in Table 1.

Loaded Double Gable Frame

The following double bay gable frame, shown in Fig. 7, is

analyzed by both the column analogy method and the moment distribution

method

1.0 K/foot

30.0'

20.0* 45.0' 20.0'_ 45.0'

Fig. 7. Double bay gable frame

 18

CO
CO r-
CO CM ***** ~^
CO CM 00
1 1 i
^-^ ^_^ CO I
s-
CO . il CO .-I in co
1 1 i r- in i
* --' r-
O 00
CM * ' co
o
CO o r- CO in in
CO
+ o
CO
i 1 i i i +
1 II 1 it O 11 . O 1! O II "

CO
ti
1 CO

ST t-
CM
I
*
T CO r-
lO
O
O CO o CM ^r r- o in
CM +
O
CO
CO
CM t o CO
o 1

II
1

11
+ 11 + -< + ll
in
CO CO in 00 co in CO .
o
.

in * II
r
oo
r- r- i>o r-v

oo
r-4 >i
vT
-H
oo
r-l
o T
<-< .-i
O ~
**
<tf
1 "-) 1 1 1 + i + 1 +
in in in in

o o o o
3-
sT >* <tf
.
-.-
+
II II

5 o
CO
o
CO
o
CO
o
CO
i 1 o + -;-_

o
iO o
o
in o
o o
<x in o in o
u, > o
CO CO
o o
CO 00
r-
co co
o F- o
co 00
w o sr o T o <tf c -5
J m \Q CO vO CO vO CO M0
to
<
o o q-
r-4
o
UJ o <*
X
H
. c3 ( > o
CM
1

11
tt,
O *~N
^r
o
x T
CM
vQ . *t
CM
in
O
>-)
1 in CM in

X O CO
o oo
o CO OlO crb
o O
3 r~ mo r-
O CO
mo r-
O
vO r
CO

< #-.
\ A * "
ai CM
r-
o
<i
CM o
r- t
i
CMJCJn
r-fr-i
CM
r~
o
.1
H
< 00 00 00 oo co

r- r- t> r- r
ai
:>
c3 cy o o O
O i

a.
UJ
X
H
i

UJ
-] o o
<
XI o
CO
o
CO
o
I I

-p
c
o
pq u uJ
 19

Solution by the Column Analogy Method

I. Properties of the analogous column section . Take a portion

ABCD of the frame as a free body with its two ends fixed as shown in

Fig. 8(a). Solve this part of the frame as an independent structure by

the method of column analogy. The length of the analogous column

section is the same as that of the actual frame. The width of the

analogous column section is a constant l/EI, as shown in Fig. 8(b).

It will be convenient to let EI = 1, so that the width at every point

of the analogous column is one.

Area of column section = (30)(l.O) + (25)(l.O) + (47.5)(l.O)

= 102.5

- _ (30)(15) + '
25)(37.5) + (47.5)(37.5)
102-5

= 3168 - 5 = 31 feet
102.5

(25) (10) + (47.5)(42.5)

x =
102.5

= 2268.7 = 22.1 feet (from left)

102.5

I
x
= -J^ 30 ^ (30)(16)
2
+
3
-^(25) ()
2
+ (25}(6.5)

3 2 2
+ -j^ 47 ' 5 ) (~^) + (47.5)(6.5)

= (2250 + 7680) + (469 + 1056) + (890 + 2006)

= 14,351.0
 20

1 3 9
I = 12(30)(1.0) + (305(22.33)

+ + (25)(12.33) 2
T2 (25) Hlr>

+ -^(47.5)
3
( ~~) 2
+ (47.5)(20.4/

= 46,932.6

I = (30)(-22.l)(-16.0) + (25)(-12.l)[6.5)
xy

+ (47.5)(20.4)(6.5)

= 10,608.0 - 1966.3 + 6298.5

= 14,940.2
2
I
i' =i (i - *y )

I I
x y

= 14351.0(1 -
( 14351. 0)(46932.6)

= 14351.0(1 - 0.333)

= 14351.0(0.667)

= 9572.1
2
I
I .= 1 1 - *Y )
J
y y I I
x y

= 46932.6(0.667)

= 31304.0
 21

^^"^\
f
B
'
~ "
^ D

31.0
s
22.1

1 A

(a ) Free-body (b) Analogous column

section

Fig. 8

1.0 (radian)

(a) Load on the (b) Load after transfer to

analogous column the centroid of the
analogous column section

Fig. 9


22

II. Stiffness and carry-over factors . A load of 1 radian is

applied at the right end, D, of the analogous column section and trans-

ferred to the centroid of the section as a concentrated load and two

moments as indicated in Fig. 9(a) and (b), from which the following

relationships are obtained.

M = (l.0)(-1.0) = -1.0

M = (1.0)(42.9) = 42.9
y

M
x

= M
x
- M
y
( 22
I
);

y
'

- -U.O) - (42.9X |||^ ,

= -16.9

' XY
M = M - M ( )
Y y x i
x

. 42 .9 - U.0)(^g)
= 42.9 + 1.C4

= 44.0

The joint moments are tabulated in Table 2.

The stiffness factor at D and the different carry-over factors

are obtained as follows:

The stiffness factor at D is S D 0.072.

The carry-over factors are:

(1) From D to C.

0.017
DC ~ 0.072 * 236
 1 i

23

CM r-
<
o
CM
CO
CO
o o o o
O d d o
I + + +

5 c>
o r-<

H r-t r- CO
CO
1
1

CO -4 sr
CM fi CM o f-^
O o
C'- > o CM o o t-H \Q
o
oO
iD o
r-
in o

o ^G CM


l-H o o 1 + l-H o
1
1

o 11

2
<

cc

w
X
H
O
H -(

CM
CM
o
Q <sT I

a sr CO CO *
1

o CO
o
u o oo o CO
m o 00
o o .1
o

< o
r-t
co o
CO

1 *
<sT 1

11 11 11

O
">

3C
U
< r-
UJ vO
lf> o
o
> r- r-
H
< Q. < CM o
\>
o vO vO
o
o o o
o
o
o
1 o o

UJ o
o
m
i

CM o
UJ
1-3
CQ
<

U OQ <
O
 24

(2) From D to B.

r - 0-020 _ n 97 o
C * 278
DB " 0.072

(3) From D to A.

0.038 ___
DA 0.072

III. Moments at each joint due to the applied loading . Cut the

left end A of the free-body ABCD, as a redundant and make the whole

free-body a determinate structure, as indicated in Fig. 10(a). The

determinate -moment diagram of the free-body is plotted on the com-

pression side as shown in Fig. 10(b). Use this diagram as a load

acting on the top of the analogous column.

P = (25.0) (200.0) + (47.5)(200.0) -

f- (45.0)(252.13)

+ _i(47.5)(2112.5) - 200.0)
2

= 49051.0

M = (1666.67)(7.1) - (9500.0 - 7563.75)(20.4)

- (45448. 0)(45 - 15 - 2.1)

= -154262.5 (counterclockwise)

Mx = -(16666. 67)(10.25) - (9500.0 - 7563.75)(6.5)

- (45448. 0)(4.0)

= -211461.0 (counterclockwise)
 25

M = M . M ( -L-
x x y I
y
,~ -w 14940.0 n
= -211461.0 - (-1542o2.5)(-46932#6 '-)

M ' = -162094.0

xy
M - M (
y x I

14940.0 .
-154262.5 - (-211461. 0)t 14351 . )

= 65657.0

1.0 K/foot

I(l)(20-+45)'
2
= 2112.5

(b) M. diagram, plotted on

the
(a) Loaded determinate frame
compression side of the frame

Fig. 10
 26

CO
O on
00
o
vO
ON

OJ
I I

CO
:

O .

CM CM >9 CM
CM
tf
ON r- CO t- O CO QN r
o
C)

oo iD o ur>
ON
ON
*N
if)
ON
CO

Q
vO
CJN r~-
C0 c nO CM T
< CM
CM .I vC CM
O vf)
<-t
.-H
+ i + t~. in
i-J

Q 11 II
.

II

U!
i
-J
a.
a.
<

OJ
X
H
O
H
UJ
ID
Q 5
o .-

Q CO
H T nO
O o
CN co ^r
nO
pa
< + i
i I

o
if)

X c if)
in if)
o
< <
i if)
CO
If)
If) in in
o,|< in CM r CO
c O
ON r-H
^r CO
r-
CO
o r-
V 11

o
PL) if)

X
H CM

CM
I
I

U)
-I
CO.
<
H
C
o u DO
-)
 27

the

frame. as shown in Pig. ll(a).

ture by the column

:n section is the

i i
~s c :umn
same -

section is a constant It will be con-

ic let EI = ] rY section of "ens analo-

column section is 1

ion = (3( + ..'; .5] .1.0]

>.5

_LiL_.~ 23 :om rig/.

102.5

, _ :. 1
)
: -:
(25)(37.5) * (47.5)(37-5;.
102.5

= 3 (from the

_ ]
;3o.o)(i<

1/
s)
3
( t~
H
I . S>
2
-
-s)
2

3 2 2
+ _i_ (25.0) (4|-) + (25.0}(6.5)
12 25

= 143.
 28

23.84'
p

^ ^"~*""-^

G
X

31.0'

(a) Free-body (b) Analogous column

section

Fig. 11

1.0 (radian)

//TV^:
V,

(a) Load on the analogous

column (b) Load after transfer to
the centroid of the anal-
ogous column section

Fig. 12
 29

3 2
I = + (30.0)(23.84)
-Y2(30.0)(1.0)

+ -j^47.5)
3
{ ^775")
2+ (47.5)(1.34)
2

3 2 2
+ ^-(25.0) (-||) + (25.0)(31.16)

50274.4

I = (25)(1.0)(-31.16)(6.5) + (47.5)(1.0)(1.34)(6.5)
xy

+ (30)(1.0)(23.84)(-16.0)

= -16140.6

I
X
= I
X
(1 - ^
j
)
j
x y

2
= 14351.0 1 - (16140.6)
J.*"TO %J \J
J. JL

(14351.0)(50274.4)

= 9170.3

I*=I (l - ^ )
y. y ii
x y
2
(16140. 6)
= 50274.4 1 -
(14351.0) (50274.4)

= 32125.3

By the same technique and procedure which have been used previously,

a load of 1 radian is applied at the left end, D, of the analogous column

section and transferred to the centroid of the section as a concentrated

 30

load and two moments as denoted in Fig. 12(a) and (b). The moments

at each point and stiffness factor at D, and carry-over factors from

D to different points are obtained as follow:

Mv = (1.0)(-1.0) = -1.0

M = (1.0X-41.17) = -41.17

M
x
= M
x
- M
y
(
xv I
ii )
'
i

= -(1.0) - - (I6140 ' 6 >

(41.17)
50274.4

= -14.20

m = m - m xy
( )
y y x i
X

-<- l7 > - <-'-<$

= -42.30

The stiffness factor at D, Sq = -0.065

The carry-over factors are:

(1) From D to F.

(2) From D to G.

r = 0-0202 = 0.311
r
DG 0.0650

(3) From D to H.

= 0-0263 =
C
DH 0.0650 * 405
 31

CM CO
in
vO
in
r-i
O
CM
vO
CM

O
O
O

i
O1
O O1

^-> ^s *-^ O

O

r-i
r CO
1 r-l I 1
- - *^_^ r- v_^ O ^-^O
X *** O \0 y***

r~
t-H
CM
^"*s
O

f
<""*
O O

CO
r~ <-< 1

CNJ .-1 CM O CM f CM
5
g T
Q\ O V

O

TO
1


<tf
S.
t-H rt O 1 # -l
H
O
1

11
1

II
1

II II
<
Q
<
O
-1

<
i

vO vO *~^
-H

r-i

T
00
<tf
00
* >-H
<g- CM CO CO CO CO
o 1 CO 1 CM CM CO

H
iT) CM
in
O in
CM
sr
t in >->

ai Sin-. cm ^r O t^ O r-i CO O CM CO
00 i-h in 00 CM CM
O CO CM CO r-, O
Q CM
c5 CO
O CM
CO

CO
CM

CM CO
CM
O

X T ^r O ^r 1 ^ 1

a
a.
1

II
1

II II II

Q
&-

O
<->
r-
X vO
o
<
in t-
vO
r-
v>
r
\>
r-H CM O O O
O
O
O
.-*

O
O
11 O O

X
O O O

ai

CQ
<

a UU O X
 )

32

IV. Moments at each joint of the free-body DFGH, due to the

applied load . Cut the right end H of the free-body DFGH, and make

the whole free-body a determinate structure, as indicated in Fig. 13(a).

The determinate moment diagram of the free-body is plotted on the com-

pression side as shown in Fig. 13(b). Use this diagram as a load

acting on the top of the analogous column.

P =-|-(45.0)( 1012.5) + (1012.5)(25) - ~(20)(50)

+ -~(25.0)(2112.5 - 1012.5)

= 53583.33 (upward)

M = -(15187.5)(11.5) - (25312.5 - 666.67)(6.5) - (13750)(4.0)

x

= -389845.0 (counterclockwise)

M = (15187. 5)(9. 92) + (25312.5 - 666.67)(31.16)

+ (13750.0)(34.5)

= 1,257,404.0 (clockwise)

M '
x
= M
x
- M
y
( ^1
I
J

x . , -16140.6 .
M = -(389854.0) - ( 1257404. 0)( 50274.4)
x

- -27185.6
 33

= M M xy
M '
- ( )
y y x i
X

= 1257404.0 - (-389854. 0)( -I 6140 - 6 )

'
14351.0

- 818818.2

1.0 K/foot
3 |(1.0)(45)'

i(l.0)(65)

H = 2112.5

(a) Loaded frame (b) M, diagram, plotted on

the compression side

Fig. 13

The calculations and the resulting moments at each joint of the

free-body due to the applied load are shown in Table 5.

 34

O CO in
CM CO

CO o
CO r- CO CM
CO co CO CM
in o CM
f-i
1

o"

w-\
CO
1

o
*-N o
-1- vO vO
o o o
if) if) r~- in P- xO
CO nO I CO # vO CO t-t
ON 0N w I . ON ON # ON
CO t- r r- ON
c\
I
CM I t\ CM CM
|
+
S II 11 II

Q
LU
I
-1
a
a.
<
o vD
ai nT
x CO
(-
CO
O CM
H CJ
co *-> CO
W If) CO
CO CO
CM
if) , cm in co
Q i
CM o
in
^<
f\ ON
CO CO CM
<
CO

I CM o CO CO CO cm
1

r-
P CO in
i
o
vO
CO CO
t
o
vO
Q a
-_4
CO
II II
it,
o

o
>-)
vO vO nO vO
X r- r- r-
o
< in


CM

CM

CM

CM
ai CM CM CM CM CM
O in in in in
H

ai

o
ID in
I CM

CM
H
I

CM
O
l-H
in I I

UJ
-J
CO
<

o
u. o
 35

V. Moments at each joint due to sidesway at point D .

Fig. 14. Sidesway at D

ds _ ,.

ds
vJxy^f- + H/y 2 (-ff-) + M
EI
= AH
Jy

,,
v
i

l
x ds
+ ..
,

H
(

J
y ds ,

+ m
,, /

J
ds
=

Since Jxda = 0, jyda = 0, then

vjx 2 + Hjxy ds
=
-ff- EI

v xy
^f. + H y2 -| _
!
.Ah
J j
 36

or.

V(
V + H(l
xy
}
=

V(I ) + H(I ) =AH

xy' x'

Solve for V and H.

-AH I
v = -rr-( -f*->
X

AH
H = 7
\

M = M . - M.
d i

= M - (Vx + Hy) (G)

d

The calculations and the resulting moments at each joint of

the free-body due to sidesway at D, are indicated in Table 6.

By the same technique which has been used above, when sidesway

exists at the joint D of the right side free-body DFGH, the following

relationships and the moments at each joint of the free-body due to

this sidesway can be obtained. (7)

VI + HI =0
y xy

VI + HI = -(AH)
xy x

Solve for V and H from these two equations above, then

 37

in
CO

S CM
in IT)

> o o o
I
f CO
X 1
X i I

<
II
CM 00 CM CM
^. r cm in CM CO r- CM
Q > in -i r- cm n 00
o i in
o
-* a- I

b~ X
< II ' II

>
<

CO
ai
Q
i-<
CO

o
H
< CM
04
3 X CM CM CM
Q ^-^
< -. CM
CM
I
I

Q
O > X > 1

X 11 >>
CO
< I CN

U-. X O
v
i-(.

O < V o
in
CO
1 1 V t

h- 11
t
-*
r-i

o ** o
^s
T
-J
X sr o o
X ** X o o X CO

u > < CO 1 f vO
+
00 oo
< r
CO
1
i
00
ai 1

11

H
<

ai
2g
o
s
UJ u
a: as
H .

1

vO
LU
.-1
pa
<
H
p
c
H CQ
o
t-
>
 38

H xy
V T" y
,

<
ix )

-AH
h = '
I
x

Fig. 15. Sidesway at D

M = M ,
- M.
d i

= M - (Vx + H'y)

The calculations and the resulting moments at each joint of the

free-body due to sidesway at D, are obtained as shown in Table 7.

The fixed-end moment of bar DE, due to sidesway at D, is ob-

tained as follows:

Fig. 16. Fixed-end moment of bar DE, due

to sidesway at joint D
 (1 1 i i

39

CO CM iT) CO
CO CO CO

CO sr
r- CO CO
CM CO CO
I I I

o
T
rH
CO
I

^. "N CO
o CO *"- \D o 00
00 o
o

C J X o CM
in r-
CO
lO O
r* CO
(H in
<; t-tCM CM
o o +
o +
CM >-\

^o
i

Q 'x ^ 11 11 11

5
CO

00
o CO <3"
H co
CO
UJ CM CO
CM
CM
Q X
1 i I

X o vO ***
o
IX,
\D
vO o

Q X if) lO c r-H

CO CO sr in
< T vO o T 1-1

#

O
CO
^T
.
. t-i

vO CM CM
1-4 t- ^ CM ^ O
O lD iT) in o o

*-> > CM

o
CM
CM vO CM
-i o X
in
CM CO
CM CM CM CO #
g CO
iT)
1
*Q co + CO < < CM +
CO
< 11
UJ

PL!

UJ
X
I

U!
-I

c
O
o
 40

" 6EI (^H)

MDE = M
ED
2
30

= 207.27

Distributions of fixed-end moment at joint D, due to the applied

load and sidesway at D are indicated in Tables 8 and 9. The ratio of

shear stresses, due to the applied load and the sidesway at D, is

(1113.14 - 531.48 + 547.17 + 273.59 + 1216.9 - 1330.08)

k = - _3pJ

-|q(338.57 - 149.27 + 197.37 + 50.74 + 336.45 - 396.40)

= - 3.51
v

M = Moment, due to the applied load + (-3.51) (Moment, due to side-

sway at D)

M^ 1113.14 - (3.51)(338.57) = -7.50

MBA = -MBC = -531.48 - (3.51)(-149.28) = -7.47

Mqb = -Mq D = -507.06 - (3.51)(-107.1) = -131.08

MDC = -2401.74 - (3.51)(-649.61) = -121.56

MDE = 547.17 - (3.51)(107.37) = 170.00

MdF = 1854.57 - (3.51)(542.27) = -48.8

M = M = - 1102 - 33 " (3.51)(-382.12) = -238.16

FD FG
= = - 1050 ' 51 " (3.5l)(-289.82) = -33.20
%F %H
MHG = -1330.08 - (3.5l)(-396.4) = -61.32

MED = 273.59 - (3.51)(50.74) = 95.49

 41

CO

_*Z2A

c
o
T!
(1) T5
C <U
H +->
ro +->
-t-> O
vO XI -H
o a
> #%

co 6 T3
CM ro o
M .c
in en -t->

ON (D <D
H E
4 TI
>
CO
^^.Q
M?
Ai u 1
+->

c o -o
QJ .-H
ai

ro CO
o c

.1-1

E ro c
c
CT> C rH
C E 10
.r-l 3 01
-t-> i-H o
r-i O M
y t\ 3 o a
CM to B
o r1 (1J d)
u sz o
o
c-
+
<u GJ
x: >-x:
H X! -^

u
en
H

*/77"T*~ <
CQ
o
in
 42

CO CD
m IT) in
m CM
ro
m (v
LJ o O io
o d rv co-
rv.
(VI cu
Ll)
bi
O
CM
in
m
4-
+ 4-
T +
m CO CM 0
m CM CO O
a * CM Q O rv. CD T.
I K cu O I " CD
I 6 O cu rO
13
X d
CD
ro
*i 10
T '

1
i
1

KT in en m m
w kO "O V 00 v.
n o
CO
ro
*
CD
ro
cu I d
00
ro
8 4" + 3 4- 4. +
(J iO co m9 m in
vT
<o ^r.
Q ll
io
o
oj
oo
ro
^
CO
cu
d Lu
cr
rC ro
CD
ro
hJ is
19 O ^- CO ro
. J 1
I
T |
5 1 + 7 !

n
ro CM
Q. >*
rO O cu
< <M in
CM
O
T CM
l:
ro
CD'
cm"
O0
13
O
ro
O 1 15 CM
ro ro
hi a. O U. d , -a-

X
1 U.
4- + 4 + I/)
UJ Ll.
4-
'
4- 4-

o jo ro
ro Q O
CM
cu
<0
CM

Q CM S
m 3 cvi
o cn Q CM n: cd
cm'
CO
6 co
ro
o U. d rO
T ro

hi
i 1 i 1
o 1
+ 1

r- 1

m
co
o o c\j rO
1*.
in in
co
o
ro
^.
*r CM
u.
O cu CO cd r
in
hJ U.O <r
CM
m
tv
cm
in
CM
o O 6 O
cd
CM 00 D Q d d CM ct-

* + + Q 4- 1
in
-t-

*" rv. rv
O r<>
ro ro 10
Q Q Id
CO m CD
0g
q
Q d o in m Q UJ
Q d d m O
4-
Q CM
+
CO
+|
!-
O O
1 4-

^ co
o
<r
n
o-
IV. < ru
iv. CO
t, m 5
CM CD
hJ U o (VI
(7) o O CM in
CD'
cc V
Ll u o O CD
CD
CM CM
o d d CD
CM
1
+ 1
hJ 4- 1
1

h_ a* CM CD O O
O rO CO
^

rv
O
rvi
o
CO
10 O - rv:
a CM
O Ll CM
O
7 u O m O d
* + 4-
O U + 4-
U
1-
1
4-

P *J- OJ 10
O o co
0 -.
O
2 5 rv
m Q cu
^ O F CD
U
CM
d s
r--'

O
cc.
U O
1 i
m D
i 1
1

<o
00
rO
O

oO CO
rv.
CM
CD
"> CM
r C1 CD
Q CD
(M cu
OO 1-
P3
m O
CO
CM
d
CD
O
m + + + + Q CD
4- 1 4- +
o <o O oO CO
f-
CM CD rv.
CM
10 ^ ef:

CM
< CU ~
v $ o CD
CD O T m z d CD
CO +
1 1 1 1
tD
1
1
T

rv. r- cm m rv.
m
Ld r- <D LU tv rO CU
_l C\J ro CM CD 06
CO CO _l a n <ji
m m < 5 ro
CD < < O o>
CD
< b ro
+
| 4-
1
4 4-

u [3
zg ^Q
S^
H-J. ^ r-
mi- r- a. Z
f ou Z CO UJ OS
2 J O.3
w Ul ^ LD CD
z
Ll. Z 2 u.-

6 Ik
< o UJ u. UJ < 2<i
U-'
*
o 2
Ul
u d E Hi -> S u d Ul CD U 2U r-
-> It
Q>
5CQ
 43

Solution by the Moment Distribution Method

The distribution of fixed-end moment due to the applied load is

indicated in Table 13. The fixed-end moment at each joint due to side-

sway at B, D, and G respectively are obtained as follows:

1.155( A B)

Fig. 18. Sidesway at B

TABLE 10.- FIXED-END MOMENT DUE TO SIDESWAY AT B

.*>;'

M AB - MBA 6EI( A B) 66. 67

30^

6EI( 1.1555 AB) -110.88

MbC " MCB 2
25

6EI(0.973 Ab 26.0
MCD ~ MDC ,2
(47.5)'
 44

0.973( A D) 0.973( A D)

Fig. 19. Sidesway at D

TABLE 11.- FIXED-END MOMENT DUE TO SIDESWAY AT D

Ar) _ i*0*i
6EI(1.155 AD) -110.88
"bc*' CB 2
25

M = M 6EI(0.973 Ap) 26.0

CD DC
2
(47. 5)

= M 6EI( A D)
-66.67
^E ED
30

6EI(1.155 Ap)
MDF = M 110.88
FD 2
25

6EI(0.973 Ap)
Mnn = ,V1 -26.0
FG GF 2
(47.5)
 45

0.973(-4 G)

3?W

Fig. 20. Sidesway at G

TABLE 12.- FIXED-END MOMENT DUE TO SIDESWAY AT G

*h*<"
MDF - MFD
- 6EI( 1.155 &G) 110.88
252

6EI(0.973 AG) 26.0

*"
FG ^GF
(47.5)2

6EI(AG) -66.67
M M
GH " HG z
30

The distributions of the fixed-end moments due to the sidesway

at point B, D, and G respectively are indicated in Tables 14, 15 and 16.

 46

m o
!

o r>- CM
en
o ro
L) !. t cn
LlI CM
CM ro
+ 6 V
4- f-
+ + 4-

o 01 co CM
CU
cy cn ro
X 15
I
in ro d d IO
CO
+- +- + + 4-
+
CO en to
ol in cu cO
CO
CM
X m fO
O
<\
r
(0 o+ CO
19 ci o CM
d + + +
"i
vj
m 0) n m;o mo
O CM CO 1^

CO (0 CO
CM
<o
- f~-!0 o _ <M CM' f-
b.
t^
to 90 m ro
<o!cm
cn o * ro oo 6 co
CM
(9 ri CO
O + +
-Xi
1 1

1
+1 1 + + +
-j

< in
O to O rO CO CO CM ro cO
CVJ
to

o 13 m to 6
rs.
CO CO CM in in
o CM CO cn CM CM

_J U.
IV.
6 to
co.cm
Tiro CM
CO CM ei d dd 6
d+ + 1
4.
+
Ll
iK 1
+ 1
i

Q CO ro C\j:CM ro ro to T CO r-
m CM
CM
Ll!
m m ro COi|00
o
in ro o m
Q m 6 co PO co'ico
~
CXI CVi
d 6 to
C U.

ro
1
CO'CU
11+ 1
+ 1
+-
I
+ 1

4-
i 1

<t
n 1
o rOI in CM cO t IO 00 CO cO
rO coj^ CM O CM
o -. cO m CO
g U.
O
to
in
6
CM ro
ro
r^K
if)
CO
CM CM
d in d d 6
+ CO
O + + 1 1
f 1
+ 1 + 1
i +
D
Q m m
o O CM
m
CD
ro cn
cn CM

Q UJ
o O d
1*- <r
CM ro d o
-
CO

2 O f + + + -t
4. +
-J
m CT)lO oo CO CO _
Ol en en o CM
Li_ m C\J f- N.jro o
<7) CO ro . a- T IO
q
(J t-
O ^cb OJIO er _ T ro O OO d M-
" O 10
n X 1
CM,CU
+ 1
+ i
+ 1
+ 1 + 1
i

I

m xr
T
m odm O in
O*
CM *r CO CO r^. o cn
-
Z o m to co
r--
co|
cn <J

O
CT)

6O
ro

O
f^.
IO
O _\*
6 d to
C0|T CM CO
+ + 1
4-
+ 1
+ 1
! l

) u CO ro cm en _O ro CM CO m T CO
ca IO
m rO oo!0 CO

CO m CO r-- CO CM IO

(I CO IO
10 ro ro ou CM O O O to
O <o''ctj

r-
L X O
1
col

1 '
p 1
+ 1 +
_
1
+

O
1

s
1

m ro col ol-
1

O >r CM o
in en
o m CM O in en in
in
b
m ro
ro 3C CO ro d Od d
cri

d ro rr CM
1 i + i
+ l + 1

+ h + 1

CO
m m _ 1^
1

ro CVJ o
< m ru
CQ en T cn
iri
O o CM
d O
d
ro
CO
^ d I
+ 4-
+
CO
+ j
4.

in
CO - T T, (0
Ul m CM
o O O
1-
_l
< CD
< 4-
+
t-
+ +
r-
-

t-
a Vi-
J) Ul
j
< ^
CO
es 5 i .
.

o UJ
it! ui < O < o < < o <
c G C P. u G
2 Ll (J cc

r 1
 47

lO
IO
o CO
CO OO
Q q
Ixl IO
6
CM
1
A
1
o o CO
K
1
i 1

cO
IO
CM
I 15
X
IO
a d
d
d
I
I 1

CO IO IO CM
I o IO O
O lO
d
co
d d d o d
& O
1 i 1

CD
cr> co o "* IO io CM
lO oo IO CM
u. lO
Ci
IO
d d 6 6 d
d 4-
?
h-
< 1
1 1 !
O _ IO 01
lO IO q an CM
co
<0 CM en

i-:
IO o d CM
u. 6 +
1
(0
d + ? ! i
+ 4-
U-
Ld IO
Q io
(0
IO - o lO, <?
IO CO
-
co
IO
^r
<
C7>

<T)

CO lO
O IO CM
IO IO
d o b o cm'

d 1 4-

o 4 1 + i + 1

CO
CO
oO CM g CM CM cO lO
U.
io CM q CM
CO
o z-
Q
C\J

Q IO
Ll)
D Q
to
d <*-

d ~ - d o o
Q 7 * i
1
4 1
i
+ 1

IO IO CM f
5T o <o
O IO
Q Q
O
d
IO
IO
CM p IO
SI
o 6
IO

d
05 d
l-i
1
!
1
1
+ 1

CO IO oO CO r- v *** o
CM O cm lO lO IO CM.
5b
1

5
IO
CM ci 1*5 - O 2 00 O
O d 6 C\J lO o ro
o 4 1 + f -
1
1
1
1
1
+
z O

^ CO CO CO

<= io
~O
<o en
CM |CM
cr>
IO
i^
r
o O lO IO IO
CO
io CM IO
d 6 6 O
d io

D -X 6
+ + 1
4 1 1
1 1
1
4 +
U IO IO CO
tr CD <n M IO
O
IO IO
O <o
CM
lO
ro
* T
\- io io IO
d io o *.

d CO
io
IO
f- CO
CM &d d CJ d
CO O IO
+ + 4 + 1 +
Q 1

V
1 1
1

<D fj> CM CM IO CO V CM
IO
IO <o O 9 8 O co CM -1 CM
IO
d IO
o ^ IO _' IO "" 6 o r
co CM 12
d 1 + I
4 4 1
4- 1 i
4 i

CD
f- CM CM CM
lO
<
to CO C7) CM
O d IO
- o d IO CO.
CM
1*.
O T
CO CO CM
6 4 4
r~-
+-
*J- + -t- 1
1

OO
u
_i
IO
r
10
IO
IO
CO
o
0)
co.
en
ro

< CO
d CO CO o o O O
CD < CO i--

+ 1
4
i
t-

cr
0) Ul
i- CO
z d < _i
o d d
UJ
O ^o <o <
-> 5 U. CO U CO O CO U CO
 '

48

UJ
O 10 m m
UI ro
10 CD
(0
OJ
0J d d
1 1 + + + i

o o
m m OJ m
X X in en i0
r--

d o o oj
+ + 1 + +
o
1

X ro in o o OJ
CO
0J
o d o 9 O en O o o ^ o o
to
d m 03 d d *r
OJ
+ + 7 + i
+
O
in en o o m CO
u.
o
o-' in CO o ~ s en
CO "> o o
OJ
*'
v. d rO
10 o ^ in - d d d
d + + ? ? +
OJ
7 + 1 i i
1

in
o r-^
m 2 m _ CO rO
u. d O ^ ro ro O d
d ro
OJ
en
in rO OJ d d 6 o
d 1
OJ
1 + + + 1 i + + I
1

U.

in CO o m
Q m m CO t>-
r>-
ro rO * ro O ro
CO
d 9 m CO OJ cd
d 10 in
m ^ 10 oj
^J-
d d d d
d + I i + +
ro
1 + + + i
+
10 CO rf m s- OJ
u.
IO
OJ m CM cq cr>
CD c0
g a I

O
ro
- O
Q d d oS
OJ OJ
- o d d
d X 0J ro cD to
+ i i + + + 1 + + + +
OJ CD
o m m
r>-
10 CO en 0J OJ o OJ
Q UJ
Q
ro
PO 10 O ID O CJ o ^ o - d
d d (O
<*
0J d d d CO
Q 1 1
+ + + + 1

"3
ID it OJ
in o S 2 CO co ** CD CD OJ
o
Q d OJ
CO
sj-
ro O iri
OJ 10 in
_ 1 OJ d 9 d d d 0J
n d OJ
+ l + +
ro
1 + + + 1 + +
M
If) O CO CD

in o ro m CD
r-
o
r-
-
CO

d rO co en I
s
- r- * - o h 00
o
d OJ OJ (^ r- Ovi d o *
Q + + i 1 + + ? ? + + +
U
s in u> CO CO
ui co OJ m in OJ en g CD in _ CO
d CO
d o in in 9 9 Jo in ro OJ
= m s ? OJ d d <*

+ i + 1 i + + 1 + 1

m m 00
CO
^
o CO
<3"
in OJ
oj
d m o d
CO CO
ro o o en S
9
r-
io d
d X oj 9
Q 1
to
+ + i
r-'

\
"3-'

+ + I ? ? 1

m
CO
<
o m in o
ro
d
in o * O (0 o > O en
O ro
d
CD
d o
in oJ
rO
d d *
-O rO
+ +
o + 1
+ l

CO
in
o CO
CD
o
< 03
d o OJ
rO d
< in
CO
d OJ
OJ CO
+ 1 + i +
i-
_l z
3 < UJ
d u.'
9 o d o d "5 1- 5
o to d d u_ m <_> Q3 C_) CO CJ 03 d m
 49

o ro CD CO
UJ a o CD
CD CO CO CO
m
CD
CO b b CO

+ 1 + l + +
r~- LO
in
co CD CO o r-
X CD
X CO
CO ^'
CO si- CO m
CO b b
1
+ 1
+ I + +
o ^ s o CO o
X to 9 o o
CD
o - o
cd
CO cci <r
en
5 |
O rO CO
b b CO CO CO rO o b b
1 + I
+ + I

o
l

if) O ^ CO o
in
CD
9 r- m co 5 2
_ CD o
u. c-' CO
rO CO lo * 9 m ID CO 2 S CO
Ci iri co - b
b CO
+ + + ? i + + 1
? ? ? ? +
LO O m cd <u CO
cd S m O - CO o
o in co o m rO f>- o
rO CO CD
n b
CO O CO ro ro
CO
Ll.
b b CO CO cJ "> b b
+ t + 1 1 + + T + I

u.
in <J- - 00

o Q co in
CO
in
CO ^ CO f- in r- to ro
* ro CO CO CJ o
U. b CO b in ro b en r- CD r- <o rO ro
CO
o b X LO CO CO iri ""> CO CJ b b b b in
1 + + 1 I + + 1 i + t I I

>
o CO
2 LO CO CO CO
_
CJ
Ll.
(M in
00 co ">
.
CO
ro ro
CO
00
r^ 2;
rO


CO
in
-o O v.
b 2 S
*
r^
~ 2 lo CO _:
CO
- o b o in
5 b 1 +
CO
+ 1 I + + 1
I + + I
i

O
o o o
<u
m o ~ CO o
=)
o a LlI
c
rO in
CD O CO o * O ?3 O lO o ? ro
b ro
ro cri b b ro
b + + T + I +
r-

o O in
f ro CO CO CO
u.'
m CO
o ^' o [2 2 rt in r- 2
* >
rO O O in
ro
b b CO CO oJ CO b b b d O O CO

c + 1 1 + + 1 I + + I +
o
in
CO
Q r-'

3 ro O 8 8 s s s CO ^J"
r
cj
s
ro _ o b b ui
CO
b + + ? ? + t
Q + l
' 1 I

(_>

in CO o CD co r CO CO CO
CD
CJ
co
b in O o O O O to co o CO CO r-
CO
(0
b CO CO
b b b b CO

I
+ + T I + + I I

-O
a m in
r-
O t ^J- CO
i\l
in in o o 2 o m
in
C0 \f o o
o'
b * CO b b b b
1 + + 1 I + + i T
m
o m CO CO
< fO m in
o
CO
o * O
r~
ro O o
CO
CO
6 o b b
r-
b +
-r- I + I

ro CD
< CO o CD CO CO
< b b b
b
+ I + +
_J z
<I LU
c
o o o o d o 6 o 9 o
o
-3 CO b
Ll.

a
LU
Ll.' ao O CD <_) CD O CQ O oo o CD
II
 50

The shear condition, caused by the applied load.

9.70
84 * 24

c
^"~~N0.478 /T^\4.21

c
1 26 . 63 /tf~~N

c-
6 . 33

4.65 \ _y 41.92 63.22

The shear condition caused by sidesway at B.

74.22 4.82 -15.34 0.767 -0.92 /. ^ 0.046

0.767 0.046

70.38 V / -7.68 -0.45

The shear condition caused by sidesway at D.

40.48 -86.26 24.28

/D ^ 5.43
^~
/B 2.02

-76.51
20.08

The shear condition caused by sidesway at G.

1.71 33.00 -48.00

/p \l.65 /G ^1.55

0.87 16.56 1.57

 51

0.478 + 4.82k 1 - 0.767k - 0.046k =

2 3

4.210 + 2.02k! - 5.430k 2 + 1.210kg =

6.330 + 0.086k! + 1.65k 2 - 1.550kg =

Solve for k, , k , and k_, from these three equations.

k = -0.11
x

k = -0.30
2

kg = 1.80

AR =
M"AB 4.64 - (0.113(70.38) - (0.30)(20.08) + (l.8)(0.87) = -7.54

Mg = -Mg = 9.70 - (0.11)(74.42) - (0.30)(40.48) + (l.80)(l.7l)

A C
= -7.51

M = "M = - 137 ' 34 " (0.1l)(-50.48) - (0.30)(-42.86)

CB CD
+ (l.80)(-6.76) = -131.13

Mj^ = -145.02 - (0.11)(30.9) - (0.30)(25.22) + (l.80)( 18.56)

= -121.59

M^ = 84.24 - (0.11)(-15.34) - (0.30)( -86. 26) + (l.80)(33.00)

= 170.21

M nr = 41.92 - (0.1l)(-7.68) - (0.30)(76.5l) + (l.80)(l6.56) = 95.49

,
ED-

MDF = 60.68 - (0.11)(-15.52) - (0.30)(61.02) + (l.80)(-51.56)

= 48.8
 52

"
o
c
H \
R)
+-> TD
ja C
-^
+> CJ
^ o H

e e *i
(0
h c C
(Jl o c
IS .1-1H
. -J t'j

-o 3 01
XI o
+J -iM
c h a
Q) +J e
e U3 o
c H o
TJ
a
en +J x:
c C *J
H CJ
+J c
iH o o
3 1
O -a
O o CD
N x: -P
+J
-t->
o o
x: >.-H
H Xi a

Dl
 53

M
FD
= M
FG
= 46,35 " (- n )(- 52 * 08 ) ~ (0.30)(46.35)

(l.80)(-52.04) = -238.9

= = - 126 ' 72 ~ (0.11)(0.92) - (0.30)(-24.28)

%F "%H
(1.80)(48.00) = -33.25

M = 63.22 - (0.1l)(-0.45) - (0.30)(l2.15)

HG
(l.80)(0.87) = 61.19

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that the method of the column analogy can be applied

in finding moments and stiffness and carry-over factors for statically

indeterminate structures with either a symmetrical or unsymmetrical

cross section, in a direct manner.

The comparison vof the results of the column analogy method and

the moment distribution method reveals that the results, which are

obtained by these two methods, are essentially identical, as shown in

Fig. 17 and Fig. 21. The column analogy method took much less time

than the moment -distribution method, when they were both used to

solve the double bay gable frame in this report.

 54

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to express his deep appreciation to his

major professor, Dr. Robert R. Snell, for his advice, guidance,

suggestions, and encouragement during the preparation of this re-

port.
 55

NOTATION

x, y = Coordinates of any point on the cross-section along any two

mutually perpendicular axes X and Y through the centroid of

the section,

f = Intensity of normal stress at point x, y.

A = Area of section.

I =
J y dA
i
Moment of inertia about X axis (along the Y axis).

( 2
Iy - x dA Moment of inertia about Y axis.
J

I = IxydA Product of inertia about axes X, and Y

P = Normal component of external forces.

*

M = Moment of external forces about X axis,

x

M - Moment of external forces about Y axis.

K \ -
V-if"'

1=1-1 ,

(
1
xy
)

I'M
y y
- I L-2L.)J
xf i
y

= A relative rotation of the two ends of the cut.

Ax = Relative horizontal displacement of the two ends of the cut.

y = Relative vertical displacement of the two ends of the cut.

 56

M - Determinate moment throughout the entire ring due to the loads

P.., P , .... after the ring is cut.

M - Indeterminate moment due to the forces F acting on the ends

of the cut.
 57

REFERENCES

1. Cross, Hardy
The Column Analogy. University of Illinois Engineering
Experiment Station Bulletin 215, 1930.

2. Cross, Hardy
Continuous Frames of Reinforced Concrete. New York:
Wiley, 1932.

3. Fif, Walter Maxwell and Wilbur, John Benson

Theory of Statically Indeterminate Structures. New York:
Edward Arnold Ltd., 1937.

4. Micholas, James P.
Theory of Structural Analysis and Design. New York:
The Ronald Press Co., 1958.

5. Shedd, Thomas Clark and Vawter, Jameson

Theory of Simple Structures. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
1949.

6. Sutherland, Hale and Bowman, Harry Lake

Structural Theory. New York: Wiley, 1950.

7. Wang, Chu-Kia
Statically Indeterminate Structures. New York:
Toronto, and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1953.

8. Williams, Clifford D.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures. 4th Ed.
Scranton, Pennsylvania: International Textbook Co., 1959.
ADVANCED STUDY OF THE COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD

by

DAVID K. C. CHENG

B. S. , Taiwan Provincial Taipei Institute of

Technology, 1957

AN ABSTRACT OF A MASTER'S REPORT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Civil Engineering

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Manhattan, Kansas

1964
 The purpose of this report is to show the general derivation

and application of the method of column analogy. This method is very

useful in finding the moments in third degree statically indeterminate

structures.

The formulas of this method are derived from two sets of equations.

The first set is found by setting the rotation and displacements caused

by the determinate moments equal and opposite to those caused by the in-

determinate moments. In other words, by enforcing the continuity re-

quirements of the structure.

6 = -e
d i.

A ydj = -A yi .

A xd = -A xi .

or, it can be written as:

_!_( x) + _|_ (x) = o

Md Mi
j j

=
JM d -ff-(y)
J i -ff-(y)

The second set of equations is obtained from the equations of

static equilibrium for an imaginary column loaded with the Mj diagram

of the ring. The analogous column has the same axis and the same length

as the ring and has a thickness of l/EI.

 SV =

(u ds ( ds _ .
M
d .-Er
+
j
M
i-Er -
J

ZM = 0.
y

jM -|f-(x) + JM.-|f-(x) =
d

ZMx =

J^ffrM /vi-M -
In comparing these two sets of equations we see that if M. = F,

they are identical. Therefore, we can determine the indeterminate

moments in the ring by calculating the fiber stresses in the analogous

column. The formula for computing the fiber stresses in a column,

either concentrically loaded or eccentrically loaded, is:

p M x (y) M (x)
A X x
x y

In the application section of this report is shown the general

use of the column analogy method in finding moments in a frame, fixed-end

moments and stiffness and carry-over factors for members of a frame to be

used in the moment distribution method.

The comparison of the results of the column analogy method and

the moment distribution method reveals that the results, which are ob-

tained by these two methods, are essentially identical. The column

analogy method took much less time than the moment distribution method

when they were both used to solve the double bay gable frame in this

report.