21st century literature
-Examine how different religions, ethnicities, class identifications, and
Critical approaches to literature Literary theory
Literary Theory
- The way people read the text.
- The lens through which you view the literature.
- There is no right way to look at literature.
Creation of Theory
- 20th century: theories began to emerge.
- No theory is based in factual knowledge- someone created it and it is arguable.
- Some theories are created in opposition or response to another theory
TYPES
Reader Response
-Making a connection between your experiences and the text
-literature has no objective meaning.
-A reader brings their own though and experiences.
Formalist Criticism
- Scientific Dissection of texts
- Focus on literary elements
- Analyze: setting, character, plot, theme, imagery foreshadowing, irony, etc.
Archetypal Criticism
-Are UNIVERSAL SYMBOLS that appears in literature, myth, dreams, oral tradition,
song, etc.
Character: hero, earth mother, soul mate, trickster, damsel in distress.
Ideas: light vs. darkness, good vs. evil, journey/quest.
Cultural/ Post- Colonial Criticism
political beliefs affect how texts are created and interpreted.
- It means to be part of- or excluded from- a particular group enhances
understanding of the text in relation to culture.
Colonialism
-Is the political and economic control over a dependent territory.
-Uses a process called othering- the colonized are seen as different and
lesser the colonized.
-Important to look at the relationship between dominant and submissive
cultures.
Historical/Biographical Criticism
-According to WILFRED GUERIN, historical/biographical criticism see a
literary work chiefly, in not exclusively, as a reflection of the authors life and
times of the life and times of the character in the work (Guerin, 22).
Assumption of Historical/Biographical
-Understanding the social structure or way of life of a certain time period will
help the reader draw conclusion and better understanding about the work of
the author.
New Historical Criticism
-Seeks to find meaning in a text by considering the work within and
assumptions of its historical era.
-Concerned with the political function of literature and with the concept of
power.
- More on Sociohistorical than it is a delving into facts.
Psychological Criticism
-Deal with the work of literature as a fictional expression of the personality,
state of mind, feelings, and desires of the author
-Idea is to evaluate the psychology of the character or the author to find
meaning in the text.
Marxist Criticism
-Based on the economic and cultural theory of KARL MARX
-Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will
produce internal tension which will lead to its destruction.
HOW TO USE MARXIST THEORY
-focus on power and money in the literature.
Feminist Criticism
-Realizes cultural and economic problems in a patriarchal society
-The concept of gender are cultural constructs.
Structuralism
-is a way of thinking about the world in relationship to structure
-Every element in the literature has no significance by itself- it is determined
by all the other elements involved in the literature
Postmodern Theory
-A reaction to structuralism
-Reader can find endless meaning- theres no single center.
MODERNISM vs. POSTMODERNISM
Modernism
-there is an absolute, universal truth that we can understand through
rationalism and logic.
-disenchantment with material truth and search for abstract truth.
Postmodernism
-theres no universal truth. Rationality by itself does not help us truly
understand the world.
-Theres no universal trust, abstract or otherwise.
LITERARY TERMS
Allegory- Story in which the character represent abstract qualities or ideas.
Ex: Westerns, the sheriff represents the good, and the outlaw represents the
evil.
Alliteration The repretition of first consonants in a group of words as in
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
Allusion- reference to something or someone often literary. For instance, if
you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said, Use the force, that
would be an allusion to Stars Wars. The verb form of allusion is to allude.
Antagonist- A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or
play.
Archetype- A character who represents a certain type of person. For
example, Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman.
Assonance- The repetition of vowel sounds as in Days wane away.
Atmosphere- The overall feeling of a work, which is related to tone and
mood.
Blank Verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter. Plenty
of modern poetry is written in blank verse.
Characterization- The means by which an author establishes character. An
author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or
show it through action or dialogue.
Climax- The point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional
peak.
Conflict- The elements that create a plot. Traditionally, every plot is build
from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution. The
conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between
characters, society, and/or nature).
Contrast- To explain how two things differ. To compare and contrast is to
explain how two things are alike and how they are different.
Couplets-A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the
poem. Shakespeares sonnets all end in couplets.
Denouement- The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax. It also
refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal
drama is resolvedin other words, tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a
story
Dramatic Monologue- A poem with a fictional narrator addressed to
someone who identity the audience knows, but who does not say anything.
Elegy- A poem mourning the dead.
End Rhyme- Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respective lines
what we typically think of as normal rhyme.
Epic- A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figurefor example,
Homers The Odyssey.
Fable- A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the character
for example, The Tortoise and the Hare.
Figurative Language- Language that does not mean exactly what it says.
For example, you can call someone who is very angry steaming. Unless
steam was actually coming out of your ears, you were using figurative
language.
First person point of view- The point of view of writing which the narrator
refers to himself as I.
Foreshadowing- technique in which an author gives clues about something
that will happen later in the story.
Free Verse- Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme.
Genre- A kind of style usually art or literature. Some literary genres are
mysteries, westerns, and romances.
Hyperbole- A huge exaggeration. For example, Dans the funniest guy on
the planet! or That baseball card is worth a zillion dollars!
Lambic Pentameter- Ten-syllable lines in which every other syllable is
stressed. For example: With eyes like stars upon the brave night air.
Imagery-The use of description that helps the reader imagine how
something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to
appearance. For example, The young birds white, feathered wings flutter
as he made his way across the nighttime sky.
Irony- Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite.
Literature Language- Language that means exactly what it says.
Lyric- A type of poetry that expresses the poets emotions. It often tells
some sort of brief story, engaging the reading in the experience.
Metaphor- A comparison that doesnt use like or assuch as Hes a
rock or I am an island.
Meter- The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a
poem.
Monologue- A long speech by one character in a play or story
Mood- The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Motif- A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
Myth- A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some
explanation for natural and social phenomena
Onomatopoeia- The use of words that sound like what they mean such as
buzz.
Paradox- A seeming contradiction. For example, It was the best
of times. It was the worst of times.
Parody- A humorous, exaggerated imitation of another work.
Personification- Giving inanimate object human characteristics. For
example, The flames reached for the child hovering in the corner.
Plot- Action in the story
Prose- Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs. In other words,
normal writingnot poetry.
Protagonist- The main character of a novel, play, or story.
Pun- The use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings. For
example, Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry gorilla went ape.
Quatrain- four-line stanza.
Rhetorical Question- A question not meant to be answered such as Why
cant we just get along?
Sarcasm- Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite
such as if its raining outside and you say, My what a beautiful day.
Satire- A work that makes fun of something or someone.
Sensory Image-Imagery that has to do with something you can see, hear,
taste, smell, or feel. For example, The stinging, salty air drenched his face.
Simile- A comparison that uses like or as For example, Im as hungry as
a wolf, or My love is like a rose.
Soliloquy- A monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts
to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them.
Sonnet- A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter. Different kinds of
sonnets have different rhyme schemes.
Stanza- A section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it; a
verse paragraph.
Subplot- A line of action secondary to the main story.
Symbolism- The use of one things to represent another. For example, a
dove is a symbol of peace.
Theme- The central idea of a work.
Tone- The authors attitude toward his or her subject. For example, a tone
could be pessimistic, optimistic, or angry.
Voice- The narrative point of view whether its in the first, second, or third
person.
PERIODS OF LITERARY HISTORY General Types of Literature
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910 Prose consists of those written within the common flow of
conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to
2. Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza
3. Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941 and has a more melodious tone.
4. Japanese Period: 1941-1945 I. PROSE
5. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970 There are many types of prose. These include the following:
6. Period of Activism: 1970-1972 a. Novels.
7. Period of the New Society: 1972-1981
b. Short story.
8. Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985
c. Plays.
9. Contemporary Period: 1986
d. Legends (fictitious narrative, usually about origins)
- Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a
race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to e. Fables. Animals
be included . . . and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that
f. Anecdotes (authors imagination that has lesson.)
are written is literature.
g. Essay (ex: Editorial page of newspaper)
-History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be
written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of h. Biography- deals with life of a person. (Autobiography)
history.
i. News- report of everyday events.
Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World.
Oration- Formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in
Among them are:
public.
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings
II. POETRY
2. Koran
A. Narrative Poetry- Form describe important events in life
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
either real or imaginary.
4. The Mahab-harata 1. Epic- Heroes and supernatural control.
2. Metrical Table narrative written in verse and can be
5. Canterbury Tales
classified as ballad/metrical romance.
6. Uncle Toms Cabin
 3. Ballads- Narrative poems (shortest and simplest.) tells a
single incident.
B. Lyric Poetry poetry that meant to be sung. (Short, simple
and easy to understand.)
1. Folksong- short poem that meant to be sung (common
theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow)
2. Sonnets- 14 lines ( Shakespearean)
3. Elegy- Lyric poem that deals with grief (death)
4. Ode- expressed with dignity (no definite number of
syllables or stanza)
5. Psalm- song for preaching God
6. Awit 12 syllables (dodecasyllabic) slow sung and
compliments the instruments.
7. Corridos- 8 syllables (octosyllabic) recited to a martial
beat.
C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy - Greek (kormos) meaning festivity or revelry.
(amusing and has a happy ending.)
2. Melodrama- musical plays with the opera. Related to
tragedy but it ends with happy ending.
3. Tragedy- the hero dies and the protagonist win
4. Farce- exaggerated comedy
5. Social poems- purely comic/tragic. Pictures the present
life.
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
-Our ancestor already uses an alphabet right before the Spaniards
came.
-first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-
Polynesian alphabet.
-Spaniards burned the literary works of our ancestors due to belief
that it was created by evils.
Pre-Spanish Literature Is Characterized By
A.Legends prose the common theme of which is about the origin.
B.Folk Tales- tells about stories of life, adventure, love, horror and
humor where one can derive lesson about life.
C.The Epic Age- long narrative poem which is a series of heroic. (no
one can determine the place, date, all the matters is the story itself.)
D. Folk Songs- song mirrored the early forms of culture. 12 syllables.
(kundiman)
OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH
E.Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings.
1.Epigrams (salawikain) allegories or parables that impart lessons
for the young.
2.Riddles(bugtong) one or more measured lines with rhyme and may
consist of 4-12 syllables.
3.Chant(bulong)-Used in witchcraft or enchantment.
4.Maxims- some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5,6 or 8
syllables.
5. Saying(kasabihan)- often used in teasing or to comment on a
persons actuations.
6.Sawikain (saying with no hidden meanings)
SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)
-Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the
time of the first Spanish Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
-This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.
A.Spanish Influences of Philippine Literature
1.Alibata
2.teaching Christian Doctrine.
3.Spanish Language became the literary language during this time
4.European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated
in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
5.Ancient literature is translated to tagalog.
6.Grammar book were printed in Filipino, and other language in the
Philippines.
7.Gained religious tone.
B. The First Books
1.Ang Doctrina Cristiana -1583
-By: Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, tagalog and
Spanish. Consist of Our father, hail mary, hail holy mary, ten
commandment of god, the commandments of the catholic church, 7
mortal sins, confess, catchecism.
-3 copies at Vatican (87 pages) cost 5,000 usd.
2. Nuestra Sepra del Rosario (1602)
- 2nd book printed in the Philippines
-By: Fr. Blanca de San Jose
-Printed at UST printing Press with the help of Juan de Verga.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Post primeras de Hombre. (in Spanish and
Tagalog)
4. Barlaan at Josephat- Biblical story By Fr. Antonio de Borja.
5.The Pasion- the suffering of Jesus Christ
6.Urbana at Felisa- a book by Modesto de Castro Father of Classic
Prose in Tagalog)
-letters between two sisters and how behavior of people in society
7.Ang mga dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)
C.Literary Compositions
D.Folk songs
-became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national
song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
E. Recereational Plays-
-There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form.
Tibag- St. Helena search for the cross on which Jesus died.
Lagalay- this is a special occasion for the Pilareos of Sorsogon
during Maytime to get together.
3.Cencaculo- passion and death of Jesus Christ
4. Panunuluyan- presented before 12 on Christmas eve.
5. Salubong- easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his mother.
6.Carillo(shadow play) performed on a moonless night during a town
fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.
7.Zarzuela- musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with
mans passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice
or some social or political proble.
8.Sainete- this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18th
century. They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of
long plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower
classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios.
F.Moro-Moro
-This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind
them of their Christian religion. The plot is usually the same that of a
Christian princess or a noblemans daughter who is captured by the
Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where fighting
between the Moros and the Christians ensue.
The Period of Enlightenment (1872-98)
-After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit
reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt.
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual
middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and
Pedro Paterno.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement
There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda
movement. They were Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights about them and what they
have done for our country.
The American Regime (1898-1941)
-The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for
more than 300 years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of
our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of
the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
-Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry,
stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love
of country and their longings for independence.
The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the
following newspapers.
-During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing
were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but
Spanish and Tagalog predominated.
-In 1910, a new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog,
the Vernaculars and finally, English, were the mediums used in literature
during these times. While the three groups were one in their ideas and spirit,
they differed in their methods of reporting. The writers in Spanish were wont
to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
The Tagalog Drama
During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes and
Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro ( a
play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to
show the people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the
simple plays.
Tagalog Poetry
Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were
able to compose beautiful poems which made it difficult to select the
best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces
with its sweetness, beauty, and melody.
C. Philippine Literature in English
In a way, we can say that we can trace the beginnings of
Philippine literature in English with the coming of the Americans. For
this purpose, we can divide this period into three time frames, namely:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
(1) The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)
English as a literary vehicle came with the American
occupation in August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice bestowed on
us by history. By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of
instruction in the public schools. From the American forces were
recruited the first teachers of English.
(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary
compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the
pioneers in short story writing.
D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of
English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted.
They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama.
3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-1941)
Essays during this period improved with the years in quality
and quantity, in content, subject and style. Essayists like Carlos P.
Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers.
The Japanese Period (1941-1945)
-Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its
development when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign
country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for
the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
-Juan Laya, who use to write in English turned to Filipino because of
the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English.
Haiku- 17 syllables, 5,7,5
Tanaga- 17 syllables but has measure and rhyme.
B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period
because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big
movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the
plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog.
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE
PERIOD
The field of the short story widened during the Japanese
Occupation. Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo,
Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and
Gloria Guzman.
D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in
the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in
English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so
for their bread and butter or for propaganda.
The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
-The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled
to the mountain joined the liberating American Army.
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino
flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
-A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of
struggle of mind and spirit posed by the sudden emancipation from
the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.
-Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude in their
reporting which bordered on the libelous. Gradually, as normality was
restored, the tones and themes of the writings turned to the less pressing
problems of economic survival.
Period of Activism (1970-1972)
-According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to
domestic and worldwide causes. Activism is connected with the history of
our Filipino youth.
-Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the
government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen were
the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in order to
emphasize the importance of their petitions.
A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial
Law in 1972. We can, however, say that he seeds were earlier sown
from the times of Lapu-lapu, Lakandula, and Rizal.
B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS
Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once
more proved that it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race
and nationalism.
C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
The youth became completely rebellious during this period.
This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the
sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers
showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed
awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red
paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).

WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this
period of the mass revolution. It was also during this period that
Bomba films that discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.
PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
(Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature had been giving cash prizes for short story, poetry and one-
act play writing as an incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come
from La Tondena, Inc., the firm founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr.
For the list of winners from 1950-51 to 1960-70, we recommended
Alberto S. Florentinos Twenty Years of Palanca Awards.)
Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
-The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The
Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards.
-Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or
progress of the country
-The military government established a new office called the Ministry of
Public Affairs that supervised the newspapers, books and other publications.
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW
SOCIETY
Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native
culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the
Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which
were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts
Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
The following organizations contributed a lot to the development of
plays during this period:
1. PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka
2. Repertory Philippines: of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida Amador
3. UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
4. Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio
C. RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play
series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR.
LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television.
Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves.
D. FILIPINO FILMS
New kinds of films without sex or romance started to be made but
which were nevertheless well-received by the public.
Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
-After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the
Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last
lifted on January 2, 1981.
-A historian called this the Third Republic. The First Republic he claimed
was during the Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo when we first got our
independence form the Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
-During this period, it cannot be denied that many people seethed with
rebellion and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression.
-This stage of the nation had its effect on our literature. After the Aquino
assassinated, the peoples voices could no long be contained. Both the
public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting;
women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in
dissent.
THE PALANCA AWARDS
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which was launched
in 1950 (see Chapter 7, The Renaissance Period), continued its recognition
of the best in the literary fields poetry, short story, essays, and the one and
three-act plays.
B. FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government.
The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent,
profane and insulting language.
C. FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life
like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country
and of fellowmen.
D. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD
The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this
period. The peoples love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers
took advantage of this at the expense of public morality.
E. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC
Most especially, during the wake of the tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.s
incident, people reacted with shock, appalled by the suddenness and the
unexpectedness of events.
F. MEDIA OF 1983
Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA staff stalwart, reporting on the state of the
media during these times said: it was a year of ferment, and change, of old
problems made more oppressive by the new throbbing beat of the times.
G. CHILDRENS BOOKS
Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period
were those of childrens stories. The Childrens Communication Center
(CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario already has built up an
impressive collection of these kinds of books. The following are some of the
books of the period.
Periods (1986-1999)
-Historical Background
History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their
independence which they lost twenty years ago.
In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the
streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms. Freedom The Making of A Writer by Salvador P. Lopez
became a reality won through a peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed
revolution. Shadow and Solitude (A translation of Solo Entre Las Sombras) by Claro M.
Recto translated by Nick Joaquin
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD:
2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the
Philippines, several changes already became evident. This in noticed in the To My Native Land by Tarrosa Subido
new Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the
My Fathers Tragedy by Carlos Bulosan
television programs.
Shall We Walk? by Pura Santillan Castrence
B. FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD
3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)
Here are a few Filipino songs that were often heard. They were often aired
in radio and television and often accompanied the historical events that Poetry
transpired in the Philippines and gained for the Filipinos world-wide acclaim.
When I see a Barong-Barong by Maximo Ramos (1946)
Representative Compositions through the Years
Short Story
1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
Plighted Word by Narciso G. Reyes
A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-1910
Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos
Air Castles (Poetry) by Juan F. Salazar (1909-1910)
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925 (American Period)
They Called It BROTHERHOOD by Maximo V. Soliven
The Sea by Natividad Marquez (Poetry)
4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-1941)
Valedictorian sa Hillcrest ni Rolando Tinio
Poetry
Beggar Children by Emmanuel Torres
1896 by Aurelio Alvero
5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
To a Lost One by Angela Manalang Gloria
Poetry
Prayer of a Student by Trinidad L. Tarrosa Subido
Philosophers Love Song by Tita Lacambra-Ayala
Short Story
The Tomato Game by N.V.M. Gonzales
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez
I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna-Lopez
6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-85)
Poetry
Death Like Stone for Benigno S. Aquino Jr. from PHILIPPIN
PANORAMA
Fables
The Emperors New Underwear by Mynardo A. Macaraig
Literary Compositions from 1986-1999
-And, as Salvador Lopez aptly said in his Literature and Society: Absolute
divorcement from the world by writers is impossible, for literature is, in some
way, rooted in the earth of human experience.
CANONICAL AUTHORS
Francisco "Franz" Arcellana (September 6, 1916 August 1,
2002) was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and
teacher. He was born on September 6, 1916. Arcellana already
had ambitions of becoming a writer during his years in the
elementary. His actual writing, however, started when he became
a member of The Torres TorchOrganization during his high
school years. Arcellana Grande continued writing in various
school papers at the University of the Philippines Diliman. He
later on received a Rocketfeller Granted and became a follower in
creative writing the University of Iowa and Breadloaf's writers
conference from 1956 1957.[
Selected Stories (1962)
Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in
the Philippines Today (1977)
The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990).
Virginia R. Moreno (born 1925) is a Filipino writer.[1]
She was born in the Tondo neighbourhood of Manila and
studied at the University of the Philippines, where she
was editor of the campus newspaper, and at the
Kansas Institute of International Education. Her first
collection of poems Batik Maker and Other Poems was
published in 1972; it received the Palanca Memorial
Award for Literature. Her play Straw Patriot (1956) was
translated into Filipino by Wilfredo Pascua Sanchez in
1967 as Bayaning huwad. In 1969, she won the National
Historical Playwriting Contest for her play The Onyx Wolf,
also known as La Loba Negra and Itim Asu. Also in 1969,
she studied at the British Film Institute in London under a
British Council grant. In 1973, she was co-director of the
documentary The Imaginative Community: 7 Poets in
Iowa. Moreno also took part in the International Writing
Program at the University of Iowa. In 1976, she became
director of the University of the Philippines Film Center.
Jessica Hagedorn
Hagedorn was born in Manila to a Scots-Irish-French-Filipino
mother and a Filipino-Spanish father with one Chinese
ancestor.[1] Moving to San Francisco in 1963, Hagedorn received
her education at the American Conservatory Theater training
program. To further pursue playwriting and music, she moved
to New York City in 1978.
Joseph Papp produced her first play Mango Tango in 1978.
Hagedorn's other productions include Tenement Lover, Holy
Food, and Teenytown. Her mixed media style often incorporates
song, poetry, images, and spoken dialogue.
Chiquita Banana. Third World Women (3rd World
Communications, 1972)
Pet Food & Tropical Apparitions (Momo's Press, 1975)
Dangerous Music (Momo's Press, 1975)
Mango Tango (Y'Bird Magazine January 1, 1977)
Dogeaters (Penguin Books, 1990)
Alejandro Reyes Roces
(13 July 1924 23 May 2011) was a Filipino author, essayist,
dramatist and a National Artist of the Philippines for literature. He
served as Secretary of Education from 1961 to 1965, during the
term of Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal.
Roces won Best Short Story for We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers.
Another of his stories, My Brothers Peculiar Chicken, was listed
as Martha Foleys Best American Stories among the most
distinctive for years 1948 and 1951. Roces did not only focus on
short stories alone, as he also published books such as Of Cocks
and Kites (1959), Fiesta (1980), and Something to Crow About
(2005). Of Cocks and Kites earned him the reputation as the
country's best writer of humorous stories.
Francisco Baltazar
(born Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz; April 2, 1788 February
20, 1862), also known as Francisco Balagtas, was a
prominent Filipino poet, and is widely considered one of the
greatest Filipino literary laureates for his impact on Filipino
literature. The famous epic, Florante at Laura, is regarded as his
defining work.
The name "Baltazar", sometimes misconstrued as a pen name,
was a legal surname Balagtas adopted after the 1849 edict of
Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua, which mandated
that the native population adopt standard Spanish surnames
instead of native ones. His trainer is Jose Dela Cruz, also
called Huseng Sisiw
Florante at Laura or Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at
Laura sa Kaharian ng Albanya, an awit (metrical narrative
poem with dodecasyllabic quatrains [12 syllables per line, 4
lines per stanza]); Balagtas' masterpiece
La India elegante y el negrito amante a short play in one
part
Orosman at Zafira a comedia in three parts
Francisco Sionil Jos (born 3 December 1924) is one of the most
widely read Filipino writers in the English
language.[1][2] His novels and short stories depict the social
underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in Filipino
society.[3][4] Jos's workswritten in Englishhave
been translated into 28 languages,
including Korean, Indonesian, Czech, Russian, Latvian, Ukrainian
and Dutch.
Po-on (Source) (1984)
The Pretenders (1962)
My Brother, My Executioner (1973)
Mass (December 31, 1974)
Tree (1978)
Filipino Canadian author Edmundo Farolan started winning
literary awards as a young writer-scholar while studying
philosophy and letters in Madrid in the 1960s. He taught English,
Spanish, and Media in various universities, including Webster
University Thailand, University of Silesia (Czech Republic), Dalian
University (China), University of Toronto and Corpus Christi
College[
Lluvias Filipinas (1967)
The Rhythm of Despair (1974)
Gramatica y Practica (1979)
Don Segundo Sombra: traduccion tagala (1979)
Literatura filhispana: una antologia (1980)
Espanol para universitarios filipinos (1981)
Tercera Primavera (1981)
Oh Canada (1994)
Ingrid Chua-Go
is the daughter of Benjamin Chua, Jr. and Pacita Ong Chua.
When she was a child, her mother gave her a Tomy typewriter,
which sparked her fascination with writing.[1] This interest was
further stimulated by her father during the summers that they
would spend in San Francisco. He would assign her books to
read over the vacation and required her to write book reports on
each one. This developed her writing proficiency at an early age
and she considers her father a great influence on her chosen
profession.
Bag hag diaries, accessory lab.
Cecilia Manguerra Brainard
is an author and editor of 160 books. She co-founded PAWWA or
Philippine American men Writers and Artists; she also founded
Philippine American Literary House. Brainard's works include the
World War II novel, When the Rainbow Goddess
Wept, Magdalena, and Woman With Horns and Other Stories.
She edited several anthologies including Fiction by Filipinos in
America, Contemporary Fiction by Filipinos in America, and two
volumes of Growing Up Filipino I and II, books used by educators.
Carlos Sampayan Bulosan
(November 24, 1913[1] September 11, 1956) was an English-
language Filipino novelist and poet who spent most of his life in
the United States. His best-known work today is the semi-
autobiographical America Is in the Heart, but he first gained fame
for his 1943 essay on The Freedom from Want.
Zoilo Galang
is the Filipino author of the first Philippine novel written in
the English language, A Child of Sorrow, published in 1921

Short Story

Ala Carte Food and Fiction (Edited by Brainard and Orosa,

Anvil, 2007)
Contemporary Fiction by Filipinos in America (Anvil, 1998)
Fiction by Filipinos in America (New Day, 1993)
Growing Up Filipino: Stories for Young Adults (PALH & Anvil,
2003)
Growing Up Filipino II: More Stories for Young Adults (PALH,
2010)

LUALHATI BAUTISTA
Bautista was born in Tondo, Manila, Philippines on December 2,
1945 to Esteban Bautista and Gloria Torres. She graduated from
Emilio Jacinto Elementary School in 1958, and from Torres High
School in 1962 being a lowest in her class. She was a journalism
student at the Lyceum of the Philippines, but dropped out for the
reason of failed grades. She started her writing career in
the Liwayway magazine.

"Tatlong Kwento ng Buhay ni Juan Candelabra" (Three Stories in

the Life of Juan Candelabra), first prize, 1982; and "Buwan,
Buwan, Hulugan mo Ako ng Sundang" (Moon, Moon, Drop Me a
dagger),